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1
Wescott, Geoffrey Charles. "Australia's Distinctive National Parks System." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 4 (1991): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002258x.
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Australia possesses a distinctive national parks and conservation reserves system, in which it is the State Governments rather than the Federal Government which owns, plans, and manages, national parks and other conservation reserves.Most Australian States declared their first national parks in the latter quarter of last century, Australia's first national park being declared in New South Wales in March 1879. These critical declarations were followed by a slow accumulation of parks and reserves through to 1968. The pace of acquisition then quickened dramatically with an eight-fold expansion in the total area of national parks between 1968 and 1990, at an average rate of over 750,000 ha per annum. The present Australian system contains 530 national parks covering 20.18 million hectares or 2.6% of the land-mass. A further 28.3 million hectares is protected in other parks and conservation reserves. In terms of the percentage of their land-mass now in national parks, the leading States are Tasmania (12.8%) and Victoria (10.0%), with Western Australia (1.9%) and Queensland (2.1%) trailing far behind, and New South Wales (3.92%) and South Australia (3.1%) lying between.The Australian system is also compared with the Canadian and USA systems. All three are countries of widely comparable cultures that have national parks covering similar percentage areas, but Canada and the USA have far fewer national parks than Australia and they are in general of much greater size. In addition, Canada and the USA ‘resource’ these parks far better than the Australians do theirs. The paper concludes that Australia needs to rationalize its current system by introducing direct funding, by the Federal Government, of national park management, and duly examining the whole system of reserves from a national rather than States' viewpoint.
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LeBlanc, Julie M. A., and Vivianne LeBlanc1. "National Parks and Indigenous Land Management." Ethnologies 32, no. 2 (September 15, 2011): 23–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006304ar.
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Tourists make decisions that impact the places they visit. Through an economic and development perspective, tourism has grown into a capital venture for most countries all while having the challenging task of operating under specific policies that shape visiting experiences. These experiences are critical in assessing how, by and for whom land is developed and managed. This article explores three continents as case studies: Eastern Africa's Maasai Mara, Australia's Uluru-Kata Tuta site and the Torngat Mountains National Reserve Park in Canada. The African and Australian examples are based on participant-observation fieldwork by the authors while the Torngat Mountains serves as an example of what could become the new National Reserve Park in Canada and its possible tourism impact forecasting. Critical analysis is particularly important in this article as we examine, compare and contrast the development approach and land management policies from the tourist's experiential perspective. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the various levels and politics of planning involved in the recognition, nationalization and touristification of heritage sites as well as the creation of identities based on local confines. More specifically, with the focus on tourist experience, we attempt to uncover the nature of theory and practice in indigenous, private and public land management for tourism exploitation.
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Rolls, Mitchell. "“‘More fun than the locals’: Cultural Differences and Natural Resources”." Transcultural Studies 13, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01301001.
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In the latter half of the 1990s there was a long-running but unreported conflict over use of a coastal rock platform on the Central Coast of New South Wales, just to the north of Sydney. This multifaceted dispute was between poor Korean Australians from the inner suburbs of Sydney and locals. The source of this conflict was the manner in which the rock platform was being used, how its resources were exploited and the type of social life that accompanied these activities. Different peoples brought different understandings to the rock platform, and they acted in accordance with those understandings.For many older settler Australians, and for the diminishing number of those ‘on the land’, the essence of what it is to be Australian is found outside of urban environments. Colloquially referred to as ‘the bush’, this can mean virtually any rural, remote, regional, or non-urban setting. For those living in cities, and for more recent immigrants to Australia, national parks are one site that provides ready access to ‘the bush’. As with the coastal rock platform, different peoples bring different understandings to their encounters with national parks and ‘the bush’, and their use of these places changes accordingly.This paper begins with a description of the rock platform incident, before moving on to discuss the response of different immigrant groups to national parks and other open public spaces.
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Beckmann, Elizabeth A. "Evaluating Visitors’ Reactions to Interpretation in Australian National Parks." Journal of Interpretation Research 4, no. 1 (April 1999): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258729900400102.
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Interpretive services are accepted elements of recreational experiences in natural areas. But what do we really know about the effectiveness of interpretation? By evaluating their services through well-planned visitor research, interpreters can better focus on enriching visitors’ experiences. This paper presents findings from three Australian studies into visitors’ reactions to interpretation. At Kakadu National Park, guided activities provided more immediate responses to visitors’ questions on Aboriginal art and culture than on-site signs, while a well-designed interpretive mural mitigated people's disappointment at visiting a wetland area when no birds were present. Two studies of guided activities in Victorian national parks showed that participants were neither the “converted” nor the “same old faces,” and that they valued the very elements that make guided interpretation so special. This paper also demonstrates how variety and innovation in evaluation techniques can enhance the quality of interpretation research.
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Uysal, Muzaffer, Cary D. McDonald, and Bonnie S. Martin. "Australian Visitors to US National Parks and Natural Areas." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 6, no. 3 (June 1994): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596119410059209.
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Mitra, Jay, Venu Kumar, and Owain Wyn. "The Quiet Australian Harvest." Industry and Higher Education 13, no. 5 (October 1999): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000099101294582.
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Australia's outstanding economic success in recent years has been aided by significant developments in science and technology research and by the ways in which research has been exploited for commercial development. Australia's success in this respect, and its rapid and sometimes innovative development of such vehicles for R&D exploitation as science and technology parks, makes it a suitable case for study. This paper arises from the findings of a study mission from the UK, which set out to identify and analyse the various ways in which Australia is addressing the challenge of science and technology exploitation. The authors focus on current science, technology and innovation policies at state and national levels, and assess the various ways in which science and technology parks have been used as vehicles for innovation, business development and economic regeneration. The paper is divided into three main parts: Part 1 discusses policy issues at state and Commonwealth levels; Part 2 is concerned with technology, innovation and economic regeneration and describes various science and technology park developments; and Part 3 assesses the ways in which university-industry links are manifested in science and technology parks. A concluding section summarizes the key aspects of Australia's strategy for economic development through science and technology, in terms of both policy and implementation.
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Porter, Nicole. "Australian Alps: Kosciuszko, Alpine and Namadgi National Parks (Second Edition)." Mountain Research and Development 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm201.
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Weiler, Betty, Brent D. Moyle, Isabelle D. Wolf, Kelly de Bie, and Monica Torland. "Assessing the Efficacy of Communication Interventions for Shifting Public Perceptions of Park Benefits." Journal of Travel Research 56, no. 4 (August 4, 2016): 468–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287516646472.
