Academic literature on the topic 'Australian flora'
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Journal articles on the topic "Australian flora"
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Entwisle, Timothy J., and John Huisman. "Algal systematics in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 2 (1998): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97006.
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Documentation of the algal flora of Australia had its beginnings in the seventeenth century and has progressed sporadically but with increasing vigour ever since. Earlier studies dealing with Australian algae were undertaken by overseas phycologists working with specimens collected during scientific voyages or short visits. Recent floristic studies have concentrated on specific regions, isolated localities, or particular taxonomic or ecological groupings. The algal flora of Australia is unevenly documented: northern Australia remains largely uncollected for seaweeds and marine phytoplankton, freshwater algal sampling sites are eclectically scattered across Australia, and collecting of terrestrial algae has been almost completely neglected. At present, numbers and names of species reported from Australia can only be provisional, and an immense amount of floristic and revisionary work is needed before we can match our current knowledge of the vascular plant flora. Until recently, documentation of records was poor and voucher material seldom adequate. We recommend extensive collecting, thorough taxonomic revisions, and regular contribution to Floras and guidebooks. A critical corollary is the training and employment of systematic phycologists in Australian herbaria and universities. Only then can we follow the path that leads ‘beyond the Floras’.
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Field, Ashley Raymond. "Classification and typification of Australian lycophytes and ferns based on Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification PPG I." Australian Systematic Botany 33, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb18011.
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The classification and typification of all Australian ferns and lycophytes is updated to reflect the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I classification and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, presenting 8 new nomenclatural combinations as well as 85 lectotypifications. The Australian fern and lycophyte flora comprises 2 classes, 14 orders, 32 families, 134 genera and 528 species and subspecies with the addition of 8 newly recorded and 6 newly recognised species since the publication of the Flora of Australia fern volume in 1998. Overall, 208 species are endemic to Australia, with Queensland having the highest species diversity and endemism by state or territory, and Lord Howe Island having the highest concentration of species and endemics per unit area. The Australian fern and lycophyte flora shows diverse links with Africa, Asia and Oceania, with the largest overlaps being shared with Asia and Oceania. More species are endemic to Australia+Oceania than to Australia+Asia. Contrasting with the classification presented in the Flora of Australia, no genera of ferns and lycophytes are now considered to be wholly endemic to Australia.
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Lucas, A. M. "Assistance at a distance: George Bentham, Ferdinand von Mueller and the production of Flora australiensis." Archives of Natural History 30, no. 2 (October 2003): 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2003.30.2.255.
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George Bentham's seven volume Flora australiensis (1863–1879) was the first continental Flora, and for over a century was the only flora treating the whole of Australia. The work was produced with the “assistance” of Ferdinand Mueller, later von Mueller, the Government Botanist of Victoria from 1853, who loaned his collection, group by group, to Kew, enabling Bentham to compare the specimens with those in British and European herbaria. Mueller, who himself had wished to write the Flora, was stimulated to produce descriptions of the species as they were prepared for shipment, and Bentham's timetable strongly structured his publication programme. The limits of taxa recognized by each were similar, although there were often differences in the rank accorded the taxon. The return of Mueller's now authenticated specimens also temporarily transferred the power over Australian plant systematics to Melbourne, a power Mueller later used. Despite his initial disappointment that Bentham was assigned the Australian Flora by William Hooker in the series of colonial Floras, Mueller's association with the project later became a lifeline, helping him keep his self esteem after he was dismissed from his concurrent post as Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens in 1873.
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Renner, Matt A. M., Margaret M. Heslewood, Simon D. F. Patzak, Alfons Schäfer-Verwimp, and Jochen Heinrichs. "The genera Chiastocaulon, Cryptoplagiochila and Pedinophyllum (Plagiochilaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 5 (2016): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16029.
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Molecular and morphological data support the recognition of seven species of Chiastocaulon in Australia, of which four, namely C. braunianum and C. geminifolium comb. nov. from tropical north-eastern Queensland and C. proliferum and C. flamabilis sp. nov. from Tasmania (and New Zealand), represent new records. The other three species accepted for Australia are C. biserialis, C. dendroides and C. oppositum. Chiastocaulon conjugatum is excluded from the Australian flora, because previous Australian records are based on misidentifications of C. braunianum and Plagiochila retrospectans. Pedinophyllum monoicum, reported for Australia from a single locality in Victoria, is excluded from the Australian flora because all credible records are based on misidentifications of Syzygiella tasmanica. The Papua New Guinean Chiastocaulon takakii comb. nov. is reinstated from synonymy under C. dendroides on the basis of morphological evidence. Descriptions and illustrations of all Australian species, and dichotomous keys to species of the Chiastocaulon lineage in Australia and New Zealand, are provided.
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Fensham, R. J., and B. Laffineur. "Defining the native and naturalised flora for the Australian continent." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18168.
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The value of distinguishing between plant species regarded as ‘native’ and ‘alien’ has special relevance in the island continent of Australia, where European settlement was a springboard for human-assisted plant dispersal. The year of European settlement is proposed here as providing a distinction between a ‘native’ and ‘naturalised’ flora and is applied for the entire Australian flora of vascular plants. Herbarium collections and ecological criteria were employed to determine the status of 168 species of ambiguous origin. The date of 1788 proved to be a relatively straightforward criterion to assign native and naturalised status and the origin of only 27 plant species remains ambiguous. The dispersal of plants between continents is an ongoing process but European settlement of the Australian continent represents a very sharp biogeographic event for the Australian flora and provides a straightforward criterion for determining the ‘naturalised’ species.
