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Vincent, Chrissie. "Local Minimum Content Requirements on Commercial Radio: An Australian Case Study." Journal of the Music and Entertainment Industry Educators Association 18, no. 1 (2018): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.25101/18.6.
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Wellard, Lyndal, Alexandra Koukoumas, Wendy L. Watson, and Clare Hughes. "Health and nutrition content claims on Australian fast-food websites." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 4 (October 17, 2016): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002561.
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AbstractObjectiveTo determine the extent that Australian fast-food websites contain nutrition content and health claims, and whether these claims are compliant with the new provisions of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (‘the Code’).DesignSystematic content analysis of all web pages to identify nutrition content and health claims. Nutrition information panels were used to determine whether products with claims met Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criteria (NPSC) and qualifying criteria, and to compare them with the Code to determine compliance.SettingAustralian websites of forty-four fast-food chains including meals, bakery, ice cream, beverage and salad chains.SubjectsAny products marketed on the websites using health or nutrition content claims.ResultsOf the forty-four fast-food websites, twenty (45 %) had at least one claim. A total of 2094 claims were identified on 371 products, including 1515 nutrition content (72 %) and 579 health claims (28 %). Five fast-food products with health (5 %) and 157 products with nutrition content claims (43 %) did not meet the requirements of the Code to allow them to carry such claims.ConclusionsNew provisions in the Code came into effect in January 2016 after a 3-year transition. Food regulatory agencies should review fast-food websites to ensure compliance with the qualifying criteria for nutrition content and health claim regulations. This would prevent consumers from viewing unhealthy foods as healthier choices. Healthy choices could be facilitated by applying NPSC to nutrition content claims. Fast-food chains should be educated on the requirements of the Code regarding claims.
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Stehlik, Paulina, Christy Noble, Caitlin Brandenburg, Peter Fawzy, Isaac Narouz, David Henry, and Paul Glasziou. "How do trainee doctors learn about research? Content analysis of Australian specialist colleges’ intended research curricula." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e034962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034962.
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ObjectivesPatients do better in research-intense environments. The importance of research is reflected in the accreditation requirements of Australian clinical specialist colleges. The nature of college-mandated research training has not been systematically explored. We examined the intended research curricula of Australian trainee doctors described by specialist colleges, their constructive alignment and the nature of scholarly project requirements.DesignWe undertook content analysis of publicly available documents to characterise college research training curricula.SettingWe reviewed all publicly accessible information from the websites of Australian specialist colleges and their subspecialty divisions. We retrieved curricula, handbooks and assessment-related documents.ParticipantsFifty-eight Australian specialist colleges and their subspecialty divisions.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTwo reviewers extracted and coded research-related activities as learning outcomes, activities or assessments, by research stage (using, participating in or leading research) and competency based on Bloom’s taxonomy (remembering, understanding, applying, analysing, evaluating, creating). We coded learning and assessment activities by type (eg, formal research training, publication) and whether it was linked to a scholarly project. Requirements related to project supervisors’ research experience were noted.ResultsFifty-five of 58 Australian college subspecialty divisions had a scholarly project requirement. Only 11 required formal research training; two required an experienced research supervisor. Colleges emphasised a role for trainees in leading research in their learning outcomes and assessments, but not learning activities. Less emphasis was placed on using research, and almost no emphasis on participation. Most learning activities and assessments mapped to the ‘creating’ domain of Bloom’s taxonomy, whereas most learning outcomes mapped to the ‘evaluating’ domain. Overall, most research learning and assessment activities were related to leading a scholarly project.ConclusionsAustralian specialist college research curricula appear to emphasise a role for trainees in leading research and producing research deliverables, but do not mandate formal research training and supervision by experienced researchers.
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Rayner, CJ, and DF Langridge. "Amino acids in bee-collected pollens from Australian indigenous and exotic plants." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850722.
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The protein and amino acid contents of bee-collected pollens from 10 indigenous and 16 exotic Australian plants were determined. Crude protein content showed a large variation with a range from 9.5% for Pinus radiata pollen, to 36.9% for Banksia ornata pollen. Pollens which were found to have high protein contents are those which are also highly favoured by apiarists whereas those with low protein content are considered to be nutritionally inferior pollens. The amino acid pattern for pollens from both indigenous and exotic plants indicated that, generally, the levels of amino acids in the pollens were above the bees' requirements. Tryptophan appeared to be the first limiting amino acid in Australian pollens for honeybees.
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Athanasou, James A. "A preliminary examination of occupations and interests in Australia." Australian Journal of Career Development 26, no. 2 (July 2017): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1038416217718364.
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This paper analyses the interest content of all 1016 Australian occupations. These were classified according to vocational interests (i.e. outdoor, practical, scientific, creative, business, office, people contact, health, community, and computing), educational qualifications, and skill level, as well as in terms of the six Holland (RIASEC) types. Just over half of all occupations in Australia involve a practical interest. Creative interest was the least common occupational interest (9.2% of occupations). Some 80% of occupations covered more than one interest content, and in four instances, as many as six interests. Practical and people contact interests were negatively correlated (r = −.50). Occupational interest categories were consistent with the Holland types except that outdoor and practical interests in Australia did not correlate meaningfully with realistic. Occupational interests were related to educational requirements and skill levels. Outdoor and practical occupations were focused at the lower skill levels. Scientific and computing included the highest skill levels.
