Journal articles on the topic 'Australian native legumes'
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Keirnan, Elizabeth C., Yu Pei Tan, Matthew H. Laurence, Allison A. Mertin, Edward C. Y. Liew, Brett A. Summerell, and Roger G. Shivas. "Cryptic diversity found in Didymellaceae from Australian native legumes." MycoKeys 78 (February 8, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.78.60063.
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Ascochyta koolunga (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales) was first described in 2009 (as Phoma koolunga) and identified as the causal agent of Ascochyta blight of Pisum sativum (field pea) in South Australia. Since then A. koolunga has not been reported anywhere else in the world, and its origins and occurrence on other legume (Fabaceae) species remains unknown. Blight and leaf spot diseases of Australian native, pasture and naturalised legumes were studied to investigate a possible native origin of A. koolunga. Ascochyta koolunga was not detected on native, naturalised or pasture legumes that had leaf spot symptoms, in any of the studied regions in southern Australia, and only one isolate was recovered from P. sativum. However, we isolated five novel species in the Didymellaceae from leaf spots of Australian native legumes from commercial field pea regions throughout southern Australia. The novel species were classified on the basis of morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and part of the RNA polymerase II subunit B gene region. Three of these species, Nothophoma garlbiwalawardasp. nov., Nothophoma naiawusp. nov. and Nothophoma ngayawangsp. nov., were isolated from Senna artemisioides. The other species described here are Epicoccum djirangnandirisp. nov. from Swainsona galegifolia and Neodidymelliopsis tinkyukukusp. nov. from Hardenbergia violacea. In addition, we report three new host-pathogen associations in Australia, namely Didymella pinodes on S. artemisioides and Vicia cracca, and D. lethalis on Lathyrus tingitanus. This is also the first report of Didymella prosopidis in Australia.
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Pérez-Fernández, María A., and Byron B. Lamont. "Nodulation and performance of exotic and native legumes in Australian soils." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 5 (2003): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03053.
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Six Spanish legumes, Cytisus balansae, C. multiflorus, C. scoparius, C. striatus, Genista hystrix and Retama sphaerocarpa, were able to form effective nodules when grown in six south-western Australian soils. Soils and nodules were collected from beneath natural stands of six native Australian legumes, Jacksonia floribunda, Gompholobium tomentosum, Bossiaea aquifolium, Daviesia horrida, Gastrolobium spinosum and Templetonia retusa. Four combinations of soils and bacterial treatments were used as the soil treatments: sterile soil (S), sterile inoculated soils (SI), non-treated soil (N) and non-treated inoculated soils (NI). Seedlings of the Australian species were inoculated with rhizobia cultured from nodules of the same species, while seedlings of the Spanish species were inoculated with cultures from each of the Australian species. All Australian rhizobia infected all the Spanish species, suggesting a high degree of 'promiscuity' among the bacteria and plant species. The results from comparing six Spanish and six Australian species according to their biomass and total nitrogen in the presence (NI) or absence (S) of rhizobia showed that all species benefitted from nodulation (1.02–12.94 times), with R.�sphaerocarpa and C. striatus benefiting more than the native species. Inoculation (SI and NI) was just as effective as, or more effective than the non-treated soil (i.e. non-sterile) in inducing nodules. Nodules formed on the Spanish legumes were just as efficient at fixing N2 as were those formed on the Australian legumes. Inoculation was less effective than non-treated soil at increasing biomass but just as effective as the soil at increasing nitrogen content. Promiscuity in the legume–bacteria symbiosis should increase the ability of legumes to spread into new habitats throughout the world.
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Dear, B. S. "Australian experience with cool season annual legumes - the challenge to develop environmentally sustainable farming systems." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.2995.
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Australian farming systems have traditionally relied on annual legumes such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual medics (Medicago spp.) in either short-term pastures in rotation with crops or permanent pastures to provide low cost biologically fixed N and a high quality forage for livestock. The role of legumes in farming systems is now being reassessed because of the recognition that their extensive use is associated with widespread soil acidification, loss of species diversity in native pastures and increasing dryland salinity. In the future, annual legumes are more likely to be sown in mixtures with deep-rooted perennial pasture species, both in permanent pastures and in rotation with crops, to improve hydrological balance in the landscape. As a result, there is a change of direction in annual legume selection and breeding programs within Australia with a greater focus on the ability of legumes to coexist with perennial species, as well as on characteristics such as an extended growing season and deeper rooting habit to exploit subsoil water. There is also a trend towards increasing the diversity of annual legume species sown in pasture mixes to better exploit paddock variation and variable seasonal conditions.
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Mitchell, M. L., H. C. Norman, and R. D. B. Whalley. "Use of functional traits to identify Australian forage grasses, legumes and shrubs for domestication and use in pastoral areas under a changing climate." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 1 (2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13406.
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Considerable uncertainty exists about future climatic predictions but there is little doubt among experts that the future will be warmer. Climate change and the associated elevation in atmospheric CO2 level and temperatures will provide novel challenges and potential opportunities for cultivated plant species. Plant breeding and domestication can contribute to improvements in both yield and quality of native grasses, legumes and forage shrubs. This review explores the use of functional traits to identify native Australian grasses, legumes and forage shrubs suitable for domestication, to meet the challenges and opportunities under a changing climate in pastoral areas in Australia. The potential of these species in terms of life history, regenerative traits, forage quality and quantity, drought tolerance and invasiveness is examined. The paper focuses on three Australian pastoral regions (high-rainfall temperate south, tropical and subtropical grasslands, low-rainfall semi-arid shrublands), in terms of future climate predictions and potential of selected native species to meet these requirements. Selection for adaptation to new climatic environments is challenging but many native species already possess the traits required to cope with the environment under future climate scenarios.
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MORRISON, DAVID A., TONY D. AULD, SARAH RISH, CAROLYN PORTER, and KATHRYN MCCLAY. "Patterns of Testa-imposed Seed Dormancy in Native Australian Legumes." Annals of Botany 70, no. 2 (August 1992): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088452.
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Robinson, K., L. W. Bell, R. G. Bennett, D. A. Henry, M. Tibbett, and M. H. Ryan. "Perennial legumes native to Australia — a preliminary investigation of nutritive value and response to cutting." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (2007): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06043.
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Six Australian native herbaceous perennial legumes (Lotus australis, Swainsona colutoides, Swainsona swainsonioides, Cullen tenax, Glycine tabacina and Kennedia prorepens) were assessed in the glasshouse for nutritive value, soluble condensed tannins and production of herbage in response to three cutting treatments (regrowth harvested every 4 and 6 weeks and plants left uncut for 12 weeks). The Mediterranean perennial legumes Medicago sativa and Lotus corniculatus were also included. Dry matter (DM) yield of some native legumes was comparable to L. corniculatus, but M. sativa produced more DM than all species except S. swainsonioides after 12 weeks of regrowth. Dry matter yield of all native legumes decreased with increased cutting frequency, indicating a susceptibility to frequent defoliation. Shoot in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) was high (>70%) in most native legumes, except G. tabacina (65%) and K. prorepens (55%). Crude protein ranged from 21–28% for all legumes except K. prorepens (12%). More frequent cutting resulted in higher DMD and crude protein in all species, except for the DMD of C. tenax and L. australis, which did not change. Concentrations of soluble condensed tannins were 2–9 g/kg DM in the Lotus spp., 10–18 g/kg DM in K. prorepens and negligible (<1 g/kg) in the other legumes. Of the native species, C. tenax, S. swainsonioides and L. australis showed the most promise for use as forage plants and further evaluation under field conditions is now warranted.
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Barnet, YM, PC Catt, and DH Hearne. "Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Root-Nodule Bacteria (Rhizobium Sp. and Bradyrhizobium Sp.) In Two Rehabilitating Sand Dune Areas Planted With Acacia Spp." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 5 (1985): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850595.
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This paper reports a study of biological nitrogen fixation in two sand dune regions of New South Wales where planted Acacia spp. had been used in revegetation programmes. At one location (Bridge Hill Ridge), natural regrowth had produced a complex plant community, and native legumes in addition to the planted acacias were present. The other area (Wanda Beach) was a grossly disturbed site which contained only the planted species. Symbiotic fixation in association with Australian legumes occurred at both locations at rates within the range reported by other authors. Distinct seasonal changes were apparent, with higher activities in the cooler months. The legume association seemed the only source of biologically fixed nitrogen at Bridge Hill Ridge, but at Wanda Beach cyanobacteria in an algal mat also made a contribution. Fast and slow-growing bacterial strains were obtained from root nodules of native legumes at both sites and were classed as Rhizobium sp. and Bradyrhizobium sp., respectively. This division was supported by the pattern of serological affinities of the isolates and by differences in their protein profiles demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two atypical types of root-nodule bacteria were found at Bridge Hill Ridge: non-nodulating, fast-growing isolates and an abnormally slow-growing Bradyrhizobium sp.