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Millar, AJK. "Marine red algae of the Coffs Harbour region, northern New South Wales." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 3 (1990): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900293.
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The marine benthic red algae of the Coffs Harbour region are described and illustrated in detail. The survey constitutes the first ever detailed descriptive and illustrative mainland regional monograph of any area along the entire eastern Australian seaboard. Collections made intertidally and to depths of 20 m have included 119 species in 74 genera, 26 families, and 8 orders of Rhodophyta, of which 54 (45%) were previously unrecorded from eastern Australia, 22 (18%) are new records for the whole of Australia (16 being new Southern Hemisphere records), 1 (Dictyothumnion) constitutes a new genus, and 16 (13%) are new species in the genera Gracilaria, Curdiea, Botryocladia, Dictyothamnion, Antithamnion, Ceramium, Callithumnion, Anotrichium, Nitophyllum, Phycodrys, Apoglossum, Dasya, Fernandosiphonia, and Herposiphonia. Also included are major Australian revisions of the genera Martensia and Nitophyllum, and six new combinations are proposed (Chondria infestans, Curdiea angustata, Dasya pilosa, Haraldiophyllum sinuosum, Myriogramme pulchellum, and Stenograrnme phyllophoroides). The Coffs Harbour flora, although related to the north-eastern and, to a lesser degree, southern Australian floras, has a number of species previously known only from much more remote localities, such as Japan (6 species), California (4 species), New Zealand (3 species), India (2 species), South America (2 species), the Galapagos Islands (1 species), China (1 species), South Africa (1 species), and the Mediterranean (1 species). Twelve of the 22 species newly recorded for Australia show a definite western Pacific distribution, a region with which the overall Coffs Harbour flora has strong affinities.
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Crisp, M. D., S. Laffan, H. P. Linder, and A. Monro. "Endemism in the Australian flora." Journal of Biogeography 28, no. 2 (February 2001): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00524.x.
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Beudel, Saskia, and Margo Daly. "Gallant Desert Flora: Olive Pink’s Australian Arid Regions Flora Reserve." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14016.
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In the mid-1950s Olive Pink campaigned to have an area of land in Alice Springs set aside as a flora reserve. In 1956 the area was gazetted as the Australian Arid Regions Flora Reserve, with Pink appointed as honorary curator. Although Pink was not a professional horticulturalist or botanist, she established a garden that marked itself out from contemporary gardens, such as Maranoa Gardens and the Australian National Botanic Gardens, which were similarly committed to showcasing indigenous Australian plants. Pink's approach was pioneering in that she aimed to create a collection of plants selected by a delineated ‘climatic zone' and geographic area rather than drawn from all parts of the continent. This article argues that Pink developed a distinctive form of horticultural work informed by her passion for and close artistic observation of desert flora; her long experience establishing and maintaining gardens under central Australian ecological conditions; along with her anthropological insight into Indigenous knowledge of flora gained through her studies with Arrernte and Warlpiri people. Today we might recognize the principles that informed Pink's garden through the concepts of ‘water-wise gardens' and environmental sustainability practices.
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Fleischmann, Andreas. "The huge scientific footprint of Allen James Lowrie (1948 – 2021)." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn511.af192.
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Allen Lowrie was a not a university trained botanist. He was a botanist by passion. His studies and observations of Australian carnivorous plants and triggerplants for about a half-century will inevitably impact every person with an interest in those plants from the Australian flora. It is not an exaggeration to claim that he was probably the most influential person regarding our recent understanding and knowledge of the carnivorous plant flora of Australia. No other botanist – neither 20th or 21st Century nor before – discovered and described to science more new carnivorous plant species or triggerplants.
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Crawford, Andrew D., Kathryn J. Steadman, Julie A. Plummer, Anne Cochrane, and Robin J. Probert. "Analysis of seed-bank data confirms suitability of international seed-storage standards for the Australian flora." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 1 (2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06038.
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The suitability of applying international standards for long-term seed storage to the Australian flora was examined by reviewing seed-storage data from the Western Australian Threatened Flora Seed Centre. The 375 collections examined represented 176 taxa from 44 genera and 16 families. A high proportion of collections, representative of some of the most common genera in Australia, maintained viability in the short (<5 years) and medium (5–12 years) term. Declines in germination were evident for a small number of collections, representing 10 taxa, stored for 5–12 years. However, many of the declines were collection-specific and other collections of the same taxon did not decline. Five taxa showing germination declines were represented by a single collection so it was not possible to determine whether the germination decline was directly related to the taxa, storage conditions or to other factors. Only the closely related Stylidium coroniforme and S. amabile exhibited germination declines in all collections, but cut tests of seeds remaining from germination testing indicated that viability of the collections had not declined, just the proportion to germinate; for these species a change in germination conditions is a more likely explanation for the reduction in germination. The results illustrate the successful application of these seed-storage standards to threatened flora in Western Australia and highlight their suitability for the Australian flora.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Australian flora"
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Robertson, Luke. "Anti-malarial Drug Discovery from Australian Flora." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/381516.
