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Journal articles on the topic 'Australian Online Law'
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1
Bolimos, Ioannis A., and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. "Online fraud offending within an Australian jurisdiction." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 277–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2016-0029.
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Purpose This paper aims to determine the level of online fraud offending within an Australian jurisdiction and how to best apply resources to combat it. Design/methodology/approach Empirical data were provided by an Australian law enforcement agency, and qualitative responses were obtained from the parties involved in the crimes themselves (the victims, the offenders and the nominated law enforcement agency). Findings Although there was variance between the ages of the online fraud victims, there was a slightly higher chance of an older member of the population falling victim to an offender than that of a younger person. The number of a particular gender reporting an instance of cybercrime in a given area can be higher if the total number of participants in that area was also high. Older victims were more likely to lose larger amounts of money to online fraud. Furthermore, it was found that when the non-gender identifiable data were removed, this increased to over 80 per cent. Originality/value Existing literature on online fraud and criminal offending generally focused on the quantitative aspects of measuring offending, which does not give an indication into the “why” component of the study: why are these offences being committed; why do these offenders pick particular victims; and why do the victims fall for such ruses? In this paper, the authors combined the qualitative responses obtained from those parties involved in the crimes themselves (the victims, the offenders and the nominated law enforcement agency) with a quantitative examination of the crime figures provided by an Australian law enforcement agency.
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Syuib, Muhammad. "The Protection of Online Shopping Consumer Rights in Australia." Jurnal Justisia : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Perundang-undangan dan Pranata Sosial 5, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/justisia.v5i1.7268.
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As one of the advanced countries in the world, Australia is putting technology as main instrument in dealing with daily activity, included in shopping. Therefore, nowadasys, many Australian rely on online shopping. It seems everything becomes easier when it is dealt online. People do not need to go outside their home and spend their money. What they can merely need is just sit at home and wait for the order. Thus, online shopping can be argued is more effective and efficient in this era. However, beyond this positive aspect, there are also some negative aspects. Among them is the quality of the product. Buyers (consumers) would never see goods or services directly. They only view the products or services through pictures or videos which are available on the website. The problem is, these images and videos might not be as good as reality. The vendors post the high quality pictures and videos on the site merely to attract consumers. Another issue is, difficult to communicate with the seller after buying the product. During the negotiation, it is easy to contact seller, but after the products are sold, majority vendors would “disappear”. Security payment is among on the risk list as well. Therefore, it is interesting to be researched, how the Australian law then protects its society from such risk. The Government claims that the Australian Competition and Consumer (ACC) Act 2010 has become law umbrella in protecting Australian in dealing with online shopping.
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Cross, Cassandra. "‘Oh we can’t actually do anything about that’: The problematic nature of jurisdiction for online fraud victims." Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 358–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895819835910.
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One of the most pressing challenges with policing online fraud relates to jurisdiction. Policing is traditionally based on territoriality, but the internet has changed this. Offenders in one country can target a victim in a second country, who is requested to send money to a third or fourth country. This article examines online fraud victims’ reporting to police. Specifically, it demonstrates the misconceptions that exist regarding jurisdiction, namely the relationship between the Australian Federal Police and state/territory police. A clear disconnect emerges between understandings and expectations of who can investigate what relating to online fraud. The Australian Cybercrime Online Reporting Network’s establishment in 2014 is a positive step but this has not fixed the issue entirely. Overall, the article argues that the jurisdictional challenges experienced by police are not understood by victims, and improvement is needed regarding awareness of victims and police alike, to reduce unnecessary, additional trauma to victims.
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Usher, Wayne, and Lay San Too. "E-Health Knowledge Management by Australian University Students." International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 1, no. 3 (July 2012): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2012070105.
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This study is the first research project to investigate Australian university students’ e-health knowledge management trends. An online survey was developed (http://www.limesurvey.org) to collect both quantitative and qualitative empirical data. The survey was promoted via Facebook and 2 broadcast emails to students’ email accounts who were attending Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia (Arts, Education & Law). Two hundred and seventy-five (275) responses were included for analysis. A profile which emerged identifies that the majority of participants used the Internet to search for personal health information, used a random search engine, accessed online health information every few months, would mostly spend more than 1-15 minutes in reading it, with the majority accessing health topics concerning, 1) specific diseases, 2) medical treatment, and 3) health services. Australian university health services could benefit from understandings pertaining to students’ e-health knowledge management usage trends to meet their personal health concerns. It seems plausible to claim that reliable websites, designed and managed by university health services, should have a predominant position among interventions which are specifically aimed to address students’ health concerns.
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Joyce, Daniel. "Data associations and the protection of reputation online in Australia." Big Data & Society 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 205395171770982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951717709829.
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This article focuses upon defamation law in Australia and its struggles to adjust to the digital landscape, to illustrate the broader challenges involved in the governance and regulation of data associations. In many instances, online publication will be treated by the courts in a similar fashion to traditional forms of publication. What is more contentious is the question of who, if anyone, should bear the responsibility for digital forms of defamatory publication which result not from an individual author’s activity online but rather from algorithmic associations. This article seeks, in part, to analyse this question, by reference to the Australian case law and associated scholarship regarding search engine liability. Reflecting on the tensions involved here offers us a fresh perspective on defamation law through the conceptual lens of data associations. Here the focus of the article shifts to explore some wider questions posed for defamation law by big data. Defamation law may come to play a significant role in emerging frameworks for algorithmic accountability, but these developments also call into question many of its traditional concepts and assumptions. It may be time to think differently about defamation and to consider its interrelationship with privacy, speech and data protection more fully. As a result, I conclude that the courts and policymakers need to engage more deeply and explicitly with the rationale(s) for the protection of reputation and that more thought needs to be given to changing conceptions of reputation in the context of data associations.
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Gauja, Anika. "‘Temporarily’ Abroad: Partisan Organisation and Mobilisation outside Australia." Parliamentary Affairs 73, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 874–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa042.
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Abstract This article explores the relationship between partisan organisation outside a country of origin and the voting rights and migration patterns of its citizens. Using Australian political parties operating overseas as case studies, it examines the extent to which the electoral context of expatriate voting influences why and how parties establish organisational structures abroad. Electoral law in Australia allows citizens to vote while living overseas only for a limited period—as long as they intend to return to Australia within six years. Because of this relatively limited opportunity, we might expect party organisations abroad to exist primarily to mobilise support at election times in areas where there are high concentrations of Australian expatriate voters, rather than create lasting communities of partisan supporters. The article finds, in line with this expectation, that ‘parties abroad’ are relatively modest, geographically rooted in cities with large expatriate populations and facilitated by online and social media technologies.
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Powell, Anastasia, Caitlin Overington, and Gemma Hamilton. "Following #JillMeagher: Collective meaning-making in response to crime events via social media." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 14, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659017721276.