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One way national parks can sustain their societal relevance and ensure ongoing political and community support is through conscious and deliberate repositioning. This study investigates the potential for psychologically repositioning national parks using persuasive communication designed to shift public perceptions of the benefits of visitor experiences in parks. The experimental communication interventions were selected to target benefits where gaps were identified between the perceptions of park managers and the parks’ constituent publics. Using a pre–post design on 1,055 respondents split evenly across two Australian states, the experiment revealed that the website and the video used as interventions were highly effective at improving public perceptions of park benefits. This was attributed to the persuasiveness of the website and the video, which respondents rated as having positive valence, as highly vivid and as credible. This research provides theoretically informed insights into the application of persuasive communication theory to psychologically reposition national parks.
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Gilbert, Trevor, Tracey Baxter, and Alex Spence. "The Australian Oil Spill Response Atlas Project." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-851.
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ABSTRACT Australia is among the top five shipping nations of the world based upon cargo and kilometres travelled. Australia also has vast, remote and environmentally sensitive coastlines ranging from tropical to subantarctic. Unfortunately shipping accidents and illegal discharges of oil and chemical pollutants into our marine environment do occur. To support spill response management in Australia, over the past four years the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) has coordinated the development of a uniform and integrated national Oil Spill Response Atlas (OSRA) based upon an ArcView® geographic information system (GIS). The main aims of the OSRA project were to:Develop a mutually agreed national GIS specification for the development of the digital atlas to assure consistency and compatibility Australia wide;Fast track the collation, capture and conversion of all relevant geographical and textual data into a standard digital GIS format for the majority of Australia's marine and coastal environments (particularly for highly sensitive environments such as, world heritage areas, and marine parks and reserves); andCreate a user-friendly series of GIS system tools specially designed for the particular needs of spill response managers, operational staff and environmental agencies. This paper highlights some of the advantages of GIS based systems for spill response management, the OSRA system development and features, as well as the GIS automation tools that assist spill response managers and operational personnel.
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Knapman, Bruce, and Natalie Stoeckl. "Recreation User Fees: An Australian Empirical Investigation." Tourism Economics 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669500100102.
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It is widely acknowledged that increasing tourism and recreation usage of natural resources in Australia has placed heavy demands on those responsible for visitor management. The consequent need for more revenue has led local government and national park management to contemplate extended implementation of the ‘user pays' principle. However, user pays may be rejected on the grounds that it is not a first-best pricing policy, and/or on the grounds that public resources funded out of the public purse should be freely available. It has been suggested in the case of entry fees to national parks that they penalize the poor. This paper uses empirical estimates of demand curves for two World-Heritage-listed national parks — Kakadu and Hinchinbrook Island — to investigate the impact of entry fees on visitation and revenue, and the efficiency of fees as a revenue-raising device. An examination of visitors' socio-economic characteristics allows some comment on the equity issue. It is concluded that modest entry fees would have little impact on visitor numbers; that, provided the administrative costs of fee imposition are not prohibitive, entry fees are not only a good potential source of revenue, but also impose smaller efficiency costs than the income taxation system; and that fees may well constitute a progressive tax.
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Wearing, Stephen, and Monique Huyskens. "Moving on from Joint Management Policy Regimes in Australian National Parks." Current Issues in Tourism 4, no. 2-4 (August 2001): 182–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500108667887.
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McKercher, Bob. "Australian conservation organisations' perspectives on tourism in national parks: a critique." GeoJournal 29, no. 3 (March 1993): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00807050.
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Lugg, Alison, and Deirdre Slattery. "Use of national parks for outdoor environmental education: An Australian case study." Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning 3, no. 1 (January 2003): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14729670385200261.
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Buckley, Ralf. "The Effects of World Heritage Listing on Tourism to Australian National Parks." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12, no. 1 (January 2004): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667225.
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Green, RJ. "Avian Seed Dispersal in and Near Subtropical Rainforests." Wildlife Research 20, no. 4 (1993): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930535.
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The behaviour of avian visitors to 23 species of subtropical Australian rain forest plants was observed in the Lamington and Border Ranges National Parks on the Queensland/New South Wales border to determine potentially important seed dispersers, seed predators and fruit thieves.
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e. Fox, Robert. "Musings on Biodiversity by a Retired Park Manager." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 1 (2004): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040005.
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Biodiversity continues to decline in Australia despite significant effort by government, industry and concerned citizens. In this essay the author draws upon his >30 years of experience at the sharp end of natural resource management to consider some factors that may be contributing to the relative lack of progress. While national parks and reserves form a small part of the overall Australian landscape their importance in the battle to retain biodiversity is undeniable. However, rigidity of thinking on the part of park managers has limited the support base for parks and thus their potential in leading integrated landscape management at the all-important local level. The rise of animal libertarianism is further impacting on the ability of parks and wildlife managers to make rational decisions based on the best scientific advice. Animal libertarianism, influential in our western, primarily urban-based society, causes significant problems in wildlife conservation. Anthropomorphic concepts of rights have little application in the animal world and contribute even less to the conservation of species.
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Ullah, Fahim, Sara Imran Khan, Hafiz Suliman Munawar, Zakria Qadir, and Siddra Qayyum. "UAV Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales Bushfires." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810207.
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Bushfires have been a key concern for countries such as Australia for a long time. These must be mitigated to eradicate the associated harmful effects on the climate and to have a sustainable and healthy environment for wildlife. The current study investigates the 2019–2020 bushfires in New South Wales (NSW) Australia. The bush fires are mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing, the hotpots are monitored, and damage is assessed. Further, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)-based bushfire mitigation framework is presented where the bushfires can be mapped and monitored instantly using UAV swarms. For the GIS and remote sensing, datasets of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and VIIRS fire data products are used, whereas the paths of UAVs are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The mapping results of 2019–2020 NSW bushfires show that 50% of the national parks of NSW were impacted by the fires, resulting in damage to 2.5 million hectares of land. The fires are highly clustered towards the north and southeastern cities of NSW and its border region with Victoria. The hotspots are in the Deua, Kosciu Sako, Wollemi, and Yengo National Parks. The current study is the first step towards addressing a key issue of bushfire disasters, in the Australian context, that can be adopted by its Rural Fire Service (RFS), before the next fire season, to instantly map, assess, and subsequently mitigate the bushfire disasters. This will help move towards a smart and sustainable environment.