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Stoddard, FL, and DR Marshall. "Variability in grain protein in Australian hexaploid wheats." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900277.
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Grain protein content and grain yield data were collected from 11 Interstate Wheat Variety Trials (IWVT) and other sources. The level of variation in grain protein content beyond that attributable to covariation in environment and yield was estimated using a generalized linear model. A range of almost 4% in corrected protein content was found among 204 lines tested in IWVT. The Western Australian cv. Tincurrin was approx1% lower in grain protein content than any other line, while Shortim, Sun 43A, QT2200-20, QT2612-1 and Sun 92A were all 1.4-1.7% higher than the pooled mean of 4 control cultivars (Cook, Eagle, Halberd and Oxley). Accessions did not vary significantly in protein content with change in yield. Results from a range of other independent trials confirmed those from IWVT. Wheats genetically capable of producing a higher concentration of protein in their grain at a given yield level came principally from the Sydney University and Queensland breeding programmes, and those producing a lower concentration principally from Victoria and Western Australia. Grain hardness was independent of grain protein content and many low protein hard wheats entering the IWVT fell well outside current international market requirements.
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Dale, Tracey, and Foster Hansson. "Are There Adequate Policies and Programmes in Place to Protect Infants and Young Children During Emergencies?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001304.
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Introduction:In emergencies, infants and young children are disproportionately affected due to specific food and fluid requirements, immature immune system, susceptibility to dehydration, and dependence on others. Provision of safe food and water to infants and young children is critical. However, it is challenging in the emergency context. Specific planning is vital to support infant and young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E).Aim:To identify the extent to which Australian emergency management plans and guidance account for the needs of infants and young children.Methods:An audit of Australian emergency management plans and guidance was conducted as a part of the 2018 World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative assessment of Australian infant feeding policies. All national and state/territory emergency preparedness plans, and a sample of local government area preparedness plans, response plans, and other guidance were identified and searched for content related to the needs of infants and young children. Plans and guidance were searched for content related to the needs of animals as a comparison.Results:Vulnerability of infants and young children was commonly noted. However, content related to supporting the specific needs of infants and young children through appropriate IYCF-E was almost totally absent. In some cases, the guidance that did exist was misleading or dangerous. No agency at the federal, state/territory, or local government level was identified as having met the responsibility for ensuring the needs of infants and young children. The absence of any coordinated response for the needs of infants and young children is in stark contrast to consideration of animal needs, which have a delegated authority, plans, and guidance at all levels of government.Discussion:Planning for the needs of infants and young children in emergencies in Australia is dangerously inadequate. Action should be taken to ensure that appropriate plans exist at all levels of government.
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Arrish, Jamila, Heather Yeatman, and Moira Williamson. "Nutrition Education in Australian Midwifery Programmes: A Mixed-Methods Study." Journal of Biomedical Education 2016 (December 27, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9680430.
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Little research has explored how nutrition content in midwifery education prepares midwives to provide prenatal nutrition advice. This study examined the nature and extent of nutrition education provided in Australian midwifery programmes. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating an online survey and telephone interviews. The survey analysis included 23 course coordinators representing 24 of 50 accredited midwifery programmes in 2012. Overall, the coordinators considered nutrition in midwifery curricula and the midwife’s role as important. All programmes included nutrition content; however, eleven had only 5 to <10 hours allocated to nutrition, while two had a designated unit. Various topics were covered. Dietitians/other nutrition experts were rarely involved in teaching or reviewing the nutrition content. Interviews with seven coordinators revealed that nutrition education tended to be problem-oriented and at times based on various assumptions. Nutrition content was not informed by professional or theoretical models. The development of nutrition assessment skills or practical training for midwifery students in providing nutrition advice was lacking. As nutrition is essential for maternal and foetal health, nutrition education in midwifery programmes needs to be reviewed and minimum requirements should be included to improve midwives’ effectiveness in this area. This may require collaboration between nutrition experts and midwifery bodies.
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Lewis, Suzanne, Gillian Hallam, Ann Ritchie, Catherine Clark, Cheryl Hamill, Melanie Foti, and Patrick O'Connor. "Employers’ Perspectives on Future Roles and Skills Requirements for Australian Health Librarians." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2011): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8bp61.
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Objective – This study, which comprises one stage of a larger project (ALIA/HLA Workforce and Education Research Project), aimed to discover employers’ views on how (or whether) health librarians assist in achieving the mission-critical goals of their organizations; how health librarians contribute to the organization now and into the future; and what are the current and future skills requirements of health librarians.