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Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Plasmodium that is
responsible for approximately half a million deaths every year. The vast majority of these
deaths are caused by P. falciparum in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although most cases of P.
falciparum malaria can currently be treated effectively using artemisinin-based combination
therapies (ACTs), resistance to ACTs is beginning to emerge in South-East Asia. This resistance
is likely to proliferate and spread into SSA, after which a public health catastrophe is likely to
follow. There is currently no drug poised to replace ACTs as the front-line treatment for
malaria and there is a need for the discovery of new drugs. Historically, natural products from
plants have been our best source of anti-malarial drugs: the alkaloid quinine (from the bark of
the Cinchona tree) and the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin (from the leaves of Artemisia
annua) have formed the backbone of anti-malarial chemotherapeutics for centuries.
The primary goal of this thesis was to respond to the need for new anti-plasmodial
compounds. This was achieved by collecting and screening a library of Australian Rutaceae
species against P. falciparum, selecting species that showed high bioactivity and performing
large-scale natural product purification. Isolated natural products were screened against
chloroquine-resistant and sensitive P. falciparum and human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells
to evaluate bioactivity and parasite selectivity. This forms the majority of the thesis (Chapters
2-6).
Chapter 2 reports the initial collection, screening and fingerprinting of a library of 30 Australian
Rutaceae species. Chemical fingerprinting using LC-MS was used to identify species that were
most likely to contain new natural products. From these results, four species were selected for
investigation: Clausena brevistyla (Chapter 2) Flindersia pimenteliana (Chapters 3-4),
Acronychia pubescens (Chapter 5) and Pitaviaster haplophyllus (Chapter 6). This chapter also
reports the isolation of two known pyranocoumarins from C. brevistyla. One of the
pyranocoumarins showed potent and selective activity against P. falciparum, with IC50 values
between 466 – 822 nM.
Chapter 3 reports the chemical investigation of F. pimenteliana leaf material. From this plant, a
new class of ascorbic-acid adduct indole alkaloids, pimentelamines A-C, were isolated along
with one new indole alkaloid, 2-isoprenyl-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Five known compounds
were also isolated. Although the new natural products did not show strong bioactivity, three of
the isolated bis-indole alkaloids, borreverine, 4-methylborreverine and
dimethylisoborreverine, showed potent activity with IC50 values between 190 – 670 nM against
P. falciparum
Chapter 4 reports the isolation of three new isoborreverine-type alkaloids, 10,10’-
dimethoxydimethylisoborreverine, 10-methoxydimethylisoborreverine and 10’-
methoxydimethylisoborreverine from the bark of F. pimenteliana. Two known borreverinetype alkaloids were also isolated. The moderate anti-plasmodial activity of these alkaloids is
reported, with IC50 values ranging from 959 – 2407 ng/mL. Further insights into structureactivity relationships of borreverine-type alkaloids are also discussed.
Chapter 5 reports the chemical investigation of the roots of A. pubescens, from which a highly
unusual oxidized furo[2,3-c]xanthene, acrotrione, was isolated along with two known
acetophenones. Acrotrione is the first natural product of its class to be isolated. Moderate
anti-plasmodial activity for the natural products is reported, with IC50 values ranging from 1.7
to 4.7 µM.
Chapter 6 reports the isolation of one new quinoline alkaloid, leptanoine D, from P.
haplophyllus. Nine known alkaloids were also isolated. The chemotaxonomic relationships
between the monotypic Pitaviaster genus and the related Australian genera Euodia, Melicope
and Acronychia are discussed.
The secondary goal of this thesis was to investigate the factors that influence diversity of
natural products in Australian plants. In recent years, natural product-driven drug discovery
has seen a decrease in popularity in the pharmaceutical industry, part of which has been
caused by the repeated isolation of known natural products. In response to this, there is a
requirement for the development of new ideas that expedite the discovery of new natural
products. Some recent publications have noted that natural product diversity is positively
correlated with diversity of plant-herbivore communities. This may suggest that plants in
regions of high biotic stress (i.e. rainforests) should be the focal point of terrestrial plant
natural product drug discovery. We aimed to validate this hypothesis by using the Australian
Rutaceae genus Flindersia as a case study. Contrary to expectations, our results showed that
Flindersia species growing in arid regions of central Australia produced a significantly higher
number of structurally unique alkaloids than rainforest species. These unexpected results
highlight the potential of the Australian arid zone as a source of new natural products.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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D’Agui, Haylee Marie. "Evolutionary Adaptations to Climate Change in Australian Flora." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/57124.
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Climate changes have been impacting ecosystems worldwide. Southwest Western Australia (SWA) is experiencing increased drought with climate change, causing great concerns for the continuing persistence of its extraordinary plant diversity. The potential of SWA plants to adapt to increased drought through rapid evolution was investigated. Results indicate that the SWA flora has tolerated recent climate changes, with potential for tolerance of further changes; however altered fire regimes may be detrimental to further adaptation and survival.
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Hill, Robert S. "Evolution of the Australian flora in response to Cenozoic climate change /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.D/09s.dh6469.pdf.
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Ryan, John C. "Plants, people and place : cultural botany and the Southwest Australian flora." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/426.