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HAMILTON, E. "Inventory of declared marine and estuarine protected areas in Australian watersVols 1 and 2, edited by A.M. Ivanovici, Special Publication 12 Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, GPO Box 636, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia." Science of The Total Environment 54 (October 1986): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90276-7.
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Carr, W. M. B., and A. J. Smurthwaite. "Access for Exploration and Mining in Western Australian National Parks and Conservation Reserves." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1995, no. 1 (1995): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr95010625.
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Phillips, N., and D. Newsome. "Understanding the impacts of recreation in Australian protected areas: Quantifying damage caused by horse riding in D'Entrecasteaux National Park, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 4 (2001): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020256.
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There is presently very little published quantitative information on the environmental impacts of recreational horse riding. Particularly in Western Australia the lack of "hard evidence" concerning the environmental impacts of horse riding hinders objective judgement of damage caused by horse riding in national parks. This paper presents data on horse riding impacts in a Western Australian (D'Entrecasteaux) national park. The research measured vegetation and soil impacts caused by horse use in un-tracked areas with the specific aim of relating the amount of horse use to degree of environmental impact. Horse riding altered plant species composition, increased the area of bare ground and decreased height and cover of vegetation. Significant impacts occurred after only low levels of horse use. The findings indicate the need for a database on horse riding impact in Australia so that, where horse riding is allowed, impacts can be properly assessed and effectively managed.
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Kurleto, Małgorzata. "The impact of climate change on tourism in Australia – a case study relating to bushfires in Australia in 2019/2020." Studia Periegetica 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3966.
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The main purpose of the study is to offer a preliminary analysis of the impact of Australian bush fires on tourism in the summer season of 2019/2020. The article addresses issues related to global climate change, including Australia. The author discusses the causes and effects of recent catastrophic fires in Australia, focusing on their negative impacts for tourism. Another problem raised in the article is how climate change in Australia causes bushfires that destroy the nature and life of this country. The study mainly analyses the effects of climate change on the natural environment, especially on the most attractive tourist areas in Australia, i.e. national parks. The study uses the latest information to show the effects of damage caused by fires in Australia, especially in tourism. The author concludes that there is a direct relationship between climate change resulting from global warming and tourism demand.
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Fägerstam, Emilia. "Children and Young People's Experience of the Natural World: Teachers' Perceptions and Observations." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 28, no. 1 (July 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2012.2.
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AbstractThis study explores the observations and perceptions of environmental education centre officers and teachers regarding children's experiences with nature. The study also explores the officers' and teachers' perceptions of the potential of using nature experiences in environmental education. A thematic analysis of data from interviews with 13 officers and 8 high school teachers in Sydney, Australia, revealed a widely held perception that children and young people have limited experience with natural settings in nature reserves and national parks. The interviewees suggested that although their students were interested in learning in natural settings, many were uncomfortable, afraid, and only had a vicarious understanding of Australian ecology, flora and fauna. The participants' view of the potential of nature experiences was twofold: nature experiences were fundamental for developing a connection with nature and establishing environmental concern, and experiences in nature facilitated ecological knowledge, which was considered to be a component of understanding and developing place identity in the Australian environment.
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Harrison, Gregory, Nick Quinn, and Andrew Best. "Regional oil wildlife response capability in northwest Australia—a collaborative approach by oil and gas operators and agencies." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14090.
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In January 2012, the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Authority (NOPSEMA) took over the environmental assessment of environmental plans (EP) and oil spill contingency plans (OSCP) in Australia's Commonwealth waters. The requirement to demonstrate capability highlighted several areas of improvement to provide an effective oiled wildlife response (OWLR). An OWL working group was established by several operators with the initial agreement to engage the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC) as the response agency. The working group of operators has now established an OWLR Plan that was developed in collaboration with AMOSC and the Department of Parks and Wildlife and has provided an industry and government agency coordinated approach to OWLR for the first time.
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Harris, CR. "Mound Springs: South Australian Conservation Initiatives." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920157.
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The mound springs of inland Australia are of outstanding scientific and cultural importance. Natural outlets for the waters of the Great Artesian Basin, they are found mostly on or near its margins. The most numerous and active are in the far north of South Australia. Parts of westem Queensland still have active springs, but almost all in north-westem New South Wales are now extinct, presumably because of aquifer draw-down in the wake of bore sinking. As permanent sources of potable water in a desert environment they have been a focus for human activity over many years. Aboriginal occupation has been documented to at least 5000 years BP and almost all the springs are rich in archaeological material and mythological associations. Since European settlement they have been of strategic importance in exploration and in the location of pastoral stations, the Overland Telegraph and the old Ghan narrow gauge railway from Marree to Oodnadatta. Biologically, they represent unusually specialised aquatic habitats, the discontinuity being analogous to islands and the isolation just as great for species with limited dispersal abilities. The result is an assemblage of plants and animals of evolutionary, biogeographic and ecological interest, with many endemic and relict species. Heavily degraded by aquifer draw-down and over a century of pastoralism, the springs were given little attention until relatively recently. In the past decade two key areas have been acquired for the national parks system and ten important springs on pastoral country outside of the parks have been fenced. Important research has also been carried out, with a particular focus on the endemic elements of the invertebrate fauna. These are positive achievements, but the remoteness of the localities where the springs occur presents a continuing difficulty for on-going conservation and management programs.
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Morozow, O. "ACCESS TO LAND FOR EXPLORATION — THE ADOPTION OF MULTIPLE LAND USE PRINCIPLES IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87025.
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The continued access to land for exploration by the petroleum and mineral industries in Australia has been increasingly impeded by State and Commonwealth legislation aimed at dedicating Crown Land for single land uses.In September 1986, South Australia's Minister for Mines and Energy, Ron Payne, announced a Cabinet decision for 'a package of recommendations designed to foster multiple land-use concepts and to ensure that no land is alienated from exploration without careful consideration of the sub-surface mineral/petroleum potential, relevant economic factors and the existing and potential sub-surface rights'.In this one innovative and potentially far-reaching move, the South Australian Government has:provided a framework to reconcile conflicting interests;indicated a willingness to listen and act upon the expressed legitimate concerns of industries of vital economic importance to the State;made it necessary for the proponents of reserve areas such as National Parks to be more accountable and to provide balanced, scientific substantiation;indicated its intention to make legislative changes to allow for the adoption of multiple land-use principles; andredressed the imbalance where, in the words of the Minister, 'Legislation providing for Aboriginal land rights, the creation of national and conservation parks, and State Government heritage areas have, to varying degrees, created unforeseen consequences for the resources industry'.The first practical test of this new Government policy is the proposed declaration of the Innamincka Regional Reserve, currently a 14 000 sq km pastoral lease within some of the most productive areas of PELs 5 & 6 held jointly by Santos Ltd. and Delhi Petroleum Pty. Ltd.It is intended that this new form of reserve will allow for the protection of specific areas of environmental sensitivity and of cultural, scientific and historic value, while still allowing for the continuation of pastoral, tourist and petroleum exploration/ production activity within the major part of the reserve area.
