Relevant bibliographies by topics / Australian grain crops

Academic literature on the topic 'Australian grain crops'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Australian grain crops"

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Holloway, Joanne C., Michael J. Furlong, and Philip I. Bowden. "Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07424.

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Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.
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Anderson, WK, GB Crosbie, and K. Lemsom. "Production practices for high protein, hard wheat in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 5 (1995): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950589.

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Field experiments were conducted at 18 sites over 4 years in the eastern and north-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia where average annual rainfall is <400mm, to investigate suitable techniques for the production of high protein (>13%) wheat in an area that traditionally produces grain of a much lower average protein percentage. Wilgoyne yielded as well as, or better than, any of the cultivars accepted into the Special Hard (SH) grade in Western Australia but 5-10% less than cultivars suitable for the Australian Standard White (ASW) grade. Differences between cultivars were greatest at the optimum sowing time in late May. Lower yields in early May were attributed to water stress during early growth or to frost damage during grain filling. The addition of nitrogen (N) fertiliser to crops sown after 1 June was less effective in increasing grain yield and grain protein than N added to earlier sowings. Most crops that produced >13% protein followed medic or field peas. The addition of N fertiliser was seldom required to produce this concentration of protein in crops that followed medic or peas. Crops following pasture with a low legume content or wheat had lower grain protein concentrations. Friable red-brown earth soils in a medic or pea rotation were able to achieve the required grain protein, but other combinations were not extensively tested. From these experiments, cultivars with inherently small grains due to their propensity to produce high levels of small grain screenings (whole grain through a 2-mm, slotted sieve) may be less able to increase yields economically by increasing kernel numbers per unit area under conditions in Western Australia.
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Brier, H. B., D. A. H. Murray, L. J. Wilson, A. H. Nicholas, M. M. Miles, P. R. Grundy, and A. J. McLennan. "An overview of integrated pest management (IPM) in north-eastern Australian grain farming systems: past, present and future prospects." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08166.

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The authors overview integrated pest management (IPM) in grain crops in north-eastern Australia, which is defined as the area north of latitude 32°S. Major grain crops in this region include the coarse grains (winter and summer cereals), oilseeds and pulses. IPM in these systems is complicated by the diversity of crops, pests, market requirements and cropping environments. In general, the pulse crops are at greatest risk, followed by oilseeds and then by cereal grains. Insecticides remain a key grain pest management tool in north-eastern Australia. IPM in grain crops has benefited considerably through the increased adoption of new, more selective insecticides and biopesticides for many caterpillar pests, in particular Helicoverpa spp. and loopers, and the identification of pest–crop scenarios where spraying is unnecessary (e.g. for most Creontiades spp. populations in soybeans). This has favoured the conservation of natural enemies in north-eastern Australia grain crops, and has arguably assisted in the management of silverleaf whitefly in soybeans in coastal Queensland. However, control of sucking pests and podborers such as Maruca vitrata remains a major challenge for IPM in summer pulses. Because these crops have very low pest-damage tolerances and thresholds, intervention with disruptive insecticides is frequently required, particularly during podfill. The threat posed by silverleaf whitefly demands ongoing multi-pest IPM research, development and extension as this pest can flare under favourable seasonal conditions, especially where disruptive insecticides are used injudiciously. The strong links between researchers and industry have facilitated the adoption of IPM practices in north-eastern Australia and augers well for future pest challenges and for the development and promotion of new and improved IPM tactics.
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McDonald, GK. "The contribution of nitrogen fertiliser to the nitrogen nutrition of rainfed wheat crops in Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890455.