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In the early morning of Saturday 22 September 2012 an Australian woman, Gillian ‘Jill’ Meagher, was reported missing after spending an evening out with work colleagues in suburban Brunswick (Melbourne, Victoria). Thousands of Australians followed the crime event as it unfolded via the mainstream news and online. On Sunday 23 September, a Facebook group ‘Help Us Find Jill Meagher’ was created, accumulating 90,000 followers in just four days, while the hashtags #jillmeagher and #meagher were two of the highest trending topics on Twitter across Australia. This article focuses on the social media narrative constructions of this crime: from Jill’s initial disappearance, to the identification of her alleged killer and discovery of her body, through to the street march held in her memory on Sunday 30 September 2012. Through a qualitative analysis of a Twitter dataset comprising over 7000 original tweets, the article explores meta-narratives of sexual victimisation, ‘risk’ and ‘safety’, as well as ‘digilantism’ and activism that characterised Australian Twitter users’ responses to this violent crime. In doing so, the article reflects on collective practices of meaning-making in response to public crime events that are enabled in a digital society.
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Grant, David. "Defamation and the Internet: principles for a unified Australian (and world) online defamation law." Journalism Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616700120107365.
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Marsoof, A. "Online service providers and third party trademark infringement: an Australian perspective." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 22, no. 2 (July 18, 2013): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eat010.
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Kutay, Cat, Janet Mooney, Lynette Riley, and Deirdre Howard-Wagner. "Experiencing Indigenous Knowledge Online as a Community Narrative." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 41, no. 1 (August 2012): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2012.8.
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This article explores a project at the Koori Centre, University of Sydney, funded by the Australian Learning and Teaching Council (ALTC) in 2011, titled ‘Indigenous On-Line Cultural Teaching and Sharing’. One of the team members (Kutay) was also a project team member on the ALTC-funded project ‘Exploring PBL in Indigenous Australian Studies’, which has developed a teaching and learning process (PEARL) for Indigenous Australian studies. In this article, we present the ‘Indigenous On-Line Cultural Teaching and Sharing’ project as an exemplar of this teaching process. The project turns a highly successful interactive kinship workshop into an interactive online experience for all students and staff of the University of Sydney. The project is developing a sharing portal for Aboriginal people in New South Wales (NSW) to incorporate their stories and experiences of cultural, historical and educational issues within a knowledge-sharing workshop. The site will use voices of Aboriginal participants to express the knowledge of their culture in a comparative and affirmative context. An interface for uploading audio and video has been generated to combine example stories from different perspectives. The interactive kinship workshop and Aboriginal voices will then be used in an online game, embedding Aboriginal knowledge and values within different professional learning contexts, such as law, social policy, health, and education.
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Brookman, Ruth P., and Karl KK Wiener. "Predicting punitive attitudes to sentencing: Does the public's perceptions of crime and Indigenous Australians matter?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865815620702.
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In English-speaking western cultures the punitive attitudes towards law-breakers is well documented. The present study examines the utility of predictors of punitive attitudes with online survey data obtained from a convenience sample of 566 Australian residents. After controlling for demographic variables, the study examines the utility of two theoretical models; the Crime–distrust model and the Racial–animus model, in predicting punitive attitudes. All three factors of the Crime–distrust model significantly predict punitive attitudes. The study extends the current literature through identifying the significance of negative perceptions of Indigenous Australians in predicting punitive attitudes to sentencing. Results suggest that community perception of Indigenous Australians is a significant predictor of punitive attitudes in addition to factors of the Crime–distrust model. Future research using a more representative sample of the Australian population is recommended to increase the confidence with which findings are interpreted.
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Corones, Stephen, and Juliet Davis. "Protecting Consumer Privacy and Data Security: Regulatory Challenges and Potential Future Directions." Federal Law Review 45, no. 1 (March 2017): 65–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1704500104.
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This article considers the regulatory problems of online tracking behaviour, lack of consent to data collection, and the security of data collected with or without consent. Since the mid-1990s the United States Federal Trade Commission has been using its power under the United States consumer protection regime to regulate these problems. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), on the other hand, has yet to bring civil or criminal proceedings for online privacy or data security breaches, which indicates a reluctance to employ the Australian Consumer Law (‘ACL’) in this field.1 Recent legislative action instead points to a greater application of the specifically targeted laws under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (‘Privacy Act’), and the powers of the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC), to protect consumer privacy and data security. This article contends that while specific legislation setting out, and publicly enforcing, businesses’ legal obligations with respect to online privacy and data protection is an appropriate regulatory response, the ACL's broad, general protections and public and/or private enforcement mechanisms also have a role to play in protecting consumer privacy and data security.
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McIntyre, Joe, Anna Olijnyk, and Kieran Pender. "Civil courts and COVID-19: Challenges and opportunities in Australia." Alternative Law Journal 45, no. 3 (September 2020): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x20956787.
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This article provides an overview of the response of Australian courts to the COVID-19 crisis, and critically examines a number of structures and systemic issues that arise from the shift to the online deliver of justice. It places the current responses in the context of the emerging literature regarding online dispute resolution, and draws upon that literature to consider issues including open justice, symbolism and ‘court architecture’ in the digital space, technological limitations, access to justice and issues of systemic bias. It argues that by examining these issues, the present crisis will help map opportunities for future reform.
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Mccarthy, Molly, Rick Trinkner, and Phillip Atiba Goff. "The Threat of Appearing Racist: Stereotype Threat and Support for Coercion Among Australian Police Officers." Criminal Justice and Behavior 48, no. 6 (February 15, 2021): 776–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854821993513.
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Recent research in the United States has argued that the threat of confirming the “racist cop” stereotype may paradoxically increase the propensity for coercive policing by depressing officers’ self-legitimacy. The current study aimed to assess the influence of the threat of the “racist cop” stereotype on officers’ self-legitimacy and their attitudes toward force in an Australian policing jurisdiction. An online survey was completed by 306 frontline officers in Queensland, Australia. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the influence of stereotype threat on officers’ attitudes toward force, and the extent to which this is mediated by perceptions of self-legitimacy. The findings confirmed previous findings, with increased officer perceptions of stereotype threat associated with increased support for coercive policing, mediated by reduced self-legitimacy. The findings are discussed with reference to how the validity and salience of the “racist cop” stereotype can be diminished.
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Lee, Karen, and Derek Wilding. "Towards Responsiveness: Consumer and Citizen Engagement in Co-Regulatory Rule-Making in the Australian Communications Sector." Federal Law Review 49, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x21993148.
