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Journal articles on the topic 'Australian native plants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Hingston, Andrew B. "Does the introduced bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Apidae), prefer flowers of introduced or native plants in Australia?" Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 1 (2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04048.

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Proponents of importation of the European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (L.), into Australia for pollination of commercial greenhouse crops argue that this species will have little impact on Australian native ecosystems because it prefers to forage on flowers of introduced species of plants rather than Australian native plants. However, data presented as evidence of preference for introduced plants have been equivocal. This study compared the attractiveness of introduced and Australian native plants to free-foraging B. terrestris in a garden at the interface between an urban area and native vegetation in the Australian island of Tasmania, where a feral population of B. terrestris had been established for over 10 years. No evidence was found to support the proposal that B. terrestris forages on flowers of introduced plants in preference to those of Australian native plants. The numbers of B. terrestris seen foraging per 1000 flowers did not differ significantly between introduced plants and Australian native plants, and the preferred food sources of B. terrestris included flowers of both introduced and Australian native species. Because B. terrestris forages frequently on many species of both introduced and native plants, assessments of its ecological impacts must include the effects of altered pollination on recruitment rates in both introduced weeds and native plants, and reduced quantities of nectar and pollen of native plants on recruitment rates of dependent fauna.

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2

Joyce, Daryl C., and Neville W. Burton. "Australian Floriculture–A Blooming." HortScience 24, no. 3 (June 1989): 410–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.3.410.

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Abstract The cut-flower and potted plant industries in Australia have traditionally been based on exotic species. However, native Australian plants have gradually assumed greater importance—particularly in the expanding export trade, but also on local markets. Floriculture is practiced in all Australian states, with the major production areas for exotic cut-flowers (e.g., roses, carnations) and potted plants being close to the state capital cities. The cultivation of native Australian flowers and of South African Proteaceae tends to be somewhat more decentralized.

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3

Handreck, Kevin A. "Phosphorus requirements of Australian native plants." Soil Research 35, no. 2 (1997): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96060.

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The phosphorus (P) requirements of Australian plants are reviewed. Many Australian plants have highly developed abilities for acquiring and conservatively using P. This is seen as an evolutionary response to the combined environmental pressures of fire, soil P levels that are in the lower part of the range for world soils, and low and eratic rainfall. In natural Australian ecosystems, more than 50% of the P in the A horizon is in organic combination. Organic matter is the main source for the growth of perennial plants, so the only successful assessments of ‘available’ P measure labile organic P and microbial P. However, the inorganic P of ashbeds is essential to the rapid establishment of fire ephemerals and tree seedlings in natural ecosystems. Almost all Australian plants develop associations with mycorrhizal fungi, or produce hairy roots, as ways of increasing P uptake. Highly developed abilities to redistribute P from ageing to young tissues enable Australian plants to have a low P requirement per unit of biomass production. This also results in low P losses in sawlogs from natural forests, but not necessarily from short-rotation plantations. The special role of P in the ecology and conservation of heathlands is reviewed. Finally, an overview is given of the P requirements of Australian plants being grown in soil-less media in nurseries.

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4

Gikaara, D. M., M. E. Johnston, and D. G. Edwards. "PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT OF AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 683 (June 2005): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.683.13.

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5

Freeman, Susanne. "Contact dermatitis to Australian native plants." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 6 (September 1986): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb101142.x.

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6

Lamont, G. P. "AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS AS CUT FLOWERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 205 (March 1987): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.205.13.

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7

Lamont, G. P. "AUSTRALIAN NATIVE FLORA AS ORNAMENTAL POTTED PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 205 (March 1987): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.205.29.

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8

Lawson, Mark. "Australian state wants claim to native plants." Nature 363, no. 6428 (June 1993): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/363388b0.

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9

Sutton, B. C., and I. G. Pascoe. "Some cupulate coelomycetes from native Australian plants." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 88, no. 2 (March 1987): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80212-7.

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10

Ahmed, Amani K., and Krystyna A. Johnson. "Horticultural development of Australian native edible plants." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 4 (2000): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99042.