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Very little nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied to wheat crops in Australia. Currently, about 105 t of N fertiliser (less than 20% of Australia's total consumption) are used annually at an average rate of 2-3 kg Nha. This scant use of N fertiliser over much of the Australian wheat belt N is because the N derived from a legume-dominant pasture ley is thought to provide a wheat crop's N requirement. However, trends in the grain protein content of Australian wheat and some other indices of soil fertility suggest that legume-based pastures have not always been able to supply all the N required for adequate nutrition of the wheat crop and that there has been some occasional need for extra N from applications of fertiliser. Recent declines in the productivity and quality of pastures has further increased the need for supplementary applications of N fertiliser. The increase in grain legume production also has been partly based on the presumption that grain legumes contribute to the N economy of the following wheat crop. Many experiments throughout the wheat belt show a yield advantage of wheat grown after a grain legume, but these rotation trials also show that the level of productivity of the grain legume has little effect on the yield of the following wheat crop. A review of these experiments suggests that grain legumes, directly, contribute little to the N nutrition of a following wheat crop and their benefit may be from the legume acting as a disease break or providing the opportunity to control grassy weeds.
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Edwards, Owain R., Bernie Franzmann, Deborah Thackray, and Svetlana Micic. "Insecticide resistance and implications for future aphid management in Australian grains and pastures: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07426.

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Aphids can cause substantial damage to cereals, oilseeds and legumes through direct feeding and through the transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. Aphid-resistant varieties are only available for a limited number of crops. In Australia, growers often use prophylactic sprays to control aphids, but this strategy can lead to non-target effects and the development of insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance is a problem in one aphid pest of Australian grains in Australia, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Molecular analyses of field-collected samples demonstrate that amplified E4 esterase resistance to organophosphate insecticides is widespread in Australian grains across Australia. Knockdown resistance to pyrethroids is less abundant, but has an increased frequency in areas with known frequent use of these insecticides. Modified acetylcholinesterase resistance to dimethyl carbamates, such as pirimicarb, has not been found in Australia, nor has resistance to imidacloprid. Australian grain growers should consider control options that are less likely to promote insecticide resistance, and have reduced impacts on natural enemies. Research is ongoing in Australia and overseas to provide new strategies for aphid management in the future.
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Lawrence, Louise. "Host Plant Resistance and IPM in Australian Grain Crops." Outlooks on Pest Management 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/20apr08.

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Sadras, Victor O., and John F. Angus. "Benchmarking water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in dry environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 8 (2006): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05359.

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Attainable water-use efficiency relates attainable yield, i.e. the best yield achieved through skilful use of available technology, and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). For wheat crops in south-eastern Australia, there is a common, often large gap between actual and attainable water-use efficiency. To evaluate whether this gap is only an Australian problem or a general feature of dry environments, we compared water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in south-eastern Australia, the North American Great Plains, China Loess Plateau, and the Mediterranean Basin. A dataset of published data was compiled (n = 691); water-use efficiency (WUEY/ET) was calculated as the ratio between actual grain yield and seasonal ET. Maximum WUEY/ET was 22 kg grain/ha.mm. Average WUEY/ET (kg grain/ha.mm) was 9.9 for south-eastern Australia, 9.8 for the China Loess Plateau, 8.9 for the northern Great Plains of North America, 7.6 for the Mediterranean Basin, and 5.3 for the southern-central Great Plains; the variation in average WUEY/ET was largely accounted for by reference evapotranspiration around flowering. Despite substantial differences in important factors including soils, precipitation patterns, and management practices, crops in all these environments had similarly low average WUEY/ET, between 32 and 44% of attainable efficiency. We conclude that low water-use efficiency of Australian crops is not a local problem, but a widespread feature of dry environments. Yield gap analysis for crops in the Mallee region of Australia revealed low availability of phosphorus, late sowing, and subsoil chemical constraints as key factors reducing water-use efficiency, largely through their effects on soil evaporation.
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Tran, S. T., and T. K. Smith. "A survey of free and conjugated deoxynivalenol in the 2009, 2010 and 2011 cereal crops in Australia." Animal Production Science 53, no. 5 (2013): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12081.

