Academic literature on the topic 'Australian Infantry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Australian Infantry"
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Westerman, William. "Before the Main Game: Australia’s Citizen Infantry Battalion Commanders before the First World War." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 37, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03701003.
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This article explores officer capability and culture of the Australian army before the First World War, in particular those officers who held infantry battalion commands. Although the men who served in Australia’s part-time citizen army as infantry battalion commanders showed dedication and enthusiasm for soldiering, they were under-developed as infantry commanders, owing to time constraints and general under-investment in officer education and training. Officers who became battalion commanders were also relatively old, and their rise through the ranks was facilitated more by social position, rather than competence or experience. As a result, those Citizen Forces battalion commanders who enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force largely failed to carry out commands effectively in wartime, an indictment on the state of the Australian Army before the First World War.
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Debenedictis, Thomas, Alistair Furnell, Steve Milanese, Dan C. Billing, Grant Tomkinson, and Dominic Thewlis. "The shared motorised military land transit experiences of Australian Defence Force infantry personnel." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20 (November 2017): S111—S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.629.
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Rudzki, Stephan J., and Rod Pope. "Injury Reductions Seen in an Infantry Brigade using the Australian Defence Injury Prevention Program (DIPP)." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-02356.
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Moss, Matthew, Henry Chan, and Nick Wells. "Book Reviews." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VII, no. 2 (2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax95088.
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Infantry Weapons & Ammunition: A Century of Development Reviewed by: Matthew Moss Anthony G. Williams. Canterbury: Solo Publications, 2021. ISBN 978-0-9568529-8-4. 139 pp., numerous col. & b. & w. illus. £34. The Green Meanie: L96A1 Reviewed by: Henry Chan Steve Houghton. Eye: Swift & Bold, 2021. ISBN 978-1-5272-7461-7. 280 pp., numerous col. illus. £58.50. Air Defence Artillery in Combat, 1972 to the Present: The Age of Surface-to-Air Missiles Reviewed by: Major Nick Wells, Australian Army Colonel Mandeep Singh, Indian Army (retired). Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2020. ISBN 978-15-26762-04-7. 256 pp., 16 b. & w. illus. £16.99.
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Payne, W., W. Knez, J. Harvey, W. Sinclair, G. Elias, and D. Ham. "329 Analysis of the physical requirements of tasks undertaken by Australian infantry soldiers and airfield defence guards." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 8 (December 2005): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30826-5.
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Ross, Andrew T. "The Tactics and Strategy of the Australian Light Infantry in Counter-Revolutionary Operations in South Vietnam, 1966–71." RUSI Journal 162, no. 3 (May 4, 2017): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2017.1352372.
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Moremon, John. "A Tale of Three Battalions: Combat Morale and Battle Fatigue in the 7th Australian Infantry Brigade, Bougainville, 1944-45." Global War Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5893/19498489.09.01.08.
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Westerman, William. "Change and continuity in combat: a statistical analysis of the officers of 5th Australian Infantry Battalion, 1914 to 1918." First World War Studies 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2018.1520140.
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Pimenta, Cláudia Oliveira. "Avaliação da educação infantil na Austrália: contribuições para o Brasil." Estudos em Avaliação Educacional 29, no. 70 (April 23, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18222/eae.v29i70.5143.
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<p>Este artigo tem o propósito de apresentar resultados de investigação cujo objetivo foi identificar eventuais contribuições da experiência de avaliação da educação infantil australiana para a análise de iniciativas da mesma natureza, em curso no Brasil. Tem como base análise documental e informações coletadas in loco, quando da realização de estágio de pesquisa no exterior, na <em>Graduate School of Education</em> da Universidade de Melbourne, Austrália, em 2016. Os resultados do estudo evidenciam que o desenho avaliativo australiano reflete a preocupação com dimensões da qualidade consideradas fundamentais pela legislação e documentos norteadores da educação infantil no Brasil, ainda que os contextos social e educacional de ambos os países sejam bem diferentes. Ademais, indicam a importância da articulação e colaboração entre entes federados para a implantação de políticas voltadas para a primeira infância.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Avaliação da Educação; Educação Infantil; Qualidade da Educação; Austrália.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Evaluación de la educación infantil en Australia: contribuciones para Brasil</em></strong></p><p><em>Este artículo tiene el propósito de presentar resultados de una investigación que tuvo el objetivo de identificar eventuales contribuciones de la experiencia de evaluación de la educación infantil australiana para analizar iniciativas de la misma naturaleza en curso en Brasil. Su base es el análisis documental e informaciones recogidas in loco, cuando se realizó la práctica de investigación en el exterior, en la </em>Graduate School of Education<em> de la Universidad de Melbourne, Australia, en el 2016. Los resultados del estudio evidencian que el diseño evaluativo australiano refleja la preocupación con dimensiones de la calidad consideradas como fundamentales por la legislación y documentos orientadores de la educación infantil en Brasil, aunque los contextos social y educacional de ambos países sean bastante diferentes. Además, indican la importancia de la articulación y colaboración entre entes federados para la implantación de políticas destinadas a la primera infancia.