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Warrington, Staci, Allan G. Ellis, Jan-Hendrik Keet, and Johannes J. Le Roux. "How does familiarity in rhizobial interactions impact the performance of invasive and native legumes?" NeoBiota 72 (March 28, 2022): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.72.79620.
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Mutualisms can be disrupted when non-native plants are introduced into novel environments, potentially impacting their establishment success. Introduced species can reassemble mutualisms by forming novel associations with resident biota or by maintaining familiar associations when they are co-introduced with their mutualists. Invasive Australian Acacia species in South Africa have formed nitrogen-fixing rhizobium mutualisms using both pathways. Here we examined the contributions of novel vs familiar rhizobial associations to the performance of Acacia saligna across different soils within South Africa’s Core Cape Subregion (CCR), and the concomitant impacts of exotic rhizobia on the endemic legume, Psoralea pinnata. We grew each legume with and without Australian Bradyrhizobium strains across various CCR soil types in a glasshouse. We identified root nodule rhizobium communities associating with seedlings grown in each treatment combination using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. Our results show that different CCR soils affected growth performances of seedlings for both species while the addition of Australian bradyrhizobia affected growth performances of A. saligna, but not P. pinnata. NGS data revealed that each legume associated mostly with their familiar rhizobial partners, regardless of soil conditions or inoculum treatment. Acacia saligna predominantly associated with Australian bradyrhizobia, even when grown in soils without inoculum, while P. pinnata largely associated with native South African Mesorhizobium strains. Our study suggests that exotic Australian bradyrhizobia are already present and widespread in pristine CCR soils, and that mutualist limitation is not an impediment to further acacia invasion in the region. The ability of P. pinnata to sanction Australian Bradyrhizobium strains suggests that this species may be a good candidate for restoration efforts following the removal of acacias in CCR habitats.
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Bell, Lindsay W., Richard G. Bennett, Megan H. Ryan, and Heather Clarke. "The potential of herbaceous native Australian legumes as grain crops: a review." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 1 (August 18, 2010): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000347.
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AbstractMany agricultural systems around the world are challenged by declining soil resources, a dry climate and increases in input costs. The cultivation of plants that are better adapted than current crop species to nutrient poor soils, a dry climate and low-input agricultural systems would aid the continued profitability and environmental sustainability of agricultural systems. This paper examines herbaceous native Australian legumes for their capacity to be developed as grain crops adapted to dry environments. The 14 genera that contain herbaceous species areCanavalia, Crotalaria, Cullen, Desmodium, Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, Hardenbergia, Indigofera, Kennedia, Lotus, Rhynchosia, Swainsona, TrigonellaandVigna. A number of these genera (e.g.,Glycine, Crotalaria, TrigonellaandVigna) include already cultivated exotic grain legumes. Species were evaluated based on the extent to which their natural distribution corresponded to arid and semi-arid climatic regions, as well as the existing information on traits related to harvestability (uniformity of ripening, propensity to retain pod, pod shattering and growth habit), grain qualities (seed size, chemistry, color and the absence of toxins) and fecundity. Published data on seed yield were rare, and for many other traits information was limited. The Australian species ofVigna,CanavaliaandDesmodiummainly have tropical distributions and were considered poorly suited for semi-arid temperate cropping systems. Of the remaining generaGlycyrrhizaandCrotalariaspecies showed many suitable traits, including an erect growth habit, a low propensity to shatter, flowers and fruits borne at the end of branches and moderate to large seeds (5 and 38 mg, respectively). The species for which sufficient information was available that were considered highest priority for further investigation wereGlycine canescens, Cullen tenax, Swainsona canescens, Swainsona colutoides, Trigonella suavissima, Kennedia prorepens, Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa, Crotalaria cunninghamiiandRhynchosia minima.
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Hoque, Mohammad S., Linda M. Broadhurst, and Peter H. Thrall. "Genetic characterization of root-nodule bacteria associated with Acacia salicina and A. stenophylla (Mimosaceae) across south-eastern Australia." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.021014-0.
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Symbiotic relationships between legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil micro-organisms are of ecological importance in plant communities worldwide. For example, nutrient-poor Australian soils are often dominated by shrubby legumes (e.g. species of Acacia). However, relatively few studies have quantified patterns of diversity, host-specificity and effectiveness of these ecologically important plant–microbe interactions. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequence and PCR-RFLP analyses were used to examine bacterial strains isolated from the root nodules of two widespread south-eastern Australian legumes, Acacia salicina and Acacia stenophylla, across nearly 60 sites. The results showed that there was extensive genetic diversity in microbial populations, including a broad range of novel genomic species. While previous studies have suggested that most native Australian legumes nodulate primarily with species of the genus Bradyrhizobium, our results indicate significant associations with members of other root-nodule-forming bacterial genera, including Rhizobium, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Burkholderia, Phyllobacterium and Devosia. Genetic analyses also revealed a diverse suite of non-nodulating bacterial endophytes, only a subset of which have been previously recorded. Although the ecological roles of these endosymbionts are not well understood, they may play both direct and indirect roles in promoting plant growth, nodulation and disease suppression.
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Bell, Lindsay W., Megan H. Ryan, Richard G. Bennett, Margaret T. Collins, and Heather J. Clarke. "Growth, yield and seed composition of native Australian legumes with potential as grain crops." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92, no. 7 (November 14, 2011): 1354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4706.
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Denton, Matthew D., Camille Sasse, Mark Tibbett, and Megan H. Ryan. "Root distributions of Australian herbaceous perennial legumes in response to phosphorus placement." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 12 (2006): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06176.
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Many Australian plant species have specific root adaptations for growth in phosphorus-impoverished soils, and are often sensitive to high external P concentrations. The growth responses of native Australian legumes in agricultural soils with elevated P availability in the surface horizons are unknown. The aim of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that increased P concentration in surface soil would reduce root proliferation at depth in native legumes. The effect of P placement on root distribution was assessed for two Australian legumes, Kennedia prorepens F. Muell. and Lotus australis Andrews, and the exotic Medicago sativa L. Three treatments were established in a low-P loam soil: amendment of 0.15 g mono-calcium phosphate in either (i) the top 50 mm (120 µg P g–1) or (ii) the top 500 mm (12 µg P g–1) of soil, and an unamended control. In the unamended soil M. sativa was shallow rooted, with 58% of the root length of in the top 50 mm. K. prorepens and L. australis had a more even distribution down the pot length, with only 4 and 22% of their roots in the 0–50 mm pot section, respectively. When exposed to amendment of P in the top 50 mm, root length in the top 50 mm increased 4-fold for K. prorepens and 10-fold for M. sativa, although the pattern of root distribution did not change for M. sativa. L. australis was relatively unresponsive to P additions and had an even distribution of roots down the pot. Shoot P concentrations differed according to species but not treatment (K. prorepens 2.1 mg g–1, L. australis 2.4 mg g–1, M. sativa 3.2 mg g–1). Total shoot P content was higher for K. prorepens than for the other species in all treatments. In a second experiment, mono-ester phosphatases were analysed from 1-mm slices of soil collected directly adjacent to the rhizosphere. All species exuded phosphatases into the rhizosphere, but addition of P to soil reduced phosphatase activity only for K. prorepens. Overall, high P concentration in the surface soil altered root distribution, but did not reduce root proliferation at depth. Furthermore, the Australian herbaceous perennial legumes had root distributions that enhanced P acquisition from low-P soils.
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Crisóstomo, J. A., H. Freitas, and S. Rodríguez-Echeverría. "Relative growth rates of three woody legumes: implications in the process of ecological invasion." Web Ecology 7, no. 1 (March 19, 2007): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-7-22-2007.