Methods – Each member of the project group approached between one and five individuals known to them to generate a convenience sample of 22 employers of health librarians. There were 15 semi-structured interviews conducted between October and November 2010 with employers in the hospital, academic, government, private, consumer health and not-for-profit sectors. The interview schedule was sent to each interviewee prior to the interview so that they had time to consider their responses. The researchers wrote up the interview notes using the interview schedule and submitted them to the principal researcher, who combined the data into one document. Content analysis of the data was used to identify major themes.
Results – Employers expressed a clear sense of respect for the roles and responsibilities of library staff in their organizations. Areas of practice such as education and training, scientific research and clinical support were highlighted as critical for the future. Current areas of practice such as using technology and systems to manage information, providing information services to meet user needs and management of health information resources in a range of formats were identified as remaining highly relevant for the future. There was potential for health librarians to play a more active and strategic role in their organizations, and to repackage their traditional skill sets for anticipated future roles. Interpersonal skills and the role of health librarians as the interface between clinicians and information technology were also identified as critical for the future.
Conclusions – Interviews with employers provided valuable insights into the current and future roles and skills requirements of health librarians in Australia, enriching the findings of the earlier stages of the research project. The next step is to work with the stakeholder groups in this project and use the research project’s findings as the evidence base on which to develop a structured, modular education framework comprising a postgraduate qualification in health librarianship and a continuing professional development structure supporting a three-year cycle of certification and revalidation.
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Main, Stephanie, Trisasi Lestari, Rina Triasih, Geoff Chan, Lisa Davidson, Suman Majumdar, Devy Santoso, et al. "Training for Tuberculosis Elimination in Indonesia: Achievements, Reflections, and Potential for Impact." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030107.
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Indonesia has the third highest tuberculosis (TB) caseload internationally. A cornerstone for strengthening health systems to respond to TB is a well-trained workforce. In a partnership between Indonesian and Australian institutions, TB training was run during 2018 to strengthen the local capacity to meet End TB strategy targets. This paper aims to report on course design, delivery, training outcomes, and reflections. Seventy-six Indonesian healthcare workers, program staff, researchers, and policy-makers were selected from over 800 applicants. The structure comprised three trainings, each with a pre-course workshop (in Indonesia) to identify learning needs, a two-week block (Australia), and a post-course workshop (Indonesia). The training content delivered was a combination of TB technical knowledge and program/project theory, design, and logic, and the training utilised multiple teaching and learning methods. An innovative element of the training was participant-designed TB workplace projects focusing on context-specific priorities. Evaluation was undertaken using participant surveys and appraisal of the projects. Participants rated the course highly, while success in project implementation varied. Reflections include the importance of involving Indonesian experts in delivery of training, the need to understand participant learning requirements and adapt the training content accordingly, and the challenge of measuring tangible training outputs.
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Jackson, Denise, Ruth Sibson, and Linda Riebe. "Delivering work-ready business graduates - keeping our promises and evaluating our performance." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 4, no. 1 (June 12, 2013): 2–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2013vol4no1art558.
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Business schools globally are responding to calls for graduate work-readiness primarily through the development of employability skills, encompassing career management skills, and work integrated-learning (WIL). There has been considerable attention to clarifying precisely which skills should be developed, and how, but far less on evaluating employability skill provision and its impact on graduate work-readiness. This is increasingly important as industry worldwide continues to lament graduate inadequacies in certain employability skills and the extent to which they are job-ready.
This paper outlines a systematic approach for evaluating employability skill outcomes and the effectiveness of learning programs in developing these skills. The approach was developed in a learning program dedicated to developing employability skills in business undergraduates in an Australian university. It may assist other universities in communicating, assessing, mapping and reporting their employability skills outcomes; an integral component of all business undergraduate programs, and now a requirement of all Australian higher education providers (TEQSA, 2011). The approach provides a means of evaluating program effectiveness in skill provision, enabling a more informed review of curricula content, assessment and pedagogical techniques to achieve better alignment with industry requirements.
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Morgan, Rhian. "Exploring students’ uses of and dispositions towards learning technologies in an Australian enabling course." Student Success 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2018): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ssj.v9i1.431.
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University progression is increasingly dependent upon students developing a range of digital literacies in conjunction with the skills associated with their disciplines. University enabling and pathway programs, in particular, have a key part to play in supporting students to interact with technologies for learning. Widening participation and increased student diversity result in highly variable levels of digital literacy in the classroom. As such, universities need to develop strategies to effectively respond to the differing abilities of students entering the sector. This paper contributes to the development of such responses through a case study exploring students’ use of and dispositions towards technologies in an open access enabling course. In this context ‘open access’ refers to the course admission requirements and the fact that the course enrollments are open to anyone over the age of eighteen, regardless of their prior schooling experience. The paper identifies trends in students’ uses of technology, such as preferences for mobile content and blended learning environments, before concluding with a discussion of how these findings can be mobilised in curriculum development.
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Keating, Barbara, Carmel E. M. Smart, Amelia J. Harray, Nirubasini Paramalingam, Grant Smith, Timothy W. Jones, Bruce R. King, and Elizabeth A. Davis. "Additional Insulin Is Required in Both the Early and Late Postprandial Periods for Meals High in Protein and Fat: A Randomized Trial." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): e3611-e3618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab318.