</em></p><p><strong><em>Palabras clave:</em></strong><em> Evaluación de la Educación; Educación Infantil; Calidad de la Educación; Australia.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Evaluation of early childhood education in Australia: contributions for Brazil</em></strong></p><p><em>This article aims to present research results intended to identify possible contributions from the Australian experience in evaluation early childhood education, in order to analyze similar initiatives existent in Brazil. It is based on documentary analysis and information collected in loco, when we conducted research internship abroad, at the </em>Graduate School of Education<em> of the University of Melbourne, Australia, in 2016. The results of the study show that the Australian evaluation initiative reflects the concern with dimensions of quality which are considered fundamental, by the legislation and documents guiding children’s education in Brazil, even though the social and educational contexts are very different in both countries. Furthermore, they indicate the importance of articulation and federative collaboration between federal, state and municipal governments for the deployment of policies focused on early childhood.</em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Education Assessment; Early Childhood Education; Quality of Education; Australia.</em>
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Orme, Geoffrey J., and James E. Kehoe. "Cohesion and Performance in Military Occupation Specialty Training." Military Medicine 185, no. 3-4 (October 23, 2019): e325-e330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz217.
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Abstract Introduction Cohesion within military teams is not only vital to their performance but also modulates the adverse impact of work stressors on mental health, including depression, distress, and morale. This study stems from previous findings concerning cohesion during recruit training in the Australian Army. In that study, ratings of cohesion clustered on three dimensions, namely horizontal bonding among team members, vertical bonding with leaders, and organizational bonding with the wider army. Ratings on all three dimensions increased during recruit training, similar to what has been during U.S. Army basic training. The present study takes the next step, which is to determine the relationship between team cohesion and external measures of group performance during training in three types of military occupational specialty, specifically, infantry, quartermaster, and administrative clerk. Materials and Methods The final sample of respondents consisted of 261 infantry trainees, 22 quartermaster trainees, and 39 administrative clerk trainees. These sample sizes, their gender distribution (9% female), and age distribution are proportional to their representation in the Australian Army. The questionnaires given to trainees and their instructors were adapted from Siebold and Kelly’s Platoon Cohesion Index used for measuring the types of bonding within a team. The questionnaire for trainees was administered three times during their respective courses. The cohesion questionnaire for instructors was administered at the completion of training. This study was conducted under defence ethics approval DPR-LREP 069-15. Results The trainees’ ratings of horizontal, vertical, and organizational bonding generally started at a high value and further increased throughout each of the three courses. Vertical bonding tended to be higher than the horizontal bonding, which in turn was consistently higher than organizational bonding. At the end of each course, the trainees’ ratings of horizontal bonding had a large significant correlation with their instructors’ ratings of the trainees’ horizontal bonding (r = 0.70), while the ratings of vertical bonding by the trainees versus their instructors had a smaller correlation (r = 0.21). In relation to the trainees’ individual grades on their course, the trainees’ grades were not significantly correlated with their section’s horizontal bonding (r = 0.29), while their section’s mean grade was correlated with their instructors’ ratings of horizontal bonding (r = 0.44). Conclusions The present results during military occupational specialty training paralleled previous findings that Australian Army recruits quickly developed solid team cohesion early in their training, which generally continued to rise in all three courses. Furthermore, as seen previously with recruits, vertical bonding between section members in all three courses and their instructor leaders tended to be higher than horizontal bonding among team members, which in turn was higher than vertical bonding of the trainees with the wider Army. These findings have useful implications for health professionals. When discussing feelings of depression, distress, and low morale, health professionals might explore a military member’s sense of bonding with their team members, their leaders, and their wider organization as possible contributors to their concerns. By the same token, advice aimed at promoting cohesion may help evoke their protective effects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Australian Infantry"
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Jordan, Lucas Tom. "A Few Daring Men: Stealth Raiders of the Australian Infantry, 1918." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/116798.
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In 1918 a few daring low ranking Australian infantrymen, alone
among all the armies on the
Western Front, initiated stealth raids without orders. This
thesis examines this distinct but
neglected group. Stealth raiders killed Germans, captured
prisoners and advanced the line.
They were held in high regard by other men of the lower ranks and
feared by the Germans
facing them. Since the official historian CEW Bean laid down his
pen in 1942, historians have
not considered the distinctive character and motivation of these
men. The premise of this
thesis is that such men should not be forgotten. Bean called
stealth raids, “peaceful
penetration” but this thesis argues that the name is
inappropriate because “peaceful
penetration” was a term that higher command used, sometimes for
actions other than stealth
raids. The term did not emanate from the original stealth
raiders.