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Abstract. Acacia longifolia, an Australian leguminous tree, is one of the main invasive plant species in the coast of Portugal and a major threat to the native vegetation in the Reserva Natural das Dunas de São Jacinto. With the establishment of this exotic species, other native woody leguminous species such as Cytisus grandiflorus and Ulex europaeus have been displaced from their original areas. Several factors are involved in the process of biological invasion by exotic species. Plant physiology and development, characteristic of each species, can give certain advantages in the establishment and colonization of new areas. We tested if there are differences in the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of the exotic and native species because this could be relevant in the first stages of the invasion process. Our results showed that A. longifolia was the species with lowest RGR. Therefore, other factors apart from RGR might explain the invasion of coastal dunes by this species. We propose that A. longifolia might be a better competitor than the two native legumes and that this process might be mediated by the interaction with soil organisms.
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Brockwell, J., Catherine M. Evans, Alison M. Bowman, and Alison McInnes. "Distribution, frequency of occurrence and symbiotic properties of the Australian native legume Trigonella suavissima Lindl. and its associated root-nodule bacteria." Rangeland Journal 32, no. 4 (2010): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj09080.
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Trigonella suavissima Lindl. is an Australian native legume belonging to the tribe Trifolieae. It is an ephemeral species that is widely distributed in the arid interior of the continent where it occurs, following periodic inundation, on clay soils of the watercourse country of the Channel Country (far-western Queensland, north-east South Australia and north-western New South Wales). T. suavissima is the only member of its tribe that is endemic to Australia. Likewise, its root-nodule bacteria (Sinorhizobium sp.) may be the only member of its taxonomic group (S. meliloti, S. medicae) that is an Australian native. The distribution and frequency of occurrence of T. suavissima and the size of soil populations (density) of Sinorhizobium were monitored at 64 locations along inland river systems of the Channel Country. Measurements were made of (i) the nitrogen-fixing effectiveness of the symbioses between T. suavissima and strains of its homologous Sinorhizobium and (ii) the nitrogen-fixing effectiveness of the symbioses between legumes symbiotically related to T. suavissima and diverse strains of Sinorhizobium. It was concluded that the distribution and frequency of occurrence of T. suavissima is soil related. The species is most widespread on fine-textured clay soils with deep, self-mulching surfaces and high moisture-holding capacity. By contrast, the occurrence of T. suavissima is sporadic in the upper reaches of the inland river systems where the soils are poorly structured clays with lower moisture-holding capacity. Sinorhizobium is most abundant where the plant is most common. The nitrogen-fixing symbioses between T. suavissima and strains of Sinorhizobium isolated from soils across the region were consistently effective and often highly effective. Some of these strains fixed a little nitrogen with lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). T. suavissima also had some symbiotic (nitrogen-fixing) affinity with an exotic Trigonella (T. arabica Del.). The economic value of T. suavissima (and its symbiosis with Sinorhizobium) to the beef industry in the Channel Country is discussed.
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Hughes, S. J., R. Snowball, K. F. M. Reed, B. Cohen, K. Gajda, A. R. Williams, and S. L. Groeneweg. "The systematic collection and characterisation of herbaceous forage species for recharge and discharge environments in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (2008): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07106.
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Australian temperate pasture Genetic Resource Centres (GRCs) co-ordinated a major program to introduce and screen herbaceous forage species. This program aims to expand the environments where such species could reduce recharge and manage discharge for the control of dryland salinity in southern Australia. The sustainability of agriculture, in Australia especially, depends on continued access to new germplasm to enable plant breeders to continue crop and forage improvement. The GRCs supported the selection and identification of promising new legume, grass and herb species as part of a national pasture evaluation program. In total, 671 species and 21 non-species-specific genera were identified as having potential to increase water use profitability of recharge lands and to improve the productivity of saline lands across a diverse range of agricultural environments in southern Australia. Through a series of activities, 201 of these species, representing legumes, herbs and grasses were identified as promising. These were then disseminated for evaluation in a range of environments across southern Australia. The progress of selected species was monitored and germplasm of the most promising 11 species and three leguminous genera was targeted for intensive acquisition and characterisation as the basis for selection and breeding. In addition to the identification and dissemination of promising species of immediate potential, a comprehensive collection of 544 native and exotic, wild and cultivated pasture species was conserved and is now available to service future plant improvement programs.
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Adams, M. A., T. L. Bell, and J. S. Pate. "Phosphorus sources and availability modify growth and distribution of root clusters and nodules of native Australian legumes." Plant, Cell & Environment 25, no. 7 (June 27, 2002): 837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00867.x.
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Dear, B. S., G. A. Moore, and S. J. Hughes. "Adaptation and potential contribution of temperate perennial legumes to the southern Australian wheatbelt: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01202.
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Deep-rooted perennial pasture plants can play an important role in solving the environmental problems of rising watertables, dryland salinity and soil acidification in the wheatbelt of southern Australia. These problems are attributed to the extensive clearing of perennial native vegetation and its replacement with shallow-rooted winter-growing annual crops and pastures. Deep-rooted, herbaceous perennial legumes, particularly lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), are seen as making an increasing contribution in the cropping zones where high rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and increased water use are high priorities. This paper reviews the current use and the potential of a range of temperate perennial legumes for the wheatbelt of southern Australia. The genera examined include Medicago, Hedysarum, Trifolium, Onobrychis, Lotus, Galega, Astragalus, Lathyrus, Anthyllis, Psoralea, Dorycnium, Lespedeza and Securigera. There is considerable scope to expand the use of lucerne; however, there is also a need for alternative perennial species to increase biodiversity and to fill niches where lucerne is less suited. Based on current knowledge, the species with the most promise to complement lucerne include sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) on alkaline soils, strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) in wet or mildly saline niches and Lotus and Dorycnium spp. on waterlogged and/or acid soils.
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Bell, David T., and Deanne S. Williams. "Tolerance of Thermal Shock in Seeds." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 2 (1998): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97010.
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Tolerance to high temperatures is an important attribute of seeds of species that inhabit regions that periodically burn. In some species, seeds not only survive fire, but require a heat shock in order to germinate. Twenty-one taxa, representing a range of ecological attributes, were tested for germination following scarification and boiling-water treatments of up to 90 min duration. The black-coloured seeds from the serotinous fruits of Dryandra sessilis (Knight) Domin., Hakea lissocarpha R.Br. and four species of Eucalyptus were vulnerable to temperatures of 100˚C with increasing duration of exposure associated with reduced germination percentage. Seeds of Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl., a species that flowers in response to fire and disperses seed into a post-fire environment unlikely to experience a second fire, also had few seeds that could tolerate even 30 s of boiling-water treatment. The reddish coloured, soil-borne, leguminous species seeds showed enhanced germination after short durations of 100˚C, but gradually decreasing proportions of seeds germinated as heat-shock durations were lengthened to 90 min. Within the genus Eucalyptus, seeds of relatively large mass and thick seed coats survived longer than seeds of small mass and thin seed coats. In contrast, within the legumes, seed mass, wall thickness and cellular structure were not strong indicators of thermal-shock tolerance. Differences in germination percentage between scarified and short-term heat-shock treatments indicated that the heat required to break dormancy in Australian legumes may not always be related to breaking an impervious seed coat. Australian native legumes appear more tolerant to thermal-shock than species reported from other regions of the world.
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Sanford, P., R. D. B. Whalley, D. L. Garden, M. R. Norton, C. M. Waters, A. B. Smith, M. L. Mitchell, et al. "Identification of superior native and introduced grasses for low-input pastures in temperate Australia." Rangeland Journal 27, no. 1 (2005): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05005.
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This paper is the fifth in a series describing trials evaluating native and introduced grasses at eight locations across temperate Australia. In these trials, 62 perennial grass lines were assessed for herbage production, survival and recruitment under low fertiliser conditions using spaced plants produced in glass houses and transplanted into the field. Sites were grouped into three different climatic zones: Eastern Australian permanent pasture, Eastern Australian mixed farming and Mediterranean zone. For each of these zones, superior lines were identified and their potential use in permanent pastures or mixed farming discussed. Among the C3 grasses tested, several lines of Dactylis glomerata from France on the Mediterranean coast near the Spanish border and from north-west maritime France proved to be superior lines in all zones and were better than the standard comparator cv. Currie with regard to the attributes assessed. In general, the D. glomerata lines were superior to the C3 native species except with respect to survival and recruitment. The C4 introduced standard comparator Eragrostis curvula cv. Consol was outstanding with regard to its herbage production and survival in all climatic zones, although its recruitment was generally low. Native C4 lines of Themeda australis and Paspalidium jubiflorum yielded well in all climatic zones, and even produced more herbage than Consol in one zone. Survival rates of T. australis and P. jubiflorum were also very high but recruitment was low under the conditions of the trial. In mixed pastures C4 grasses may reduce fluctuations in feed supply as well as increase water use. As a consequence mixtures of superior C3 and C4 lines identified in this study are likely to be suitable for pastures on infertile soils and in zones subjected to continuous or periodic drought. Further work on the behaviour of these superior lines under sward conditions in association with forage legumes and their responses to grazing is needed; however, for the promising native lines, sward trials are not possible until suitable technology for commercial seed production and broad acre establishment of these lines has been developed.