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The Southwest corner of Western Australia has a distinctive culture of flora. In particular, the region is an internationally lauded destination for wildflower tourism. Aesthetic values inform the Southwest’s contemporary culture of flora and its products: photographs of flowers, botanical illustrations, taxonomic schemata and visually based landscape writings. In dynamic combination with sight, however, multi-sensoriality enhances cultures of flora through sensation. Hence, this thesis argues that it is vital to consider how bodily experiences deepen the appreciation of floristic appearances. Through readings of cultural, literary and historical sources, I propose floraesthesis as an embodied aesthetics of plants. The ancient concept of aesthesis, the root of the modern term aesthetics, comprises sensations—induced by the many senses—as gestures of curiosity. Whereas floraesthesis theorises corporeal appreciation, a visual aesthetic tends to distance plants from human appreciators. The latter may posit plants hierarchically as objects of visual art or constructs of quantitative science. This project puts into practice a critical humanities-based model that I call cultural botany. Following a progression of readings from colonial to contemporary times, I trace a continuum from floral aesthetics to floraesthesis through the cultural botany context. Using an integrative Thoreauvian-Heideggerean theoretical framework, I describe floral aesthetics as constituted by culture and language. As Thoreau and Heidegger suggest, embodied appreciation is predicated on language. I then theorise floraesthesis through readings of written and spoken materials: historic and contemporary literatures; colonialera botanical documents; transcriptions of ethnographic interviews; and my poetic enquiries as interludes throughout the text. A qualitative methodology, which I term botanic field aesthetics, comprises poetic practice, ethnographic interviewing and field walking set within an extensive historical context and organised around three places: Lesueur National Park, Fitzgerald River National Park and Anstey-Keane Damplands.
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Handley, Michelle Anne. "The distribution pattern of algal flora in saline lakes in Kambalda and Esperance, Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/413.
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The study has attempted to characterise the physicochemical limnology and distribution of algal flora of two salt lake systems in Western Australia, one from the coastal Esperance region and the other from the inland Kambalda region. Climatic conditions, water regimes and physicochemistry were found to differ markedly between the two lake systems and a total of 171 algal taxa, representing five divisions, were recorded. Of these, 82 were members of Bacillariophyta, 48 of Cyanophyta, 33 of Chlorophyta, two of Euglenophyta and six of Dinophyta. The physical limnology of salt lakes in the Esperance region was seasonally variable, defined by climatic conditions. As such, the lakes investigated in the region exhibited a stable cycle of filling during winter and spring, and drying out in summer. Four of the lakes in the region could be classified as near-permanent, and one as seasonal on the basis of predictability and duration of filling. Seasonal fluctuations in water depth resulted in fluctuations in salinity levels. Salinity levels ranged from subsaline to hypersaline, and all the lakes in the region were alkaline. In addition, the lakes were well mixed in terms of oxygen and temperature, and were impacted by eutrophication from their catchments. They were either mesotrophic or eutrophic with respect to both nitrogen and phosphorus. In geological terms, lakes in the Esperance region were separated only recently from the ocean, and two lakes retain a connection with marine waters, one through a creek during years of high rainfall and one through hydrological interactions with groundwater of marine origin. In general, the algal communities of lakes in the Esperance region were similar to those of other Australian coastal salt lakes.Diatoms and cyanobacteria were dominant in all lakes except the most eutrophic, Lake Warden, in which benthic green algae were most abundant. All algal species recorded were known for their wide geographic distribution and their distribution in Australian coastal waters. Characteristically coastal diatom species included Achnanthes brevipes, Achnanthes coarctata, Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia, Achnanthidium cruciculum, Campylodiscus clypeus, Cyclotella atomus, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cyclotella striata, Mastogloia elliptica, Mastoglia pumila, Nitzschia punctata and Thalassiosira weissflogii. The inland salt lakes of the Kambalda region form part of an extensive palaeodrainage system, and were much less predictable in terms water regime than lakes in Esperance. Water depth was determined by seasonal variability in rainfall and evaporation, and by summer cyclonic rainfall events that were unreliable from year to year. In addition, rainfall varied spatially within the region. As such, most lakes were classified as intermittent. Two lakes in the region were not classified on the basis of water regime as they were too highly impacted by mining activities including water diversion and impoundment, water extraction and discharge of groundwater. Salinity varied in accordance with drying and filling cycles in the lakes except the most hypersaline as the volume of water received during rainfall events was insufficient to dilute the extensive surface salt crusts they each supported when dry. Salinities recorded in the region ranged from subsaline to hypersaline, and ionic compositions exhibited the same spectrum as seawater.Calcium levels were significantly higher than in lakes from the Esperance region due to weathering of calcium rich sediments, and pH ranged from weakly acidic in the most hypersaline lakes to alkaline in the least saline lakes. All were well mixed in terms of oxygen and temperature. Kambalda salt lakes support distinctive algal communities dominated by diatoms and cyanobacteria that are adapted to intermittent water regimes, extended periods of desiccation and variable salinity. Not surprisingly then, none of the algal taxa recorded from the region were regionally restricted, all noted previously in the literature to have wide geographic distributions, and to be tolerant of a range of physicochemical conditions. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that, of the physicochemical parameters that were investigated in this study, both salinity and pH interacted in determining algal community structure. Both of these attributes were correlated with water depth, which varied according to climatic conditions in a seasonal drying and filling cycle. The general relationship between species richness and pH and salinity, and species diversity and pH and salinity was simple and linear; with increasing pH and salinity, species diversity and species richness decreased. What was less simple, and non-linear, was the nature of the relationship between species richness and diversity and salinity within more narrowly defined ranges of salinity. As salinity increased from <1ppt to 30ppt there was a dramatic reduction in species richness and diversity, then, as salinity increased from 30ppt to 100ppt the rate of decrease slowed. Between 100ppt and 250ppt there was almost no relationship between salinity and species richness and species diversity, but after 250ppt both species diversity and species richness declined markedly.
