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Journal articles on the topic 'Australian magpie'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Waas, Joseph, John Innes, and Dai Morgan. "Can redirected aggression explain interspecific attacks by Australian magpies on other birds?" Behaviour 144, no. 7 (2007): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781476391.

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AbstractAttacks by participants of conflicts against a third party are referred to as redirected aggression. Usually the third party is a conspecific — few documented cases of redirected aggression against other species exist. The Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen), however, often attacks other species; the reasons for attacks are largely unknown. Some attacks occur after territorial disputes with conspecifics, suggesting that attacks are the result of redirected aggression. We subjected eight Australian magpie groups to simulated territorial intrusions. In one treatment an Australian magpie and rock dove (Columba livia) were presented in cages next to one another (5 m apart) on the territory for 30 min; the Australian magpie decoy was then covered and aggressive responses toward the rock dove by residents were recorded for a further 30 min (Treatment 1). Two additional treatments were presented in an identical manner on each territory where both decoys were either Australian magpies (Treatment 2) or rock doves (Treatment 3). We predicted that if Australian magpies regularly redirect aggression onto benign species after conspecific territorial intrusions, attack rates on the rock dove decoy in Treatment 1 would be higher than attack rates on the rock dove decoy in Treatment 3. Residents were seldom recorded close (<1 m) and not seen attacking rock dove decoys during tests. In contrast, Australian magpie decoys were often approached and attacked by residents. After a decoy was covered (following the first 30 min phase), residents spent little time in close proximity (on cage, <0.3 m, or 0.3-1 m) to the rock dove decoy in either Treatment 1 or Treatment 3; in contrast, residents were often recorded close to the Australian magpie decoy in Treatment 2. We found no evidence that Australian magpies redirect aggression onto other birds after territorial intrusions. The true proportion of territorial disputes leading to redirected attacks may be small, or only occur under highly specific contexts.

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2

J. Cox, S., and J. J. Bauer. "Species interactions between the White-winged Chough and Australian Magpie in a fragmented landscape." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970289.

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We studied the ecology of the White-winged Chough and its interaction with the Australian Magpie on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, over seven months. Both species are ground foragers and significant prey overlap was assumed. Invertebrate biomass as an index of habitat quality, showed grasslands to be the most valuable of the three habitats, followed by edge and forest habitats. Magpie territories were positioned around the grasslands and therefore were of higher quality than chough territories which were dominated by forest and edge. Magpies actively exclude chough groups from most of the highly valuable grassland habitat, through repeated and persistent attacks. Despite an apparently effective defensive strategy we concluded that the chough was largely excluded from the most attractive habitat in our study area by the magpie. This study highlights the implications of species interactions on the responses of individual species to habitat fragmentation across a landscape. Implications of this study for the validity of present vertebrate habitat models, which ignore the dynamic nature of population behaviour are discussed.

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3

Kallioinen, RUO, JM Hughes, and PB Mather. "Significance of Back Colour in Territorial Interactions in the Australian Magpie." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 6 (1995): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950665.

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In eastern Australia, two forms of the Australian magpie occur: a white-backed form and a black-backed form. These two forms hybridise across northern Victoria and into South Australia. In this study the response of territorial magpies to caged intruders was examined. Pairs of adult male magpies were introduced into territories. Both were adult black-backed birds, but in each case one of them had its back painted white. The pair was introduced to each territory twice, with the bird that was painted white differing between times. The experiment was run in a population of black-backed birds and a population in the hybrid zone containing white-backed, black-backed and hybrid birds. In both cases, the residents were more aggressive towards the intruder with the white-back than they were to the black-backed intruder. We suggest that this may be because a white-backed bird posed more of a threat to residents than a black-backed bird.

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4

Jones, Darryl N., and Paul G. Finn. "Translocation of aggressive Australian magpies: a preliminary assessment of a potential management action." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98062.