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McCown, RL. "Being realistic about no-tillage, legume ley farming for the Australian semi-arid tropics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961069.
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There is a long tradition of expectation that, in time, land use in the better-endowed areas of Australia's semi-arid tropics would intensify from beef production on grassy woodlands to broadacre production of dryland crops. However, successive development attempts have yet to result in a substantial field crop industry. This paper reflects on a recent 20-year research and development episode in which ley farming, so successful in the wheat-sheep zone of southern Australia, was adapted and trialed in the tropical north. The system tested in the tropics was one which featured (i) coarse grain crops in rotation with legume leys and (ii) cattle grazing native pasture in the crop growing season and ley and crop residues in the dry season. It can be concluded that this system is technically successful. But compared with the ley system in southern Australia, the benefits of pasture legumes are less efficiently captured, both in the animal and the crop production enterprises. In addition, in this climate and on these soils, pastures with the high legume composition needed to substantially substitute for nitrogen fertiliser in the crop phase pose a serious threat of soil acidification. In contrast to legume leys, the advantage of no-tillage, mulch farming practices over conventional cultivation is much greater in this semi-arid tropical region than in temperate or Mediterranean areas: by slowing evaporation, mulch is often crucial in reducing high temperature injury or impedance to emerging seedlings as well as reducing the deleterious effects of intensive summer rainfall. But even with this improvement the climatic risks in dryland grain cropping remain a strong deterrent to crop industry development. Today, the findings from past experimentation, accrued farming experience, and new information products combine to provide what seem to be more realistic expectations for agriculture in this region. Even with the 'best' technology, this region suffers comparative disadvantage with respect to dryland field crop production and marketing. However, the region enjoys comparative advantages in the production of several other types of commodities, and a more realistic approach to 'Research and Development' includes a shift of resources toward activities with production and marketing advantages.
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MORRISON, D. "The Role of the Lens in Controlling Heat-induced Breakdown of Testa-imposed Dormancy in Native Australian Legumes." Annals of Botany 82, no. 1 (July 1998): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0640.
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Oram, Rex, and Greg Lodge. "Trends in temperate Australian grass breeding and selection." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 3 (2003): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02137.
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Current trends in grass cultivar development are reviewed, with respect to the range of species involved, and the objectives and methodology within each species. Extrapolations and predictions are made about future directions and methodologies. It is assumed that selection will necessarily cater for the following environmental changes: (1) higher year-round temperatures, higher variability of rainfall incidence, and lower total winter and spring rainfall along the south of the continent; (2) higher nutrient and lime inputs as land utilisation intensifies; and (3) the grazing management requirements of the important pasture components will be increasingly defined and met in practice.The 'big four' species, perennial ryegrass, phalaris, cocksfoot and tall fescue, will continue to be the most widely sown species in temperate regions for many decades, with the latter 3 increasing most in area and genetic differentiation. However, species diversification will continue, especially with native grasses, legumes, and shrubs from fertile regions of Australia and exotics from little-explored parts of the world, such as South Africa, western North and South America, coastal Caucasus, and Iraq–Iran. By contrast, the recent high rate of species diversification in the tropics and subtropics will probably give way to a much lower rate of cultivar development by refinement and diversification within the established species. Domestication of native grasses will continue for amenity, recreational, land protection, and grazing purposes. As seed harvesting technologies and ecological knowledge improve, natural stands will become increasingly important as local sources of seed. It is suggested that many native grasses have been greatly changed by natural selection so as to withstand strong competition from introduced species under conditions of higher soil fertility and grazing pressure. Conversely, some introduced species are being selected consciously and naturally to persist in regions with irregular rainfall and less fertile soils. Therefore, the distinction between native and introduced grasses may be disappearing, and many populations of native species could now be as foreign to the habitats of pre-European settlement as are populations of introduced species that have been evolving here for 50–200 years. Methods used for genetic improvement will continue to be selection among both overseas accessions and the many native and introduced populations that have responded to natural selection in Australia. As well, there will be deliberate recurrent crossing and selection programs in both native and introduced species for specific purposes and environments. Increasingly, molecular biology methods will complement traditional ones, at first by the provision of DNA markers to assist the selection of complex traits, and for proving distinctness to obtain Plant Breeders' Rights for new cultivars. Later, genetic engineering will be used to manipulate nutritive value, resistance to fungal and viral diseases, and breeding systems, especially cytoplasmic male sterility and apomixis, to utilise heterosis in hybrid cultivars of grasses, particularly for dairying and intensive meat production.Areas where the practice and management of grass breeding and selection programs could be improved are highlighted throughout the review, and reiterated in a concluding statement. Most problems appear to stem from inadequate training in population ecology, population genetics, evolution, and quantitative inheritance.
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Indsto, James O., Peter H. Weston, Mark A. Clements, Adrian G. Dyer, Michael Batley, and Robert J. Whelan. "Pollination of Diuris maculata (Orchidaceae) by male Trichocolletes venustus bees." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 7 (2006): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05146.
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In a previous study, the Australian terrestrial orchid Diuris maculata sensu lato, from a site near Melbourne in Victoria, was suggested to be a floral mimic of several sympatric legume species. The widespread distribution of this orchid species (or species complex) suggests that there may be a number of different model and pollinator species throughout this range, and that additional studies are necessary to characterise its pollination adequately. In this study, the pollination of D. maculata in the Sydney region, mainly at Scheyville National Park, was compared with the results previously obtained in Victoria. At Scheyville National Park, Trichocolletes venustus was the only native bee species found in significant numbers, and the flowers it visited were almost exclusively the legumes Hardenbergia violacea and Daviesia ulicifolia ssp. ulicifolia. Fifty per cent (14 of 28) of captured male bees carried D. maculata orchid pollinaria, or remnants, which were identified by AFLP fingerprinting. Female bees, which appeared about 10–14 days after males, were not observed visiting the orchid or carrying orchid pollinaria. We confirmed that D. maculata flowers lack nectar, and noted that the pea-like flowers possess an UV false nectar guide comparable to the true UV nectar guide of the legume flowers. Colorimetric analysis showed the colour separation between D. ulicifolia ssp. ulicifolia and the orchid is small enough to be likely to produce foraging errors, consistent with mimicry. We conclude that guild mimicry of a diversity of ‘egg and bacon’ legumes best explains the pollination of D. maculata s.l., rather than precise mimicry of any one pea species. Preliminary observations suggest that pea-flower mimicry may range from being highly precise in some species, through to being much more generalised, but still retaining elements of mimicry. The novel finding of comparable UV patterns in Diuris species and putative pea models applies to most species in the genus and we found that the rare D. aequalis shows remarkable similarity in colour, shape and UV patterns to the sympatric legume Gompholobium huegelii, and is likely to be a mimic of this species.
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Suriyagoda, Lalith D. B., Megan H. Ryan, Michael Renton, and Hans Lambers. "Multiple adaptive responses of Australian native perennial legumes with pasture potential to grow in phosphorus- and moisture-limited environments." Annals of Botany 105, no. 5 (May 2010): 755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcq040.
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Thrall, Peter H., J. J. Burdon, and Matthew J. Woods. "Variation in the effectiveness of symbiotic associations between native rhizobia and temperate Australian legumes: interactions within and between genera." Journal of Applied Ecology 37, no. 1 (February 2000): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00470.x.
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Snowball, R., H. C. Norman, and M. F. D'Antuono. "Investigation of two native Australian perennial forage legumes for their potential use in agriculture: Indigofera australis subsp. hesperia and Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 4 (2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20287.