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Abstract Context The pattern and quantity of insulin required for high-protein high-fat (HPHF) meals is not well understood. Objective This study aimed to determine the amount and delivery pattern of insulin required to maintain euglycemia for 5 hours after consuming a HPHF meal compared with a low-protein low-fat (LPLF) meal. Methods This randomized crossover clinical trial, conducted at 2 Australian pediatric diabetes centers, included 10 patients (12-21 years of age) with type 1 diabetes for ≥ 1 year. Participants were randomized to HPHF meal (60 g protein, 40 g fat) or LPLF meal (5 g protein, 5 g fat) with identical carbohydrate content (30 g). A modified insulin clamp technique was used to determine insulin requirements to maintain postprandial euglycemia for 5 hours. Total mean insulin requirements over 5 hours were measured. Results The total mean insulin requirements for the HPHF meal were significantly greater than for the LPLF meal (11.0 [CI 9.2, 12.8] units vs 5.7 [CI 3.8, 7.5] units; P = 0.001). Extra intravenous insulin was required for HPHF: 0 to 2 hours (extra 1.2 [CI 0.6, 1.6] units/h), 2 to 4 hours (extra 1.1 [CI 0.6, 1.6] units/h), and 4 to 5 hours (extra 0.6 [CI 0.1, 1.1] units/h) after the meal. There were marked inter-individual differences in the quantity of additional insulin (0.3 to 5 times more for HPHF) and the pattern of insulin delivery (0%-85% of additional insulin required in the first 2 hours). Conclusion The addition of protein and fat to a standardized carbohydrate meal almost doubled the mean insulin requirement, with most participants requiring half of the additional insulin in the first 2 hours.
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Hughes, Clare, Lyndal Wellard, Jing Lin, Ka Lun Suen, and Kathy Chapman. "Regulating health claims on food labels using nutrient profiling: what will the proposed standard mean in the Australian supermarket?" Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 12 (January 11, 2013): 2154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001200540x.
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AbstractObjectiveProposed Australian regulation of claims on food labels includes requirements for products carrying a health claim to meet nutrient profiling criteria. This would not apply to nutrition content claims. The present study investigated the number and healthiness of products carrying claims and the impact of the proposed regulation.DesignObservational survey of claims on food packages across three categories: non-alcoholic beverages, breakfast cereals and cereal bars. Nutrient profiling was applied to products carrying claims to determine their eligibility to carry health claims under the proposed regulation.SettingThree large metropolitan stores from the three major supermarket chains in Sydney, Australia were surveyed in August 2011.SubjectsAll claims on 1028 products were recorded. Nutrition composition and ingredients were collected from the packaging, enabling nutrient profiling. The proportion of products in each category carrying claims and the proportion of these that did not meet the nutrient profiling criteria were calculated.ResultsTwo-thirds of products in the three categories (ranging from 18 to 78 %) carried at least one claim. Of those carrying health claims, 31 % did not meet the nutrient profiling criteria. These would be ineligible to carry these claims under the proposed regulation. Additionally, 29 % of products carrying nutrition content claims did not meet the nutrient profiling criteria.ConclusionsThe number of products carrying nutrition content claims that did not meet the nutrient profiling criteria suggests that comprehensive regulation is warranted. Promotion of unhealthy foods using claims is potentially misleading for consumers and hinders their ability to select healthier foods. Implementation of the proposed regulation represents an improvement to current practice.
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Poon, Joanna, and Michael Brownlow. "Competency expectations for property professionals in Australia." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 256–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-12-2013-0068.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to identify the competency expectations for property professionals in Australia. It further discusses differences in competency expectations between property professionals who have different professional backgrounds, such as valuers or non-valuers, and property professionals who work in different sectors or different-sized companies and who have differing amounts of experience. The competencies identified in this paper include knowledge areas, skills and attributes. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents the research findings of a questionnaire survey sent to Australian Property Institute members, which aimed to gather Australian property professionals' views on the knowledge, skills and attributes required to perform their roles effectively. The percentage of the respondents who provided different choices of given answers for each of the 31 knowledge areas, 20 skills and 21 attributes was identified and discussed. The professional backgrounds of the respondents were also identified to see whether these impact on competency expectations for property professionals. Content analysis was used to analyse written comments collected in the questionnaire. Findings – The most important categories of knowledge, skill and attribute for Australian property professionals are valuation, effective written communication and practical experience, respectively. The least important are international real estate, second language and creativity. Knowledge of rural valuation is very important in Australia, although this has not been mentioned in previous studies. Professional backgrounds have a large influence on Australian property professionals' views on knowledge requirements, but less so on skills and attributes. Practical implications – The findings of this paper can be used as guidance for property professionals in their professional development plan. In addition, property course providers can use the research findings of this paper to inform their curriculum development and redesign. Originality/value – This project is the first to identify the comprehensive competency expectations of property professionals as a whole in Australia. At the same time, it identifies differences in the competency expectations of property professionals who have different professional backgrounds. Similar types of study have been conducted in the UK, the USA, Hong Kong and New Zealand but not yet in Australia. An understanding of the knowledge, skills and attributes required for property professionals is important for continuing professional development, curriculum development and the redesign of relevant property courses in order to maintain performance and competitiveness in the property sector.