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Australian magpies are the cause of a major wildlife-management conflict in suburban areas throughout Australia. Mitigation of this conflict is becoming increasingly difficult in some locations because of community opposition to the destruction of the birds involved, which remains a common management solution of many wildlife agencies. Translocation – the capture and release elsewhere – of offending birds has been advocated but never seriously evaluated. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of translocation as a means of eliminating magpie attacks. We also attempted to assess the impact of the approach on both the translocated birds and those remaining in the territory. A total of 20 aggressive magpies, all males, were captured and released at distances 17–150 km from the place of capture. Most birds released more than 30 km away were not seen again; two birds released less than 30 km away returned quickly and were recaptured. A single bird re-established itself on its original territory several months after capture. In many cases, new males had replaced the captured birds within days. There was no evidence of negative behavioural interactions between these males and the resident females or chicks. While the technique is effective in reducing the human–magpie conflict at specific locations, our lack of knowledge of the fate of translocated males, as well as several other issues, suggests that this approach be used only in extreme circumstances.

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5

Jones, Darryl N., and Thomas Nealson. "Management of aggressive Australian magpies by translocation." Wildlife Research 30, no. 2 (2003): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01102.

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Attacks on humans by Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) cause a significant human–wildlife conflict in suburban environments throughout Australia. Community opposition to lethal control methods generally has, in part, led to an increase in the use of translocation as an alternative. We assessed the effectiveness and implications of using this approach in the management of aggressive magpie in south-eastern Queensland during 1999 and 2000. A total of 968 (1999) and 707 (2000) magpies were reported by the public, of which 39–45% were able to be investigated by a two-person team working three days per week. A total of 141 magpies were translocated, 31.7% of all birds investigated. Of these, only five (3.5%) returned to the place of capture, and 22 (15.6%) were resighted elsewhere; there was no evidence of 'homing'. Only three translocated birds were subsequently reported as being aggressive towards humans. While extremely effective in reducing the conflict locally, we caution against the indiscriminate use of this method, and suggest that it be seen as one of many options available to wildlife managers.

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6

Krohn, Jack. "Kleptoparasitism of Australian Magpie by Australian Ravens." Australian Field Ornithology 33 (2016): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo33167168.

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7

Dawson, Terence J., Peter J. Whitehead, Adam McLean, F. D. Fanning, and William R. Dawson. "Digestive function in Australian magpie geese (Anseranas semipalmata)." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 3 (2000): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00011.

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The Australian magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata) is not really a ‘goose’ but an aberrant species representing the monotypic family Anseranatidae. It is herbivorous but its ability to utilise dietary fibre is uncertain. We examined digestive processes in tame birds fed natural forages in metabolism cages and in wild birds. An examination of the gross anatomy of the gut showed features similar to those in waterfowl of the family Anatidae, the true ducks and geese. In a total-collection feeding trial geese were fed either unhusked rice grain or fresh aquatic grass. The aquatic grass was high in fibre (neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was 74% of dry matter) and magpie geese could not maintain energy or nitrogen balance on this feed. The maintenance energy requirement of the caged magpie geese, as estimated on the rice diet, was 573 kJ kg–1 day–1, which was similar to that found for other species of geese. The maintenance nitrogen requirement was 0.44 g N kg–1 day–1 or 0.52 g N kg–0.75 day–1, which also was similar to the average value for birds. Fibre digestion on both diets was small, 19% and 27% of NDF for rice and grass respectively. Rates of passage of fibrous digesta through the gut of magpie geese varied with diet. The mean retention time for fibre was longer when feeding on the aquatic grass than on unhusked grain, 7.7 3.0 h v. 3.7 0.6 h Data from wild magpie geese clarified the process of digestion. The patterns of pH and short-chain fatty acids along the gut pointed to acid and enzymic digestion occurring in most of the tract, down to the ileocaecal junction. Fermentation appeared restricted to the caeca, rectum and cloaca, though, of note, the caeca contained little fibre, 5% NDF. Higher levels of fibre digestion were indicated in wild geese but fibre still was not a major contributor to the energy intake of these birds. The digestive capabilities of the magpie geese were considered in relation to their impact on the feeding and reproductive biology of these ‘geese’ in monsoonal, northern Australia

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8

Aston, Helen I. "Communal Breeding by the Australian Magpie-lark." Emu - Austral Ornithology 88, no. 2 (June 1988): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9880112.