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Free and conjugated deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) were determined in samples of cereal grain collected from the 2009, 2010 and 2011 crops in the Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia. Free DON was absent in 53–64% of analysed samples. Levels of free DON ranged from 0.10 to 7.31 µg/g. The highest levels of free DON were found in samples collected from the New South Wales 2010 crop while no samples from South Australia or Western Australia regions contained this compound. Free DON in the samples collected from the 2010 crop was significantly higher compared with those from the 2009 and the 2011 crop. Conjugated DON was detected in 61, 87 and 68% of contaminated grain samples in the 2009, 2010 and 2011 crop, respectively. Conjugated DON was found mainly in the samples collected from the 2009 crop (up to 48%) and the 2011 crop (up to 43%) but no significant difference between free DON and total DON content was observed. The current survey emphasises the frequency of non-detectable, conjugated DON in Australian cereal crops and the potential challenges in understanding the hazard posed by DON-contaminated feedstuffs.
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Lawrence, Louise. "The Future for Aphids in Australian Grain Crops and Pastures." Outlooks on Pest Management 20, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/20dec11.

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Murray, David A. H., Michael B. Clarke, and David A. Ronning. "Estimating invertebrate pest losses in six major Australian grain crops." Australian Journal of Entomology 52, no. 3 (January 15, 2013): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aen.12017.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Australian grain crops"

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Coppa, Isabel Patricia Maria, and Isabel coppa@csw com au. "The use of remote sensing data for broad acre grain crop monitoring in Southeast Australia." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070201.095831.

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In 2025, there will be almost 8 billion people to feed as the worlds population rapidly increases. To meet domestic and export demands, Australian grain productivity needs to approximately triple in the next 20 years, and this production needs to occur in an environmentally sustainable manner. The advent of Hi-tech Precision Farming in Australia has shown promise in recent time to optimize the use of resources. Most
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Wallace, Ashley J. "The effect of environment, soil type and farm system management on nitrogen use efficiency and nitrous oxide emissions from cereal crops in south eastern Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232432/1/Ashley_Wallace_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis outlines findings from a series of field experiments measuring the efficiency with which wheat and barley crops grown in south eastern Australia utilise nitrogen (N) fertiliser, with particular focus on loss of N as emissions of the greenhouse gas: nitrous oxide. N use efficiency varied significantly across regions, seasons and management strategies, while nitrous oxide emissions were highest in high rainfall environments or under irrigation compared with lower rainfall environments. Strategies which match the rate and timing of fertiliser application to crop demand resulted in greater efficiency, offering opportunities to reduce the greenhouse footprint of crop production.
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(9808013), Joel Johnson. "Investigation of the phenolic and antioxidant content in Australian grains using traditional and non-invasive analytical techniques." Thesis, 2022. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Investigation_of_the_phenolic_and_antioxidant_content_in_Australian_grains_using_traditional_and_non-invasive_analytical_techniques/21514560.