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This article begins the process of evaluating the adequacy of the procedural and substantive requirements that Australian communications regulators (and hence industry bodies) must satisfy before co-regulatory codes of practice can be registered. It considers if the procedural requirements relating to consumer and public consultation, included in the statutory frameworks that authorise and govern co-regulation in the media, online and telecommunications sectors, ensure co-regulatory rule-making is sufficiently responsive to the interests of consumers and citizens. Drawing on publicly available information about seven industry bodies that have drafted codes of practice and round table discussions with industry, consumers and regulators, the article highlights that the current engagement practices of industry bodies often fall short of the ‘democratic credentials’ of responsiveness. It suggests that the code registration criteria relating to consumer and public consultation must be overhauled if these weaknesses are to be rectified.
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Miles-Johnson, Toby, and Jodi Death. "Compensating for Sexual Identity: How LGB and Heterosexual Australian Police Officers Perceive Policing of LGBTIQ+ People." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36, no. 2 (December 14, 2019): 251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986219894431.
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Police officers are highly criticized for their differential policing of people categorized by identity. One such group who has experienced differential policing is the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ+) community. Contributing new knowledge to the extant policing literature regarding intersectional identities of Australian police officers and perceptions of policing, this research applies Social Identity Theory to understand differences between lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender and heterosexual self-identified general-duties police officers ( N = 349) and policing of LGBTIQ+ people. Using an online survey, results suggest the sexual identity of a general-duties police officer does shape perceptions of policing of LGBTIQ+ people. Furthermore, there are distinct differences in the way heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) self-identified officers perceive police engagement with LGBTIQ+ people, with LGB and heterosexual self-identified officers equally compensating for their sexual identity in terms of policing LGBTIQ+ people and distancing themselves from the LGBTIQ+ community.
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Cross, Cassandra. "Reflections on the reporting of fraud in Australia." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2019-0134.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the reporting of cybercrime in Australia, specifically the reporting of fraud. Design/methodology/approach Using an evaluation of the (former) Australian Cybercrime Online Reporting Network (ACORN), this paper provides a commentary on the report findings, including both positive and negative aspects of the reporting mechanism. Findings The paper focuses on three key challenges that were identified in the evaluation: victim satisfaction; quality of data; and unintended consequences. Each of these topics is outlined and located within a broader context to better understand the evaluation findings. Research limitations/implications This viewpoint paper is a commentary based upon an evaluation of ACORN which itself has several limitations of its methodology. Despite this, the evaluation provides important insights into the challenges that currently exist with the online reporting of fraud offences both in Australia, and worldwide. Practical implications This paper emphasises the structural and systemic issues that exist for the reporting of fraud in Australia. It therefore warns against placing blame exclusively on police agencies as responsible for these results. Instead, it advocates the need for society to take a more coordinated and collaborative approach to the policing of fraud, which includes law enforcement, government and industry partners. Social implications The paper documents some of the underlying reasons for additional trauma and harm experienced by victims of fraud in their efforts to report their incident and receive what they perceive to be an appropriate criminal justice response. These must be acknowledged in order to make the required change. Originality/value This paper is a commentary and reflection on the current way in which fraud is reported in Australia. It points to a need to rethink this approach in some key areas. It highlights the critical need for an education campaign to dispel some of the myths that exist in relation to realistic police responses to fraud, and also calls for the need to consider alternatives to the exclusively online system currently in operation, as well as larger questions about notions of justice and appropriate responses to fraud victims.
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Selvadurai, Niloufer. "Protecting online information privacy in a converged digital environment – the merits of the new Australian privacy principles." Information & Communications Technology Law 22, no. 3 (October 2013): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2013.856125.
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Nehme, Marina. "The rise of crowd equity funding: where to now?" International Journal of Law in Context 13, no. 3 (May 18, 2017): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552317000167.
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AbstractCrowd equity funding is a type of crowdfunding that allows companies to obtain seed or other capital through small equity investments from a large range of investors via an online portal. This form of finance has been viewed as a way to remedy the shortfall of capital for small and medium enterprises. As a result, a number of countries such as the US, Italy and New Zealand have promoted this form of finance. Accordingly, the paper first considers the reasons behind the rise of crowd equity funding on government agendas around the world. It then focuses on the Australian setting, by highlighting the different proposals that have been put forward to introduce legislation friendlier to crowd equity funding. The aim is to view the extent to which the proposed models provide the right balance between investor protection and entrepreneurship.
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Doyle, Caroline, Karen Gardner, and Karen Wells. "The Importance of Incorporating Lived Experience in Efforts to Reduce Australian Reincarceration Rates." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.1942.
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It is widely acknowledged that ‘good policy’ should be informed by the people it most directly affects. However, learning from people with lived experiences in the criminal justice sector, such as people who have served time in prison, has received little attention. This article discusses the significance of and challenges related to capturing the voices of people who are currently serving time or have served time in prison. We argue that formalising the perspectives of these individuals into policymaking through co-design processes may be an important method for enhancing program responses to rising incarceration and reincarceration rates. *This is a corrected version of the original article published ‘Online First’ on February 17, 2021. Some text in the literature review was unintentionally missing attribution. The Correction Notice can be found at https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.1941
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Giancaspro, Mark. "Testing the boundaries of the consideration doctrine: Can you contract to buy and sell a ghost?" Alternative Law Journal 45, no. 2 (October 26, 2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x19882485.
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This article considers whether contracts to purchase ‘haunted’ objects are legally enforceable under Australian contract law. ‘Dybbuk boxes’, and related paraphernalia said to be possessed by spirits, are becoming increasingly popular on online shopping sites and as tourist attractions following recent high-profile incidents involving celebrities such as American rapper and record producer Post Malone. This article suggests that the enforceability of contracts for the sale of haunted items such as dybbuk boxes is dubious at best, and that the countless number of such contracts that have been concluded may be subject to legal challenge.
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McComas, Haydn W. "Ethical leadership within law enforcement agencies: pedagogical and cultural challenges." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 5, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-12-2018-0044.