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Growcock, Andrew Jason William. "Impacts of Camping and Trampling on Australian Alpine and Subalpine Vegetation and Soils." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366707.
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This thesis examines the impact of recreational activities, specifically camping and trampling, on alpine and subalpine vegetation communities in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. A survey approach was first used to determine visitor use levels and types of recreation activities within the main alpine area. An experimental methodology was then used to quantify the relationship between use and damage from camping and trampling to vegetation and soils. Specific questions addressed were: (1) what are the visitor numbers, demographics, activities and patterns of visitation to the Kosciuszko alpine area and have they changed since previous estimates?; (2) what is the relationship between levels of use and damage for camping in undisturbed alpine and subalpine vegetation communities and does this vary between tent and activity areas?; (3) (a) what is the relationship between levels of use and damage for trampling in the undisturbed alpine and subalpine vegetation communities when trampled once and (b) are thresholds and/or the relationship altered when trampling is repeated in the following year?; (4) what is the relationship between use and damage from trampling to plant communities following a large-scale disturbance (bushfire) and do natural processes during the following year of recovery eclipse any recreation impacts?; and (5) what recommendations can be made to minimise impacts of trampling and camping in high altitude sites in the Australian Alps? Research assessing the impact of recreation on the environment is important for conservation of protected areas. Recreation can affect a range of environmental components including vegetation and soils. These impacts can be measured using a range of parameters including vegetation cover, composition and height and soil compaction. When assessing the impact of recreation on vegetation and soils, four factors need to be considered: (1) amount of use; (2) type of use and behaviour; (3) timing of use; and (4) environmental characteristics. In this thesis it is proposed that low levels of recreation use may not cause significant damage to vegetation until a primary threshold point is reached where increasing use results in rapidly increasing amounts of damage. A second threshold may then be found above which increasing use does not result in significantly more damage. Type and intensity of impacts can vary among different activities so the effects of camping and trampling (which are popular activities in the area) were both examined at varying intensities of use. As vegetation types may also vary in their response, the impact of activities on different communities were compared. Finally, the effect of trampling after large scale fires was examined. Kosciuszko National Park is a unique mountain area that has been used for a variety of activities since European settlement. Tourism is now one of the largest land uses of the Park with indications of continued growth from the mid 1950's through until the early 1990's. As the area has high conservation values, minimising the amount of disturbance to the environment caused by tourists is important for the long term management of the Park.
Based on an extensive analysis of visitor survey data collected prior to the thesis in the 1999/2000 non-winter period, it was possible to characterise recreational use of the largest alpine area in Australia. Like many protected areas around the world, recreational use in Kosciuszko National Park is increasing during the non-winter period. During this survey, 102 000 visitors were estimated as entering the Kosciuszko alpine area with approximately 47 000 visitors undertaking activities of a half a day or more. This is a 10% increase since the previous estimate from the 1990/91 non-winter period. A variety of activities are undertaken within the area including sightseeing, day walking, mountain biking and camping. For camping, most trips were undertaken by small groups for short periods. Therefore the impacts to vegetation from one and three nights camping by groups of four people were assessed using an experimental approach. Camping for both one and three nights affected vegetation height, but to different extents. After three nights camping, there was a decrease in vegetation height in the tent and activity areas while after one night camping, a decrease in vegetation height only occurred in the tent area. Camping for three nights caused a short term increase in dead material, however six weeks after camping there was no difference in the cover of dead material among the control, tent or activities areas indicating that the effect was short lived. One night camping did not result in any significant increase in dead material. Bushwalking is one of the most popular activities to be undertaken in the Australian Alps including the Kosciuszko alpine area. Many visitors undertaking walks during this time depart hardened tracks in order to reach destinations such as mountain peaks and glacial lakes. An obvious impact of this trampling is the creation of pads and trails as the vegetation cover is replaced by bare soil that then becomes compacted and/or erodes. The thresholds before signs of disturbance occur as a result of trampling vary among vegetation communities and among parameters measured. Generally, primary thresholds were exceeded after moderate use with damage still evident one year later. Reduced vegetation height occurred at lower levels of use, but recovered quickly. Vegetation cover showed limited recovery once damaged. This was particularly apparent for bog communities, which also had very low resistance to damage. Repeat trampling in the following year compounded the damage and lowered the primary thresholds.