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Recent years have seen the emergence of the concept of “functional foods”– where the value of food products is based on their health-benefiting properties in addition to their basic nutritional value. Globally, the functional food market is worth US $170 billion and is projected to grow at 7.5% p.a. over the next 10 years. In order to capitalise on this lucrative emerging market, producers and wholesalers need to demonstrate that their products contain high levels of these desirable compounds. This is typically assessed through time-consuming, expensive analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). While these methods provide a high level of specificity and sensitivity, more rapid analytical techniques may be better suited to the routine, near-real-time analysis of large numbers of samples. Furthermore, there is currently a lack of basic context data on the typical levels of bioactive compounds that are found in many crops grown under Australian conditions, particularly for grain crops. This lack of context data makes it challenging to know whether a particular product would be considered high or low quality from a functional food perspective. Consequently, the first major aim of this project was to profile the typical levels of bioactive compounds present in economically significant grain crops grown in Australia – specifically faba bean, wheat, mungbean and chickpea. The major focus was on phenolic compounds, as these possess high levels of antioxidant activity and are found in relatively high levels in grain crops. Furthermore, this class of compounds is associated with a wide range of health benefits, particularly for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC analysis, moderate differences were found in the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different varieties from each crop. This was particularly noted for the ten varieties of faba bean analysed, where there was a 121% difference in total phenolic content (TPC) between the varieties with the lowest and highest contents. This pulse also contained the highest total phenolic contents (258-571 mg GAE/100 g) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (237-531 mg TE/100 g) of all crops investigated. The five mungbean varieties showed lower levels and more minor differences in phenolic content (79-105 mg GAE/100 g; 32% variation between varieties) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (498-584 mg TE/100 g; 17% variation), while the while the ferric reducing antioxidant potential did not differ significantly between varieties (14-20 mg TE/100 g). However, the content of numerous phenolic compounds (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, trans-ferulic acid, cinnamic acid and vitexin) were significantly different between the mungbean varieties investigated. Similar observations were made for the chickpea samples, where there were moderate differences in total phenolic content (73-94 mg GAE/100 g; 29% variation) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (25-40 mg TE/100 g; 62% variation) between varieties. Again, the content of most phenolic acids analysed by HPLC were significantly different between varieties. Although varietal differences were not examined for wheat, the TPC of the 65 samples was higher than mungbean and chickpea (130-180 mg GAE/100 g), while the ferric reducing antioxidant potential ranged from 14-64 mg TE/100 g. In addition to the varietal differences, the impact of growing location and season on phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were investigated in faba bean. Although these variables had no effect on the total phenolic content, the growing location did alter the levels of several individual phenolic compounds (protocatechuic, vanillic and chlorogenic acids, as well as the flavonoids vitexin and rutin). The second major aim of this project was to investigate the prospect of infrared spectroscopy as a rapid technique for the prediction of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in Australian grain crops. Promising results were found for the estimation of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in faba bean and wheat flour, particularly using near-infrared spectroscopy. The NIR model for TPC showed an R2test of 0.66 and RMSEP of 76 mg GAE/100 g when applied to faba bean, and an R2test of 0.86 and RMSEP of 4 mg GAE/100 g in wheat. However, infrared spectroscopy was unable to predict the concentrations of these analytes in mungbean or chickpea flour. This may be due to additional matrix constituents obscuring the analyte signals in the infrared region, or a consequence of the lower phenolic/antioxidant contents in these crops. Nevertheless, the overall results suggest that infrared spectroscopy could be used for the estimation of total phenolic content or antioxidant capacity (i.e., prediction of high or low contents) in certain grain crops. This technique could potentially be applied for the routine screening of bioactive constituents, helping Australian producers to capitalise on the growing domestic and international functional food markets. Monitoring bioactive compound levels in Australian grain – either through traditional or non-invasive analytical techniques – could provide an additional level of quality assurance for producers of functional food crops and help maintain Australia’s global recognition as a producer of high-quality food.
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López-Castañeda, Cándido. "A comparison of growth and water-use efficiency in temperate cereal crops." Phd thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142664.

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(9834095), Deepak Sharma Paudel. "Grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes grown under aerobic and rainfed production environments in Queensland, Australia." Thesis, 2018. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Grain_quality_of_rice_Oryza_sativa_L_genotypes_grown_under_aerobic_and_rainfed_production_environments_in_Queensland_Australia/13445642.