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Purpose Effective ethical leadership is crucial for law enforcement leaders. Ultimately the presence or absence of ethical leadership has significant implications for society. Yet Western law enforcement agencies (LEAs) invest little by way of time, effort or understanding into how law enforcement leaders interpret and develop a sense of ethical competence for leadership. This is a significantly under-researched area within law enforcement anywhere in the world. The purpose of this paper is to assess, measure and more fully understand how social constructivism, problem-based learning (PBL) and self-reflection assist front-line leaders to learn and internalise ethical reasoning for leadership within a law enforcement environment. Design/methodology/approach The research was designed to assess, measure and more fully understand how social constructivism, PBL and self-reflection assist front-line leaders to learn and internalise ethical reasoning for leadership within a law enforcement environment. Data were collected during a two-day ethical leadership workshop delivered to 13 leaders in supervisory positions from the Australian Border Force and the Australian Federal Police. The pedagogical approach was to blend PBL and self-reflection within a social constructivist centred learning experience and measure changes in the ethical efficacy of the research participants through qualitative and quantitative measures. Findings The research suggests that blending PBL and self-reflection within a social constructivist learning environment can contribute towards law enforcement leaders’ learning and internalising of ethical reasoning. This is demonstrated through the measurement of ethical efficacy both before and after the learning experience, with particular growth evident towards understanding ethical perspectives and concepts. Research limitations/implications Limitations include the fact that results cannot be generalised due to the size of the case study. This is compounded by the fact that much of the data are self-reported and responses offered by the participants are subjective. As a result, much of the data were subject to the attitudes and personal perceptions of the participants thus making the information subjective. Aside from demonstrating an impactful learning approach, this research has highlighted that amongst contemporary Australian LEAs there has been little effort or progress towards finding meaningful and effective pathways to encourage or grow ethical efficacy. Practical implications Given challenges faced by LEAs, both Australian and international, the critical need for investment in learning for ethical leadership is both clear and emergent. Law enforcement ethical leadership learning cannot be satisfied through online learning and other cost-efficient means alone. A face-to-face problem-based and reflective learning environment that combines trust, tools and tension in equal measure offers promise for enhanced ethical efficacy. Achieving this requires significant investment in face-to-face learning utilising high-level facilitation skills. Social implications There is a deep and disturbing malaise within Australian LEAs in relation to ethical leadership development, exacerbated by the dearth of investment directed towards learning for front-line ethical leadership. Australian LEAs sit at the crossroads in relation to their application of ethical leadership learning. Given the recent challenges, if these agencies fail to fully engage with this opportunity, the cost will be unfortunately borne by all citizens. Originality/value The implication is a clear need to understand and establish the most effective way for law enforcement officers to grasp the importance of ethics and in doing so, learn ethical leadership. Understanding how law enforcement leaders interpret and develop a sense of ethical competence for leadership is a significantly under-researched area within adult learning and there is little evidence of similar effort within law enforcement anywhere in the world. The overarching objective of this research therefore was to identify pathways that strengthen and enhance ethical leadership as an enabler towards achieving just and corruption-free law enforcement services for the communities.
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Malcolmson, Don. "The Patient's Right to Know." Journal of Medical Regulation 101, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-101.3.32.
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Patient's expectations have changed from being an acceptor of doctors' orders to being an active partner in a therapeutic relationship. In Australia, General Practitioners (GPs) are the “gatekeepers” for specialists' referrals. The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) maintains an online searchable register of doctors. Details displayed include registration conditions, undertakings and reprimands. Doctors who practice privately in Australia are regarded as carrying on a business covered by consumer protection legislation. Australian Consumer Law (ACL) prohibits false or misleading representations in connection with the supply of goods or services. Under the ACL, a GP's conduct is misleading if representations about the specialist are inaccurate, or the overall impression conveyed is likely to mislead the patient. Many patients lack the time, energy or desire to seek out registration details of specialists, and rely on GP advice. A key issue for GPs is knowledge of any specialists' registration conditions: Is there a duty on a referring practitioner to check and advise the patient of any conditions? Is there a duty on the regulating body to advise practitioners of specialists whose registration is restricted? Even though disclosure may cause distress to the practitioner, this does not mean that disclosure would be unfair. Rather, the relevant question is whether there is a legitimate public safety interest in disclosure. A balance should be struck between the rights of the individual practitioners and the public expectation of safety, competency and currency. This paper suggests that consumer laws could be used strike this balance, requiring referring physicians to inform patients about the regulatory status of the physician to whom they are being referred.
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Allely, Clare S., Sally Kennedy, and Ian Warren. "A legal analysis of Australian criminal cases involving defendants with autism spectrum disorder charged with online sexual offending." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 66 (September 2019): 101456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101456.
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Rochford, Francince. "Morally motivated protest in the face of orthodoxy – environmental crisis and dissent in Australian democracy." Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.03.03.
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The circumstances in which civil disobedience is appropriate are, in most theories of justice, circumscribed and subject to preconditions. In his justification of the role of ‘ambivalent dissidents’, Habermas emphasizes the role of civil disobedience as a corrective to inadequacies in deliberative democracies. Other commentators have bolstered his commentary by exploring the conditions of social power that would justify civil disobedience in a deliberative democracy. This article continues such reflection on the conditions under which civil disobedience are justifiable in complex modern societies, building in particular, on the mass protests of Extinction Rebellion, and exploring the role of communicative freedom as a necessary precondition to the validity of civil disobedience. Manifestations of modern protest appear to inhibit speech: both progressive and conservative interests utilize strategies with potentially censoring effects. ‘No-platforming’, social media pile-ons and online shaming are deployed to effectuate ‘moral education’ in the face of orthodoxy, and defamation suits and other forms of strategic litigation are deployed to leverage existing forms of power. This article will reconsider Habermas' discursive will formation and the place of ‘no-saying’ and mass protest in an established democracy. Building upon the idea of ambivalent dissidents, the article will use the Australian experience to critique mass protest as dissent, and in particular to consider the conditions of environmental crisis justifying a suspension of discursive mediation of norms.
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Garcez de Oliveira Padilha, Lívia, Lenka Malek, and Wendy J. Umberger. "Sustainable Meat: Looking through the Eyes of Australian Consumers." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105398.
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Sustainability is a complex and multifaceted concept that comprises environmental, economic, social, and cultural dimensions. Growing consumer concerns over the impacts of global meat production and consumption have led to increasing interest in sustainability initiatives and the use of sustainability labels. Yet, an understanding of what sustainability means to consumers in the context of meat and how consumers relate production-related credence attributes of chicken meat to sustainability remains limited. Between September 2019 and January 2020, an exploratory research study was conducted using a multi-method approach. Participants completed an online survey before participating in a series of eye-tracking choice tasks followed by in-depth interviews. The study revealed that the environmental dimension of sustainability is most important to consumers’ definition of a “sustainable food system”. Likewise, the sustainability of chicken meat products was most commonly associated with the perceived environmental impact of chicken meat production, followed by animal welfare aspects. Consumers made incorrect inferences about some sustainability labels and these inferences sometimes contributed to positive associations with sustainability. Consumers frequently associated a higher price with higher sustainability, indicating a belief that “doing the right thing” might cost more. This study provides new insights regarding consumers’ perceptions of production-related credence attributes and sustainability labels.
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Maggs, Peter B. "Free Legal Advice on the Internet." International Journal of Legal Information 34, no. 3 (2006): 483–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500001712.