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Schmied, Virginia, Cathrine Fowler, Chris Rossiter, Caroline Homer, Sue Kruske, and The CHoRUS team. "Nature and frequency of services provided by child and family health nurses in Australia: results of a national survey." Australian Health Review 38, no. 2 (2014): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13195.
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Objective Australia has a system of universal child and family health (CFH) nursing services providing primary health services from birth to school entry. Herein, we report on the findings of the first national survey of CFH nurses, including the ages and circumstances of children and families seen by CFH nurses and the nature and frequency of the services provided by these nurses across Australia. Methods A national survey of CFH nurses was conducted. Results In all, 1098 CFH nurses responded to the survey. Over 60% were engaged in delivering primary prevention services from a universal platform. Overall, 82.8% reported that their service made first contact with families within 2 weeks of birth, usually in the home (80.7%). The proportion of respondents providing regular support to families decreased as the child aged. Services were primarily health centre based, although 25% reported providing services in other locations (parks, preschools).The timing and location of first contact, the frequency of ongoing services and the composition of families seen by nurses varied across Australian jurisdictions. Nurses identified time constraints as the key barrier to the delivery of comprehensive services. Conclusions CFH nurses play an important role in supporting families across Australia. The impact of differences in the CFH nursing provision across Australia requires further investigation. What is known about the topic? Countries that offer universal well child health services demonstrate better child health and developmental outcomes than countries that do not. Australian jurisdictions offer free, universal child and family health (CFH) nursing services from birth to school entry. What does this paper add? This paper provides nation-wide data on the nature of work undertaken by CFH nurses offering universal care. Across Australia, there are differences in the timing and location of first contact, the frequency of ongoing services and the range of families seen by nurses. What are the implications for practitioners? The impact for families of the variation in CFH nursing services offered across Australia is not known. Further research is required to investigate the outcomes of the service provision variations identified in the present study.
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Brim-Box, J., J. Davis, K. Strehlow, G. McBurnie, A. Duguid, C. Brock, K. McConnell, C. Day, and C. Palmer. "Persistence of central Australian aquatic invertebrate communities." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 6 (2014): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13131.
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Central Australia supports a restricted but important range of freshwater systems, including small, permanent spring-fed streams and larger riverine pools ranging from permanent to ephemeral. These sites support a significant percentage of the aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity within the region. Comparison of records from the first exploratory scientific expedition to the area in 1894, and surveys conducted in 1986, 1994 and 2008, revealed the persistence of the aquatic invertebrate fauna, despite the recent impacts of European settlement. The presence of aquatic insects with Gondwanan origins suggests affinities with assemblages present in a much wetter era (~18 000 years ago). Persistence can be attributed to multiple environmental and social factors, including the role of local aquifers in sustaining permanent systems, the remote and inaccessible nature of the sites, and the protection and management afforded by reservation within national parks. Characterisation of the drivers and stressors that influence these ecosystems suggests that climate change could potentially result in a loss of endemic and relictual species. Hence, the relictual waterbodies of central Australia can be viewed as potential ‘sentinel’ sites for assessing the impacts of changing conditions.
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Rose, RW. "The Habitat, Distribution and Conservation Status of the Tasmanian Bettong, Bettongia-Gaimardi (Desmarest)." Wildlife Research 13, no. 1 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860001.
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The Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi, appears to be the most common member of its genus. Though formerly distributed on the Australian mainland, B. gaimardi is now found only in the open forest habitats of eastern Tasmania, the vast majority of which are susceptible to forestry operations, such as clearfelling, burning and the laying of 1080 poison. Unless carefully managed, all of these practices in the long term are likely to reduce bettong populations. This and the fact that only 5% of bettong habitat lies within National Parks, leads to the conclusion that the conservation status of this species should be regarded as 'vulnerable'.
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Toussaint, Sandy. "Practicing Anthropology in Australia: An Introduction." Practicing Anthropology 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.1.07107g644p706g16.
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Applied anthropology in Australia is an increasingly sought after and diverse field of social inquiry and research application. There are several reasons for this interest, including substantial anthropological involvement in the land claims process during the past three decades. Such a process has resulted in anthropologists working for Indigenous groups and land councils, documenting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander interests in land and sea, negotiating resource development agreements, undertaking ethnographic site surveys, presenting evidence in court. A number of contributions to this special edition of Practicing Anthropology provide details of these practical applications of anthropology in Australian settings. Nicolas Peterson describes some of the historial background to the introduction of land rights legislation in the Northern Territory, and Jim Birckhead discusses cultural heritage issues in national parks in New South Wales. Birckhead and Toussaint also raise concerns about anthropological practice and the ethics and politics of representation, including with reference to the relationship between gender and culture.
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Baker, LM, and Community Mutitjulu. "Comparing two views of the landscape: Aboriginal traditional ecological knowledge and modern scientific knowledge." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920174.
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The potential for combining Aboriginal ecological knowledge and scientific knowledge to enhance understanding of the environment is explored. Results of a fauna survey jointly undertaken at Ulug National Park by Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, CSIRO and Aboriginal members of Mutitjulu Community provide the basis for discussion. Examination of comparative habitat classifications, recognition of faunal habitat preferences and knowledge of the effects of drought and fire suggest that information from Aboriginal people can enhance, and in some instances provide an alternative perspective to, the knowledge currently held by scientists. The scientific community will benefit by accepting Aboriginal ecological knowledge on an equal basis to scientific research. The importance of involving Aboriginal people through all aspects of the research and ensuring that they maintain control over the usage of their traditional knowledge is stressed.
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Hogarth, Denise, Judi Geggie, and Gus Eddy. "When home is a caravan park." Children Australia 19, no. 3 (1994): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004028.