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Peoples, M. B., J. Brockwell, J. R. Hunt, A. D. Swan, L. Watson, R. C. Hayes, G. D. Li, et al. "Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12123.
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The amounts of foliage nitrogen (N) fixed by various annual and perennial legumes growing in Australian pastures range from <10 to >250 kg N/ha.year. Differences in N2 fixation result from variations in the proportion of the legume-N derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa) and/or the amount of legume-N accumulated during growth. On-farm surveys of %Ndfa achieved by legumes growing in farmers’ paddocks in Australia indicated that N2 fixation contributed >65% of the legume’s N requirements in three-quarters of the annual legumes examined, but this decreased to two-thirds of lucerne (Medicago sativa; also known as alfalfa), and half of white clover (Trifolium repens) samples. Factors such as low numbers or the poor effectiveness of rhizobial strains in the soil, water stress, high soil concentrations of N, and nutrient disorders contribute to poor nodulation and %Ndfa values <65%, but there is also evidence that the observed %Ndfa can be dependent on the legume species present, and whether the legume is grown in a pure stand or in a mixed sward. The accumulation of legume-N relates primarily to the legume content and net productivity of the pasture. For many legume species, ~20 kg of shoot-N is fixed on average for every tonne of herbage dry matter produced. Legume productivity can be influenced by (i) sowing and establishment techniques and other strategies that enhance the legume content in pasture swards; (ii) the amelioration of soil constraints; (iii) the use of new legume species (and host–rhizobial strain combinations) that are more tolerant of hostile soil environments than subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) or annual medics (Medicago spp); and (iv) the inclusion of perennials such as lucerne to offset the year-to-year variability in productivity and N2 fixation that is a common occurrence with annual legumes.
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Zhang, Yianna Y., Jaimee Hughes, and Sara Grafenauer. "Got Mylk? The Emerging Role of Australian Plant-Based Milk Alternatives as A Cow’s Milk Substitute." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051254.
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Growing ethical, environmental and health concerns have encouraged demand for novel plant-based milk alternatives, yet it remains nebulous whether these products are nutritionally adequate as cow’s milk replacements. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey of plant-based milk alternatives available in major Australian supermarkets and selected niche food retailers from November 2019 to January 2020 and assess two dietary scenarios (adolescents and older women) where dairy serves were substituted for plant-based alternatives against Australian Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). We collected compositional data from nutrition panels in juxtaposition with derivatives from the Australian Food Composition database, with a total of 115 products, including tree nuts and seeds (n = 48), legumes (n = 27), coconut (n = 10), grains (n = 19) and mixed sources (n = 10). Just over 50% of products were fortified, but only 1/3 contained similar calcium content to cow’s milk. Indiscriminate substitutions might reduce intakes of protein and micronutrients, particularly vitamin A, B2, B12, iodine and zinc, and lead to reductions >50% of the EARs for protein, zinc and calcium in the chosen dietary scenarios. To avoid unintended dietary outcomes, it is vital that consumers make pragmatic decisions regarding dietary replacements for cow’s milk.
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Booth, Mark A., Geoff L. Allan, and Alex J. Anderson. "Investigation of the nutritional requirements of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801): effects of digestible energy content on utilization of digestible protein." Aquaculture Research 38, no. 4 (March 2007): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01688.x.
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Ratsch, Angela, Fiona Sewell, and Adrian Pennington. "Developing and testing a matrix to achieveready-everyday nursing standards(RENS): an observational study protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e031499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031499.
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IntroductionThe Australian Council on Healthcare Standards (ACHS) set criteria for the delivery of healthcare services in Australia. While a voluntary process, continual accreditation with ACHS is an expectation of, and for, Australian healthcare providers. Juxtapositioned with the ACHS, the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) set the mandatory practice requirements of, and for, Australian nurses. Despite these overarching quality and governance directives, a regional Queensland Hospital and Health Service (HHS) demonstrated deficits in the quality of nursing care. Accordingly, a HHS project was commissioned with the aim of producing a quantum shift in the quality of nursing services such that the service wasready-everydayfor accreditation assessment, and nursing practice exemplified the NMBA standards.Several barriers to achieving the aim were identified and it was considered that the implementation of critical system changes would structurally and operationally support the achievement of the aim. The system changes are pivoted around an interactive matrix that links nursing care services to the array of nursing professional and practice standards and provides real-time quantitative output measures. This paper outlines the protocol that will be used to establish, implement and evaluate the matrix.Methods and analysisA participatory action research design with a modified Delphi methodology will be used for the development the matrix. The organisational change management around the matrix implementation will be informed by Kotter’s model and supported by the use of the McKinsey 7S. The matrix implementation phase will be conducted using a modifiedPromoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Servicesmodel. Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected over a 12 month pre-test/post-test design to measure the statistical significance of the matrix in supporting compliance with nursing standards and the achievement of quality nursing care. Quantitative data from quality of care assessments will be analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics. Qualitative data from staff surveys will be analysed by content analysis of the major themes (n~200).Ethics and disseminationThe project has ethics approval from a Queensland Health Human Research Ethics Committee. Results will be reported to participants and other stakeholders at seminars and conferences and through peer-reviewed publications.