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On numerous online discussion forums in various countries, ordinary people pose specific legal questions and both ordinary people and lawyers answer them. This article considers this new and rapidly growing method of providing legal advice. It emphasizes qualitative over quantitative issues. It seeks to answer questions such as “What kind of questions are being asked?”; “What sort of people are giving legal advice?”, “What sort of people are getting legal advice?”. For those few legal systems that I know something about, I also have considered the question, “How good is the advice?” This is a comparative study, involving discussion forums for Armenian, Australian, Austrian, Brazilian, Canadian, Croatian, English, French, German, Italian, Moldovan, Portuguese, Russian, Scots, Spanish, Swiss, Ukrainian, United Kingdom, and United States law.
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Irwin, Nathan. "Police officer understandings of human trafficking and awareness of anti-trafficking measures." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2015-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the police officer understandings of human trafficking and their awareness of relevant anti-trafficking policy and legislation, and identify whether this awareness was confined to particular officer demographics. Design/methodology/approach The study utilised a mixed-methods design, drawing on data from an online survey of 87 police officers from an Australian state police agency. Findings Thematic analysis identified that, while the majority of participants held broad understandings of human trafficking consistent with the United Nations definition, a substantial number conflated the phenomenon with people smuggling. The majority of participants were also unaware of national anti-trafficking legislation and agency anti-trafficking policy, with constables significantly the least likely to be aware of these measures. Most of these officers, however, indicated they would take some form of case referral action in relation to a suspected case of trafficking, albeit across the sample these responses were inconsistent. Practical implications The findings underline the need for relevant training and concrete anti-trafficking policy within frontline agencies, which can facilitate the identification, investigation and referral of human trafficking cases. Originality/value While the Australian Federal Government’s response to human trafficking has been subject to ample critique, less attention has been paid to the supporting role played by state-level agencies and their frontline personnel. This paper demonstrates the practical barriers present within such agencies, identifying means to build a more effective response which may bolster the national anti-trafficking measures.
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Taplin, Stephanie, Jenny Chalmers, Bianca Hoban, Morag McArthur, Tim Moore, and Anne Graham. "Children in Social Research: Do Higher Payments Encourage Participation in Riskier Studies?" Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 14, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264619826796.
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The MESSI (Managing Ethical Studies on Sensitive Issues) study used hypothetical scenarios, presented via a brief online survey, to explore whether payment amounts influenced Australian children and young people to participate in social research of different sensitivity. They were more likely to participate in the lower sensitivity study than in the higher at all payment levels (A$200 prize draw, no payment, $30, or $100). Offering payments to children and young people increased the likelihood that they would agree to participate in the studies and, in general, the higher the payments, the higher the likelihood of their participating. No evidence of undue influence was detected: payments can be used to increase the participation of children and young people in research without concerns of undue influence on their behavior in the face of relatively risky research. When considering the level of payment, however, the overriding consideration should be the level of risk to the children and young people.
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du Plooy, Daniel Rupert, Anthony Lyons, and Emiko S. Kashima. "Links between well-being and communication with friends and family in one’s country of origin amongst migrants in Australia." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-02-2020-0013.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between migrants’ psychological well-being and the extent to which they keep in touch with people in their country of origin. Design/methodology/approach An online survey completed by 1,328 Australian migrants from 4 cultural groups (Anglo, Southern Asian, Confucian Asian and other European) assessed 2 facets of well-being, namely, flourishing and psychological distress and the use of 3 modes of online communication, namely, social media, messaging services and phone/video services. Findings Overall, keeping in touch with family and friends in their country of origin was associated with more flourishing and less distress amongst migrants. Nonetheless, the preferred modes of communication and how those usages relate with well-being varied considerably across cultural groups. In the Anglo group, communicating through messaging and phone/video services was associated with lower distress and communicating in all modes was associated with higher flourishing. Furthermore, the latter link was accounted for by having a meaningful conversation. Originality/value These findings suggest that the psychological well-being of migrant populations may be supported by an understanding of the distinct roles played by specific communication modes that are used to stay in touch with family and friends back home.
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Chapman, Janine, Ann M. Roche, Victoria Kostadinov, Vinita Duraisingam, and Sianne Hodge. "Lived Experience: Characteristics of Workers in Alcohol and Other Drug Nongovernment Organizations." Contemporary Drug Problems 47, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450919894341.
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Background: Workers with lived experience of problematic alcohol and other drug (AOD) use are increasingly recognized as integral to the AOD field. However, little is known about the prevalence or characteristics of AOD workers with lived experience across the general AOD workforce, in Australia or internationally. This study aimed to (1) investigate the prevalence of lived experience in AOD workers, (2) build an initial profile of workers with lived experience, (3) identify areas where appropriate support mechanisms may be warranted, and (4) generate recommendations for future work. Method: Nongovernment organization AOD workers from New South Wales, Australia, were invited to participate in a purpose-designed, online survey. Measures included demographic and workforce characteristics, work-related psychosocial factors, and health, quality of life, and AOD use. Descriptive analyses compared responses from workers with and without lived experience on key variables. Results: Two hundred and sixty-eight workers responded. Workers with lived experience comprised 43% of the sample; were more likely to be older; male; identify as lesbian, gay, homosexual, or queer; have lower salary; report discrimination in the workplace; abstain from alcohol; report opioid use; and experience less support outside work. Conclusion: This is the first Australian study to examine the profile of AOD workers with lived experience. Workers with lived experience constituted a substantial proportion of the AOD workforce. Analogous to other countries, comprehensive, appropriately tailored workforce development and support policies are required. Future research should build on these findings by extending to a broader population base, including government workers.
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Asghar, Hassan Jameel, and Dali Kaafar. "Averaging Attacks on Bounded Noise-based Disclosure Control Algorithms." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2020, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 358–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2020-0031.
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AbstractWe describe and evaluate an attack that reconstructs the histogram of any target attribute of a sensitive dataset which can only be queried through a specific class of real-world privacy-preserving algorithms which we call bounded perturbation algorithms. A defining property of such an algorithm is that it perturbs answers to the queries by adding zero-mean noise distributed within a bounded (possibly undisclosed) range. Other key properties of the algorithm include only allowing restricted queries (enforced via an online interface), suppressing answers to queries which are only satisfied by a small group of individuals (e.g., by returning a zero as an answer), and adding the same perturbation to two queries which are satisfied by the same set of individuals (to thwart differencing or averaging attacks). A real-world example of such an algorithm is the one deployed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) online tool called TableBuilder, which allows users to create tables, graphs and maps of Australian census data [30]. We assume an attacker (say, a curious analyst) who is given oracle access to the algorithm via an interface. We describe two attacks on the algorithm. Both attacks are based on carefully constructing (different) queries that evaluate to the same answer. The first attack finds the hidden perturbation parameter r (if it is assumed not to be public knowledge). The second attack removes the noise to obtain the original answer of some (counting) query of choice. We also show how to use this attack to find the number of individuals in the dataset with a target attribute value a of any attribute A, and then for all attribute values ai ∈ A. None of the attacks presented here depend on any background information. Our attacks are a practical illustration of the (informal) fundamental law of information recovery which states that “overly accurate estimates of too many statistics completely destroys privacy” [9, 15].