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The Australian rice industry faces tremendous pressure for incremental increase in water use efficiency. Rainfed (RF) rice production could provide opportunities for diversifying the options for the rice industry to address the issue of water shortage. Rice varieties for RF production need to be developed to extend the rice industry to Australian wet-tropical regions. Achieving economic yields and matching grain quality to market standards are some of the challenges for RF rice production. Thirteen RF rice genotypes obtained from Australian Agricultural Technologies Limited (AAT) were evaluated during 2013 – 2015 in central and north Queensland locations as RF and supplementary/strategic irrigation (SI) crops, and were assessed for their yield potentials and grain quality performances. The results from varietal trials under RF and SI showed large genetic variation, primarily associated with grain types (GT), for yield and grain quality attributes. The long grain (LG) types recorded significantly greater (6.7 fold) yield response to SI (3.16 vs 0.47 t/ha) compared to the medium grain (MG) type varieties (1.8 fold yield in SI) (4.37 vs 2.49 t/ha). The RF yields under the drier tropical environment of Alton Downs (AD) were limited by a short growing season and low rainfall which impacted on late maturing LG type indica varieties. However, greater yield was recorded for early maturing, MG type japonica varieties. The effect of SI on grain quality was not as strong as the effects on the yields. Among the milling characteristics millout, was significantly greater for LG compared to MG type (0.58 vs 0.47) under the SI. Among the chemical characteristics, the SI rice showed greater gelatinisation and pasting temperature compared to RF rice, particularly in the second year, due to earlier planting, therefore, LG type varieties escaped low temperature stress. The effects of SI on physical, cooking and nutritional characteristics were not significantly. Given the short window of the warm, wet season (January – May) at AD, the performance of LG types was significantly favoured by SI. The LG type were generally late maturing, and therefore, flowering and grain filling coincided with cold spells, particularly for late planted crops. Hence, a RF cropping option at AD is favourable for short duration MG type varieties. In the varietal evaluations under RF production over multiple seasons of three years, RF yield was 1.38 – 1.43 t/ha. The overall yield of MG type was significantly greater compared to LG type (2.49 vs 0.47 t/ha). In the first season (planting February 2013), none of the LG type produced yield; however, in the second and third season (planted in January and November), LG type varieties produced yields of 0.12 – 0.66 t/ha. These longer term yield data for LG types clearly demonstrated that the commercial harvest of LG as a rainfed crop in central Queensland could not be a viable option. Among the MG types the higher yielding varieties were AAT-4 and AAT-19 (2.92 t/ha), followed by AAT-6 and AAT-17. In spite of the low yield, the milling ratio/millout was significantly higher in LG types compared to MG varieties. The Year (Y) x Grain type (GT) x Variety (V) interaction for milling ratio was due to the fact that the varietal effect was significant in both grain types, as LG variety AAT-12 recorded the highest millout (~0.60), whereas MG variety AAT-4 maintained lowest mill out (0.40) in the first year. Similarly, chalkiness was significantly higher for MG compared to LG (14% vs 7%) types. The grain chemical characteristic measured as alkali spreading value was significantly greater for MG compared to the LG varieties (6.01 vs 1.60 score). The amylose content differed significantly due to YxGTxV interactions suggesting greater genotype x environmental effects. Amylose content was greater in year1 followed by year2 and year3, and was generally higher for LG compared to MG. However, the highest amylose containing LG varieties AAT-15 and AAT-16 in 2013 and 2014 showed significant reduction of amylose in 2015 but the amylose content of LG AAT-18 recorded consistently higher amylose (24%) in all 3 years. The gelatinisation temperature (GeT) of LG type lines was significantly greater than that of the MG types (74.2 °C vs 70.2 °C). In summary, the yield performance of LG type at AD was low, primarily governed by a smaller planting window for late maturing rice varieties. Some of the MG type varieties, e.g., AAT-4 recorded the highest but economically marginal yield, but the MG types suffered from poor grain quality associated with the lowest millout and higher chalkiness; both of these contributed negatively to marketable yield. Hence, a RF rice crop performance under a dry tropical environment with limited rain and a short planting window can be a significant limitation for development of the RF rice industry. The AAT rice varietal evaluations in contrasting RF environments of AD (c. 593 mm rain) and wet tropical South Johnstone (SJ) (c. 876 mm rain) showed that paddy yield in the SJ was 2.4 times greater than at AD (4.66 vs 1.92 t/ha), and the yield difference between the LG and MG in the wet tropics was not significant (4.92 vs 4.36 t/ha), demonstrating the opportunity of commercial RF rice crops for both grain types. Significant effects of the growing environment were noted on grain quality parameters. Millout was consistent across the locations; however, a greater millout was recorded for LG compared to MG type (0.56 vs 0.50). Although greater chalkiness was recorded for MG compared to LG types at AD (27% vs 13%), no difference between GT for GeT was recorded at SJ. The GeT varied between 71.3 and 80.0 °C and differed due to GT x V interaction; the greatest GeT (80.2 °C) was recorded for AAT-4 at both locations. The amylose content is related to cooking and nutritional quality, but did not vary significantly due to V and locations. The effect of growing location was significant for cooking time, suggesting that grain from AD took longer to cook (42 vs 29 minutes). Nutrition characteristics, primarily the protein, nitrogen and sulphur concentrations of the grain were higher at SJ, irrespective of the GT compared to AD where the protein, nitrogen and sulphur concentration decreased in MG compared to LG varieties, showing significant L x GT interactions. Under the environment of SJ, the yield and grain quality of LG varieties were enhanced when compared to AD. The results showed that AAT RF rice varieties in SJ could produce a feasible crop, with acceptable level of milling recovery, and grain quality traits comparable to those of the commercially recommended varieties such as Topaz and Doongara in tropical Australian north Queensland.