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Burkitt, L. L., P. W. Moody, C. J. P. Gourley, and M. C. Hannah. "A simple phosphorus buffering index for Australian soils." Soil Research 40, no. 3 (2002): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01050.
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Soil phosphorus (P) buffering capacity (PBC) is an important soil property that influences the amount of P fertiliser available for plant uptake. However, current methods of determining PBC are time-consuming and uneconomic in most commercial soil testing programs. The current study examined simpler methods of measuring the PBC of a wide range of Australian soils. Phosphorus sorption and extractable P data from 290 soils (initial data set) were collated to define the range of PBC values of Australian agricultural soils. Independently, detailed chemical and physical analyses were undertaken on a second set of 90 agricultural soils (principal data set), which were selected to represent the range of soil properties measured on the initial data set. Relationships between PBCO&S (Ozanne and Shaw 1968) values (P sorbed between solution P concentrations of 0.25 and 0.35 mg P/L) and 11 different single-point P sorption indices and selected soil properties were examined for the principal data set. Whilst relationships between PBCO&S values and selected soil properties such as oxalate-extractable iron and aluminium, and clay content, were generally poor, strong relationships existed between all of the single-point P sorption indices and PBCO&S. Results suggest that PBCO&S values were most closely related to the P buffering indices (PBI+ColP and PBI+OlsP) when a single addition of 1000 mg P/kg was added to soil and either the Colwell or 4.59 Olsen extractable P were added to the amount of P sorbed: PBI+ColP = (Ps + Colwell P)/c0.41 PBI+OlsP = (Ps + 4.59 Olsen P)/c0.41 where Ps is the amount of P sorbed (mg P/kg) from a single addition of 1000 mg P/kg, and c is the resulting solution P concentration (mg P/L). This index provides a simple and accurate method for estimating PBC, a fundamental soil property that influences the P fertiliser requirements of different soil types. phosphorus sorption capacity, single-point phosphorus sorption index, phosphorus retention index, soil properties, Colwell phosphorus, Olsen phosphorus.
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Robinson, Gary, Bernard Leckning, Richard Midford, Helen Harper, Sven Silburn, Jess Gannaway, Kylie Dolan, Tim Delphine, and Craig Hayes. "Developing a school-based preventive life skills program for youth in a remote Indigenous community in North Australia." Health Education 116, no. 5 (August 1, 2016): 510–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-09-2015-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of development and the pilot implementation of a preventive life skills curriculum for Indigenous middle school students in a very remote community college in the West Arnhem region of North Australia. The curriculum integrates proven educational and psychological techniques with culturally informed notions of relatedness and was developed as a contribution to efforts to prevent alarming rates of suicide among remote Indigenous youth. In this paper, the term, Indigenous refers to Australians of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent. Design/methodology/approach – Based on reviews of research literature on school-based suicide prevention and social and emotional learning in both general and Indigenous populations, and following detailed community consultations, a 12 week curriculum was drafted and implemented in two middle school classes (combined years 7-9). Lessons were videotaped and later analyzed and detailed commentary was sought from participating school staff. Findings – The pilot program has yielded important insights into requirements of a curriculum for young people with low English literacy levels and with variable school attendance patterns. It confirmed the need to adjust both pedagogical approach and curriculum content for the program to have resonance with students from this linguistic and cultural background and with varying levels of exposure to multiple stressors in disadvantaged community settings. Practical implications – The project has identified and resolved key questions for sustainable implementation of a preventive curriculum in challenging community circumstances. Originality/value – There are to date no examples of the systematic adaptation and design of a universal preventive intervention specifically for remote Australian Indigenous youth. The project is the first step toward the formal evaluation of the efficacy of a classroom-based approach to suicide prevention in remote community schools.