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In order to investigate the potential for domestication of native pasture legumes, a seed collecting mission was undertaken between Kalbarri and Esperance in the south of Western Australia followed by establishment of a field nursery at Northam, Western Australia. Indigofera australis subsp. hesperia Peter G.Wilson & Rowe was collected from eight sites, Indigofera brevidens Benth. from one site, and Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa (Lindl.) J.M.Black from six sites. The field nursery was an irrigated, replicated trial designed to produce seed for future field testing and to provide preliminary information on plant agronomic characteristics. Over 12 months, I. australis produced herbage dry matter (DM) of 2.1–4.4 t/ha compared with 3.4 t/ha for a composite line of tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa C.H. Stirton vars. albomarginata and crassiuscula) and 1.0 t/ha DM for G. acanthocarpa. Most lines had digestibility and crude protein (15–25%) values that would support moderate growth of sheep or cattle. The best line of G. acanthocarpa produced >400 kg/ha of seeds, whereas I. australis had poor production most likely due to poor adaptation to the nursery site. The severity of cutting of I. australis plants had no significant effect on visual assessments of herbage growth. Most plants of I. australis died within 3 years, whereas most plants of G. acanthocarpa, I. brevidens and tedera survived for 3 years. Both I. australis and G. acanthocarpa have potential for use in broadacre agriculture as grazing plants, most likely in niches specifically suited to each, and demonstrate that native plants can contribute to pasture production currently dominated by exotic species.
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Smith, R. W., C. A. Harris, K. Cox, D. McClements, S. G. Clark, Z. Hossain, and A. W. Humphries. "A history of Australian pasture genetic resource collections." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 9 (2021): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20336.
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The introduction of exotic pasture germplasm has formed the foundation of many Australian grazing systems. Scientists have searched the world for plants to improve the feedbase, amassing collections of diverse genetic material, creating genebanks that have made a large contribution to feedbase productivity. These genebanks contain a vast range of legumes, grasses, herbs and shrubs with growth habits ranging from small herbaceous plants to woody trees and life cycles from annuals to short- and long-term perennial plants. They have been collected from cool temperate to tropical climates and arid to high-rainfall zones. Hundreds of cultivars have been developed from material either collected by Australian plant breeders overseas or introduced from overseas genebanks. The collection of this germplasm has enabled plant breeders to extend the area of adaptation of species into climates, soils and systems previously considered marginal. The importance to Australian and world agriculture is increasing as plant breeders seek traits to meet the challenges of a changing climate and animal production systems. Furthermore, urbanisation, landscape degradation and political instability are making it increasingly difficult to collect pasture and forage germplasm from native grasslands in many countries. This emphasises the need to maintain and improve the capacity of the Australian Pastures Genebank (APG). The APG houses ~85000 accessions and is a modern, online source of diversity for plant scientists around the world. This paper summarises the history of the founding genebank collections, their environment and farming systems focus, and the visionary and resourceful individuals that built them.
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Stępkowski, Tomasz, Lionel Moulin, Agnieszka Krzyżańska, Alison McInnes, Ian J. Law, and John Howieson. "European Origin of Bradyrhizobium Populations Infecting Lupins and Serradella in Soils of Western Australia and South Africa." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 11 (November 2005): 7041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.7041-7052.2005.
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ABSTRACT We applied a multilocus phylogenetic approach to elucidate the origin of serradella and lupin Bradyrhizobium strains that persist in soils of Western Australia and South Africa. The selected strains belonged to different randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR clusters that were distinct from RAPD clusters of applied inoculant strains. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with nodulation genes (nodA, nodZ, nolL, noeI), housekeeping genes (dnaK, recA, glnII, atpD), and 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer sequences. Housekeeping gene phylogenies revealed that all serradella and Lupinus cosentinii isolates from Western Australia and three of five South African narrow-leaf lupin strains were intermingled with the strains of Bradyrhizobium canariense, forming a well supported branch on each of the trees. All nodA gene sequences of the lupin and serradella bradyrhizobia formed a single branch, referred to as clade II, together with the sequences of other lupin and serradella strains. Similar patterns were detected in nodZ and nolL trees. In contrast, nodA sequences of the strains isolated from native Australian legumes formed either a new branch called clade IV or belonged to clade I or III, whereas their nonsymbiotic genes grouped outside the B. canariense branch. These data suggest that the lupin and serradella strains, including the strains from uncultivated L. cosentinii plants, are descendants of strains that most likely were brought from Europe accidentally with lupin and serradella seeds. The observed dominance of B. canariense strains may be related to this species' adaptation to acid soils common in Western Australia and South Africa and, presumably, to their intrinsic ability to compete for nodulation of lupins and serradella.
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Snowball, R., M. F. D'Antuono, B. J. Cohen, K. Gajda, and R. Bennett. "The value of germplasm nurseries in selecting species for field evaluation." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 12 (2010): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10126.
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This paper documents observations made in irrigated seed multiplication nurseries of novel pasture germplasm to aid in the selection of species for field trials. For the first time it also compares these observations to results from past and concurrent field trials to ascertain the value of observations made in germplasm nurseries in predicting performance in the field. Flowering abundance, seed yield and plant survival over a 2-year period was assessed at four consecutive germplasm nurseries used for seed multiplication between 2002 and 2007. Germplasm included 373 accessions from 67 species and 28 genera of exotic and native perennial forage species, mostly legumes with potential in recharge environments. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to allocate accessions within a species to fewer groups of accessions using the germplasm characteristics. Plant survival and ratings for herbage production in germplasm nurseries were compared to results from field trials for the same species and for the same accessions in order to identify which plant characteristics gave good concordance. Observations from germplasm nurseries were, on the whole, useful in predicting survival of species and accessions in field trials. Ratings for herbage production in germplasm nurseries corresponded poorly with measurements or ratings of herbage production in field trials but, nevertheless, were useful in eliminating some poor-performing germplasm. Several species were identified that had superior survival and seed production in germplasm nurseries, some of which also performed well in field trials, including Dorycnium hirsutum, Kennedia prostrata, Lespedeza juncea var. sericea, Lotononis bainesii and Sanguisorba minor. Western Australian native species had mixed performance in germplasm nurseries but showed promise in field trials, and should be further investigated for their potential in farming systems in southern Australia.
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Grice, AC, and S. Mcintyre. "Speargrass (Heteropogon Contortus) in Australia : Dynamics of Species and Community." Rangeland Journal 17, no. 1 (1995): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9950003.
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The perennial tallgrass Heteropogon contortus is widespread and both ecologically and economically important. It often dominates the understorey of Eucalyptus woodlands in tropical and subtropical Australia. We present an historical overview of management and research in these important grasslands and review currently available information, particularly in relation to change at the community level. The use of H, contortus communities for extensive pastoralism led to its increase at the expense of other grasses. Ecological studies sought to explain how it came to dominate large areas but much research focussed on identifying pasture species, particularly legumes, that could replace or supplement what were seen as unproductive native grasses. Other efforts were directed at improving the generally low levels of animal production that resulted from the extreme seasonality of forage quality, and examining the animal production consequences of various management actions. There is some evidence that H. contortus has declined over large areas since the 1970s, but this process and its mechanisms are not well documented. Generally, research that has taken an empirical approach to improving animal production is poorly placed to provide a comprehensive ecological understanding. This is evident in several attempts to synthesise an ecological .understanding of H. contortus communities, notably in the form of state-and-transition models. These models contain generalities, some of which have little confirmation in experimental results. The geographic range and temporal variability of H. contortus communities make it difficult to generalise on the basis of single site, short term experiments that investigate one or a few factors in isolation. There is an increasing awareness of the need for sustainable management of native and natural pastures, including the H. contortus grasslands. Meeting this need will require the maintenance of the perennial grasses of northern Australian savannas and an ecological knowledge that can predict change in a variety of circumstances and locations.
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Wicks, G. A., W. L. Felton, R. D. Murison, and R. J. Martin. "Changes in fallow weed species in continuous wheat in northern New South Wales 1981-1990." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 6 (2000): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99105.
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Four experiments in northern New South Wales comparing fallow management treatments of no-tillage, cultivated with the stubble retained, and cultivated with the stubble burned, from 1981 to 1990, were sampled for weeds between wheat harvest and seeding on a number of occasions during this period. Eighty weed species were identified, 23 of which were found at all 4 sites but only 13 were recorded in the samples taken. These were dwarf amaranth, wild turnip, spear thistle, Australian bindweed, fleabane, bladder ketmia, prickly lettuce, turnip weed, variegated thistle, common sowthistle, dandelion, wild oats and native millet. The density of weeds during the fallow period decreased by 97% from 1981 to 1990 with some species eliminated, probably because of the herbicides used, particularly glyphosate and chlorsulfuron. These included Boggabri and redroot amaranth, button grass, caustic weed, dense crassula, fat hen, legumes, common peppercress, hedge mustard, London rocket, shepherd’s purse, wild mustard, sorghum-almum, paradoxa grass, wild zinnia, and wireweed. Twenty-four weed species were classified as a problem or a potential problem in the future at 1 or more sites. Seventeen weed species, including perennial grasses, often were tolerant to glyphosate at the rates used. The densities of common sowthistle and wild oat were reduced after 10 years, but still remained at all 4 sites. Plant density of species with wind-blown seeds was greater in no-tillage plots than stubble-retained or stubble-burned plots. Weeds whose seeds are dispersed by wind and weeds tolerant to glyphosate were the most troublesome. The perennial grass native millet increased at all 4 sites.