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9

Suthers, Roderick A., J. Martin Wild, and Gisela Kaplan. "Mechanisms of song production in the Australian magpie." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 197, no. 1 (September 18, 2010): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-010-0585-6.

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10

Hoffman, A. M., P. E. Robakiewicz, E. M. Tuttle, and L. J. Rogers. "Behavioural lateralisation in the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)." Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 11, no. 2 (March 2006): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576500500376674.

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11

Peisley, Rebecca K., Manu E. Saunders, and Gary W. Luck. "Providing perches for predatory and aggressive birds appears to reduce the negative impact of frugivorous birds in vineyards." Wildlife Research 44, no. 4 (2017): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17028.

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Context Birds active in vineyards in south-eastern Australia can reduce or enhance crop yields via their foraging activities (e.g. by consuming grapes or by preying on grape-eating species). Aims We examined the effectiveness of artificial perches in encouraging predatory birds into vineyards to scare frugivorous birds and consequently reduce the damage they cause to grapes. Methods We monitored 12 artificial perches for 4 months during the growing season, spread over six vineyards in north-eastern Victoria, and compared bird damage to grapes at these sites with control sites without perches. Key results We found that raptors did not use the artificial perches. However, the large and aggressive Australian magpie (Cracticus tibicen) commonly used perches and we recorded 38513 perch visits by this species. Grapevines around perch sites suffered >50% less grape damage (4.13% damage per bunch) than control sites (8.57% damage per bunch). Conclusions Our results suggest that providing artificial perches in vineyards can play a role in reducing frugivore damage to grapes. However, the effectiveness of perches can vary under different environmental conditions and certain perch types are not suitable for all predatory or aggressive birds. Implications Future research should focus on the potential role of large-bodied and competitively aggressive species such as the Australian magpie in altering the activity of smaller frugivorous birds in vineyards, and also on the optimum height and location of artificial perches within vineyards to increase visitation by other predatory or aggressive bird species.

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12

Harrington, Helèna, Audrey Miller, Sarah Mcdowell, Amy Rogers, Joanne Panagos, and Jasmine Ferguson. "Use of Stereo Duet Playback to Investigate Traditional Duet Playback Methods and Mechanisms of Cooperative Territorial Defence in Magpie-Larks." Behaviour 141, no. 6 (2004): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539042245169.

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AbstractDuets are precisely coordinated acoustic displays, usually involving members of a mated pair. Studies investigating avian duet function often employ a single speaker playback system to compare response of focal pairs to simulated territorial intrusion by duetting and solo birds. It has recently been suggested that a 'stereo duet playback', in which male and female duet components are separated and broadcast through two different speakers, would provide a more realistic duet stimulus. We conduct the first comparison of a traditional single speaker versus a new stereo duet playback design and provide evidence that Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca, make significantly more flights towards duet playback presented in a more realistic stereo context. Male and female magpie-lark pairs did not split up and attack one 'intruder' each when presented with a stereo duet playback. Instead they moved towards the same speaker together as a united pair, showing a tendency to approach the speaker initiating the duet intrusion. Distance between the two speakers in a stereo duet design did not have a significant effect on the response variables measured. We conclude that magpie-larks can distinguish between use of a single speaker or stereo duet playback to broadcast a duet and suggest that cooperative defence against duetting intruders in magpie-larks is a result of joint territorial defence rather than intraspecific aggression against same-sex intruders.