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Clark, Linda. "NZ watchdogs must keep up with media’s changing face." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i2.263.
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A discussion paper released by the New Zealand Law Commission just before the end of 2011 looked into how well the regulatory framework governing the NZ media was working, and concluded that change was needed. Currently complaints must be made first to the publication or broadcaster concerned. Only if the complainant is dissatisfied with the outcome is there a right of appeal to the self-regulatory Press Council, for print media, or, for radio and television, to the statutory Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA). The commission’s recommendation is for a new single regulator created by statute to which all complaints about ‘news media’ would be directed. Unlike the Press Council or the BSA, the new regulator could intervene without any complaint being laid and—possibly—even before a story is published where there are concerns about the methods the journalist used to gather information. And, importantly, online media would be included. But debate about the issues in New Zealand have been rather muted compared to the Australian and British debates.
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Costanza-van den Belt, Milo, Tayanah O’Donnell, Robert Webb, Eleanor Robson, Robert Costanza, Jiaqian Ling, Sarah Crowe, and Hao Han. "Community Preferences for Urban Systems Transformation in Australia." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094749.
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Civil society engagement is important for enabling urban systems transformations that meet community needs. The development of Future Earth Australia’s Sustainable Cities and Regions: A 10-Year Strategy for Urban Systems was underpinned by cross-sectoral workshops in 7 Australian urban areas and interviews with key stakeholders to create a shared vision of both current and desired future urban structure and policy. We then created an online survey to gauge broader community feedback on the vision which emerged from these workshops and interviews, to compare their outcomes with the views of community members who could be directly impacted by urban decision-making. The survey consisted of 35 questions, which were shaped by the issues emerging from the workshops and interviews. The sample was self-selected, and the 641 respondents represented a cross-section of individuals interested in sustainable cities. Our survey results supported and expanded on the major conclusions of FEA’s National workshop and interview processes, including the need to develop transparent and responsive decision-making processes, limit waste and pollution and develop effective housing and transport alternatives with mixed-use neighborhoods and adequate green space.
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Prictor, Megan, Sharon Huebner, Harriet J. A. Teare, Luke Burchill, and Jane Kaye. "Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Collections of Genetic Heritage: The Legal, Ethical and Practical Considerations of a Dynamic Consent Approach to Decision Making." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 1 (2020): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520917012.
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Dynamic Consent (DC) is both a model and a specific web-based tool that enables clear, granular communication and recording of participant consent choices over time. The DC model enables individuals to know and to decide how personal research information is being used and provides a way in which to exercise legal rights provided in privacy and data protection law. The DC tool is flexible and responsive, enabling legal and ethical requirements in research data sharing to be met and for online health information to be maintained. DC has been used in rare diseases and genomics, to enable people to control and express their preferences regarding their own data. However, DC has never been explored in relationship to historical collections of bioscientific and genetic heritage or to contexts involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (First Peoples of Australia).In response to the growing interest by First Peoples throughout Australia in genetic and genomic research, and the increasing number of invitations from researchers to participate in community health and wellbeing projects, this article examines the legal and ethical attributes and challenges of DC in these contexts. It also explores opportunities for including First Peoples' cultural perspectives, governance, and leadership as a method for defining (or redefining) DC on cultural terms that engage best practice research and data analysis as well as respect for meaningful and longitudinal individual and family participation.
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Et.al, Saslina Kamaruddin. "The Legalities of Trespass to Tenancyin Malaysia." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.783.
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The landlord-tenant relationship in Malaysia is mostly governed by the tenancy agreement, which spells out the rights and obligations of both parties. Despite having the legal agreements, it has been reported that many issues arise, such as trespass committed by landlords to the tenanted property and recovering losses from the tenants who disappeared. As of today, the country has yet to enact specific legislation to deal with issues arising between landlords and tenants. Hence, in the event of any dispute, the tendency for Malaysian landlords is not to go through the legal system to settle them as it is a costly and time-consuming process. Some tenants who are aware of this legal inefficiency choose to exploit it for their benefit at the landlord’s expense. Hence, the main issues in this paper will be the possible ways in of trespass could be committed by landlords into the tenanted property, and their rights are not very well-protected, and quite often, the safety deposits collected beforehand are never enough to cover the losses. Given several lacunae, this paper analyses the on the possible or several ways in which the landlord could commit trespass into the tenanted property. Also, this paper will investigate the current Malaysian legal system to identify the current solutions available for eviction and repossession of a tenanted property. Also, this paper seeks to similar practices in Australia and the United Kingdom, which havelong-standing legislation governing tenancy issues. The research adopts doctrinal research in which secondary sources,including academicjournals, online sources,and decided cases are referred. The authors contend that contrary to the United Kingdom and the Australian legal position, there is a gap in the Malaysian law in governing landlord-tenant relationship.
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McKeown, Tui, and Robyn Cochrane. "Independent professionals and the potential for HRM innovation." Personnel Review 46, no. 7 (October 16, 2017): 1414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-09-2016-0256.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine “black box” links between HRM innovations and organizational performance by investigating the perspective of a workforce often excluded from the HR realm. Professional Independent Contractors (IPros) play a vital role in achieving workforce flexibility and innovation. While the use of such arrangements has been examined often using a compliance-oriented lens, the authors explore the value of adding a commitment aspect. Design/methodology/approach In total, 375 IPros working in Australian organizations completed an online questionnaire distributed by a national business support services provider. Findings Results show organizational support significantly predicted work engagement and affective commitment. Self-efficacy, age and gender were also significant predictors. Research limitations/implications The cross-sectional nature of this study and reliance on self-reported data limit the reliability of the findings. In addition, the findings may be specific to the Australian labor market. Practical implications The study present the views of a difficult to reach population and the findings suggest by adopting an innovative hybrid commitment-compliance HR configuration, practitioners may positively increase desirable contractor outcomes. Social implications Concerns that organizational imperatives for efficiency, quality and high performance will be compromised by considering the human side of non-employee work arrangements are not supported. Indeed, as previously outlined, much of the concern with the employee/non-employee dichotomy is legally based and an artefact of a system of labor law that in many settings has failed to move with the times. Originality/value Few investigations of the impact of high commitment HRM practices have incorporated the perspective of professional, non-employees. While IPros are recipients of compliance focused contractor management practices, carefully integrated commitment-based HRM aspects have the potential to deliver positive outcomes for both individuals and organizations.