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The Australian native edible plant industry is rapidly expanding. We provide a review of the horticultural research that has been carried out on the top 14 commercially significant Australian native edible plants; Acacia spp. Miller (wattle), Acronychia acidula F.Muell. (lemon aspen), Backhousia citriodora F.Muell. (lemon myrtle), Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Burkill (desert lime) and Microcitrus spp. Swingle (native lime), Hibiscus heterophyllus Vent. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (rosella), Kunzea pomifera F.Muell. (muntries), Podocarpus elatus R.Br. ex Endl. (Illawarra plum), Prostanthera spp. La Billardiere (native mint), Santalum acuminatum R.Br. (quandong), Solanum centrale Black (bush tomato), Syzygium leuhmannii F.Muell. (riberry), Tasmannia spp. R.Br. (native pepper), Terminalia ferdinandiana (= T. latipes Benth. subsp. psilocarpa Pedley) (kakadu plum) and Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze (warrigal greens). The research on most of these species has focused on propagation, breeding, cultivation, nutritional value and the isolation of natural products. On none of the species has research been completed in all these areas, and three species have no research published on them. We describe horticultural research on two other commercial species, Backhousia anisata Vickery (aniseed myrtle) and Davidsonia pruriens F.Muell. var. pruriens and var. jerseyana (Davidson’s plum), and one species with commercial potential, Pringlea antiscorbutica R.Br. ex Hook.f. (kerguelen cabbage). We identify areas that require further research and issues of concern, such as indigenous intellectual property rights and environmental implications.

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11

Kalt, F. R., and I. E. Cock. "The medicinal potential of Australian native plants from Toohey Forest, Australia." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 28, no. 1 (2010): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp10003.

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Eleven methanolic extracts of ten Australian native plants from Toohey Forest, Brisbane, Australia were investigated for their potential medicinal value as antibacterial agents. All plants showed some antibacterial activity against at least one of the bacteria tested. Alcaligenes faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophilia and Bacillus cereus were the most susceptible bacteria, being inhibited by 9, 9 and 10 of the plant extracts respectively. Davallia pyxidata and Marchantia polymorpha extracts were least effective, inhibiting the growth of only 1 or 2 bacteria respectively. Acrotriche aggregata, Petalostigma pubescens, Leptospermum trinervia and Planchonella queenslandica leaf extracts were particularly effective bacterial agents being capable of inhibiting the growth of 8 (57%), 10 (71%), 9 (64%) and 9 (64%) of the bacteria tested respectively. A. aggregata, P. pubescens and L. trinervia leaf extracts displayed low toxicity in the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay, confirming their potential as antibacterial agents for medicinal use.

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12

Fensham, R. J., and B. Laffineur. "Defining the native and naturalised flora for the Australian continent." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18168.

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The value of distinguishing between plant species regarded as ‘native’ and ‘alien’ has special relevance in the island continent of Australia, where European settlement was a springboard for human-assisted plant dispersal. The year of European settlement is proposed here as providing a distinction between a ‘native’ and ‘naturalised’ flora and is applied for the entire Australian flora of vascular plants. Herbarium collections and ecological criteria were employed to determine the status of 168 species of ambiguous origin. The date of 1788 proved to be a relatively straightforward criterion to assign native and naturalised status and the origin of only 27 plant species remains ambiguous. The dispersal of plants between continents is an ongoing process but European settlement of the Australian continent represents a very sharp biogeographic event for the Australian flora and provides a straightforward criterion for determining the ‘naturalised’ species.

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13

Ahmed, A. K., and K. A. Johnson. "GROWING AUSTRALIAN NATIVE EDIBLE PLANTS USING HYDROPONIC TECHNIQUES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 511 (January 2000): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.511.25.

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14

Growns, D., and M. Webb. "BREEDING AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS FOR A CHANGING CLIMATE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 937 (September 2012): 1093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.937.136.

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15

Sommano, Sarana, Nola Caffin, Janette McDonald, and Ruth Cocksedge. "Food safety and standard of Australian native plants." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 3, no. 4 (September 22, 2011): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837x.2011.00109.x.

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16

Poljakoff-Mayber, A., DE Symon, GP Jones, BP Naidu, and LG Paleg. "Nitrogenous Compatible Solutes in Native South Australian Plants." Functional Plant Biology 14, no. 3 (1987): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9870341.

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Australian native flora was examined with nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) techniques for its content of nitrogenous compatible solutes. Plants were sampled from four habitats: two arid, one subhumid, and one saline estuarine marsh. Eight and two of the 15 plants in the subhumid area accumulated proline and glycinebetaine, respectively, whereas many of the plants in the two arid habitats accumulated these solutes. With only two exceptions plants in the saline marsh could be described as either proline accumulators (six species) or glycinebetaine accumulators (eight species). Attempts to correlate the glycinebetaine and proline contents with the relative water content (RWC) were not successful. Some plants accumulate compounds other than, or in addition to, proline or glycinebetaine, such as trans- 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-L-proline, which was accumulated in Melaleuca lanceolata. Exocarpos aphyllus accumulated an as yet unidentified compound.