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Buck, Kimberly, Linda Nolte, Helana Kelly, Karen Detering, Craig Sinclair, Ben P. White, and Marcus Sellars. "Challenges in obtaining research ethics and governance approvals for an Australian national intersector, multisite audit study." Australian Health Review 44, no. 5 (2020): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah20022.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe timelines and challenges encountered in obtaining ethics and governance approvals for an Australian multicentre audit study involving 100 public (n=22) and private (n=78) sites from three health sectors and all eight Australian states and territories. MethodsWe determined and compared the processes, documentation and number of business days required to prepare applications and obtain research ethics and governance approvals. ResultsIn total, the full ethics and governance process (calculated from the date the first application was started to the date the final approval was granted) took 203 business days (79% of the study timeline). Standard risk ethics applications (n=4) took a median of 17 business days (range 3–35 days) to prepare and 32 business days (range 17–67 days) to be approved; expedited ethics applications (n=4) took a median of 5 business days (range 1–20 days) to prepare and 10 business days (range 1–44 days) to be approved. Governance approvals (n=23) took a median of 27 business days (range 4–63 days) to prepare and 20 business days (range 4–61 days) to be approved. Challenges included the lack of a nationwide single-site ethical review process, the extensive time required to duplicate content across applications, variability in application requirements and submission systems, and contract negotiations. ConclusionFurther improvements are needed to reduce duplication and increase the efficiency of Australian ethics and governance review processes. What is known about the topic?The process for obtaining ethics approval for multicentre research has been streamlined through the introduction of single-site ethics review. However, the process of gaining ethics and governance approvals for national multicentre research continues to be time-consuming, resource-intensive and duplicative. What does this paper add?This is the first study to examine the challenges of obtaining ethics and governance approvals for a non-interventional multicentre study involving three health sectors (hospital, aged care, general practice), both private and public services and all eight Australian jurisdictions. Previous examinations of Australian multicentre studies have considered only one health sector, focused on the public system and/or were not national in scope. What are the implications for practitioners?Researchers and funders need to be aware of the considerable time, resources and costs involved in gaining research ethics and governance approvals for multicentre studies and include this in budgets and study timelines. Policy makers and administrators of ethics and governance review processes must address barriers to conducting multicentre research in Australia.
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Foster, Sarah, Clover Maitland, Paula Hooper, Julian Bolleter, Anthony Duckworth-Smith, Billie Giles-Corti, and Jonathan Arundel. "High Life Study protocol: a cross-sectional investigation of the influence of apartment building design policy on resident health and well-being." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e029220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029220.
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IntroductionThe rapid increase in apartment construction in Australia has raised concerns about the impacts of poorly designed and located buildings on resident health and well-being. While apartment design policies exist, their content varies across jurisdictions and evidence on their impact on health and well-being is lacking. This cross-sectional observational study (2017–2021) aims to generate empirical evidence to guide policy decisions on apartment development and help to create healthy, equitable higher-density communities. Objectives include to benchmark the implementation of health-promoting apartment design requirements and to identify associations between requirements and resident health and well-being outcomes.Methods and analysisEligible buildings in three Australian cities with different apartment design guidelines will be stratified by area disadvantage and randomly selected (~n=99). Building architects, developers and local governments will be approached to provide endorsed development plans from which apartment and building design features will be extracted. Additional data collection includes a resident survey (~n=1000) to assess environmental stressors and health and well-being impacts and outcomes, and geographic information systems measures of the neighbourhood. The study has 85% power to detect a difference of 0.5 SD in the primary outcome of mental well-being (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale) at a 5% level of significance. Analyses will compare policy compliance and health-promoting design features between cities and area disadvantage groups. Regression models will test whether higher policy compliance (overall and by design theme) is associated with better health and well-being, and the relative contribution of the neighbourhood context.Ethics and disseminationHuman Research Ethics Committees of RMIT University (CHEAN B 21146-10/17) and the University of Western Australia (RA/4/1/8735) approved the study protocol. In addition to academic publications, the collaboration will develop specific health-promoting indicators to embed into the monitoring of apartment design policy implementation and impact, and co-design research dissemination materials to facilitate uptake by decision makers.
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Groves, Matthew. "The Unfolding Purpose of Fairness." Federal Law Review 45, no. 4 (December 2017): 653–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.45.4.8.
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The duty to observe the requirements of procedural fairness is well settled in Australian administrative law. So too is the variable content of that duty and the possibility that it may be limited or excluded by legislation expressed in suitably clear terms. One key aspect of fairness that is not yet clear is its purpose. Why do courts require those who exercise public or official power to act fairly? The question cannot be fully answered by reliance on legislative intent or reference to the common law because recourse to one or both of these possible sources of the duty to act fairly does not necessarily answer why that duty is drawn from the common law or implied as part of statutory interpretation. This article examines recent steps by courts and commentators that suggest an exploration of the purpose of fairness may be beginning to occur.