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Cantatore, Francina. "The Migration of the Book Across Territorial Borders." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 5, no. 3 (July 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2014070101.
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Although the USA, Canada, UK, and Australia currently retain territorial copyright laws, with commensurate restrictions on parallel, importation of books, advances in digital technology, and the advent of e-books have caused an involuntary migration of the book across these defined borders. This changing publishing sphere has impacted authors' copyright protection, with authors struggling to come to grips with breaches of copyright outside the protection of their own borders. Additionally, the extra-territorial publication of books are often in breach of authors' copyright but difficult to address locally. This article deals with the copyright issues faced by authors once their books enter the digital sphere, as well as the difficulties associated with overseas publications of their books, from a territorial perspective. It examines—especially in view of recent case law in the United States—whether territorial copyright borders still afford book authors effective copyright protection in the digital economy, and further, whether the culture of the book is being eroded through the prevalence of extra-territorial publications. In addressing these issues, the article references recent qualitative and quantitative research conducted through interviewing and surveying published Australian authors nationally. The findings of the qualitative and quantitative research showed that, whilst publication in the digital sphere poses significant challenges for book authors, their responses to copyright challenges are varied and inconsistent, depending on their viewpoints. Relevantly, this article examines the recent US Supreme Court decision of Kirtsaeng v Wiley and Sons, Inc.—which dealt with the application of the “first sale doctrine” in the cross-border sale of text books on eBay—and considers its likely future impact on the enforcement of territorial copyright by authors and publishers. Finally, the article concludes that territorial copyright borders have become blurred, difficult to enforce in view of recent precedent, and are ineffective in preserving authors' copyright and the cultural dimensions of their books. In conclusion, it suggests that new copyright solutions are required, demanding that authors embrace digital technology, improve their knowledge of online publishing, and apply creative publishing models to their advantage.
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A'laa Taghi Al-Azawi and Ali A. F. Al Hamadani. "The Effect of Different Absorber Configurations On The Exergy and The Energy of Parabolic Solar Dish." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 3 (April 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol7.iss3.133.
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Abstract— The solar energy is the most important type of energy. The parabolic dish solar collector (PDSC) is the best type among other solar collectors because it is always tracking the sun movement. The exergy and the energy performances of a PDS were analyzed experimentally and numerically. The effect of different coil geometries and different mass flow rates of heat transfer fluid (HTF) were investigated. The PDS has parabolic dish and receiver with diameter (1.5) m and (0.2) m respectively. Concentration ratio is 56.25. The parabolic polar dish was supported by a tracking system with two axes. The types of the copper absorber were used which are: (spiral –helical) coil (SHC) and spiral-conical coil (SCC). The results showed that the useful energy and thermal efficiency are varying with solar radiation variation. The useful energy varying between (480-765) W for (SHC), the thermal efficiency varying between (35.2-39.8) % for (SHC). Exergy efficiency varying between (6.9 –8.6) %. It was shown that the higher values of useful energy for (spiral – helical) absorber was 0.1L/min flow rate.
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Burkhart, Sarah, Michele Verdonck, Theresa Ashford, and Judith Maher. "Sustainability: Nutrition and Dietetic Students’ Perceptions." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031072.
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Opportunities exist for nutrition and dietetic (N&D) professionals to contribute to sustainable development and support actions towards the attainment of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SGD’s). Students undertaking higher education are well-placed to develop skills and capabilities in creative and critical problem solving for sustainability. However, there is limited literature exploring nutrition and dietetic students’ perceptions of sustainability that would help to inform an effective and constructively aligned embedding of sustainability content and active learning opportunities into curriculum. This descriptive cohort study design utilised a 17-question online survey to explore 95 Australian N&D undergraduate students’ self-reported familiarity with and perceived importance of sustainability and related concepts, and view of sustainability for future practice. Participants reported being more familiar with the term environmental sustainability and related concepts than economic or social sustainability. Varying levels of familiarity of 42 sustainability related concepts within economic resilience, environmental integrity, social development and cross-cutting issues were reported. Most participants (82%, n = 78) reported sustainability was very important in general (82%, n = 78), and for professional practice (63%, n = 60). Over half of the participants identified government led initiatives to address the future of society (65%, n = 71). Our study highlights the complexity of sustainability in a discipline specific context and the need for understanding students’ perceptions of sustainability to inform N&D curriculum design.
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Emmerson, Kathryn M., Martin E. Cope, Ian E. Galbally, Sunhee Lee, and Peter F. Nelson. "Isoprene and monoterpene emissions in south-east Australia: comparison of a multi-layer canopy model with MEGAN and with atmospheric observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 10 (May 31, 2018): 7539–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7539-2018.
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Abstract. One of the key challenges in atmospheric chemistry is to reduce the uncertainty of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission estimates from vegetation to the atmosphere. In Australia, eucalypt trees are a primary source of biogenic emissions, but their contribution to Australian air sheds is poorly quantified. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) has performed poorly against Australian isoprene and monoterpene observations. Finding reasons for the MEGAN discrepancies and strengthening our understanding of biogenic emissions in this region is our focus. We compare MEGAN to the locally produced Australian Biogenic Canopy and Grass Emissions Model (ABCGEM), to identify the uncertainties associated with the emission estimates and the data requirements necessary to improve isoprene and monoterpene emissions estimates for the application of MEGAN in Australia. Previously unpublished, ABCGEM is applied as an online biogenic emissions inventory to model BVOCs in the air shed overlaying Sydney, Australia. The two models use the same meteorological inputs and chemical mechanism, but independent inputs of leaf area index (LAI), plant functional type (PFT) and emission factors. We find that LAI, a proxy for leaf biomass, has a small role in spatial, temporal and inter-model biogenic emission variability, particularly in urban areas for ABCGEM. After removing LAI as the source of the differences, we found large differences in the emission activity function for monoterpenes. In MEGAN monoterpenes are partially light dependent, reducing their dependence on temperature. In ABCGEM monoterpenes are not light dependent, meaning they continue to be emitted at high rates during hot summer days, and at night. When the light dependence of monoterpenes is switched off in MEGAN, night-time emissions increase by 90–100 % improving the comparison with observations, suggesting the possibility that monoterpenes emitted from Australian vegetation may not be as light dependent as vegetation globally. Targeted measurements of emissions from in situ Australian vegetation, particularly of the light dependence issue are critical to improving MEGAN for one of the world's major biogenic emitting regions.
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McCrimmon, Les, Ros Vickers, and Ken Parish. "Online Clinical Legal Education: Challenging the Traditional Model." International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 23, no. 5 (December 16, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijcle.v23i5.565.