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13

Hall, M. L., and R. D. Magrath. "Duetting and mate-guarding in Australian magpie-larks ( Grallina cyanoleuca)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050009.

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14

Linley, G. D., K. Kostoglou, R. Jit, and M. A. Weston. "Australian magpies exhibit increased tolerance of aircraft noise on an airport, and are more responsive to take-off than to landing noises." Wildlife Research 45, no. 3 (2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18039.

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Context On airports, birds often exhibit escape behaviour in response to aircraft. Avian escape behaviours can enable birds to effectively avoid collisions with aircraft, although some are maladaptive and may increase the risk of collision (e.g. erratic flying). Habituation and habituation-like processes among birds potentially mediate the likelihood of aircraft-bird collisions. Moreover, because managers exploit avian escape behaviour to reduce bird–aircraft collision risks, habituation may decrease the efficiency of bird-hazard management. Aims Our aim was to better understand avian behavioural responses to approaching aircraft, which may inform bird-hazard management. Methods We examined the response of Australian magpie, Cracticus tibicen, a species commonly involved in collisions with aircraft, to the noise associated with take-off and landing in three areas: airside, on airport but not airside, and off airport. Key results Magpies responded to aircraft noise in a nuanced way. Take-off produced more responses, and more intense responses, than did landing; both resulted in more frequent, and more intense, responses than did a ‘silent’ control. Responses were least likely, and response latencies were longer, airside, followed by on airport but not airside, and off airport. Intensity of responses was similar across these areas. Conclusions Magpies on the airside were least responsive, and this might influence their strike risk. Implications Given that most wildlife collisions occur during take-off and landing and at low altitudes, and that take-off has greatest overall strike risk, the lack of responsiveness of airside-inhabiting magpies may contribute to collision risk.

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15

Brown, Eleanor D., and Susan M. Farabaugh. "Macrogeographic Variation in Alarm Calls of the Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen." Bird Behavior 9, no. 1 (December 1, 1990): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/015613890791749055.

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16

Thomas, Leoni K., and Danyl N. Jones. "Management options for a human‐wildlife conflict: Australian magpie attacks on humans." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 4, no. 3 (September 1999): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209909359160.

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17

Hughes, J. M., J. D. E. Hesp, R. Kallioinen, M. Kempster, C. L. Lange, K. E. Hedstrom, P. B. Mather, A. Robinson, and M. J. Wellbourn. "Differences in Social Behaviour Between Populations of the Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen." Emu - Austral Ornithology 96, no. 1 (March 1996): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9960065.

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18

Mirville, Melanie O., Jennifer L. Kelley, and Amanda R. Ridley. "Group size and associative learning in the Australian magpie (Cracticus tibicen dorsalis)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70, no. 3 (January 21, 2016): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-016-2062-x.

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19

ISHIGAME, G., G. S. BAXTER, and A. T. LISLE. "Effects of artificial foods on the blood chemistry of the Australian magpie." Austral Ecology 31, no. 2 (April 2006): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01580.x.

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20

Baker, Myron C. "Information Content in Chorus Songs of the Group-Living Australian Magpie (Cracticus tibicen dorsalis) in Western Australia." Ethology 115, no. 3 (March 2009): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01606.x.

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21

Ręk, Paweł, and Robert D. Magrath. "Deceptive vocal duets and multimodal display in a songbird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 4, 2017): 20171774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1774.