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Lafay, Bénédicte, and Jeremy J. Burdon. "Molecular Diversity of Rhizobia Occurring on Native Shrubby Legumes in Southeastern Australia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 3989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.3989-3997.1998.
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ABSTRACT The structure of rhizobial communities nodulating native shrubby legumes in open eucalypt forest of southeastern Australia was investigated by a molecular approach. Twenty-one genomic species were characterized by small-subunit ribosomal DNA PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analyses, among 745 rhizobial strains isolated from nodules sampled on 32 different legume host species at 12 sites. Among these rhizobial genomic species, 16 belonged to the Bradyrhizobium subgroup, 2 to theRhizobium leguminosarum subgroup, and 3 to the Mesorhizobium subgroup. Only one genomic species corresponded to a known species (Rhizobium tropici). The distribution of the various genomic species was highly unbalanced among the 745 isolates, legume hosts, and sites.Bradyrhizobium species were by far the most abundant, andRhizobium tropici dominated among the Rhizobiumand Mesorhizobium isolates in the generally acid soils where nodules were collected. Although a statistically significant association occurred between the eight most common genomic species and the 32 hosts, there was sufficient overlap in distributions that no clear specificity between rhizobial genomic species and legume taxa was observed. However, for three legume species, some preference for particular genomic species was suggested. Similarly, no geographical partitioning was found.
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Whitbread, A. M., C. A. Hall, and B. C. Pengelly. "A novel approach to planting grass - legume pastures in the mixed farming zone of southern inland Queensland, Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 12 (2009): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09058.
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Reliable establishment of pasture systems with a desirable composition of grasses and legumes remains a challenge in the highly variable climates of the northern grain belt of southern inland Queensland. In this paper, an alternative system is proposed whereby legumes and grasses are planted simultaneously in alternative strips. A 4-year study tested the establishment, production, and botanical composition of the tropical legume species Macroptilium bracteatum cvv. Cardaga and Juanita, Lablab purpureus cv. Endurance, and Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra sown as pure stands or with grass strips. The grass strips, and a grass-only treatment, both contained a mix of Panicum maximum cv. Petrie, Dichanthium aristatum cv. Floren, and Bothriochloa insculpta cv. Bisset. L. purpureus was relatively unproductive, yielding ~2000 kg/ha dry matter (DM) produced in each of the first 2 years. M. bracteatum produced 2050 and 3300 kg/ha DM in Years 1 and 2, with declining plant populations and DM in subsequent years. C. ternatea produced 960 kg/ha DM in Year 1, 2730 kg/ha DM in Year 2, and continued to persist throughout the trial, albeit at low DM production levels. The grass-only treatment was dominated by the sown grass species, while the legume-based treatments were dominated by a colonising native species, Dichanthium sericeum, in the fourth and final year. Sowing grass strips adjacent to the legume areas proved a successful strategy, with the proportion of sown grasses in the legume strips increasing to >20% of total DM by Year 4. Soil carbon changes did not differ between treatments, but total C in the top 0.15 m increased from 0.99% in Year 1 to 1.13% in Year 4, representing a net gain of 6.5 t/ha in C over 3 years.
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Real, D., C. A. Labandera, and J. G. Howieson. "Performance of temperate and subtropical forage legumes when over-seeding native pastures in the basaltic region of Uruguay." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (2005): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03131.
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In 1997, an integrated plant breeding program was initiated at the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) Uruguay, to develop forage legumes and root nodule bacteria which were able to be productive in co-existence with the native (grass-dominant) vegetation when grazed by cattle and sheep. The program was conducted in parallel with rhizobial strain selection by the Rhizobium–Biological Nitrogen Fixation Unit of the Soil Microbiology Department of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay and the Centre for Rhizobium Studies (CRS), Murdoch University, Western Australia. Between 1998 and 2000, 326 temperate and subtropical forage legume species originating from 38 ex-situ seed collections were evaluated in 3 plantings on: red lithosol, black lithosol and vertisol soils at Glencoe Research Station in Uruguay. Row–column field designs were used. Forage production at the end of the second year of evaluation was used as the key selection parameter for the introduced legumes because their success required persistence in the pasture either vegetatively or by natural reseeding. This study identified a set of promising legumes and strains of Rhizobium that are now available for further study and breeding in Uruguay as well as other countries with a similar climate. The methodology developed in this study may be applicable to forage selection programs in which competition between annual and perennial species is expected to influence outcomes.
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Bortolussi, G., J. G. McIvor, J. J. Hodgkinson, S. G. Coffey, and C. R. Holmes. "The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 5. Land and pasture development practices." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04013.
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The land and pasture development practices of 375 northern Australian beef properties in 8 regions were surveyed during 1996–97. These properties represented a broad cross-section of the beef industry in terms of geographical location, enterprise and herd size, and ownership structures. Both tree clearing and killing were more common in Queensland than in the Northern Territory or northern Western Australia. In all regions where trees were poisoned, native pasture was more widely used than sowing introduced grass and/or legume species. In contrast, tree clearing was most often accompanied by sowing pastures (either an introduced grass only or introduced grass and legume species together), rather than using native pastures. Central coastal Queensland had the highest use of poisoning trees for pasture development. Tree clearing and using native pasture was most important in central Queensland regions and the Maranoa South West. Sowing introduced pasture species under live trees was more commonly practiced in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia than in other regions. A considerable number of introduced grass and legume species were sown by producers. Most of the sown species were grasses. Many of the sown grass and legume species were spreading naturally. Buffel grass was spreading in all areas with < 1000 mm average annual rainfall, but most sown species were spreading only in wetter regions. Stylosanthes spp. were the most commonly spreading legume species in regions with > 500 mm average annual rainfall. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary natural resource management issues and how this may affect land and pasture development activities in the future.
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Hendricksen, RE, JH Ternouth, and LD Punter. "Seasonal nutrient intake and phosphorus kinetics of grazing steers in northern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 8 (1994): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941817.
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The growth of Bos indicus cross-steers grazing native grass and native grass-legume (Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca) pastures was monitored for 392 days in five unreplicated experimental paddocks, each grazed by three steers. Two phosphorus (P) fertilizer rates: F1, 4-5 kgP/ha every 2 years and F2, 9.0 kgP/ha annually, together with an unfertilized control, FO, were studied. P supplement was supplied to cattle in two additional paddocks (FOS and F1S) at the rate of 5 gP/ha/day-l. In the dry, wet and late wet seasons, pasture yield and pasture component yield were measured. At the same time, the nutrient intake and P kinetics of resident steers were measured using chromic oxide capsules and intravenous injections of 32P . Additional non-resident steers, fistulated at the oesophagus, grazed the pastures intermittently to provide estimates of dry matter digestibility, fibre, nitrogen (N) and P content of the selected diet. Phosphorus fertilizer increased legume and native grass growth which resulted in more dry matter containing higher concentrations of P and N than unfertilized pastures. Both P fertilizer and supplement increased dry matter intake and liveweight gain of cattle. During the experimental period of 13 months, steers which grazed pastures that received the (F2) fertilizer treatment gained on average 0.43 kg/day compared with 0.19 kg/day for those which grazed unfertilized FO pastures. Supplementation increased wet season liveweight gain from 0.45 to 0.59 kg/day and 0.46 to 0.73 kg/day for FO and F1 treatments respectively. Only cattle which grazed pastures that received the F1S and F2 treatments gained weight in the dry season. Nitrogen was the primary nutrient limiting cattle growth from unfertilized pastures in the dry season, but when pastures were fertilized (4.5 kgP/ha every 2 years) and legumes established, P was the primary limiting nutrient. Intakes of P ranged from 7 to 35 mg/kg LW and were lower than those recommended by recognized authorities for the steer growth rates we recorded. Both the absorption and faecal excretion of dietary P were closely related to P intake. Endogenous faecal P values varied with P intake in the range 9-22 mg/kg liveweight. Endogenous faecal P was also related to dry matter intake and plasma inorganic P. The coefficient of P absorption was lowest (0.65) for steers grazing unfertilized native pasture (FO), but increased with P intake to 0.85 for steers grazing the F1S treatment. We conclude that the P requirements of growing cattle grazing native grass and native grass-legume pastures in northern Australia are about half those recommended by most authorities.