The thesis is the most comprehensive account yet written on
stealth raids. Using first-hand
accounts in official archives and private records in Australia
and overseas, the thesis asks who
were stealth raiders? Why did they do it? How significant were
their actions? The thesis
answers these questions using a historical narrative and analysis
that describes all the stealth
raids uncovered during the research.
The account considers the stealth raiders’ war experience and
training, the unprecedented
topographic and environmental conditions at the front, and the
quality and morale of the
German Army in 1918. It also goes beyond these to consider the
influence of Australian civil
society and in particular the “bush ethos”. The thesis is
original not only for its primary
narrative, but also because it undermines the contemporary
fashion of dismissing the
importance of bush skills and the bush ethos in the AIF. It
demonstrates that bush skills gave
some stealth raiders an edge and that the bush ethos, with its
high premium on
resourcefulness and initiative contributed to making stealth
raids a distinctively Australian
phenomenon.
2
Williamson, Annita. "The role of the 22nd Australian Infantry Battalion in World War II /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2005. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arw7291.pdf.
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Freemantle, Cecily Jane. "Indicators of infant and childhood mortality for indigenous and non-indigenous infants and children born in Western Australia from 1980 to 1997 inclusive." University of Western Australia. School of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0020.
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[Truncated abstract. Please see pdf format for complete text.] Background : The excess burden of mortality born by young Indigenous Australians and the disparity in infant and childhood mortality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians have been well documented. The accuracy and completeness of national data describing the health of Indigenous Australians is inconsistent. The Western Australia (WA) Maternal and Child Health Research Database (MCHRDB), is a linked total population database that includes perinatal maternal and infant data, and infant and childhood morbidity and mortality data. Overall, these data are more than 99% complete, with a similar high level of completeness and validity for Indigenous Western Australians. Aim : The aim of this thesis is to measure Indigenous infant (0 to <1 year) and childhood (>=1 to <19 years) mortality and the disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous infants and children in WA for birth cohorts from 1980 to 1997 inclusive. To achieve this aim a number of secondary aims were identified, including the measurement of certain maternal and infant variables, and the age-specific, all-cause and cause-specific mortality for WA infants and children. Method : The study comprises a longitudinal birth cohort study, the primary data source being the MCHRDB. Data included on the MCHRDB are complete for all births in WA from 1980 onwards, with new birth cohorts linked on an annual basis. Maternal and infant variables and the geographical location of the residence and the time of birth and death were included in the descriptive and multivariate analyses. Each infant and childhood death was coded using a three-digit code developed primarily for research purposes. The descriptive analyses of mortality referred to the probability of dying in infancy and in childhood as the cumulative mortality risk (CMR), for various diseases and various population subgroups. Age-specific childhood rates were also calculated. The results of multivariate analyses included the fitting of Cox and Poisson regression models, and estimates of effect were represented as hazard ratios (Cox regression) and relative rates (Poisson regression). Results : Between 1980 and 1997, births to Indigenous mothers accounted for 6% of total WA births. Approximately 46% of Indigenous births were to mothers living in a remote location compared to 9% of non-Indigenous births. Indigenous mothers gave birth at an earlier age (30% of births were to teenage mothers compared to 6% of non-Indigenous births), and were more likely to be single than non-Indigenous mothers (40% Indigenous, 9% non-Indigenous). Indigenous infants had more siblings, were born at an earlier gestation and with a lower birth weight and percentage of expected birth weight. The CMR for Indigenous infants was 22 per 1000 live births compared with 6.7 for non- Indigenous infants, a relative risk (RR) of 3.3 (95%CI 3.0, 3.6). While there was a decrease in the CMR over the birth year groups for both populations, the disparity between the rate of Indigenous and non-Indigenous infant mortality increased. The Indigenous postneonatal (>28 to 365 days) mortality rate (11.7 per 1,000 neonatal survivors) was higher than the neonatal (0 to 28 days) mortality rate (10.3 per 1,000 live births). This profile differed from that for non-Indigenous infants, where the neonatal mortality rate (4.3 per 1,000 live births) was nearly twice that of the postneonatal mortality rate (2.4 per 1,000 neonatal survivors). The main causes of infant mortality among Indigenous infants were potentially preventable. These causes were infection followed by Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), which differed from the main causes for non-Indigenous infants, sequelae of prematurity and birth defects. The CMR attributable to SIDS increased over the years amongst Indigenous infants and decreased significantly over the years in the non-Indigenous population. Furthermore, the disparity in mortality between the two populations increased and, in 1995 to 1997, was over seven times higher amongst Indigenous infants. The CMR was highest amongst infants living in remote locations for all causes of death except for Indigenous deaths attributable to SIDS, where the risk of death was highest amongst infants living in metropolitan locations. With the exception of infection, there was no difference in cause-specific mortality amongst Indigenous infants according to geographical location. Indigenous infants living in a remote location were at a significantly increased risk of death due to infection compared with their peers living in a rural or metropolitan location. The risk of death for Indigenous children was more than three times higher than for non-Indigenous children. This risk was significantly increased when most of the perinatal maternal and infant variables were considered.