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Many group-living animals cooperatively signal to defend resources, but what stops deceptive signalling to competitors about coalition strength? Cooperative-signalling species include mated pairs of birds that sing duets to defend their territory. Individuals of these species sometimes sing ‘pseudo-duets’ by mimicking their partner's contribution, but it is unknown if these songs are deceptive, or why duets are normally reliable. We studied pseudo-duets in Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca , and tested whether multimodal signalling constrains deception. Magpie-larks give antiphonal duets coordinated with a visual display, with each sex typically choosing a different song type within the duet. Individuals produced pseudo-duets almost exclusively during nesting when partners were apart, but the two song types were used in sequence rather than antiphonally. Strikingly, birds hid and gave no visual displays, implying deceptive suppression of information. Acoustic playbacks showed that pseudo-duets provoked the same response from residents as true duets, regardless of whether they were sequential or antiphonal, and stronger response than that to true duets consisting of a single song type. By contrast, experiments with robot models showed that songs accompanied by movements of two birds prompted stronger responses than songs accompanied by movements of one bird, irrespective of the number of song types or singers. We conclude that magpie-larks used deceptive pseudo-duets when partners were apart, and suppressed the visual display to maintain the subterfuge. We suggest that the visual component of many species' duets provides the most reliable information about the number of signallers and may have evolved to maintain honesty in duet communication.

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22

van Vuuren, Kitty, Scott O’Keeffe, and Darryl Jones. "“Vicious, Aggressive Bird Stalks Cyclist”: The Australian Magpie (Cracticus tibicen) in the News." Animals 6, no. 5 (April 26, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani6050029.

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23

Wood, Peter, and Harry F. Recher. "Long-term persistence of the Australian Magpie,Gymnorhina tibicen, in Kings Park, Perth." Emu - Austral Ornithology 104, no. 3 (September 2004): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu02046.

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24

Sarker, Subir, Steven Batinovic, Saranika Talukder, Shubhagata Das, Fiona Park, Steve Petrovski, Jade K. Forwood, Karla J. Helbig, and Shane R. Raidal. "Molecular characterisation of a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus from the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)." Virology 540 (January 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.005.

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25

Wilkinson, Kevin, and Grant Palmer. "Ambient light energy intensity as a trigger for the dawn chorus: Patterns in five common eastern Australian bird species." Australian Field Ornithology 39 (2022): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo39082088.

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The timing of the morning twilight commencement of bird song has been linked to mating, stores of food energy or territorial declarations, and is known to follow a structured, spaced order to avoid signal interference. The timing of vocalisations has been widely studied and varies with ambient and broader environmental variables, including moonlight and cloud cover. In this study, the commencement of morning song for five common species (Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles, Australian King- Parrot Alisterus scapularis, Lewin’s Honeyeater Meliphaga lewinii, Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis and Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen) and the relationship with light energy intensity were investigated on the New South Wales Midnorth Coast, eastern Australia. It was determined that each species responded to a specific threshold light intensity as a trigger to commence singing. The timing of song commencement aligned with shifts in the required threshold light level, which was influenced by environmental variables such as moonlight (earlier) and cloudiness (later for some species). It is proposed that the structured routine of the first song of some birds, during nautical twilight, is a result of evolutionary variations in their eye structure, resulting in varying perceptions of the first morning light from the sky, leading to species commencing singing at different times.

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Dickerson, Ashton L., Jessica A. Rowland, Asher J. E. Trama, Daniel M. Wraith‐Franck, and Michelle L. Hall. "Male and female Australian magpie‐larks respond differently to variation in song frequency (pitch)." Ethology 128, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.13254.

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27

Toon, Alicia, Jane Hughes, Andrew Baker, and Peter Mather. "Discordance between morphology and genetic structure among three plumage forms of the Australian Magpie." Emu - Austral Ornithology 103, no. 4 (December 2003): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu02032.

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28

Traill, Lochran W., and Barry W. Brook. "An aggregative response of the tropical Australian magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata) to seasonal floodplains." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000672.