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Books on the topic "Australian grain crops"

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Henzell, Ted. Australian Agriculture. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094659.

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Agriculture in Australia has had a lively history. The first European settlers in 1788 brought agricultural technologies with them from their homelands, influencing early practices in Australia. Wool production dominated the 19th century, while dairying grew rapidly during the first half of the 20th century. Despite having one of the driest landscapes in the world, Australia has been successful in adapting agricultural practices to the land, and these innovations in farming are explained in this well-researched volume. Focusing on the technologies that the farmers and graziers actually used, this book follows the history of each of the major commodities or groups of commodities to the end of the 20th century: grain crops, sheep and wool, beef and dairy, working bullocks and horses, sugar, cotton, fruit and vegetables, and grapes and wine. Major issues facing the various agricultural enterprises as they enter the 21st century are also discussed. Written in a readable style to suit students of history, social sciences and agriculture, Australian Agriculture will also appeal to professionals in the industry and those with a general interest in Australian sociology and history.
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Precision Agriculture for Grain Production Systems. CSIRO Publishing, 2013.

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Taylor, James, and Brett Whelan. Precision Agriculture for Grain Production Systems. CSIRO Publishing, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Australian grain crops"

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Jegadeesan, Souframanien, and Kandali Sreenivasulu Reddy. "Radiation-induced mutations in genetic enhancement and development of new crop varieties in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 303–11. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0031.

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Abstract Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), popularly known as urdbean or mash or black gram, is a grain legume rich in protein (25-28%), widely cultivated in the Indian subcontinent and to a lesser extent in Thailand, Australia and other Asian and South Pacific countries. Genetic improvement in this crop is hindered due to the narrow genetic base. As genetic variability is a prerequisite for any crop improvement programme, induced mutations provide an important source for generating variability. Radiation (gamma, X-rays and neutron) induced mutants were identified for various morphological and biochemical traits, creating a pool of genetic variability. These mutants were used in a cross-breeding programme to develop high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties in black gram. The effective blend of mutation and recombination breeding at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre has resulted in the release of five black gram varieties (TAU-1, TAU-2, TPU-4, TU94-2 and TU-40) by incorporating desirable traits like large seed, wider adaptability, resistance to disease and improved quality. These varieties have been developed from mutants directly or by using them in cross-breeding programmes. For example, a black gram variety, N0.55, was irradiated with gamma-rays and electron beams to obtain a large number of mutants. The large-seed mutants, UM-196 and UM-201, were used in cross-breeding with the elite cultivar T-9 for developing the high-yielding varieties TAU-1, TAU-2, TPU-4, TU94-2 and TU-40. TAU-1 has become the most popular variety in Maharashtra state, occupying the maximum area under black gram cultivation. Induced mutations will continue to play an increasing role in generating genetic variability for various traits as a major component of environmentally sustainable agriculture.
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"Grain Crops." In The Manual of Australian Agriculture, 59–120. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-409-30946-1.50010-5.

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Misganaw Amare, Ermias. "New Insight in Herbicides Science: Non-Target Site Resistance and Its Mechanisms." In New Insights in Herbicide Science. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105173.