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It is only since 1986 that relocatable dwellings in caravan parks have been recognised as a category of permanent residence for census purposes. This fact highlights the apparent invisibility of a small but significant proportion of the Australian population. Recent literature has implicated high differentiation of the population, urban sprawl, and high rates of internal (particularly intra-urban) migration in the transmission of disadvantage. In this article, staff of the National Dissemination Program of the Hunter Caravan Project apply that analysis to their own experience of caravan park residency issues. Some very practical suggestions are made for addressing some of those issues as they apply to children.
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Lynch, T. P., C. B. Smallwood, F. A. Ochwada-Doyle, J. Lyle, J. Williams, K. L. Ryan, C. Devine, B. Gibson, and A. Jordan. "A cross continental scale comparison of Australian offshore recreational fisheries research and its applications to Marine Park and fisheries management." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 1190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz092.
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Abstract Recreational fishing is popular in Australia and is managed by individual states in consultation with the Commonwealth for those fisheries that they regulate and also for Australian Marine Parks (AMPs). Fishers regularly access both state and offshore Commonwealth waters but this offshore component of the recreational fishery is poorly understood. Our study tested the functionality of existing state-based surveys in Western Australia (WA) and New South Wales (NSW) to better inform Commonwealth fisheries and AMP managers about recreational fishing in their jurisdictions. Catch estimates for nine species of interest to the Commonwealth were developed and two case study AMPs [Ningaloo (WA) and The Hunter (NSW)] were also chosen to test the ability of the state survey data to be disaggregated to the park scale. As each state’s fishery survey designs were contextual to their own management needs, the application of the data to Commonwealth jurisdictions were limited by their statistical power, however aspects of each states surveys still provided useful information. Continued evolution of state-wide survey methods, including collection of precise spatial data, and regional over-sampling would be beneficial, particularly where there are multiple stakeholder and jurisdictional interests. National coordination, to temporally align state surveys, would also add value to the existing approaches.
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Good, R. B. "11 — L'aménagement concerté des Parcs Nationaux Alpins / Co-operative management of the Australian Alps National Parks (texte disponible en français et en anglais)." Revue de géographie alpine 80, no. 2 (1992): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rga.1992.3678.
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Deacon, H. J. "Rhys Jones (ed.). Archaeological research in Kakadu National Park. 317 pages, illustrated. 1985. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Special Publication 13; paperback." Antiquity 62, no. 234 (March 1988): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0007366x.
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Laws, R. A. "ALIENATION OF LAND FROM EXPLORATION—A SOUTH AUSTRALIAN EXAMPLE." APPEA Journal 26, no. 1 (1986): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85008.
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The mineral and petroleum industry has played a vital role in the development of South Australia, historically, culturally, and economically. In 1985 more than $1 billion worth of production contributed over $50 million in royalties to the state's revenues plus a range of taxes to the Commonwealth. Other benefits included infrastructure establishment, employment, and the training and development of expertise in the workforce.Access to the land surface for exploration is vital if the state's subsurface resources are to be discovered and developed. Over the past ten years, however, there has been a major increase in limitations on access to land for exploration in South Australia. Currently, access to 29 per cent of the state is restricted to some extent, mostly due to National Parks, Aboriginal land, and both Commonwealth and State heritage legislation. Proposals are in hand which could result in the restricted area increasing to over 40 per cent.Less than 0.1 per cent of the area of the state has been directly involved in resource exploration and development. Despite this, and despite successful introduction of codes of practice to limit the effect of exploration activities and to speed rehabilitation of access tracks and drillsites, the industry is generally and erroneously perceived to be a major land user. This is evidenced in community attitudes and reflected in recent legislation. A greater effort is required to ensure that exploration is not stifled by excessive limitations on the right of access to land.
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Foster, C. N., and B. C. Scheele. "Feral-horse impacts on corroboree frog habitat in the Australian Alps." Wildlife Research 46, no. 2 (2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18093.
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Context Introduced herbivores can have a substantial impact on native plants and animals, particularly in ecosystems that do not share a recent evolutionary history with similar herbivore species. The feral horse, Equus caballus, has a widespread but patchy distribution in Australia, with large populations present in national parks in the Australian Alps. There are few peer-reviewed studies of the impacts of feral horses on ecosystems in this region. However, impacts could be substantial, particularly in wetland and riparian environments that are focal points for horse activity and sensitive to trampling and physical disturbance. Aims In the present study, we used replicated horse exclosures to investigate the effects of feral horses on breeding habitat of the critically endangered northern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi, in the Australian Alps. Methods Pseudophryne pengilleyi constructs nests and lays eggs in dense litter surrounding small, seasonally flooded wetland pools. In 2010, we sampled the litter depth adjacent to pools at eight long-term P. pengilleyi monitoring sites. In 2011, horse exclosures were established at each of the eight sites, such that less than half of the wetland area was inside the exclosure. In 2015, we measured litter depth surrounding pools inside and outside the exclosures, as well as at three additional sites where feral horses were absent. Key results We found that the pool-edge litter was 1.9 times deeper in areas without horses (inside horse-exclosure plots and horse-free sites) than in areas accessible to horses (unfenced areas in horse-occupied sites). Conclusions Our study has presented experimental evidence that horse grazing and trampling reduce breeding-habitat quality for P. pengilleyi, which could result in reduced reproduction success. Implications Ensuring the persistence of high-quality habitat is crucial for the conservation of P. pengilleyi, particularly given the severity of the decline of this species associated with chytrid fungus. Our results have provided direct evidence of a negative feral-horse impact on the habitat of a threatened animal species in the Australian Alps.
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Wilson, George, Melanie Edwards, and Neil Byron. "Custodianship of wildlife on private land to support conservation – an Australian model." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 5 (2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj20039.