Impacts and thresholds from trampling in subalpine areas within weeks of the landscape level bushfires in 2003 differed from those in the undisturbed community. Where areas had been burnt, low levels of trampling caused exposure and loss of underlying bare soils with secondary thresholds reached at low to moderate use. These thresholds occurred for both extensively burnt and partially burnt areas. The damage caused by trampling however, was rapidly eclipsed by natural processes with no significant effects after one year. When examining the impacts of trampling in extensively burnt subalpine grasslands one year after the bushfires the thresholds for cover were again lower than undisturbed conditions even though there was substantial vegetation recovery from the fires. Low to moderate use was required to exceed the primary threshold for vegetation cover with a secondary threshold achieved after moderate use. Twelve months of recovery had however, allowed soils to become more cohesive with moderate to high trampling use now required to cause significant losses of soil. This research has shown that the identification of two thresholds of disturbance will be beneficial for management decision making. A primary threshold will define the upper limit of use for dispersed recreational use while a secondary threshold will define when concentrated use should occur. This information is valuable, as while the resistance of the vegetation communities examined in this research was moderate in some communities, resilience was always low. As such, recovery from disturbance will be slow and damage should therefore be minimised as much as possible.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
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Handley, Michelle Anne. "The distribution pattern of algal flora in saline lakes in Kambalda and Esperance, Western Australia." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Environmental Biology, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14435.
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The study has attempted to characterise the physicochemical limnology and distribution of algal flora of two salt lake systems in Western Australia, one from the coastal Esperance region and the other from the inland Kambalda region. Climatic conditions, water regimes and physicochemistry were found to differ markedly between the two lake systems and a total of 171 algal taxa, representing five divisions, were recorded. Of these, 82 were members of Bacillariophyta, 48 of Cyanophyta, 33 of Chlorophyta, two of Euglenophyta and six of Dinophyta. The physical limnology of salt lakes in the Esperance region was seasonally variable, defined by climatic conditions. As such, the lakes investigated in the region exhibited a stable cycle of filling during winter and spring, and drying out in summer. Four of the lakes in the region could be classified as near-permanent, and one as seasonal on the basis of predictability and duration of filling. Seasonal fluctuations in water depth resulted in fluctuations in salinity levels. Salinity levels ranged from subsaline to hypersaline, and all the lakes in the region were alkaline. In addition, the lakes were well mixed in terms of oxygen and temperature, and were impacted by eutrophication from their catchments. They were either mesotrophic or eutrophic with respect to both nitrogen and phosphorus. In geological terms, lakes in the Esperance region were separated only recently from the ocean, and two lakes retain a connection with marine waters, one through a creek during years of high rainfall and one through hydrological interactions with groundwater of marine origin. In general, the algal communities of lakes in the Esperance region were similar to those of other Australian coastal salt lakes.Diatoms and cyanobacteria were dominant in all lakes except the most eutrophic, Lake Warden, in which benthic green algae were most abundant. All algal species recorded were known for their wide geographic distribution and their distribution in Australian coastal waters. Characteristically coastal diatom species included Achnanthes brevipes, Achnanthes coarctata, Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia, Achnanthidium cruciculum, Campylodiscus clypeus, Cyclotella atomus, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cyclotella striata, Mastogloia elliptica, Mastoglia pumila, Nitzschia punctata and Thalassiosira weissflogii. The inland salt lakes of the Kambalda region form part of an extensive palaeodrainage system, and were much less predictable in terms water regime than lakes in Esperance. Water depth was determined by seasonal variability in rainfall and evaporation, and by summer cyclonic rainfall events that were unreliable from year to year. In addition, rainfall varied spatially within the region. As such, most lakes were classified as intermittent. Two lakes in the region were not classified on the basis of water regime as they were too highly impacted by mining activities including water diversion and impoundment, water extraction and discharge of groundwater. Salinity varied in accordance with drying and filling cycles in the lakes except the most hypersaline as the volume of water received during rainfall events was insufficient to dilute the extensive surface salt crusts they each supported when dry. Salinities recorded in the region ranged from subsaline to hypersaline, and ionic compositions exhibited the same spectrum as seawater.
Calcium levels were significantly higher than in lakes from the Esperance region due to weathering of calcium rich sediments, and pH ranged from weakly acidic in the most hypersaline lakes to alkaline in the least saline lakes. All were well mixed in terms of oxygen and temperature. Kambalda salt lakes support distinctive algal communities dominated by diatoms and cyanobacteria that are adapted to intermittent water regimes, extended periods of desiccation and variable salinity. Not surprisingly then, none of the algal taxa recorded from the region were regionally restricted, all noted previously in the literature to have wide geographic distributions, and to be tolerant of a range of physicochemical conditions. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that, of the physicochemical parameters that were investigated in this study, both salinity and pH interacted in determining algal community structure. Both of these attributes were correlated with water depth, which varied according to climatic conditions in a seasonal drying and filling cycle. The general relationship between species richness and pH and salinity, and species diversity and pH and salinity was simple and linear; with increasing pH and salinity, species diversity and species richness decreased. What was less simple, and non-linear, was the nature of the relationship between species richness and diversity and salinity within more narrowly defined ranges of salinity. As salinity increased from <1ppt to 30ppt there was a dramatic reduction in species richness and diversity, then, as salinity increased from 30ppt to 100ppt the rate of decrease slowed. Between 100ppt and 250ppt there was almost no relationship between salinity and species richness and species diversity, but after 250ppt both species diversity and species richness declined markedly.
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Drayson, Nick English Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Early developments in the literature of Australian natural history : together with a select bibliography of Australian natural history writing, printed in English, from 1697 to the present." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of English, 1997. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38674.