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Abstract:We describe the spatial aggregation of the magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata) in relation to the dynamics of the ephemeral floodplains of northern Australia. Past broad-scale studies have linked geese to floodplains dominated by the sedge, Eleocharis dulcis, but the type of response has not been determined, nor the impact of predation on food plants. Moreover, departure thresholds are not known. We develop hypotheses on aggregation and departure and confront these with field data. Thus, from 2005–2007 we established two sites on the floodplains of Kakadu National Park (three 1-ha plots per site, six plots in total) and used for monthly, dry season bird counts. An airboat was used to collect data from each of the six plots, including sedge tubers and measures of water level and soil viscosity. Further, we built exclosures (three per site, six in total) to test the impact of herbivory on E. dulcis. Generalized linear models and information theory were used to test the strength of supporting evidence for alternate hypotheses. Geese showed a clear aggregative response to E. dulcis tubers, were forced to depart following floodplain drying and had a marked impact on E. dulcis tuber density. Despite this, there was no evidence of a negative-feedback mechanism between plant–herbivore populations, suggesting that the system is driven by extrinsic parameters (here rainfall).

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Watson, Gregory S., David W. Green, and Jolanta A. Watson. "Observations supporting parental care by a viviparous reptile: aggressive behaviour against predators demonstrated by Cunningham’s skinks." Australian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20024.

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Most reptiles exhibit no parental care and aggressive behaviour towards heterospecific predators has rarely been recorded in the natural environment. Several species of the subfamily Egerniinae are amongst the most highly social of all squamate reptiles, exhibiting stable social aggregations and high levels of long-term social and genetic monogamy. We have examined Cunningham’s skinks, Egernia cunninghami, over a three-year period during late January and early February (total 32 days) in the alpine region of New South Wales using video and thermal imaging. Four birthing sessions were witnessed during our field studies of social aggregations of skinks. Our observations monitored skink encounters, in the presence of offspring, with an eastern brown snake, Pseudonaja textilis (two separate encounters, one recorded by video/imaging) and 12 encounters with the Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen. All events were associated with aggressive chasing and/or attack by adult skinks. The first snake encounter involved the active targeting of a recently born juvenile with the mother of the juvenile attacking the snake (running towards the snake, biting and remaining attached for several seconds). The second encounter (the following year) comprised two adult skinks attacking and biting a snake, Pseudonaja textilis. All magpie encounters resulted in chases by adult skinks.

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Taylor, Brendan D., and Ross L. Goldingay. "Wildlife road-kills on three major roads in north-eastern New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 1 (2004): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01110.

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Although vehicle-induced mortality of wildlife is well known on roads throughout Australia, few empirical studies describe the extent of this mortality or assess the potential effects on wildlife populations. We recorded 529 roadkills of 53 vertebrate species along a 100-km circuit of three major roads during 20 weekly surveys across winter, spring and summer. This equates to 0.3 road-kills km–1 week–1 or one road-kill every 3.8 km week–1. The most frequently killed native species were the northern brown bandicoot (4 per week), the mountain brushtail possum (2 per week) and the Australian magpie (2 per week). These values are underestimates because our survey technique could not detect all road-kills and ~40% of those left on the roadside disappeared within 7�days. Detailed study of the local population of the brown bandicoot is needed to determine whether such a level of road mortality is sustainable.A logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether any of 10 road and landscape attributes were closely associated with the presence of specific groups of road-kills. Bandicoots were not associated with any measured attributes. Possums were more likely to occur along roads on mid-slopes and ridge-tops. Magpies were associated with roads on ridge-tops. Canopy-dwelling birds were more likely to be killed on 3-lane roads surrounded by dense vegetation.Road-kill surveys such as this are needed to identify species for which road mortality is unsustainable, to determine the influence on threatened species, and to identify important crossing points where road-kills are high. The frequency of road-kill of many ground-dwelling or arboreal mammal species in this study highlights the importance of impact mitigation by road authorities.

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Brown, Eleanor D., and Clare J. Veltman. "Ethogram of the Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) in Comparison to Other Cracticidae and Corvus Species." Ethology 76, no. 4 (April 26, 2010): 309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00692.x.

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32

Farabaugh, Susan M., Eleanor D. Brown, and Jane M. Hughes. "Cooperative Territorial Defense in the Australian Magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen (Passeriformes, Cracticidae), a Group-living Songbird." Ethology 92, no. 4 (April 26, 2010): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00966.x.