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A large proportion of the world’s extinctions have occurred in Australia, and threatened species lists continue to grow, notwithstanding government and philanthropic efforts. Most losses have been on private land, so relying on national parks and reserves is not enough to reverse trends and meet Australia’s responsibilities. This paper proposes a model that could increase abundance and distribution of Australia’s biodiversity, while providing financial incentives to private landholders to do so. It addresses the question, can landholder management of wildlife, and a form of private ownership, remedy shortfalls in government funding for biodiversity conservation and the resulting consequences of vast biodiversity losses? Landholders currently invest in propagating introduced livestock species, but they are prevented by current regulations from investing in a similar manner in threatened Australian native species. Market-based incentives could increase the distribution and abundance of species on private land and help protect the habitat of other biodiversity. The enabling changes would be contentious to some people but are consistent with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Sustainable Use policy. Different versions of wildlife privatisation have been successfully applied internationally: there is urgency for Australia to draw on these experiences and develop its own model to encourage and support wildlife on private freehold land. The model proposed in this paper focuses on: identifying locally overabundant populations or captive-bred populations as sources of supply; finding landholders and philanthropists who would like to have custodianship of species; enabling entrepreneurs to respond to demand; and bringing the two together where there is scope for a market-based sharing economy. Encouraging wildlife custodianship on private freehold land would be mutually beneficial, as it would not only result in an increase in biodiversity, but the economic value of wildlife could provide an income to landholders as well as enhancing Australia’s conservation system.
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Bates, Gerry. "Environmental Assessment Australia's New Outlook under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)." Environmental Law Review 4, no. 4 (December 2002): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146145290200400402.
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Environmental law in Australia owes much of its origins to British ancestry, but as a political federation of states and territories, Australia has also looked to other federal jurisdictions in the USA and Canada to help determine appropriate legal responsibilities for protection of the environment and management of natural resources. Environmental assessment of activities at Commonwealth level indeed was initially influenced by the American and Canadian models; but in recent years Australian governments have sought a more refined approach that reflects the realities of a new era of ‘co-operative federalism’ ushered in by the Inter-governmental Agreement on the Environment 1992. The promulgation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBCA) represents the conclusion of this search for the most appropriate statement of Commonwealth/state responsibilities for the environment; and represents the most fundamental reform of Commonwealth responsibility for the environment in the past 30 years. The Act, which came into force on 16 July 2000, replaces five existing statutes; the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cth); the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) (EPIP Act); the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 (Cth); the Whale Protection Act 1980 (Cth), and the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth).1 The passage of the Act has been controversial because it appears to limit the legal responsibilities of the federal government to a narrow list of defined circumstances, omitting in the process some environmental issues in Australia that might appear to demand a national approach. The purpose of this paper is to describe the background and philosophy behind the new legislation, and outline the provisions for Commonwealth environmental assessment and approval of actions that might significantly affect the environment.
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Russell-Smith, Jeremy, and Andrew C. Edwards. "Seasonality and fire severity in savanna landscapes of monsoonal northern Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 4 (2006): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05111.
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Ten years of photo and associated data records from an extensive fire and vegetation effects monitoring programme established in two large north Australian National Parks were used to (1) develop a simple-to-use semiquantitative fire severity index based on observed fire impact on vegetation, particularly leaf-scorch height; and (2) explore relationships between seasonality and fire severity in different landform and vegetation types. Using a three-tiered fire severity scale, data for 719 fires recorded from 178 plots over the period 1995–2004 indicate that the great majority of early dry season (pre-August) fires were of very low severity (fire-line intensities <<1000 kW m–1), whereas fires later in the dry season were typically of substantially greater severity. Similar trends were evident for vegetation occupying all landform types. The utility and limitations of the fire severity index, and implications for ecologic, greenhouse inventory, and remote sensing applications are discussed.
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Morrison-Saunders, Angus, and Gil Field. "Partnerships in Environmental Education: The University of Notre Dame Australia, CALM, Local Government and the Community." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 15 (1999): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002743.
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The Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM), which is responsible for the management of natural areas in public ownership within Western Australian and wildlife management throughout the state, has entered into a partnership with the University of Notre Dame Australia to deliver some of the units within their Environmental Studies and Tourism programmes. CALM involvement with the university started in 1994 with the provision of occasional guest lecturers and involvement in field excursions with the students over a range of units (eg. during visits to national parks and other sites managed by CALM). More recently, however, CALM have taken the responsibility for presenting two units in their entirety: ES/ BS 181 Ecotourism and Heritage Management andES280/380 Recreation Planning and Management. In addition to the partnership between these two institutions, the two units directly involve local government and the community.This paper presents details of the two units and discusses how this partnership contributes towards community leadership and responsibility and represents effective environmental education.In order to appreciate the educational benefits of the partnership between CALM and the University of Notre Dame Australia, a brief overview of the two units taught by CALM is provided.The Ecotourism and Heritage Management unit focuses on interpretation techniques in natural and cultural heritage area management and the business of cultural and ecotourism. Subjects include interpretive planning, project design and evaluation as well as the planning, design and presentation of ecotours and other guided interpretive activities.
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Astanin, Dmitry M. "Ecological and cultural aspects of the evolutionary development models of ecological tourism." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 6, 2019): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i6.4465.
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Theses for search of new types of ecological tourism on the basis of allocation of the prevailing signs of the territory are formed. Currently, ecotourism is spread all over the world: Latin America, Asia and Africa. As a result of natural and cultural features, the existing models of ecotourism have been transformed and new types of ecotourism have appeared. The Middle East is the centre of the origin of the planet's religions. A distinctive feature of Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Israel is the orientation of tourism on pilgrimage tours to sacred places. In Africa and Australia, there is a type of ecotourism, such as ethnic or aboriginal tourism, the cultural landscape of which includes the territory of traditional nature management of local tribes. A special feature of ecotourism in Central and Latin America is the organisation of national parks for the preservation of ancient landscape complexes of extinct civilisations. In Russia, a new type of ecotourism has emerged—expeditionary tourism, which is less dependent on the transport accessibility of the territory and its routes cover large areas. Ecological and cultural synthesis, going beyond the protected areas to the cultural landscape, the greening of the local economy—these can and should be the new principles of the Russian strategy of ecotourism. Each macro region is characterised by its model of environmental and cultural values, which should form national eco-tourism concepts.
Keywords: Ecological tourism, American (North American, Australian) ecotourism model, Western European (German) ecotourism model, recreational tourism, educational tourism, scientific tourism, rural tourism, ethnic tourism.
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Price, Megan, and Alan Lill. "Does pedestrian traffic affect the composition of ?bush bird? assemblages?" Pacific Conservation Biology 14, no. 1 (2008): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080054.