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17

Yusiharni, Emielda, and Robert Gilkes. "Minerals in the ash of Australian native plants." Geoderma 189-190 (November 2012): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.035.

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18

Sweeney, A. P., S. G. Wyllie, R. A. Shalliker, and J. L. Markham. "Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of selected Australian native plants." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75, no. 2-3 (May 2001): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00176-3.

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19

Yip, Hin-Yuen. "Five new species of Phyllosticta on Australian native plants." Mycological Research 93, no. 4 (December 1989): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(89)80041-3.

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20

French, Kris, Isaac B. Jansens, Michael B. Ashcroft, Heath Ecroyd, and Sharon A. Robinson. "High tolerance of repeated heatwaves in Australian native plants." Austral Ecology 44, no. 4 (January 29, 2019): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12700.

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21

Poljakoff-Mayber, A., DE Symon, GP Jones, BP Naidu, and LG Paleg. "Corrigendum - Nitrogenous Compatible Solutes in Native South Australian Plants." Functional Plant Biology 14, no. 3 (1987): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9870341c.

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22

Wilkinson, Jenny M., and Heather M. A. Cavanagh. "Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Australian native plants." Phytotherapy Research 19, no. 7 (2005): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1716.

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23

Morrison, SM, and JK Scott. "Variation in Populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) .3. Isozyme Analysis." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 2 (1996): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960201.

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Isozyme variation in seedlings was investigated as part of a study to identify the origins of the widespread weed and potential biological control target Tribulus terrestris L. s.1. (Zygophyllaceae). Seedlings were obtained from 30 Australian and 24 overseas collections of burrs. Polymorphism was detected in 8 of the 11 putative loci scored. Queensland and Northern Territory collections differed from other Australian and non-Australian collections, indicating that they belong to a separate and possibly native Australian species. Other Australian collections had a high genetic similarity to burrs obtained from the Mediterranean, West Asia, South Africa, Namibia and the USA, the latter being an introduced population. Two Namibian collections formed a separate group and it is possible that southern Africa, like Australia, has native and introduced plants of T. terrestris. All Indian and two Kuwait collections were grouped together and had little similarity with any other group. Tribulus terrestris in southern Australia is most likely to have originated in the Mediterranean or West Asian region.

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24

Norton, M. R., M. L. Mitchell, E. Kobelt, and E. Hall. "Evaluation of native and introduced grasses for low-input pastures in temperate Australia: experimental approach, site and genotype descriptions." Rangeland Journal 27, no. 1 (2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05002.

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This paper describes the experimental methodology, sites, seasonal conditions and germplasm used in the Australian Native and Low Input Grass Network (NLIGN). In 1998, eight sites were established across the temperate pastoral zone of southern Australia. These were located at Armidale, Binya, Sutton and Trangie in NSW; Springhurst in Victoria; Jericho in Tasmania; Flaxley in South Australie and Kendenup in Western Australia. A total of 62 lines were evaluated, of which, 29 were Australian native grasses and 33 were introduced. With differences in seed size among species and a lack of information on dormancy and germination characteristics of the native plants, seedlings were transplanted into the field on weed-mat as spaced plants. Lines were compared over a 3-year period from 1998 to 2001. Methods used for determination of forage production, persistence and palatability are described. Information detailing the original collection sites of the germplasm, a list of NLIGN sites where each genotype was evaluated, as well as a detailed description of sites and seasonal conditions is also presented.

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25

Grice, A. C., and T. G. Martin. "Guest Editorial: Rangelands, weeds and biodiversity." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06000.

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Australian rangelands are important for the diverse assemblages of native plants and animals that they support as well as for the wide variety of products and services that they provide. These assemblages are of national and international, cultural, social, ecological and economic significance. Woinarski (2001) identified several processes that are threatening the biodiversity of Australian rangelands, including grazing pressure, the proliferation of artificial watering points, vegetation clearing, predation by introduced animals and inappropriate fire regimes. His review also highlighted the importance of invasion by non-native plant species, a threatening process for ecosystems in other parts of Australia and around the world. Biological invasions pose a major risk for individual native species, communities and the ecological processes upon which they depend. The papers in this Special Issue of The Rangeland Journal consider non-native plant species in relation to the threats that they pose to the biodiversity of Australian rangelands and how those threats may be managed.