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Whiteford, Chrystal Michelle. "Early child care in Australia : quality of care, experiences of care and developmental outcomes for Australian children." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81298/1/Chrystal_Whiteford_Thesis.pdf.
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In early childhood research, one of the most debated topics is that of early child care. This thesis draws upon data from Growing Up In Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to explore the role of early child care in Australia. It examines the quality of early child care accessed by infants, the patterns of child care use across the early years and the impact of early child care experiences on academic, social-emotional and health outcomes at 6 to 7 years of age. Results indicate child care experiences vary considerably and suggest early child care experiences may have both positive and negative impacts upon later developmental outcomes.
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Walker, Kate. "Trends in birthweight and infant weights : relationships between early undernutrition, skin lesions, streptococcal infections and renal disease in an Aboriginal community /." Connect to thesis, 1996. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2406.
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Undernutrition in prevalent in Aboriginal communities, in utero, infancy and childhood. It influences childhood morbidity and mortality and growth patterns. Undernutrition and poor socio-economic status also contribute to endemic and epidemic infectious disease, including scabies and streptococcal infection. It has been suggested that early undernutrition, and streptococcal and scabies infection are risk factors for renal disease, which is at epidemic levels and increasing. This thesis examines the prevalence of undernutrition in newborns and infants in an Aboriginal community over time, and its impact on childhood growth and child and adult renal markers. The association between skin lesions, streptococcal serology, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) and renal markers as evaluated through a community wide screening program in 1992-1995 is also examined. Birthweights have increased since the 1960s, but they are still much lower than the non-Aboriginal values. Weights in infancy have decreased since the 1960s. At screening in childhood stunting was common, reflecting the presence of long-term poor nutrition in infancy. In both adults and children, birth weight and infant weights were negatively associated with albuminuria measured by the albumin to creatine ratio (ACR).
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Featherstone, Lisa. "Breeding and feeding: a social history of mothers and medicine in Australia, 1880-1925." Australia : Macquarie University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/38533.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Department of Modern History, 2003.Bibliography: p. 417-478.
Introduction: breeding and feeding -- The medical man: sex, science and society -- Confined: women and obstetrics 1880-1899 -- The kindest cut? The caesarean section as turning point -- Reproduction in decline -- Resisting reproduction: women, doctors and abortion -- From obstetrics to paediatrics: the rise of the child -- The breast was best: medicine and maternal breastfeeding -- The deadly bottle and the dangers of the wet nurse: the "artificial" feeding of infants -- Surveillance and the mother -- Mothers and medicine: paradigms of continuity and change.
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw profound changes in Australian attitudes towards maternity. Imbibed with discourses of pronatalism and eugenics, the production of infants became increasingly important to society and the state. Discourses proliferated on "breeding", and while it appeared maternity was exulted, the child, not the mother, was of ultimate interest. -- This thesis will examine the ways wider discourses of population impacted on childbearing, and very specifically the ways discussions of the nation impacted on medicine. Despite its apparent objectivity, medical science both absorbed and created pronatalism. Within medical ideology, where once the mother had been the point of interest, the primary focus of medical care, increasingly medical science focussed on the life of the infant, who was now all the more precious in the role of new life for the nation. -- While all childbirth and child-rearing advice was formed and mediated by such rhetoric, this thesis will examine certain key issues, including the rise of the caesarean section, the development of paediatrics and the turn to antenatal care. These turning points can be read as signifiers of attitudes towards women and the maternal body, and provide critical material for a reading of the complexities of representations of mothers in medical discourse.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
478 p
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Gibberd, Alison. "Multigenerational perinatal outcomes among Western Australian Aboriginal infants: a total population linked data study." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19579.