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Outdoor recreational activities (e.g., bushwalking and bird-watching) can increase participants? environmental awareness, but can also cause environmental damage and impact negatively on wildlife if conducted irresponsibly and/or in large numbers. A field experiment with a before-after-control-impact design conducted in Wyperfeld National Park, Victoria determined whether simulated bushwalking by researchers over a 4-week period had an immediate impact on the composition of breeding bird assemblages on ten 1-ha mallee plots. Birds were surveyed with point counts preand post-intrusion. Species richness, diversity and composition of bird assemblages were unaffected by the pedestrian traffic regime imposed. Results suggest that normal pedestrian traffic in spring and summer may not influence ?bush bird? assemblage composition very markedly in the short-term in Victorian parks. However, the birds could have responded to intrusion, but less dramatically than by leaving the plots. That bushwalking and allied activities may have other adverse effects on the behaviour and physiology of Australian ?bush birds? still needs to be investigated.
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McDowell, Matthew C., and Graham C. Medlin. "Natural Resource Management implications of the pre-European non-volant mammal fauna of the southern tip of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 2 (2010): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09020.
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Sinkholes and coastal caves located in, around and between the Coffin Bay and Lincoln National Parks were surveyed for pre-European fossils, which were collected from or just below the sediment surface. Twenty-four pre-European fossil samples, including eight already in the collections of the South Australian Museum, were analysed and 25 native and five introduced species of non-volant mammal were identified. Native and introduced species were often found together, indicating that the sites have accumulated mammal remains in both pre- and post-European times. Only four of the non-volant native mammals recovered are known to be extant in the study area today: Lasiorhinus latifrons, Macropus fuliginosus, Cercartetus concinnus and Rattus fuscipes. In contrast, 20 native species recorded have been extirpated and one (Potorous platyops) is now extinct. C. concinnus was recorded from only one of the fossil assemblages but is known to be widespread in the study area today. This may indicate recent vegetation change related to European land management practices and have implications for natural resource management in the area.
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Lawrence, Ruth E., and Marc P. Bellette. "Gold, timber, war and parks : A history of the Rushworth Forest in central Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122, no. 2 (2010): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs10022.
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The Rushworth Forest is a Box and Ironbark open sclerophyll forest in central Victoria that has been subject to a long history of gold mining activity and forest utilisation. This paper documents the major periods of land use history in the Rushworth Forest and comments on the environmental changes that have occurred as a result. During the 1850s to 1890s, the Forest was subject to extensive gold mining operations, timber resource use, and other forest product utilisation, which generated major changes to the forest soils, vegetation structure and species cover. From the 1890s to 1930s, concern for diminishing forest cover across central Victoria led to the creation of timber reserves, including the Rushworth State Forest. After the formation of a government forestry department in 1919, silvicultural practices were introduced which aimed at maximising the output of tall timber production above all else. During World War II, the management of the Forest was taken over by the Australian Army as Prisoner of War camps were established to harvest timber from the Forest for firewood production. Following the War, the focus of forestry in Victoria moved away from the Box and Ironbark forests, but low value resource utilisation continued in the Rushworth Forest from the 1940s to 1990s. In 2002, about one-third of the Forest was declared a National Park and the other two-thirds continued as a State Forest. Today, the characteristics of the biophysical environment reflect the multiple layers of past land uses that have occurred in the Rushworth Forest.
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Young, D., R. Brockett, and J. Smart. "AUSTRALIA—SOVEREIGN RISK AND THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04017.
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Australia has rejoiced in its reputation for having low sovereign risk and corresponding rating, for decades. This reputation was bruised in the first decade after the High Court introduced Native Title into Australian law by the legislative response of the then Government, but has since recovered, and enjoys the world’s lowest country risk rating, and shares the worlds best sovereign risk rating with the USA. A number of government precipitated occurrences in recent times, however, raise the question: for how long can this continue?This paper tracks the long history of occasional broken resource commitments—for both petroleum and mining interests—by governments at both State and Federal level, and the policies which have driven these breaches. It also discusses the notorious recent cancellation of a resource lease by the Queensland Government, first by purporting to cancel the bauxite lease and, after legal action had commenced, by a special Act of Parliament to repeal a State Agreement Act. This has raised concerns in boardrooms around the world of the security of assets held in Australia on a retention, or care and maintenance basis.The paper also looks at the cancellation of the offshore prospecting rights held by WMC, with no compensation. This was a result of the concept that rights extinguished by the Commonwealth, with no gain to the Commonwealth or any other party do not constitute an acquisition of property, thereby denying access to the constitutional guarantee of ’just terms’ supposedly enshrined in the Australian Constitution where an acquisition has occurred.Some other examples are the prohibition on exploration in Queensland national parks last November. This cost some companies with existing tenures a lot of money as exploration permits were granted, but then permission to do seismic exploration refused (Victoria). Several losses of rights occurred as a result of the new Queensland Petroleum and Other Acts Amendment Act after investments have been made.Changes in fiscal policy can also impact on project viability, and some instances of this are considered.This paper also explores ways these risks can be minimised, and how and when compensation might be recovered.
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Rentz, DCF. "The Orthopteroid insects of Norfolk Island, with descriptions and records of some related species from Lord Howe Island, South Pacific." Invertebrate Systematics 2, no. 8 (1988): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9881013.
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The Orthoptera and Blattodea of Norfolk I. and adjacent Philip I. are discussed as a result of two recent expeditions sponsored by the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service and CSIRO. The origins, affinities, taxonomy and ecology of species is presented. Relevant notes and descriptions of related species from Lord Howe I. are also included. Twenty species of Orthoptera are known from Norfolk I. and Philip I. Crickets are the dominant group (10 species) probably because they oviposit in plant tissue which is readily dispersed overseas. Ten orthopteran species have their origins in mainland Australia. Three are definitely of New Caledonian origin; the remainder are from south-east Asia. Fifty-five per cent of species are endemic and 72% of these are flightless. Introduced wild olive on Philip I. is considered important in pro-viding litter and cover in which a number of endemic species survive on this otherwise ecologically devastated landscape. Seven species are described as new: Phisis tardipes, sp. nov.; Austrosalomona personafrons, gen. et sp. nov.; A. zentae (Lord Howe), gen. et sp. nov.; Caedicia gracilis, sp. nov.; C. araucariae, sp. nov.; C. noctivaga, sp. nov.; C. mesochides (Lord Howe), sp. nov. Eight species of Blattodea (cockroaches) are recorded from the islands. Only three are considered native, the others have been introduced through commerce. Evidence is presented suggesting that Periplaneta americana (L.), present on Norfolk but not on Philip, has outcompeted and eliminated a native cricket on Norfolk; the cricket is present and common in similar habitats on Philip I. No new species are described.