Full textAbstract:
Early nineteenth-century Eurocentric perceptions of natural history led to the flora and fauna of Australia being thought of as deficient and inferior compared with those of other lands. By the 1820s, Australia had become known as ???the land of contrarieties???. This, and Eurocentric attitudes to nature in general, influenced the expectations and perceptions of immigrants throughout the century. Yet at the same time there was developing an aesthetic appreciation of the natural history of Australia. This thesis examines the tension between these two perceptions in the popular natural history writing of the nineteenth century, mainly through the writing of five authors ??? George Bennett (1804-1893), Louisa Anne Meredith (1812-1895), Samuel Hannaford (1937-1874), Horace Wheelwright (1815-1865) and Donald Macdonald (1859?-1932). George Bennett was a scientist, who saw Australian plants and animals more as scientific specimens than objects of beauty. Louisa Meredith perceived them in the familiar language of English romantic poetry. Samuel Hannaford used another language, that of popular British natural history writers of the mid-nineteenth century. To Horace Wheelwright, Australian animals were equally valuable to the sportsman???s gun as to the naturalist???s pen. Donald Macdonald was the only one of these major writers to have been born in Australia. Although proud of his British heritage, he rejoiced in the beauty of his native land. His writing demonstrates his joy, and his novel attitude to Australian natural history continued and developed in the present century.
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Easton, Lyndlee Carol, and lyndlee easton@flinders edu au. "LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES OF AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE HALOPHYTE AND ARID ZONE GENUS FRANKENIA L. (FRANKENIACEAE)." Flinders University. Biological Sciences, 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20081124.105244.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a comparative study of the life history strategies, and in particular seed germination requirements, in Australian species of the halophyte plant genus Frankenia L. (Frankeniaceae). Frankenia is a cosmopolitan genus that occurs in Mediterranean, semi-arid, and arid regions on distinctive soil types commonly on saline, sodic or gypseous soils in habitats such as coastal cliffs, and on the margins of salt lakes, salt-pans and saltmarshes (Summerhayes 1930; Barnsley 1982). The plants are small shrubs or cushion-bushes with pink, white or pale purple flowers, and salt-encrusted recurved leaves.
This project investigates germination requirements for Frankenia in relation to seed age, light requirements, temperature preferences, salinity tolerance, and soil characteristics. It also explores two divergent reproductive strategies notably seed packaging strategies in relation to environmental variables. Within the 46 currently recognized endemic Australia species, some species have a few ovules per flower and produce only a few larger seeds per fruit, while other species have many ovules per flower and produce many small seeds per fruit. Large-seededness is thought to increase the probability of successful seedling establishment in drought and salt-stressed environments. As both larger- and smaller-seeded species of Frankenia co-occur in close geographical proximity, hypotheses regarding the advantages of large-seededness in stress environments can be tested. By restricting the analysis of seed mass variation to similar habitats and within a single plant genus, it is possible to test ecological correlates that would otherwise be masked by the strong effects of habitat differences and phylogenetic constraints.
Overall, larger-seeded Frankenia species were demonstrated to be advantageous for rapid germination after transitory water availability, and for providing resources to seedlings if resources became limiting before their successful establishment. Smaller-seeded species delayed germination until both soil-water availability and cooler temperatures persisted over a longer time period, improving chances of successful establishment for the more slowly growing seedlings that are more reliant on their surroundings for resources.
This study produces information on the seed and seedling biology of many Australian species of Frankenia including several that are of conservation significance, e.g. F. crispa with its isolated populations, and the rare and endangered F. plicata. This information is important for the development of conservation management plans for these and other arid zone, halophyte species. In addition, the results of this study are of practical significance in determining the suitability of Frankenia for inclusion in salinity remediation and mine-site rehabilitation projects, and for promoting Frankenia as a drought and salt tolerant garden plant.
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Scrivan, Leonie Jane. "Diversity of the mid-Eocene Maslin Bay flora, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs434.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Australian flora"
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Marion, Westmacott, ed. Australian flora. Kew, Vic: Reeds Books Australia, 1997.
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Johnson, R. W. Current plant taxonomic research on the Australian flora, 1987. [Canberra]: Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria, 1989.
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Pearn, John. Medicine and botany: An Australian cadaster : Australian flora named after those whose lives have served medicine and health. Brisbane, Q., Australia: Amphion Press, 1990.
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Ferdinand, Bauer. An exquisite eye: The Australian flora & fauna drawings 1801-1820 of Ferdinand Bauer. Glebe, NSW: Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales, 1997.
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(Australia), CSIRO, and Australian Biological Resources Study, eds. Flora of Australia. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study, 2009.
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John, Jessop, and Toelken H. R, eds. Flora of South Australia. 4th ed. Adelaide: South Australian Govt. Printing Division, 1986.
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Potpourri & perfumery from Australian gardens. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press, 1986.
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Boden, Anne. Floral emblems of Australia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1985.
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Karouta-Manasse, Fanny. Discovering Australian Flora. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307821.
Full textAbstract:
Australia’s complex, beautiful and diverse flora is showcased in stunning botanic gardens across the continent. Through exquisite colour photographs taken at the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG), Fanny Karouta-Manasse celebrates the minute and intriguing details of these plants. Discovering Australian Flora explains how plants are displayed in the ANBG according to themes and provides clear and simple geographical, historical and botanical information. It also describes the unique features of Australian flora, including their reliance on fire and ability to survive in poor soil, and looks in detail at the two dominant genera in the Australian landscape – Eucalyptus and Acacia.
This fresh and intimate view of some of Australia’s native flora will serve not only as a companion to visitors to the ANBG but will also allow others to explore the wonders of Australia’s botanical treasures.