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26

Hughes, Laura, Lucinda Black, Jill Sherriff, Eleanor Dunlop, Norbert Strobel, Robyn Lucas, and Janet Bornman. "Vitamin D Content of Australian Native Food Plants and Australian-Grown Edible Seaweed." Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2018): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070876.

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27

Retallack, M., L. Thomson, and M. Keller. "Native insectary plants support populations of predatory arthropods for Australian vineyards." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501004.

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We provide a summary of two recent studies that investigated the role that three native insectary plants can play in promoting predatory arthropods, and thereby to enhance biological control of vineyard pests in Australia. Native plants are preferred as supplementary flora, as they are locally-adapted to Australia's climatic conditions. Stands of mature Bursaria spinosa, Leptospermum continentale and Rytidosperma ssp. located adjacent to, or in vineyards, in South Australia were sampled for arthropods in 2013/14. Grapevines were also sampled to explore relationships between each plant and associated arthropods using common diversity indices. Twenty seven thousand and ninety-one individual invertebrate specimens were collected, comprising 20 orders and 287 morphospecies. These were categorised into functional groups of predators, herbivores and other. Predatory arthropods dominated the diversity of morphospecies present on each plant. The richness of predator morphospecies across all plant types was nearly double the number found in association with grapevines. It may be possible to increase the functional diversity of predatory arthropods by more than 3x when either B. spinosa or L. continentale is present versus grapevines only, and increase the net number of predator morphospecies by around 27% when Rytidosperma ssp. are planted in combination with grapevines. The selected plants provide a suitable habitat to support diverse and functional populations of predatory arthropods. The opportunity to plant selected native insectary species could help wine grape growers save time and resources by producing fruit with lower pest incidence, while enhancing biodiversity associated with vineyards.

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28

Janke, Chelsea K., Laura A. Wendling, and Ryosuke Fujinuma. "Biological nitrification inhibition by root exudates of native species,Hibiscus splendensandSolanum echinatum." PeerJ 6 (June 19, 2018): e4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4960.

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Australian native species grow competitively in nutrient limited environments, particularly in nitrogen (N) limited soils; however, the mechanism that enables this is poorly understood. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), which is the release of root exudates into the plant rhizosphere to inhibit the nitrification process, is a hypothesized adaptive mechanism for maximizing N uptake. To date, few studies have investigated the temporal pattern and components of root exudates by Australian native plant species for BNI. This study examined root exudates from two Australian native species,Hibiscus splendensandSolanum echinatum,and contrasted with exudates ofSorghum bicolor, a plant widely demonstrated to exhibit BNI capacity. Root exudates were collected from plants at two, four, and six weeks after transplanting to solution culture. Root exudates contained three types of organic acids (OAs), oxalic, citric and succinic acids, regardless of the species. However, the two Australian natives species released larger amount of OAs in earlier development stages thanS. bicolor. The total quantity of these OAs released per unit root dry mass was also seven-ten times greater for Australian native plant species compared toS. bicolor. The root exudates significantly inhibited nitrification activity over six weeks’ growth in a potential nitrification assay, withS. echinatum(ca. 81% inhibition) >S. bicolor(ca. 80% inhibition) >H. splendens(ca. 78% inhibition). The narrow range of BNI capacity in the study plants limited the determination of a relationship between OAs and BNI; however, a lack of correlation between individual OAs and inhibition of nitrification suggests OAs may not directly contribute to BNI. These results indicate that Australian native species generate a strongly N conserving environment within the rhizosphere up to six weeks after germination, establishing a competitive advantage in severely N limited environments.

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29

Njume, Collise, Andrew J. McAinch, and Osaana Donkor. "Proximate and phenolic composition of selected native Australian food plants." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 55, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 2060–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14400.

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30

Paull, Naomi J., Peter J. Irga, and Fraser R. Torpy. "Active botanical biofiltration of air pollutants using Australian native plants." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 12, no. 12 (November 14, 2019): 1427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00758-w.

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31

Johnston, M., H. Kibbler, T. Fletcher, and J. Webber. "THE INTRODUCTION TO COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE OF RECALCITRANT AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 541 (October 2000): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.541.2.

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32

Moore, Sally. "Trituration Proving of Australian Acacias (WA)." Homœopathic Links 32, no. 03 (September 2019): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700876.