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This thesis aims to identify reasons for the persistently poor perinatal health of Aboriginal infants using linked routinely-collected data. Multigenerational studies using such data are possible with Western Australia’s (WA) database of family relationships. Health records of Aboriginal infants born in WA from 1980 to 2011 and their relatives’ records were linked. Two methodological challenges are examined, followed by risks to perinatal health within a single generation, then over two generations. The first challenge followed a discovery that 18% of the children did not have a birth registration. Their mothers were more likely to be young and from remote areas. From a research perspective, this disadvantaged group are more likely to be excluded from studies using this dataset. The second challenge was the inconsistent recording of Aboriginal status in datasets and the poor understanding of the relative performance of algorithms used to identify who is Aboriginal. The consistency with which the algorithms assigned Aboriginal status to family members was assessed. The best-performing algorithm was then supplemented with relatives’ information to further improve consistency. Third, the contribution of maternal health behaviours to perinatal health was estimated. Of 28,119 births from 1998 to 2010, 27% of infants were small for gestational age (SGA), preterm, and/or died perinatally. Half (51%) of the infants were exposed in utero to maternal smoking, alcohol misuse, drug misuse, and/or assault and 37% of SGA births, 16% of preterm births, and 20% of perinatal deaths were attributable to these factors. Finally, fetal programming has been put forward as a contributor to poor health in indigenous populations. It refers to a fetus’ response (including growth restriction) to a hostile uterine environment, which has lifelong effects and, potentially, affects her offspring in turn. However, any causal relationship between maternal and offspring fetal growth is confounded by shared genetic and environmental factors. Two family-based approaches addressed this confounding; they provided little support for a hypothesis of heritable fetal disadvantage. In conclusion, significant improvements in fetal health can be expected when maternal risk factors shift, unconstrained by the mother’s own fetal history.
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Laidlaw, Valerie. "The development of the infant school in the South Australian school system, 1875-1925 /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EDM/09edml185.pdf.
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Giglia, Roslyn Carmel. "Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking by Australian women: changes with pregnancy and lactation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/750.
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The consumption of alcohol and smoking of cigarettes are both common practices in Australian society. With continued public health efforts exposure to both alcohol and nicotine during pregnancy has diminished, however little is known about exposure to these toxins in the postnatal period and the effect on the breastfed infant. To investigate the pattern of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in the postnatal period and the effect on breastfeeding outcomes, a longitudinal study was conducted in two public hospitals with maternity wards in Perth, Australia. Data for the Perth Infant Feeding Study (PIFSII) were collected from 587 mothers between mid-September 2002 and mid-July 2003. While in hospital participating mothers completed a self-administered baseline questionnaire. Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted at 4, 10, 16, 22, 32, 40 and 52 weeks. Data collected included sociodemographic, biomedical, hospital related and psychosocial factors. Further analysis of alcohol data was undertaken on the 1995 and 2001 National Health Survey (NHS) data sets to provide a national perspective. Alcohol and smoking related data were analysed and described using frequency distributions, means and medians. Univariate logistic regression was used to screen for potentially significant variables for subsequent incorporation in the multivariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the effect of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on breastfeeding outcomes prenatally, antenatally and postnatally, after adjusting for factors identified in the literature as being associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration. The relationship between smoking status and breastfeeding duration was determined using survival analysis.Analysis of the relationship between breastfeeding duration and the level of postpartum intake was investigated using a Cox hazards model with repeated measures for alcohol consumption. Results showed that: 1. PIFSII. During pregnancy approximately 32% of women stopped drinking alcohol. Thirty five percent of pregnant women continued to consume alcohol during their pregnancy with 82.2% of these women consuming two or fewer standard drinks per week. At 4, 6 and 12 months postpartum, 46.7%, 47.4% and 42.3% of breastfeeding women were consuming alcohol, respectively. 2. NHS. Sixteen point four percent and 1.3% of pregnant women from the 1995 and 2001 NHS, respectively were consuming more than that recommended in ‘Guideline 11’ from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (ie >7 standard drinks/week). 3. NHS. Thirteen percent of lactating mothers from the 1995 NHS and 16.8% from the 2001 NHS were consuming seven or more standard drinks of alcohol in the reference week, thus exceeding the NHMRC recommended level. 4. PIFSII. After 6 months of follow up, women who consumed alcohol at levels of more than two standard drinks per day were almost twice as likely to discontinue breastfeeding earlier than women who drank below these levels (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.0). 5. PIFSII. With regard to smoking, 226 (39%) of mothers reported smoking pre- pregnancy. Mothers who smoked were more likely to have a partner who smoked, to have consumed alcohol prior to pregnancy and less likely to attend antenatal classes.They were also less likely to know how they were going to feed their baby before conception and be more inclined to consider stopping breastfeeding before four months postpartum. 6. PIFSII. Women who smoked during pregnancy had a lower prevalence and shorter duration of breastfeeding than non-smoking mothers (28 weeks versus 11 weeks, 95% CI: 8.3-13.7). This effect remained even after adjustment for age, education, income, father’s smoking status, mother’s country of birth, intended duration of breastfeeding >6 months and birth weight (risk ratio HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.08). 7. PIFSII. Two hundred and twenty six (39%) mothers reported smoking prior to pregnancy and 77 (34%) of these stopped smoking during pregnancy. Quitting smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with breastfeeding for longer than six months (OR = 3.70, 95% CI 1.55 to 8.83; p<0.05). The results of the present study suggest a negative association between drinking alcohol in the postpartum period and breastfeeding outcomes. Similarly, smoking cigarettes before, during and after pregnancy negatively affects breastfeeding. There is a need for guidelines outlining the safe intake of alcohol during lactation and for the cessation of cigarette smoking in the prenatal and antenatal period.