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Bowen, M., and R. Goldingay. "Distribution and Status of The Eastern Pygmy Possum (Cercartetus nanus) in New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00153.
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The eastern pygmy possum (Cercartetus nanus) has a wide distribution in New South Wales (NSW), but is infrequently detected in fauna surveys. We collated available information on the distribution, habitat and detection rates for C. nanus in NSW from results of published and unpublished fauna surveys. These data, and those from the National Parks and Wildlife Service and Australian Museum databases, suggest that C. nanus populations are concentrated in south-eastern NSW and are sparsely distributed throughout the rest of the state. Several records extend the distribution of this species further west than currently shown by published distribution maps. Records show differences in habitat types occupied by C. nanus between south-eastern and north-eastern NSW. In south-eastern NSW, C. nanus occupies a range of habitats including heath, woodland and open forest, at a range of altitudes. In north-eastern NSW, C. nanus appears to be associated mainly with rainforest at high altitudes. Of the range of techniques available, nest boxes and Elliott traps positioned against flowering Banksia species are most effective at capturing C. nanus. Given the large survey effort and the small number of surveys detecting >I0 C. nanus, it appears that this species is rare throughout most of NSW. We recommend that C. nanus be considered for listing as a vulnerable species in NSW.
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Hobbs, Rebecca J., and Lyn A. Hinds. "Could current fertility control methods be effective for landscape-scale management of populations of wild horses (Equus caballus) in Australia?" Wildlife Research 45, no. 3 (2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17136.
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Context Fertility control is seen as an attractive alternative to lethal methods for control of population size and genetic diversity in managed animal populations. Immunocontraceptive vaccines have emerged as the most promising agents for inducing long-term infertility in individual animals. However, after over 20 years of scientific testing of immunocontraceptive vaccines in the horse, the scientific consensus is that their application as a sole management approach for reducing population size is not an effective strategy. Aims The purpose of this review is to evaluate currently available non-lethal fertility-control methods that have been tested for their contraceptive efficacy in Equidae, and to assess their suitability for effective management of wild (feral) horses in an Australian setting. Key results (1) Fertility-control agents, particularly injectable immunocontraceptive vaccines based on porcine zona pellucida (PZP) or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), can induce multi-year infertility (up to 3 years) in the horse. Some formulations require annual or biennial booster treatments. Remote dart delivery (on foot) to horses is possible, although the efficacy of this approach when applied to large numbers of animals is yet to be determined. (2) The proportion of females that must be treated with a fertility-control agent, as well as the frequency of treatment required to achieve defined management outcomes (i.e. halting population growth in the short term and reducing population size in the long term) is likely to be >50% per annum. In national parks, treatment of a large number of wild horses over such a broad area would be challenging and impractical. (3) Fertility control for wild horses could be beneficial, but only if employed in conjunction with other broad-scale population-control practices to achieve population reduction and to minimise environmental impacts. Conclusions In Australia, most populations of wild horses are large, dispersed over varied and difficult-to-access terrain, are timid to approach and open to immigration and introductions. These factors make accessing and effectively managing animals logistically difficult. If application of fertility control could be achieved in more than 50% of the females, it could be used to slow the rate of increase in a population to zero (2–5 years), but it will take more than 10–20 years before population size will begin to decline without further intervention. Thus, use of fertility control as the sole technique for halting population growth is not feasible in Australia.
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Comer, S., L. Clausen, S. Cowen, J. Pinder, A. Thomas, A. H. Burbidge, C. Tiller, D. Algar, and P. Speldewinde. "Integrating feral cat (Felis catus) control into landscape-scale introduced predator management to improve conservation prospects for threatened fauna: a case study from the south coast of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19217.
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Abstract ContextFeral cat predation has had a significant impact on native Australian fauna in the past 200 years. In the early 2000s, population monitoring of the western ground parrot showed a dramatic decline from the pre-2000 range, with one of three meta-populations declining to very low levels and a second becoming locally extinct. We review 8 years of integrated introduced predator control, which trialled the incorporation of the feral cat bait Eradicat® into existing fox baiting programs. AimsTo test the efficacy of integrating feral cat control into an existing introduced predator control program in an adaptive management framework conducted in response to the decline of native species. The objective was to protect the remaining western ground parrot populations and other threatened fauna on the south coast of Western Australia. MethodsA landscape-scale feral cat and fox baiting program was delivered across south coast reserves that were occupied by western ground parrots in the early 2000s. Up to 500000ha of national parks and natures reserves were baited per annum. Monitoring was established to evaluate both the efficacy of landscape-scale baiting in management of feral cat populations, and the response of several native fauna species, including the western ground parrot, to an integrated introduced predator control program. Key resultsOn average, 28% of radio-collared feral cats died from Eradicat® baiting each year, over a 5-year period. The results varied from 0% to 62% between years. Changes in site occupancy by feral cats, as measured by detection on camera traps, was also variable, with significant declines detected after baiting in some years and sites. Trends in populations of native fauna, including the western ground parrot and chuditch, showed positive responses to integrated control of foxes and cats. ImplicationsLandscape-scale baiting of feral cats in ecosystems on the south coast of Western Australia had varying success when measured by direct knockdown of cats and site occupancy as determined by camera trapping; however, native species appeared to respond favourably to integrated predator control. For the protection of native species, we recommend ongoing baiting for both foxes and feral cats, complemented by post-bait trapping of feral cats. We advocate monitoring baiting efficacy in a well designed adaptive management framework to deliver long-term recovery of threatened species that have been impacted by cats.
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Trigger, David S., and Lesley Head. "Restored Nature, Familiar Culture: Contesting Visions for Preferred Environments in Australian Cities." Nature and Culture 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2010): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050302.
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How are preferences for “native” and “introduced” species of plants and animals given expression in Australian cities? Given the nation's predominantly European cultural heritage, how do urban Australians articulate multiple desires for living environments encountered in everyday life? In examining the cases of inner city parks, backyards, and more general views about flora and fauna appropriate for the city, the paper considers a range of deeply enculturated attachments to familiar landscapes. While residents have considerable interest in the possibilities of urban ecological restoration, our interviews, ethnographic observation, and textual analysis also reveal cultural preferences for introduced species and emplaced attachments to historically modified landscapes. These preferences and attachments are linked to senses of identity developed during formative life experiences. In the relatively young post-settler society of Australia, such drivers of environmental desires can sit uneasily alongside science-driven propositions about what is good for biodiversity and ecological sustainability.