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AbstractTo date, a few Australian plants have been proven and used as homoeopathic remedies.We believe that the Australian native flora provides a yet untapped reservoir of healing potential.Four Australian Acacia species were used in the trituration: Acacias dentifera, pulchella, floribunda and longifolia.Potencies are available in the 3C, 4C and 5C range.

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33

Considine, J. A. "PROGRESS IN SELECTION AND CULTIVATION OF AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS FOR FLORICULTURE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 337 (April 1993): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.337.1.

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34

Leake, Simon. "Observations on Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity in Some Australian Native Plants." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46, sup1 (December 8, 2014): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.988589.

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35

Retallack, M. J., L. J. Thomson, and M. A. Keller. "Predatory arthropods associated with potential native insectary plants for Australian vineyards." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 25, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12383.

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36

Revell, D. K., P. E. Vercoe, A. C. Kotze, and J. Emms. "Australian native shrubs: Delivering benefits to livestock, soil, plants and people." Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 1 (December 2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2014.10.012.

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37

Dyer, AG. "Reflection of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation From Flowers of Australian Native Plants." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 4 (1996): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960473.

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Eighty-six species of Australian native plants were assessed in the near-ultraviolet (UV-A) (320-400 nm) and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Relationships between flower colour, size, symmetry and UV-A reflection were examined. The frequency of species in this sample that reflected UV-A radiation was found to be consistent with major overseas studies. A quantitative photographic study of the spectral reflection from the yellow flower of Hibbertia obtusifolia DC. (Dilleniaceae) was conducted for radiation with wavelengths of 280-800 nm. How an insect with UV-A-, blue- and green-sensitive photoreceptors might see H. obtusifolia as a two-coloured flower, and how this could aid a floral visitor's orientation is discussed.

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38

Hartskeerl, Kerry, Dianne Simmons, and Robyn Adams. "Does firefighting foam affect the growth of some Australian native plants?" International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 3 (2004): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03065.

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Firefighting foams (Class A foams) are an effective and widespread firefighting tool, and are frequently used in environmentally sensitive areas. They are known to be ecologically damaging in aquatic environments; however, their impacts at the plant species or ecosystem level are relatively unknown. Reports of shoot damage to plants, suppressed flowering and changes in plant community composition suggest that the environmental damage caused by their use may be unacceptable. Applications of four levels of foam to seedlings of seven Australian plant species, from five representative and widespread families, showed no detectable impacts on a range of vegetative growth characteristics. The results are encouraging for continued use of firefighting foam in sensitive natural habitats.

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39

L Bougher, Neale, and Inez C Tommerup. "Restoration of Australia?s native fungi: For improved commercial environmental forestry, farm revegetation and sustainability in the Australian wheatbelt region." Microbiology Australia 24, no. 3 (2003): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma03338.

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There is currently much effort being put into methods of harnessing Australia?s plant biodiversity for profitable farming systems with multiple environmental benefits. However, less attention has been given to significant components of natural ecosystems other than plants. One such component is Australia?s diverse and unique native fungi, and the range of largely ignored, out of sight, ecosystem functions provided by fungi. Though poorly recognised to date, management and restoration of Australia?s native fungi and other soil organisms in tandem with animals and plants are likely to be key parts of an overall strategy to achieve environmentally sustainable and economically profitable agricultural landscapes for the long term.

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40

Abensperg-Traun, Max, Lyn Atkins, Richard Hobbs, and Dion Steven. "Exotic plant invasion and understorey species richness: a comparison of two types of eucalypt woodland in agricultural Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 1 (1998): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980021.