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33

Hughes, Jane M., Corinna L. Lange, Peter B. Mather, and Ann Robinson. "A comparison of fitness components among different plumage morphs of the Australian Magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen." Emu - Austral Ornithology 102, no. 4 (December 2002): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu01058.

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34

Durrant, Kate L., and Jane M. Hughes. "Differing rates of extra-group paternity between two populations of the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 57, no. 6 (January 13, 2005): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-004-0883-5.

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Kaplan, Gisela, Gayle Johnson, Adam Koboroff, and Lesley J. Rogers. "Alarm Calls of the Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen): Predators Elicit Complex Vocal Responses and Mobbing Behaviour." Open Ornithology Journal 2, no. 1 (April 28, 2009): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874453200902010007.

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Sarker, Subir, Timothy R. Bowden, and David B. Boyle. "Genomic characterisation of a novel avipoxvirus, magpiepox virus 2, from an Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen terraereginae)." Virology 562 (October 2021): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.010.

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37

Gibbs, Heather. "Climatic variation and breeding in the Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen): a case study using existing data." Emu - Austral Ornithology 107, no. 4 (December 2007): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu07022.

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Traill, Lochran W., Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Steven Delean, and Barry W. Brook. "Wetland conservation and sustainable use under global change: a tropical Australian case study using magpie geese." Ecography 33, no. 5 (May 19, 2010): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06205.x.

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Brown, Eleanor D., Susan M. Farabaugh, and Jane M. Hughes. "A test of centre-edge hypotheses in a permanently territorial songbird, the Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen." Animal Behaviour 45, no. 4 (April 1993): 814–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1095.

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Steele, William K., and Michael A. Weston. "The assemblage of birds struck by aircraft differs among nearby airports in the same bioregion." Wildlife Research 48, no. 5 (2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20127.

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Abstract ContextBird–aircraft collisions impose an economic cost and safety risk, yet ecological studies that inform bird hazard management are few, and to date no study has formally compared species’ strike profiles across airports. In response to strike risks, airports have implemented customised management on an airport-by-airport basis, based on the assumption that strike risk stems from prevailing local circumstances. We tested this assumption by comparing a decade of wildlife–aircraft strikes at three airports situated in the same bioregion (likely to have similar fauna) of Victoria, Australia. AimTo compare the assemblage of wildlife struck by aircraft at three major airports in the same bioregion. MethodStandardised wildlife strike data were analysed from three airports (Avalon, Melbourne and Essendon Airports), in the Victorian Volcanic Plains bioregion, central Victoria, Australia. Ten discrete 1-year sampling periods from each airport were compared, spanning the period 2009–19. Bird data were comparable, and data on mammals were considered less reliable, so emphasis was placed on birds in the present study. ResultsIn total, 580 bird strikes were analysed, with the most commonly struck species being Australian magpie (Cracticus tibicen; 16.7%), Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis; 12.2%), Australian pipit (Anthus australis; 12.1%), masked lapwing (Vanellus miles; 5.9%), nankeen kestrel (Falco cenchroides; 5.0%), house sparrow (Passer domesticus; 4.8%), welcome swallow (Hirundo neoxena; 4.3%) and tree martin (Petrochelidon nigricans; 4.0%). The assemblage of birds struck by aircraft over the decade of study differed between airports. The most commonly struck species drove the assemblage differences between airports. Conclusions and implicationsIn the present study system, airports experienced discrete strike risk profiles, even though they are in the same bioregion. The airports examined differed in terms of air traffic movement rates, aircraft types, landscape context and bird hazard management effort. Given that strike risks profiles differ among airports, customised management at each airport, as is currently the case, is supported.

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Davey, Sara, Melanie Massaro, and Rafael Freire. "Differences in flight initiation distance (FID) between rural and urban populations of two species of Australian birds." Behaviour 156, no. 11 (2019): 1151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003559.