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Winter, WH, JJ Mott, RW McLean, and D. Ratcliff. "Evaluation of management options for increasing the productivity of tropical savanna pastures. 1. Fertiliser." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890613.
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Options for increasing pasture and animal production from native perennial pastures comprising predominantly Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon fallax, Sehima nervosum and Sorghum plumosum were studied over 5 years at Katherine in the semi-arid tropics of north-western Australia. The pastures were augmented with either Stylosanthes humilis, S. hamata or a mixture of S. scabra and S. viscosa, either without fertiliser or with low inputs of superphosphate (100 kg/ha at establishment and 25 kg/ha annually), and with the trees either killed or left undisturbed. At each fertiliser level there were 3 stocking rates. Five years after sowing, only half of the pastures persisted, due to the poor productivity of the legumes and the inability of the native perennial grasses to tolerate high grazing pressure which was about 10-fold that for non-augmented native pasture. This effect was greater in the unfertilised treatments, where the legume contributed less to pasture yield, so that the sustainable stocking rate was only half of that for pastures fertilised with small amounts of superphosphate. When fertilised, stable pastures of nearly pure legume were obtained after 3-4 years at the highest stocking rate of 1 steer/ha. Fertiliser also (i) increased the nitrogen and sulfur concentrations of S. humilis and the perennial stylos S. scabra and S. viscosa, but lowered their concentrations in S. hamata, particularly in the early wet season; (ii) decreased nitrogen concentration in Chrysopogon fallax; and (iii) increased phosphorus and sulfur concentrations of all the perennial grasses. In general, fertiliser promoted higher liveweight gains of cattle during the wet season and lower losses during the dry season. In the fertilised treatments growth tended to be poorer at the highest stocking rate, particularly during the late dry and early wet seasons. This effect was attributed to spoilage of dry legume by the early rainfall and lack of grass in these treatments. We conclude that S. hamata, S. scabra and S. viscosa grow reasonably well in soils of low fertility, but the productivity of the legumes and of the cattle can be improved by small inputs of superphosphate. The mediocre growth of the cattle in all the treatments may have been due to the low levels of some nutrients, particularly phosphorus and sulfur, in these pastures.
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Vere, D. T., R. E. Jones, and M. H. Campbell. "Long-term change in the economic productivity of four major pasture categories on the south-eastern Tablelands of New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 23, no. 2 (2001): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj01002.
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The perception of change or decline in the productivity of temperate pastures in south-eastern Australia is an important concern to livestock producers and pasture scientists. Much of this concern relates to reductions in the proportions of desirable species in the composition of pasture systems as a result of increased soil and weed problems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate trends in the long-term economic productivity of four categories of temperate pastures (all introduced pastures, introduced perennial grasses, introduced legumes and all native pastures) on the central and southern tablelands of New South Wales. The results provide evidence of economic productivity decline in the all introduced pastures category in relation to sheep production, but this has been due to productivity decline in the dominant legume component of the introduced pastures. In contrast, there has been strong growth in the economic productivity of the introduced perennial grass pastures. Abnormally high beef cattle numbers in the mid-1970s appear to have created an illusion of high productivity and subsequent decline in all introduced pastures. In contrast, the economic productivity of the native pastures which are the bulk of the region's grazing areas, has fallen substantially.
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McIvor, JG, and CJ Gardener. "Germinable soil seed banks in native pastures in north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 8 (1994): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941113.
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Germinable soil seed banks were determined in 20 native pasture communities of widely varying composition (dominated by native tussock grasses, Bothriochloa pertusa, or forbs) near Collinsville (20�34'S, 147�51'E). Samples of surface soil (0-10 cm) were taken during the late dry season, seeds were germinated in a shadehouse, and seedlings were identified and counted. Over all pastures there were seeds of 100 species in the seed banks, including 29 grasses (14 perennial), 11 legumes, 8 sedges, and 52 forbs. Total seed numbers varied among pastures from 210 to 9770/m2. Forbs were the most numerous component, followed in order by sedges, perennial grasses, annual grasses, and legumes. Of the 790 seeds/m2 of perennial grasses, the naturalised species B. pertusa contributed 620/m2. Even though the native perennial grasses were prominent in these pastures, they had few seeds in the soil, especially when the pastures had been heavily grazed. To maintain these grasses in pastures, management should aim to prevent excessive mortality of the perennial plants as seedling regeneration could be limited by the small seed numbers available.
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Loi, A., B. J. Nutt, C. K. Revell, and R. Snowball. "AGWEST Sothis: Trifolium dasyurum (eastern star clover)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07035.
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Trifolium dasyurum C. Presl. (eastern star clover) is a species native to the eastern Mediterranean regions. AGWEST Sothis is the first cultivar of eastern star clover released to world agriculture. It has high levels of dry matter and seed production and seed can be harvested with modified grain harvesters. AGWEST Sothis is suitable for use on acid and alkaline fine-textured soils in low to medium rainfall areas (325–450 mm) in southern Australia. AGWEST Sothis is an early to mid-maturing variety, flowering ~100 days after emergence in Perth, Australia. Individual seeds weigh ~6 mg. In regenerating stands, AGWEST Sothis germinates very late in the season compared with traditional pasture legumes such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual medics (Medicago spp.) and weeds. The delay in germination allows the use of non-selective herbicides or intensive grazing after the break of season for a long period 3–6 weeks to obtain >90% control of troublesome crop weeds. In spite of its late germination, AGWEST Sothis grows rapidly in late winter/spring and can become a productive legume-dominant pasture for grazing or forage conservation.
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Winter, WH, JJ Mott, and RW McLean. "Evaluation of management options for increasing the productivity of tropical savanna pastures. 2. Legume species." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890623.
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The effect of legume species, used for augmentation of native perennial grasses, upon forage production and quality and animal production was studied over 4 vears in the semi-arid troPics of northwestern Australia. The legumes were Stylosanthes humilis cv. Paterson (Townsville stylo), S. hamata cv. Verano (Caribbean stylo) and a mixture of perennial species S. scabra cvv. Fitzroy and Seca and S. viscosa (perennial stylo). They were compared at 2 levels of fertility, unfertilised (UF) and with small inputs of superphosphate (F); and at stocking rates of 0.45,0.6 and 0.75 steers/ha for UF and 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 steers/ha for F. By 1980 only half of the 3 x 12 treatments persisted, 3 Townsville stylo, 9 Caribbean stylo and 6 perennial stylo. Without fertiliser the perennial stylos had the highest wet season yields of 1-2 t/ha which constituted 4040% of pasture yield, compared with 2-20% for the other legumes. Caribbean stylo yields were highest with fertiliser, yielding 2-4 t/ha and 50-90% of the pasture at the end of the wet season, compared with 60-70% for perennial stylo and 5-30% for Townsville stylo. Anthracnose devastated Townsville stylo, and also reduced the productivity of Fitzroy. The perennial stylos had the highest concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) during the dry season while Caribbean stylo and its associated grasses had the lowest P and S concentrations during the wet season. When annual liveweight gains for each legume were compared at the same stocking rate-fertiliser level, differences were less than 15 kg, but there were considerable differences in the patterns of growth within the year; these differences were related to the seasonal availability and relative palatability of grass and legume. The overall mediocre animal growth of 30-110 kg/steer.year was attributed to the inadequate supply of nutrients for most of the year, with the possible exception of N.
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McKirdy, SJ, BA Coutts, and RAC Jones. "Occurrence of bean yellow mosaic virus in subterranean clover pastures and perennial native legumes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 1 (1994): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940183.