This book will appeal to both local and overseas readers wishing to become more familiar with Australian native flora. The striking photographs will appeal to anyone with an appreciation and passion for nature's beauty.
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Karouta-Manasse, Fanny. Discovering Australian Flora. CSIRO Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486315857.
Full textAbstract:
Australia's complex, beautiful and diverse flora is showcased in stunning botanic gardens across the continent. Through exquisite colour photographs taken at the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) or during field trips with the National Seed Bank, Fanny Karouta-Manasse celebrates the minute and intriguing details of these plants.
This second edition of Discovering Australian Flora explains how plants are displayed in the ANBG according to themes and provides clear and simple geographical, historical and botanical information, including descriptions of plant characteristics. It also describes the unique features of Australian flora, such as their reliance on fire and ability to survive in poor soil, and looks in detail at the two dominant genera in the Australian landscape – Eucalyptus and Acacia.
Extensively updated with new photographs and a new chapter on conservation, this beautiful book offers detailed insight into Australia's native flora. It will appeal not only to visitors to the ANBG but to anyone with an appreciation and passion for nature's beauty and the wonders of Australia's botanical treasures.
Book chapters on the topic "Australian flora"
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Christophel, David C. "Evolution of the Australian flora through the Tertiary." In Woody plants — evolution and distribution since the Tertiary, 63–78. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3972-1_3.
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Pate, J. S., and S. D. Hopper. "Rare and Common Plants in Ecosystems, with Special Reference to the South-west Australian Flora." In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, 293–325. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58001-7_14.
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Fischer, Eberhard. "Amalie Dietrich und ihre Bedeutung für die Erforschung der Flora von Australien." In Frauen in Philosophie und Wissenschaft. Women Philosophers and Scientists, 101–22. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34144-2_5.
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Bick, I. R. C. "Chapter One Alkaloids from Australian Flora." In Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, 1–154. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-8210(96)80025-2.
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Blackburn, D. T., and I. R. K. Sluiter. "The Oligo-Miocene coal floras of southeastern Australia." In History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent, 328–67. University of Adelaide Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20851/australian-vegetation-14.
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Bellairs, S. M. "Development of Success Criteria for Reestablishment of Native Flora Habitats on Coal Mine Rehabilitation Areas in Australia." In Remediation and Management of Degraded Lands, 13–23. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203740897-2.
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Helby, R., and A. McMinn. "A Preliminary Report of Early Cretaceous Dinocyst Floras from Site 765, Argo Abyssal Plain, Northwest Australia." In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Ocean Drilling Program, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.123.121.1992.
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E. Owen, Robin. "Geographical, Entomological and Botanical Origins of Honey." In Honey - Composition and Properties [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106414.
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The Codex Alimentarius Commission defines honey as: “… the natural sweet substance produced by honey bees from the nectar of plants … which the bees collect, transform by combining with specific substances of their own, deposit, dehydrate, store and leave in the honey comb to ripen and mature”. Honey, produced in all regions of the world varies widely in its chemical and physical properties, which depend on the plants the bees visit and on the species of Apis themselves. The Codex sets standards for the composition of honeys, levels of contaminants permitted, and the correct labelling according to floral source and geographic origin. The growth of stingless bee (Meliponidae) domestication in Central and South America, Asia and Australia has led to another significant source of honey, which is very variable in its properties. Here I review of the properties of honeys and the techniques used to analyze the geographical, entomological and botanical origins of honey, discuss some of the properties and features of the honeys made by the stingless bees, and discuss unusual honeys, the so-called “mad honeys”, made from nectar containing toxic compounds, and the effect of toxic nectar on bees (bumble bees) and humans.
Conference papers on the topic "Australian flora"
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Zhou, Z. S., and S. Cloude. "Structural Parameter Estimation of Australian Flora with a Ground-based Polarimetric Radar Interferometer." In 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2006.23.
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Trigger, D., and J. Mulcock. "Native vs exotic: cultural discourses about flora, fauna and belonging in Australia." In Sustainable Planning 2005. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/spd051272.
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Cooling, Jennifer, John McKellar, and J. S. Esterle. "PALYNOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE JK TRANSITION OF THE SURAT BASIN, AUSTRALIA: WHAT THEY TELL US ABOUT THE REGION'S FLORA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-355666.
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Mays, Chris, Vivi Vajda, Stephen McLoughlin, Christopher R. Fielding, Tracy D. Frank, and Robert S. Nicoll. "EXTINCTION, EVOLUTION AND RECOVERY OF THE GONDWANAN FLORA THROUGH THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BIOTIC CRISIS IN SOUTHERN HIGH PALAEOLATITUDES, AUSTRALIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-318789.
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Miller, Gifford H., Marilyn L. Fogel, John W. Magee, and Michael K. Gagan. "DISENTANGLING THE ROLES OF HUMAN COLONIZATION AND CLIMATE ON DISRUPTIONS TO THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF SEMI-ARID AUSTRALIA DURING THE LATE QUATERNARY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-284984.
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Stebbins, Alan G., Michael Brookfield, Neerja Jha, and Robyn Hannigan. "FLORAL, BACTERIAL AND ORGANIC CARBON ISOTOPE CHANGES ACROSS THE NON-MARINE PERMO-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY AT WYBUNG HEAD, AUSTRALIA AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-283961.
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