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Abstract Although flight initiation distance (FID) has been shown to be shorter in urban compared to rural populations of birds, less is known about how the characteristics of the urban environment, such as the population size and age of the city influences the FID and other aspects of anti-predator behaviour. Urban willie wagtails and magpie larks in a relatively small and new town had shorter FID than rural conspecifics. Both species were more likely to show a short, rather than long, escape flight if the experimenter started walking towards the bird from further away. There was some indication that urban birds may be more likely to show a short escape flight than rural birds. We conclude that anti-predator responses of birds can be influenced by a relatively small, recently established and sparsely-populated town. Additionally, the possibility of the characteristics of the urban centre influencing variation in the FID response is discussed.

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Cake, Martin, Andrew Black, and Leo Joseph. "The generic taxonomy of the Australian Magpie and Australo-Papuan butcherbirds is not all black-and-white." Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 138, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.25226/bboc.v138i4.2018.a6.

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Hall, Michelle L. "The importance of pair duration and biparental care to reproductive success in the monogamous Australian magpie-lark." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 5 (1999): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99037.

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Biparental care is common in birds, where monogamy is the predominant mating system. Australian magpie-larks (Grallina cyanoleuca) are socially monogamous, and relatively unusual among passerines in the extent to which parental care is shared. Males contributed as much or more to parental care as females, sharing nest-building, incubation, brooding and feeding of nestlings and fledglings. Biparental care was thus important to survival of offspring, and probably constrained partners to stay together thoughout a breeding attempt. However, partners usually remained together longer. Pairs that had bred together in the previous season tended to lay their first clutch earlier, were more likely to fledge two broods in the season, and had higher annual reproductive success than pairs breeding together for the first time. Females benefitted from staying with a male they had bred with previously, as females in established pairs decreased their feeding rates and their partners compensated to some extent. Differences between new and established pairs may have been due to the effects of the age and experience of each partner, or to pair duration, or both. Divorce rates were low, consistent with benefits associated with staying together, but also with high costs of divorce as year-round territoriality probably limited opportunities for taking different partners.

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Whitehead, Peter J., and Kurt Tschirner. "Lead shot ingestion and lead poisoning of magpie geese anseranas semipalmata foraging in a Northern Australian hunting reserve." Biological Conservation 58, no. 1 (1991): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90047-d.

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Edwards, Emily K., Nicola J. Mitchell, and Amanda R. Ridley. "The impact of high temperatures on foraging behaviour and body condition in the Western Australian Magpie Cracticus tibicen dorsalis." Ostrich 86, no. 1-2 (May 4, 2015): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2015.1034219.

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Toon, Alicia, Alex Drew, Ian J. Mason, Jane M. Hughes, and Leo Joseph. "Relationships of the New Guinean subspecies, Gymnorhina tibicen papuana, of the Australian Magpie: an assessment from DNA sequence data." Emu - Austral Ornithology 117, no. 4 (June 14, 2017): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2017.1324249.

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Hall, Michelle L. "Convergent vocal strategies of males and females are consistent with a cooperative function of duetting in Australian magpie-larks." Behaviour 143, no. 4 (2006): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853906776240623.

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DURRANT, KATE L., and JANE M. HUGHES. "Are there correlates of male Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen reproductive success in a population with high rates of extra-group paternity?" Ibis 148, no. 2 (April 13, 2006): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00539.x.

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Brown, Eleanor D., Susan M. Farabaugh, and Clare J. Veltman. "Song Sharing in a Group-Living Songbird, the Australian Magpie, Gymnorhina Tibicen. Part I. Vocal Sharing Within and Among Social Groups." Behaviour 104, no. 1-2 (1988): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00575.

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Toon, A., and J. M. Hughes. "Are lice good proxies for host history? A comparative analysis of the Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen, and two species of feather louse." Heredity 101, no. 2 (May 7, 2008): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.37.

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