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In 1990, infection with bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) was widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pastures in the south-west of Western Australia. When 100 leaves were sampled at random per pasture, the virus was detected by ELISA in 23 of 87 pastures and incidences of infection ranged from 1 to 64%. BYMV was present in all seven districts surveyed, but highest incidences of infection occurred in the Busselton district. In smaller surveys in 1989 and 1992, incidences of infection in pastures were higher than in 1990, and ranged up to 90%. In 1992, when petals from 1703 samples of 59 species of perennial native legumes from 117 sites were tested by ELISA, only 1% were found infected with BYMV. The infected samples came from 5/7 districts surveyed. Species found infected were Kennedia prostrata, K. coccinea, Hovea elliptica and H. pungens. Representative isolates of BYMV from subterranean clover and native legumes did not infect white clover systemically confirming that clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) was not involved. It was concluded that BYMV infection was present in many subterranean clover pastures, but normally at low incidences, except in epidemic years such as 1992. Also, perennial native legumes are unlikely to act as major reservoirs for reinfection of annual pastures each year. In areas of Australia with Mediterranean climates where perennial pastures are absent, persistence of the virus over summer is therefore by some other method than infection of perennials.
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Hendricksen, RE, MA Gilbert, and LD Punter. "Effect of superphosphate application on macro-nutrient and micro-nutrient concentrations in grazed stylo-native grass pasture in tropical Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 8 (1992): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921725.
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Soils of northern Australia are generally old, strongly weathered, and of low fertility status. Some knowledge of the status of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur and its effects on pasture productivity is available from small plot trials, but few detailed studies of macro-nutrient and micro-nutrient levels in grazed pastures have been reported. Such a study from a site near Mareeba in north Queensland has recently been completed. The major components of the pasture were kangaroo grass ( Themeda triandra), giant speargrass (Heteropogon triticeus) and the legumes, Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca and S. hamata cv. Verano, which were oversown into the native grass pasture 6 years previously. Generally, the effects of superphosphate on nutrient concentration were minor compared with the effects of season, plant part and species. Superphosphate application increased concentrations of P and S, but decreased concentrations of Zn and Mo and the N/S ratio in both sets of legume and grass. There was no effect on the concentrations of N, K, Na, Ca, Cu and Co. Fertilizer effects did not often interact significantly (P < 0.05) with season, species and plant part (green leaf and stem). Seasonal changes in nutrient concentration were not consistent for all nutrients. As the growing season progressed from December to June, concentrations of the mobile nutrients, N, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Se and I decreased, the immobile nutrients Ca and Mo increased, but Mg, Cu and Co and the N/S ratio remained relatively constant. Both Zn and Mn concentrations remained constant with season in the legumes, but increased in the grasses. Season * species interactions were often significant for the grasses possibly due to the differing maturity patterns of kangaroo grass and giant spear grass. Cattle grazing the native pasture during the wet season are likely to be deficient in N, P, Na, S and Cu based on the nutrient concentrations in plucked pasture samples and published dietary requirements. However, cattle grazing productive stylo - native grass pasture which has received adequate single superphosphate are likely to suffer only from Na deficiency. At suboptimal levels of superphosphate, a deficiency of P in the diet is also indicated.
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Stępkowski, Tomasz, Elizabeth Watkin, Alison McInnes, Dorota Gurda, Joanna Gracz, and Emma T. Steenkamp. "Distinct Bradyrhizbium communities nodulate legumes native to temperate and tropical monsoon Australia." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63, no. 2 (May 2012): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.020.
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Birnbaum, Christina, Andrew Bissett, Peter H. Thrall, and Michelle R. Leishman. "Invasive legumes encounter similar soil fungal communities in their non-native and native ranges in Australia." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 76 (September 2014): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.017.
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Winter, WH, JJ Mott, and RW McLean. "Evaluation of management options for increasing the productivity of tropical savanna pastures. 3. Trees." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890631.
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The effect of killing trees upon the production and quality of native perennial grasses, Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon fallax, Sehima nervosum, and Sorghum plumosum, and oversown legumes from the genus Stylosanthes, was studied over 4 years at Katherine, in the semi-arid tropics of northwestern Australia. The pastures were either unfertilised or received low inputs of superphosphate, and for each fertility level were grazed at 3 stocking rates. At no time were legume yields affected by killing the trees but, in the first 3 years, the amount of grass was approximately twice as much when the trees were killed. During this period the mean grass yields declined 4-5 fold from about 2.2 t/ha. By the fourth year the advantage from tree killing upon grass yield was apparent only at the lowest stocking rates at each fertility level. Nitrogen concentrations of the grasses and legumes, with the exception of S. hamata, were increased 7 and 10% respectively above the mean annual values of 0.89 and 1.75% where the trees were killed, while the phosphorus and sulfur concentrations were not affected. Tree killing had no effect upon wet season liveweight gains during the last 2 years of the experiment. However, there were some benefits during the dry season when weight losses were lower for most treatments during the early dry season (June-September) and also lower for the lowest stocking rate treatment without fertiliser during the late dry season (October-November).
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Chapman, AL, and RJK Myers. "Nitrogen contributed by grain legumes to rice grown in rotation on the Cununurra soils of the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 1 (1987): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870155.
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The uptake of nitrogen (N) by dry season rice following wet season crops of soybean (for grain or green manure), green gram, Sesbania cannabina (a native legume), a cereal (sorghum or dryland rice for grain), or bare fallow, was studied for 3 cropping cycles over 4 years. The work was done on Cununurra clay (0.04% N) at Kimberley Research Station near Kununurra, W.A., in the Ord Irrigation Area. Stubbles were returned to the soil except in the first cycle when (excluding the green manure treatment) all tops were removed from the plots at maturity. There was a 12-month bare fallow period between the first and second cycles. Dry season rice was drill-sown with or without 100 kg ha-1 of N applied as urea at permanent flooding. Soybean, green gram and Sesbania crops accumulated 290-360, 80-130 and 110-180 kg N ha-1, respectively, in the tops at maturity. An average of about 40 kg N ha-1 was present in the stem bases and roots (0-20 cm depth). Estimates of nitrogen fixation based on 15N dilution measurements ranged from 65-72% of total plant N when the legumes were grown after 12 months fallow, to 93-95% when they were grown immediately following dry season rice. Fertiliser N at 25 kg ha-1 applied presowing ('starter' N) had no significant effect on legume N yield at maturity. N returned in leaves, stems and hulls averaged 30, 50 and 80 kg N ha-1 for green gram, soybean and Sesbania, respectively. Rice grain yields and N uptake at maturity were generally highest after Sesbania and lowest after a wet season cereal crop. Differences among treatments were small and related to the quantity of N returned in residues. On average, 11% of the N in the residues was recovered in the tops of the following rice crop. Rice yields increased over the 4-year period, but mean increases were similar for legume and non-legume treatments. The average apparent recovery of N applied as urea to dry season rice at permanent flooding was 76%. The inclusion of a soybean cash crop in the rotation offers the possibility of a marginal reduction in the need for N fertiliser.
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Thrall, Peter H., Anna-Liisa Laine, Linda M. Broadhurst, David J. Bagnall, and John Brockwell. "Symbiotic Effectiveness of Rhizobial Mutualists Varies in Interactions with Native Australian Legume Genera." PLoS ONE 6, no. 8 (August 26, 2011): e23545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023545.
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O'Keeffe, P. A., D. J. Orchard, B. A. Orchard, J. W. Piltz, and E. H. Clayton. "Native Australian shrub legume species may provide an alternative feed source for livestock." Animal Production Science 55, no. 9 (2015): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14505.
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The feed quality of a variety of native shrub and herbaceous legume species from the Riverina area of southern New South Wales was determined to provide an indication of their potential use in livestock grazing systems. Fifteen species were sampled from each of two locations (chiefly low fertility roadsides or travelling stock reserves) at four times within a 12-month period viz. August, November, February and May according to the most likely plant parts to be consumed by grazing animals for each species. Digestibility was estimated using an in vitro rumen fluid digestion assay and crude protein was estimated from nitrogen analysed using the Dumas combustion method. Digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) was greater than 550 g/kg dry matter (DM) for seven of the native legume species and was highest for Daviesia spp. (D. latifolia 696.2 ± 15.0, D. leptophylla × latifolia 642.5 ± 15.1 and D. leptophylla 622.7 ± 15.4), Glycine spp. (G. clandestina 628.2 ± 18.1, G. tabacina 621.9 ± 28.0 and G. canescens 580.4 ± 25.4) and Indigofera australis (617.8 ± 15.3). Crude protein content was greater than 80 g/kg DM for all species analysed, suggesting that these plants are able to fix nitrogen under low phosphorus fertility conditions. Studies examining grazing management as well as nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transfer to companion grasses are required in order to optimise the management of these plants in grazing systems.
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Taji, Acram M., and Richard R. Williams. "In vitro propagation of Clianthus formosus (Sturt's desert pea) an Australian native legume." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 16, no. 1 (February 1989): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00044073.
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