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Exotic plants are a major threat to native plant diversity in Australia yet a generic model of the invasion of Australian ecosystems by exotic species is lacking because invasion levels differ with vegetation/soil type and environmental conditions. This study compared relative differences in exotic species invasion (percent cover, spp. richness) and the species richness of herbaceous native plants in two structurally very similar vegetation types, Gimlet Eucalyptus salubris and Wandoo E. capillosa woodlands in the Western Australian wheatbelt. For each woodland type, plant variables were measured for relatively undisturbed woodlands, woodlands with >30 years of livestock grazing history, and woodlands in road-verges. Grazed and road-verge Gimlet and Wandoo woodlands had significantly higher cover of exotic species, and lower species richness of native plants, compared with undisturbed Gimlet and Wandoo. Exotic plant invasion was significantly greater in Gimlet woodlands for both grazed (mean 78% cover) and road-verge sites (mean 42% cover) than in comparable sites in Wandoo woodlands (grazed sites 25% cover, road-verge sites 19% cover). There was no significant difference in the species richness of exotic plants between Wandoo and Gimlet sites for any of the three situations. Mean site richness of native plants was not significantly different between undisturbed Wandoo and undisturbed Gimlet woodlands. Undisturbed woodlands were significantly richer in plant species than grazed and road-verge woodlands for both woodland types. Grazed and road-verge Wandoo sites were significantly richer in plant species than communities in grazed and road-verge Gimlet. The percent cover of exotics was negatively correlated with total (native) plant species richness for both woodland types (Wandoo r = ?0.70, Gimlet r = ?0.87). Of the total native species recorded in undisturbed Gimlet, 83% and 61% were not recorded in grazed and road-verge Gimlet, respectively. This compared with 40% and 33% for grazed and road-verge Wandoo, respectively. Grazed Wandoo and grazed Gimlet sites had significantly fewer native plant species than did road-verge Wandoo and road-verge Gimlet sites. Ecosystem implications of differential invasions by exotic species, and the effects of grazing (disturbance) and other factors influencing susceptibility to exotic plant invasion (landscape, competition and allelopathy) on native species decline are discussed. Exclusion of livestock and adequate methods of control and prevention of further invasions by exotic plants are essential requirements for the conservation of these woodland systems.

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Waters, C., G. Melville, and A. Grice. "Genotypic variation among sites within eleven Australian native grasses." Rangeland Journal 25, no. 1 (2003): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03006.

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Eleven species of native grass were collected from 51 sites throughout western New South Wales and south-west Queensland. Approximately 10 whole plants of each species were collected from a site but not all species were collected from each site. Plants were grown in a common environment at Trangie in central western New South Wales and plant morphological and floristic characteristics measured. Data reported here are for observations made in the third year, by which time differences between populations were likely to be more genetic than environmental. Principal component and discriminant analyses revealed a strong relationship between site of origin and plant morphological characteristics, which explained between 61% and 93% of the variation within species. For all but one species, site was significantly correlated with these morphological characteristics. Site could be predicted from morphological characters with a success rate usually greater than 80%. These morphological characteristics must reflect genotypic differences among the collection from the different sites. We were unable to relate this variation to any of a range of site characteristics. Distance between sites could not be used as an indicator of morphological differences between populations. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of providing strong evidence for the existence of ecotypes and for obtaining appropriate seed sources for revegetation/restoration programs.

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Bean, Anthony R. "A new system for determining which plant species are indigenous in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 20, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb06030.

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An examination of Floras and related literature from various countries of the world has revealed a wide range of interpretations and concepts for indigenous plants. Nevertheless, an indigenous plant species has been universally defined as one that was not deliberately or accidentally introduced by man. An important recent addendum to the ‘indigenous’ definition is that it must disperse from an area where it is considered native. Particularly problematic are the so-called ‘pantropical’ or ‘cosmopolitan’ plants. These species are usually invasive and abundant, but most could not have crossed major barriers without the assistance of humans, and hence should be regarded as non-native species throughout much of their range. The accurate assessment of the alien or indigenous status of these and other taxa has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about their geographic origins and dispersal ability. Australian botanists have frequently adhered to a concept of indigenous plants being any that were thought to be present before European settlement in their region of interest – 1788 for the Sydney area, and as late as the 1850s for northern Australia. This definition is unrealistic and unworkable, especially when considering the ‘pantropical’ species. The transport of plants by maritime traders and explorers into the Indonesian and west Pacific areas has occurred for at least the past 3000 years. European colonisation in those areas from the 16th century accelerated plant introductions. Some of those plant species undoubtedly made their way to Australia before European settlement. This paper presents explicit definitions for indigenous (native) or alien (exotic, introduced, non-indigenous) plant species in Australia. A system of assessment using a combination of ecological, phytogeographical and historical criteria (the EPH system) allows the determination of ‘origin status’ for individual species. As a case study, data are presented for 40 plant species of disputed origin status. These species are assessed against the criteria, and a recommended origin status given for Australian occurrences.

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Chowdhury, Saikat, Ramya Thangarajan, Nanthi Bolan, Julianne O'Reilly-Wapstra, Anitha Kunhikrishnan, and Ravi Naidu. "Nitrification potential in the rhizosphere of Australian native vegetation." Soil Research 55, no. 1 (2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16116.