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Managing weeds in crop production, whether in the field, or greenhouse, can be troublesome; however, it is essential to successful production. Weeds compete with the crop for nutrients, space, sunlight and also host plant pathogens and insect pests. The economic impacts of weeds include both monetary and non-monetary. In Australia, the overall cost of weeds to grain growers is estimated at AUD 3.3 billion annually. In India, weeds cost over USD 11 billion each year. In the USA, weeds cost USD 33 billion in lost crop production annually. Herbicide use is indispensable in agriculture as it offers tool for weed management; however, repeated applications of herbicides with the same mode of action resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weed populations. Herbicide resistance is a rapidly growing worldwide problem that causes significant crop yield losses as well as increases in production costs. Non-target-site resistance to herbicides in weeds can be conferred as a result of the alteration of one or more physiological processes such as reduced herbicide translocation, increased herbicide metabolism, decreased rate of herbicide activation. Non-Target Site Resistance mechanisms are generally more complex and can impart cross-resistance to herbicides with different modes of action. To date, approximately 252 species have evolved resistance to 23 of the 26 known herbicide modes of action.
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"americanum) [29]. Among wheat, tetraploid durum wheat contained higher FL contents than the U.S. hard winter NSTL shows the highest NL:PoL ratio. wheats. Larsen et al. [66] reported New Zealand wheat flour Among all grains, wheat is the richest in GL, followed FL content ranges of 67-85 mg/10 g (db) for the 1984 crop by triticale, rye, and barley. Millet lipids from P. ameri-and 93-108 mg/10 g (db) for the 1985 wheat crop (Table 4). canum seed [29], corn, and sorghum lipids contain the Ten Greek bread wheat flours [67] contained lipid ranges lowest GL content. However, other researchers [32] report-similar to those in U.S. Kansas flours reported by Chung et ed that GL contents ranged from 6 to 14% for millet lipids al. [61]. Australian scientists [68,69] also investigated their that were extracted by hot water—saturated butanol and wheat FL. Compared with the means of U.S. wheat and acid hydrolysis. flour FL [61], Australian wheats contained substantially In general, PL also are more abundant in wheat, triti-less FL and NL but higher PL. Australian flours contained cale, rye lipids and slightly lower in barley, oat groats, similar FL and NL but still higher PoL content (Table 4). sorghum, and rice. Although corn NSTL were found to have higher PL contents than GL contents, they were very low in PL compared to other grains. Millet NSTL from P. C. Fatty Acid Composition of Grain Lipids americanum seed [29] contains the lowest PL content of All cereal grain lipids are rich in unsaturated fatty acids all the grains. (FA) (Table 5). Palmitic acid (16:0) is a major saturated Wheat flour FL, a minor component, have been report-FA, and linoleic acid (18:2) is a major unsaturated FA for ed to have a significant effect on bread-making. When the all cereals except for brown rice. In brown rice, oleic acid defatted flours were reconstituted with the extracted lipids (18:1) is a major unsaturated FA. The presence of palmi-to their original levels, the PoL fraction of FL but not the toleic acid (16:1) and eicosenoic acid (20:1) is reported NL completely restored loaf volume and crumb grain quite often but usually at levels below 1% of total FA com-[59,60]. Among wheat flour lipids, GL are the best bread position. loaf volume improvers [19-21]. Fatty acid compositions are generally similar for barley, In 1982, Chung et al. [61] reported a range of 177-230 rye, triticale, and wheat lipids. Rye lipids are somewhat mg/10 g (db) for wheat FL contents of 21 HRW wheats higher in linolneic acid (18:3) than those of other cereals. (Table 4). Flours showed 83-109 mg FL, 67-84 mg NL, Oat lipid FA composition is similar to that of brown rice, and 11-27 mg PoL with NL:PoL ratios of 2.5-6.9. Ohm because oats and brown rice are rich in oleic acid. Millet and Chung [62] also investigated the FL contents of flours lipids are generally higher in stearic acid (18:0) than all from 12 commercial hard winter wheat cultivars grown at other cereal lipids. six locations and reported the cultivar mean ranges of There are wide ranges in FA compositions of corn oils 90-109 mg/10 g (db) for total flour FL, 72-85 mg for NL, (Table 6). Jellum [82] reported a range of 14-64% oleic 11-16 mg for GL, 1.7-3.1 mg for monogalactosyldiglyc-acid and 19-71% linoleic acid for the world collection of erides (MGDG), 5.3-6.5 mg for digalactosyldiglycerides 788 varieties of corn (Table 6). The wide ranges in FA com-(DGDG), and 5-7 mg for PL (Table 4). The ratios of NL to position were due to more lines having been examined in PoL were in a much narrower range than those of earlier corn than in any of the other cereal grains [1]. Dunlap et al. work by Chung et al. [61]. This was probably due to a [86,87] reported on corn genotypes with unusual fatty acid smaller variation in the released cultivars used by Ohm compositions (Table 6). They found palmitic acid ranges of and Chung [62]. Samples used by Chung et al. [61] includ-6.3-7.6% and 16.7-18.2% for low and high saturated corn ed some experimental lines. genotypes, respectively. They also reported a range of Bekes et al. [63] investigated 22 hard and 4 soft spring 43.9-46.1% of oleic acids for high oleic acid lines. wheat varieties grown at 3 locations in Canada: varietal Fatty acid composition differs depending on the lipid means ranged from 72 to 134 mg per 10 g (db) flour for extractant (Tables 5 and 6). For example, FL were higher FL, 61-115 mg for NL, 4-11 mg for GL, and 4-9 mg for in both oleic and linoleic acids than the BL of corn and PL (Table 4). There were larger variations in FL contents pearl millet, whereas FL were lower in palmitic acid than for Canadian spring wheats than for U.S. hard winter the BL of millet, oats, and corn. The FA composition of wheats except for GL. Chung [64] showed that U.S. winter NSTL from corn is intermediate to those of FL and BL and spring wheats could not be differentiated by lipid con-based on data complied by Morrison [3]. tents and compositions. Wheat lipid FA compositions for different classes or Unlike the Canadian spring wheats [63], the U.K. soft subclasses are shown in Table 7. The average of 6 HWW winter wheats [65] contained more FL (195-244 mg/10 g, wheats and 14 SWS wheat lipids was lower in palmitic and db) with higher NL content than hard winter wheats stearic acids and higher in linoleic and linolenic acids than (186-210 mg/10 g, db). In general, U.K. hard spring wheats the overall average of 290 wheat lipids. The average FA." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 435–37. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-44.