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Giglia, Roslyn Carmel. "Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking by Australian women: changes with pregnancy and lactation." Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18768.
Full textAbstract:
The consumption of alcohol and smoking of cigarettes are both common practices in Australian society. With continued public health efforts exposure to both alcohol and nicotine during pregnancy has diminished, however little is known about exposure to these toxins in the postnatal period and the effect on the breastfed infant. To investigate the pattern of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in the postnatal period and the effect on breastfeeding outcomes, a longitudinal study was conducted in two public hospitals with maternity wards in Perth, Australia. Data for the Perth Infant Feeding Study (PIFSII) were collected from 587 mothers between mid-September 2002 and mid-July 2003. While in hospital participating mothers completed a self-administered baseline questionnaire. Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted at 4, 10, 16, 22, 32, 40 and 52 weeks. Data collected included sociodemographic, biomedical, hospital related and psychosocial factors. Further analysis of alcohol data was undertaken on the 1995 and 2001 National Health Survey (NHS) data sets to provide a national perspective. Alcohol and smoking related data were analysed and described using frequency distributions, means and medians. Univariate logistic regression was used to screen for potentially significant variables for subsequent incorporation in the multivariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the effect of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on breastfeeding outcomes prenatally, antenatally and postnatally, after adjusting for factors identified in the literature as being associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration. The relationship between smoking status and breastfeeding duration was determined using survival analysis.Analysis of the relationship between breastfeeding duration and the level of postpartum intake was investigated using a Cox hazards model with repeated measures for alcohol consumption. Results showed that: 1. PIFSII. During pregnancy approximately 32% of women stopped drinking alcohol. Thirty five percent of pregnant women continued to consume alcohol during their pregnancy with 82.2% of these women consuming two or fewer standard drinks per week. At 4, 6 and 12 months postpartum, 46.7%, 47.4% and 42.3% of breastfeeding women were consuming alcohol, respectively. 2. NHS. Sixteen point four percent and 1.3% of pregnant women from the 1995 and 2001 NHS, respectively were consuming more than that recommended in ‘Guideline 11’ from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (ie >7 standard drinks/week). 3. NHS. Thirteen percent of lactating mothers from the 1995 NHS and 16.8% from the 2001 NHS were consuming seven or more standard drinks of alcohol in the reference week, thus exceeding the NHMRC recommended level. 4. PIFSII. After 6 months of follow up, women who consumed alcohol at levels of more than two standard drinks per day were almost twice as likely to discontinue breastfeeding earlier than women who drank below these levels (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.0). 5. PIFSII. With regard to smoking, 226 (39%) of mothers reported smoking pre- pregnancy. Mothers who smoked were more likely to have a partner who smoked, to have consumed alcohol prior to pregnancy and less likely to attend antenatal classes.
They were also less likely to know how they were going to feed their baby before conception and be more inclined to consider stopping breastfeeding before four months postpartum. 6. PIFSII. Women who smoked during pregnancy had a lower prevalence and shorter duration of breastfeeding than non-smoking mothers (28 weeks versus 11 weeks, 95% CI: 8.3-13.7). This effect remained even after adjustment for age, education, income, father’s smoking status, mother’s country of birth, intended duration of breastfeeding >6 months and birth weight (risk ratio HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.08). 7. PIFSII. Two hundred and twenty six (39%) mothers reported smoking prior to pregnancy and 77 (34%) of these stopped smoking during pregnancy. Quitting smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with breastfeeding for longer than six months (OR = 3.70, 95% CI 1.55 to 8.83; p<0.05). The results of the present study suggest a negative association between drinking alcohol in the postpartum period and breastfeeding outcomes. Similarly, smoking cigarettes before, during and after pregnancy negatively affects breastfeeding. There is a need for guidelines outlining the safe intake of alcohol during lactation and for the cessation of cigarette smoking in the prenatal and antenatal period.
Books on the topic "Australian Infantry"
1
Ryan, Alan. Putting your young men in the mud: Change, continuity, and the Australian infantry battalion. Duntroon ACT: Land Warfare Studies Centre, 2003.
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2
Hugh, Gillan, ed. We had some bother: Tales from the infantry. Sydney, NSW: Hale & Iremonger, 1985.
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Trigellis-Smith, S. Britain to Borneo: A history of 2/32 Australian Infantry Battalion. Sydney: 2/32 Australian Infantry Battalion Association, 1993.