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The rhizosphere influences nutrient dynamics in soil mainly by altering microbial activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rhizosphere effect on nitrogen transformation in Australian native vegetation in relation to nitrification potential (NP). Microbial activity, NP, and nitrifiers (ammonia-oxidising bacteria, AOB) were compared between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of several Australian native vegetation under field conditions. These parameters were also measured with increasing distance from the rhizosphere of selected plant species using plant growth experiments. To examine the persistence of nitrification inhibitory activity of rhizosphere soil on non-rhizosphere soil, the soils were mixed at various ratios and examined for NP and AOB populations. The rhizosphere soil from all native vegetation (29 species) had higher microbial activity than non-rhizosphere soil, whereas 13 species showed very low NP in the rhizosphere when compared with non-rhizosphere soil. Nitrification potential and AOB populations obtained in the soil mixture were lower than the predicted values, indicating the persistence of a nitrification inhibitory effect of the rhizosphere soils on non-rhizosphere soils. In plant growth experiments the microbial activity decreased with increasing distance from rhizosphere, whereas the opposite was observed for NP and AOB populations, indicating the selective inhibition of nitrification process in the rhizosphere of the Australian native plants Scaevola albida, Chrysocephalum semipapposum, and Enteropogon acicularis. Some Australian native plants inhibited nitrification in their rhizosphere. We propose future studies on these selected plant species by identifying and characterising the nitrification inhibiting compounds and also the potential of nitrification inhibition in reducing nitrogen losses through nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emission.

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Bhalla, P. L., and K. Sweeney. "Micropropagation of Scaevola —Australian native of ornamental horticulture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 4 (1998): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98020.

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Summary. A number of commercially available cultivars of Scaevola aemula, S. albida, S. phlebopetala, S. striata and material collected from the wild of S. glandulifera, S. hookeri and S. ramonissima were successfully propagated by tissue culture. Shoot segments 3–4 cm in length were multiplied in Murashige and Skoog medium without hormones. Addition of 25–150 µmol kinetin/L in the micropropagation medium of S. aemula and S. phlebopetala resulted in the formation of deformed shoots. Tissue cultured shoots rooted in hormone-free medium in 4–6 weeks. Indole-3-butyric acid (10–20 µmol/L) had an effect on rate of root initiation of S. phlebopetala but not on percentage of rooting. A high survival percentage (>95%) was obtained when plants were transferred to soil under glasshouse conditions indicating that micropropagation of Scaevola is feasible.

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Holmes, Katie. "Growing Australian landscapes: the use and meanings of native plants in gardens in twentieth-century Australia." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 31, no. 2 (June 2011): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2011.556371.

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Warren, Charles R., Mark A. Adams, and ZuLiang Chen. "Is photosynthesis related to concentrations of nitrogen and Rubisco in leaves of Australian native plants?" Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 5 (2000): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98162.

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The relationships among light-saturated photosynthesis and concentrations of nitrogen and ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) in Australian native plants are poorly known, primarily due to the difficulty of extracting and analysing Rubisco from such species. Rubisco may be rapidly quantified in crude extracts of plant tissue by capillary electrophoresis (CE); however, the presence of phenolic compounds in many Australian native plants limits the use of these methods. The addition of insoluble polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) during leaf extractions effectively removed phenols permitting quantitation of Rubisco. Relationships among maximum rates of photosynthesis and concentrations of nitrogen and Rubisco were then investigated in ten species native to Australia. Total nitrogen and the major pools of N in foliage varied greatly between species. Equally, within species N-partitioning was highly plastic, as affected by different concentrations and forms of N applied in sand culture (0.5 or 8 mM, nitrate or ammonium). In Hakea prostrata, for example, the proportion of total N present as soluble proteins varied between 43 and 71%, while the proportion of total N present as Rubisco N ranged between 9.4 and 30.0%, and the contribution of Rubisco to soluble proteins varied between 21 and 42%. The measured concentration of Rubisco varied between 40% and 600% of that estimated from enzyme kinetics and measured rates of photosynthesis. Generally there was a large ‘excess’ of Rubisco, and in only two cases was the measured concentration of Rubisco significantly less than predicted. Total N, soluble protein and Rubisco concentrations were poorly related to maximum rates of photosynthesis, while the relationship between photosynthesis and Rubisco was worse than that with N, primarily due to the plants’ variable over-investment in Rubisco.