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<p>It has been suggested that the “Digital Age provides an opportunity to revitalize and modernize legal education and to make it more individualized, relevant, human, and accessible”. Delivery of law degree programs fully online is one way the internet has begun to change, if not (yet) revolutionise, legal education in the twenty-first century. In Australia, law students have been able to obtain their law degree online for a number of years. Online clinical legal education, however, is still in its infancy.</p><p>In this article, the authors argue that the greater use of technology in legal education is inevitable, and law schools offering degrees fully online will continue to increase, at least in Australia. The rewards and risks of online legal education are considered from the perspective of a law school in which over 80% of its 855 students study law fully online. The development and implementation of clinical opportunities for students studying online also is discussed.</p><div><div><p> </p></div></div>
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Estell, Madeline, Jaimee Hughes, and Sara Grafenauer. "Plant Protein and Plant-Based Meat Alternatives: Consumer and Nutrition Professional Attitudes and Perceptions." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031478.
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Plant-based and flexitarian eating patterns are increasingly popular, and the food supply system has responded with a wide range of convenience products despite a lack of understanding regarding consumer views. The aim of this study was to explore consumer and nutrition professional (NP) perceptions and attitudes to plant protein, including plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA) within an Australian context. Using an online survey promoted via social media, 679 responses (89% completion rate), achieved an even spread across key age groups. A total of sixty percent reported following a special diet, with 25% vegan and 19% flexitarian. ‘Health’ was a key driver for diet type among the NPs (53.3%) and they were less likely to follow a special diet, while “ethical” reasons were cited by consumers (69%). Plant-based eating was considered a vegan dietary pattern and the most frequently consumed plant-based proteins were whole grains. Most (74%) had tried PBMA, but they were more frequently chosen by consumers, with burger patties then sausages and mince selected as a ‘trendy’ choice; taste was very important across both groups. Products mimicking chicken and fish were of less interest. Plant-based claims were observed by 78% but these were also of greater interest to consumers. Participants reported looking for whole ingredients and iron content and expected that both iron and vitamin B12 would be comparable to red meat. Sodium was the nutrient of greatest interest to NPs and, together, these results help inform the direction for product innovation, while also highlighting the need to assess the adequacy of the dietary pattern when promoting sustainable plant-based eating.
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Scardamaglia, Amanda, and Angela Daly. "Google, online search and consumer confusion in Australia." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 24, no. 3 (May 9, 2016): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaw004.
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Mathews-Hunt, Kate. "CookieConsumer: Tracking online behavioural advertising in Australia." Computer Law & Security Review 32, no. 1 (February 2016): 55–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2015.12.006.
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Jackson, Margaret, Jonathan O'Donnell, and Joann Cattlin. "Simple online privacy for Australia." First Monday, June 16, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i7.6645.
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Simple Privacy provides a system for Australian organisations to create privacy policies for the personal information they collect online. The privacy policies it creates are legally compliant and easy to understand. We developed this system because small Australian organisations seemed to find privacy policies too complicated to manage with the resources they have available.This paper describes the framework behind Simple Privacy and discusses the choices that we made during development. These choices balance the requirements of the privacy legislation and the needs of both organisations and customers.
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Selby, John. "Enhancing Trust in Online Auctions: eBay’s Australian Experience With Code and Law." Computer Law Review International 8, no. 6 (January 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/ovs-cri-2007-172.
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Balasingham, Baskaran, and Hannah Jordan. "Big data and competition analysis under Australian competition law: comeback of the structuralist approach?" Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, December 21, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnaa055.
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Abstract Competition assessment in Australia has traditionally been based on an evaluation of the market structure relying on five factors, namely the degree of market concentration, the height of barriers to entry, the extent of product differentiation, the extent of vertical integration, and the nature of arrangements between firms. These factors, known as the ‘QCMA factors’, are characteristic of competition in the manufacturing industries of the ‘old economy’. Since the ascendancy of Chicago and Post-Chicago School thinking competition analysis in Australia has also taken into consideration non-structural factors. However, in light of the dominance of big tech companies in online markets, the so-called ‘Neo-Brandeisian School’ has advocated focusing on structural elements that are characteristic of online markets. This article examines to what extent the QCMA factors still a suitable structural framework for the assessment of competition in online markets.
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Warner, Kate, Caroline Spiranovic, Lorana Bartels, Lynne Roberts, and Karen Gelb. "Juror and community views of the guilty plea sentencing discount: Findings from a national Australian study." Criminology & Criminal Justice, September 12, 2020, 174889582095670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895820956703.
Full textAbstract:
A plea of guilty is a long-accepted factor mitigating sentence in many countries, including Australia, although academic debate over the merits and application of the discount is ongoing. This paper presents findings from a national Australian study on public opinion on the guilty plea sentencing discount, with a particular focus on sexual offences. Survey data were drawn from 989 jurors in cases that resulted in a guilty verdict and 450 unempanelled jurors and 306 online respondents who were provided with vignettes based on real cases. A third of the respondents would have supported a discount in their case if the offender had pleaded guilty. In contrast, more than one half of the respondents surveyed, who had received a vignette with a guilty plea scenario, supported an increment in sentence if the offender had gone to trial. There was more support for a discount in cases involving non-sexual violent offences versus sexual offences and adult versus child victims. Where a discount was supported, this most commonly was a reduction in the length of custodial sentence, with online respondents allocating the least generous discounts. Willingness to accept a sentencing discount was predicted by a range of variables including gender, education, punitive attitudes, offence type and offence seriousness. We conclude by considering the implications of our findings for sentencing law and practice.
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George, Amanda-Jane, Alexandra McEwan, and Julie-Anne Tarr. "Accountability in educational dialogue on attrition rates: Understanding external attrition factors and isolation in online law school." Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, January 1, 2021, 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14742/ajet.6175.
Full textAbstract:
Australian higher education institutions have focused on attrition rates with increased vigour in light of the introduction of a new student success metric tied to attrition rates. Online programs have been of particular concern given persistently high attrition rates, being roughly double that of programs delivered either face-to-face or in blended online/face-to-face mode. This study considers attrition theory as it has evolved for the online environment with particular reference to the role of external risk factors such as employment, and internal factors, such as social integration. The study presents data from a 2018 survey of students enrolled in a fully online law school program at an Australian university (n = 203). The data reveals a cohort with an array of external attrition risk factors, who are not only time poor but experience a strong sense of isolation. The study contributes to the attrition literature by providing insights into effective educational design and delivery aimed at student retention.
Implications for practice or policy
Online program convenors ought to consider the attrition risk factors at issue in their cohort before designing comprehensive retention initiatives and plans.
Instructors ought to consider external attrition factors, such as family and employment demands, when selecting and designing student assessments.
Instructors ought to realistically appraise retention initiatives, such as social media initiatives, to address internal risk factors of perceived isolation and institutional commitment.