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Budden, F. M. That mob: The story of the 55/53rd Australian Infantry Battalion, A.I.F. Glebe, NSW: Fast Books, 1993.
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John, Laffin. Forever forward: The story of the 2/31st Infantry Battalion, 2nd AIF, 1940-45. [Newport, NSW]: 2/31st Australian Infantry Battalion Association, New South Wales Branch, 1994.
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Turrell, A. N. Never unprepared: A history of the 26th Australian infantry battalian (AIF) 1939-1946. Wynnum, Qld: 26th Battalion Reunion Association, 1992.
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Australia. Parliament. Standing Committee on Public Works. Report relating to the proposed redevelopment of facilities for 51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment throughout Far North Queensland and the Torres Strait. [Canberra]: Australian Government Pub. Service, 1997.
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Association, 9th Battalions, ed. Campaigning with the fighting 9th: In and out of the line with the 9BN A.I.F., 1914-1919. Spring Hill, Brisbane, Qld: Boolarong Publications, 1985.
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Olson, Wesley. Battalion into battle: The history of the 2/11th Australian Infantry Battalion, 1939-1945. Hilton, W.A: Wesley John Olson, 2011.
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Roberts, R. L. Front line. [Victor Harbor? Australia]: R.L. Roberts, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Australian Infantry"
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Scott, Jane A., and Colin W. Binns. "Infant Feeding in Indigenous Australian Communities." In Infant Feeding Practices, 265–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6873-9_16.
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Sheehan, Athena, and Virginia Schmied. "The Imperative to Breastfeed: An Australian Perspective." In Infant Feeding Practices, 55–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6873-9_4.
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Newman, Louise. "Trauma-informed care in infancy." In Humanising Mental Health Care in Australia, 101–11. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429021923-7.
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Salamon, Andi, Leanne Gibbs, and Mandy Cooke. "Democratic Practices with and for Our Youngest Citizens: Early Childhood Education, Agency, and the Education Complex." In Living Well in a World Worth Living in for All, 61–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1848-1_6.
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AbstractEarly childhood pedagogy in Australia is founded on rights-based philosophies that promote social justice, democratic communities, participation, and agency of societies’ youngest citizens. There are, however, significant challenges in realising these philosophies and enacting democratic, agentic early childhood education (ECE) for birth to five-year-old children. This chapter presents three research projects, viewed together through a lens of agency and aligned with the education complex (Kemmis et al., 2012), that highlight the interdependent practices of leading, teaching, and researching in Australian ECE contexts. The first project investigated the emergence and development of effective leadership practices and the arrangements that enabled and constrained them. The second project explored educators’ risk-taking practices, aligning with praxis as morally and ethically informed decision-making about what is ‘best’ for children and societies (Kemmis & Smith, 2008). The third project documented infants’ social and emotional communication and highlighted how the research practices helped enable infants’ participation and agency. Though the focus of each study was different, collectively they illuminate interdependent practices of an ‘ECE complex’, and how individual and collective agencies can optimise pedagogy with and for very young children to live well and help create a world worth living in (Kemmis et al., 2014).
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McLachlan, Helen L., and Della A. Forster. "Infant Feeding Following Migration: Attitudes and Practices of Women Born in Turkey and Vietnam After Migration to Australia." In Infant Feeding Practices, 337–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6873-9_21.
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Moise, Aurel F., Simone L. Harrison, and Peter Gies. "Solar UVR Exposure of Infants and Small Children in Townsville, Australia." In Biologic Effects of Light 1998, 267–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5051-8_45.
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Ebbeck, Marjory, and Hoi Yin Bonnie Yim. "Fostering Relationships Between Infants, Toddlers and Their Primary Caregivers in Child Care Centres in Australia." In Enduring Bonds, 159–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74525-1_10.
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Degotardi, Sheila, Feifei Han, and Jiangbo Hu. "Infant educators' use of mental-state talk in Australia and China: a cross-cultural comparative study." In Young Children’s Language in Context, 87–105. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003379621-7.
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Cooke, Sharon, Dawson Cooke, and Sue Coleson. "Description of a Relationship Focused Mother-Infant Group Program: Mother-Baby Nurture." In Midwifery - New Perspectives and Challenges [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110088.