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Conference papers on the topic "Australian grain crops"

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Taheri, Saeedeh, Graham Ian Brodie, and Dorin Gupta. "EFFECTIVENESS OF A MICROWAVE FLUIDISED BED DRYER IN ERADICATION OF SEED-BORNE BOTRYTIS GREY MOLD OF LENTILS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9635.

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Abstract:
Lentil is one of the important pulse crops in the world with a high proportion of easily digestible protein. However, there are several pests and pathogens which cause losses during crop growth, harvesting and post-harvest storage. Microwave processing has shown great potential to eradicate pests and pathogens from grains; however, there is still concerns about its heat uniformity, which is of crucial importance in pest and pathogen control. Fluidization using forced hot air is one of the potential solutions for having uniform temperature during microwave processing. In this study, a single mode microwave cavity, with a 2.45 GHz microwave source, was modified to have a microwave fluidized bed and used to evaluate its potential to eliminate the Botrytis grey mold (BGM) pathogen, which is one of the important seed-borne pathogens of lentil crops in Australia. Air speed was maintained to be constant during the experiment and was just enough to fluidize 100g of red lentils in the sample holder. Two wet based (w.b.) seed moisture contents (m.c.) of 10.5% and 18.5% were prepared and the process parameters were selected as: air temperature at 50 and 60°C; microwave power at 0, 300, 400 W for 18.5% m.c. and 0, 400, 500 W for 10.5% m.c.; and exposure times of 5 and 10 min. These parameters were chosen to reach the final temperature of below 70°C. The effect of process parameters on seed moisture loss, seed germination, electrical conductivity of seed soaking water and percentage of infected seeds (IS%) were analyzed using general factorial regression and analysis of variance. The results showed that the most effective factors on moisture loss, after seed moisture content, was exposure time, followed by microwave power and air temperature. While final bed temperature was affected mostly by air temperature, and then by microwave power. Furthermore, based on general full factorial regression and pareto chart of standardized effects, moisture content had by far the most influence on the reduction of IS%. Seed pathogen inoculum reduction, without significant seed viability loss, was obtained by applying microwave power of 300W and set air temperature of 60°C (actual inlet air temperature of 57±1°C) on seeds with m.c. of 18.5% for 10 min. This gave a 27% reduction in IS% (from 82% to 55%).
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