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Cirocco, Robert M., José M. Facelli, and Jennifer R. Watling. "A native parasitic plant affects the performance of an introduced host regardless of environmental variation across field sites." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 11 (2018): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17358.

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Increasing evidence from glasshouse studies shows that native hemiparasitic plants can significantly impact the performance and growth of introduced host plants. We investigated the effect of the native Australian hemiparasite Cassytha pubescens R.Br. on the introduced shrub Ulex europaeus L. at three field sites in South Australia. Parasite infection significantly decreased midday PSII efficiency (ΦPSII) and the maximum electron transport rates (ETRmax) of U. europaeus across sites. The impact of C. pubescens on the photosynthetic performance of U. europaeus may have been caused by infected plants having significantly lower N and K, but higher Fe and Al than uninfected plants at all sites. Significant Al and Fe enrichment in infected plants may be possibly due to the parasite indirectly inducing rhizosphere acidification. At two sites, C. pubescens significantly affected host Fv/Fm, indicating chronic photoinhibition in response to infection. The impact of infection on Fv/Fm was greatest at the wettest site, in line with an experiment where C. pubescens had more impact under high water availability. At this site, infected plants also had the highest foliar Fe and Al. The C isotope (δ13C) of infected plants was significantly lower than that of uninfected plants at only one site. Unusually, the δ13C of the parasite was the same as or significantly higher than that of the hosts. There were no site effects on parasite Fv/Fm or ΦPSII; however, ETRmax and δ13C varied across sites. The results suggest that this native parasite has negative effects on U. europaeus in the field, as was found for glasshouse studies. The abundance of this introduced weed in Australia could be negatively affected by C. pubescens infection.

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Beh, Chau Chun, and Wen Hui Teoh. "Recent Advances in the Extraction of Pittosporum angustifolium Lodd. Used in Traditional Aboriginal Medicine: A Mini Review." Nutraceuticals 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals2020004.

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Numerous native Australian plants are widely used as traditional medicines by the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Among the native plants, Pittosporum angustifolium Lodd. (Gumby Gumby) is claimed to be a promising medicinal plant in the treatment of a wide range of diseases that includes viral symptoms (colds and coughs), eczema, cancer, muscle aches, varicose veins, and many more. Various extraction techniques are used to extract the bioactive compounds of P. angustifolium, which are formulated into nutraceuticals. The present paper will provide an overview of the recent development in the extraction of bioactive ingredients from P. angustifolium, as well as the findings on the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of P. angustifolium extracts.

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Twigg, Laurie. "Fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation: can it reduce the impact of exotic mammals on wildlife conservation?" Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 4 (2011): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110299.

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THERE is no doubt that fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation (also known as poison peas) has had a profound effect on the evolution and persistence of Western Australian biota. Most of these plants belong to the genus Gastrolobium, and most are found in the south-west corner of Western Australia (Gardner and Bennetts 1956; Aplin 1971; Twigg and King 1991). The toxic principle of these plants, fluoroacetate, is also manufactured synthetically as 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) for Australiawide control of vertebrate pests, such as rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus, foxes Vulpes vulpes, wild dogs Canis lupus familiaris and feral Pigs Sus scrofa (Twigg and King 1991). Because of their co-evolution with fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation, many native animals in Western Australia have developed varying levels of tolerance to this highly toxic compound. In contrast, introduced mammals are generally highly sensitive to fluoroacetate. Although it is not a prerequisite for safe and effective pest control programmes with 1080, the toxicity differential between native and introduced animals provides an additional “safety net” when using 1080 products in Western Australia.

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Trigger, David S., and Lesley Head. "Restored Nature, Familiar Culture: Contesting Visions for Preferred Environments in Australian Cities." Nature and Culture 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2010): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050302.

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How are preferences for “native” and “introduced” species of plants and animals given expression in Australian cities? Given the nation's predominantly European cultural heritage, how do urban Australians articulate multiple desires for living environments encountered in everyday life? In examining the cases of inner city parks, backyards, and more general views about flora and fauna appropriate for the city, the paper considers a range of deeply enculturated attachments to familiar landscapes. While residents have considerable interest in the possibilities of urban ecological restoration, our interviews, ethnographic observation, and textual analysis also reveal cultural preferences for introduced species and emplaced attachments to historically modified landscapes. These preferences and attachments are linked to senses of identity developed during formative life experiences. In the relatively young post-settler society of Australia, such drivers of environmental desires can sit uneasily alongside science-driven propositions about what is good for biodiversity and ecological sustainability.

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