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Mother-Baby Nurture is an innovative group program that focusses on strengthening the mother-infant relationship through enhancing reflective capacity within mothers and their infants. We describe the unique combination of the features that are central to this program and present comparisons with other early parenting interventions. Infancy is a unique period of acute developmental vulnerability and dependence on a caregiver. As the caregiver is the critical regulator between infant and their environment, disturbances in the caregiver-infant relationship have heightened potential to interfere in the infant’s developmental trajectory and lifelong wellbeing. Mother-Baby Nurture is a 10-week targeted group program that is currently being implemented in Western Australia, for infants and their mothers experiencing relational or emotional distress. This program provides an emotionally containing space for a mother and her infant to explore mental states. We foster curiosity in the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour (of the baby, the mother, and others), as well as reflection on attachment relationships (past and present). This therapeutic approach shares common ground with parent-infant psychotherapy and mentalization-based treatment, and is informed by attachment theory and the neurobiological science of infant development.
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Wise, Nathan. "Comparative Mutinies." In Frontiers of Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041839.003.0011.
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In May-June, 1863, over one hundred men of the 2nd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, veterans of over two years of hard fighting throughout the Eastern Theatre of the American Civil War, conducted a protest against their treatment by military authorities. Fifty-five years later, in September 1918, several battalions of volunteers from the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) conducted a similar series of protests on the Western Front, also as a form of resistance to their treatment by military authorities. These were very different fighting forces in two very different wars, but there are remarkable similarities in the causes of their respective actions, in the sentiment expressed by the soldiers, in the nonviolent nature of the action, and in the eventual resolution of the issues at the heart of the action. This chapter explores those key aspects of these protests through a close comparative analysis. It relies primarily on written accounts both from individuals involved in the strikes and from individuals involved in resolving the strikes, in order to understand common environmental factors and psychological concerns shared by men of the 2nd Maine Regiment in 1863 and the battalions of the Australian Imperial Force in 1918. Finally, the approach used in this paper focuses on the experiences of soldiers as workers within the military, and through this approach this paper seeks to draw out broader conclusions about the cultural links between civil society and military environments.
Conference papers on the topic "Australian Infantry"
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Klifunis, Melissa, Demelza J. Ireland, Donna T. Geddes, and Sharon L. Perrella. "Development of Breastfeeding Behaviours in Preterm Infants." In Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023093016.
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Honoré, Karina D., Signe Bruun, Sören Möller, Kim F. Michaelsen, Steffen Husby, and Gitte Zachariassen. "Macronutrient Content in Human Milk Is Not Affected by Infant’s Sex." In Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023093018.
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Lim, Emma Shu Min, Julie Williams, Philip Vlaskovsky, Demelza J. Ireland, Donna Tracy Geddes, and Sharon Lisa Perrella. "Maternal Perceptions of Sick/Preterm Infant Sleep and Settling Patterns in the First 9 Months." In Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023093013.
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Suwaydi, Majed A., Ching Tat Lai, Zoya Gridneva, Sharon L. Perrella, Mary E. Wlodek, and Donna T. Geddes. "Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Hormones, Glucose and Total Lipids." In Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023093015.
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Zurynski, YA, G. Ridley, B. Jalaludin, and E. Elliott. "I11 21 years of surveillance for vitamin k deficiency bleeding in infants: policy changes in australia and international comparisons." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 13–15 March 2018, SEC, Glasgow, Children First – Ethics, Morality and Advocacy in Childhood, The Journal of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-rcpch.479.
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Nurkholifa, Ferda Fibi Tyas, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, and Hanung Prasetya. "Effect of Secondary Education on Exclusive Breastfeeding: Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.131.
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ABSTRACT Background: Many studies reported the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for infants. However, there are many obstacles faced by lactating mothers to provide exclusive breastfeeding for their children. This study aimed to investigate the effect of secondary education on exclusive breastfeeding using a meta-analysis. Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis and systematic review were conducted by collecting articles from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used exclusive breastfeeding” AND “secondary education” OR “education for breastfeeding” AND “cross sectional” AND “adjusted odd ratio”. The study population was postpartum mothers. Intervention was secondary education with comparison primary education. The study outcome was exclusive breastfeeding. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English or Indonesian language, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed using random effect model run on Revman 5.3. Results: 7 studies from Peru, China, Nigeria, Korea, Ireland, Sub-Sahara, and South Australia were met the inclusion criteria. There was high heterogeneity between groups (I2= 94%; p<0.001). This study reported that secondary education reduced exclusive breastfeeding, but it was statistically non-significant (aOR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.60 to 1.24; p= 0.430). Conclusion: Secondary education reduced exclusive breastfeeding, but it was statistically non-significant. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, secondary education, postpartum Correspondence: Ferda Fibi Tyas Nurkholifa. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: ferdafibi13@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285655778863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.131
Reports on the topic "Australian Infantry"
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Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.
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Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.
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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.
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Sleep problems from infancy are linked with impaired well-being in middle childhood. ACAMH, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.14200.
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Researchers in the USA and Australia have found that sleep disturbances from early childhood are associated with reductions in well-being at age 10-11 years old. Ariel Williamson and colleagues came to this conclusion after analysing data from >5,000 children enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children – Birth Cohort.