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Chang, Allan. "Analysis on corporate governance compliance standards in New Zealand – a qualitative study on disclosures using content analysis and interviews." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 26, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-12-2017-0115.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide more insights into the standard of corporate governance in New Zealand. The study intends to uncover how a small country with a well-developed economy with a good system of law and order, good institutional set up and law enforcements and implements the principles contained in the FMA’s corporate governance guidelines in practice. Design/methodology/approach The study is a mixed study one where it employs case study content analysis and augmented by conducting interviews. Large companies are selected to ascertain the level of compliance of NZ companies towards their obligations to report on corporate governance practices within the organisation. At the first stage, the study uses content analysis and looks at contents of company annual reports and publications on websites to determine whether they had disclosed as intended by New Zealand’s corporate governance guidelines. Findings The study found that a high compliance was recorded in areas such as board composition and board committees and low compliance recorded in areas involving costly implementation or when the issue is sensitive such as disclosures regarding remuneration details of directors and what non-audit work was undertaken and whether it compromises auditor independence. Being a small country, NZ has performed well in attracting foreign investment due to its strong tradition of law enforcement and respect for regulations. With greater awareness of the importance of corporate governance to investors, companies may see the benefit of greater compliance with the corporate governance guidelines. This is in line with the stakeholder theory and resource dependency theory where companies will voluntarily disclose information on corporate governance, social and environmental performance over and above mandatory requirements to appease and manage their stakeholders. Research limitations/implications The sample size of this study represents 3 per cent of total listed companies in New Zealand, but the sample is approximately 10 per cent of local NZ listed companies (i.e. not dual listed in Australia). There are 36 large companies in the New Zealand stock market with market capitalisation of 1 billion and above. In addition, the companies selected for this study are well-known in New Zealand, and it is acknowledged that this can be a source of bias in my analysis. Practical implications As was revealed during the interviews with company’s senior officials, Australian companies have achieved a higher level of compliance with the code of corporate governance. In this regard, New Zealand will have to step up and follow Australia’s lead to ensure greater compliance with the New Zealand corporate governance principles and guidelines. It would be in the best interest of the company’s stakeholders if full compliance is achieved. Originality/value Studies on the level of compliance by New Zealand companies on their obligations to meet the full extent of disclosures as stipulated by the New Zealand corporate governance guidelines are rare. This study aims to ascertain the standard of corporate governance reporting in New Zealand and the company’s seriousness to comply or attempt to meet the requirements in the seven stipulated principles.
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Backhouse, Kim, and Mark Wickham. "Corporate governance, boards of directors and corporate social responsibility: The Australian context." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 4 (2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i4art5.
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The challenge of corporate governance in Australian corporations is similar to those faced by the majority of corporations operating globally albeit the manner in which corporate governance is structured in Australia represents a strong reflection of the island continent’s people, egalitarian culture, and legislative framework. This article considers the legal framework in which Australian corporations operate within, which includes a discussion of corporate governance principles, the role of directors and ownership structures of companies in Australia. Australian board of director practices are discussed in detailed and this article outlines how these practices are heavily influenced by the Australian Commonwealth Corporations Law (which sets out mandatory legal requirements that all Australian companies must adhere to). The article continues to explore briefly directors’ remuneration practices, recent shareholder’s rights protection and activism, the importance of corporate governance and the link to firm performance, and finally the importance of corporate social responsibility in the Australian context.
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Cobby, G. L. "CHANGES TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCED FORMATION WATER, OFFSHORE AUSTRA." APPEA Journal 42, no. 1 (2002): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01044.
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Under Australian offshore petroleum legislation, produced formation water (PFW) shall not be discharged into the sea unless there is an approved method. Where approval is granted, the concentration of petroleum in any PFW discharged to the sea shall not be greater than 50 mg/l at any one time and the average content over each 24 hour period shall be less than 30 mg/l unless otherwise approved.The introduction of the Commonwealth Petroleum (Submerged Lands) (Management of Environment) Regulations 1999 has changed the way PFW is regulated. The operation of a facility is defined under regulation 4 as a petroleum activity. Regulation 13(3) requires operators to assess the environmental effects and risks of a petroleum activity. The assessment of a facility operation should include the effects and risks associated with PFW discharge.This paper considers how these new requirements affect petroleum operators and what this means for existing and future production facility PFW management. Information is provided regarding assessment tools that are available to measure environmental effect and risk and attempts to describe their ecological relevance and role in decision-making.
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Ash, AJ, and BW Norton. "Studies with the Australian Cashmere Goat. I. Growth and digestion in male and female goats given pelleted diets varying in protein content and energy level." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 5 (1987): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870957.
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Some aspects of growth and digestion were studied in Australian cashmere goats in two experiments. In the first experiment, weaner goats (initial LW 13.4 kg) were given three ground and pelleted diets (11.3, 16.0, and 20.9% crude protein) at two levels of intake. Growth rates were highest in males fed the high protein (HP) diet ad libitum (149 g day-1) and lowest in females consuming the low protein (LP) diet at restricted intakes (30 g day-1). Increasing the protein content of the diet resulted in significantly greater liveweight gains, although the improved growth could be largely attributed to increased intake rather than to enhanced feed efficiency. Males grew faster, retained more nitrogen and used feed with greater efficiency than did females. A second experiment with fistulated goats (mean liveweight 16.4 kg) fed the LP and HP diets from experiment 1 showed that organic matter (OM) digestion was greater in goats fed the LP diet (67.9% v. 65.3%). In contrast, the proportion of OM digestion which occurred in the stomach was greater for goats fed the HP diet (76.7 v. 57.4%). For both diets all of the cellulose and hemicellulose digestion took place in the rumen; however, substantial amounts of starch escaped rumen digestion. Large losses of nitrogen across the rumen (4.9 g day-1) in goats given the Hp diet resulted in reduced flows (11.1 g day-1) of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) to the small intestine, compared with the LP diet (12.7 g day-1). Digestion of NAN in the intestines was greater in animals consuming the LP diet, possibly reflecting the greater intestinal contribution made by non-microbial NAN. For both diets the ratio of protein to energy available (11.0 and 10.2 g protein MJ-1 ME for LP and HP diets respectively) was estimated to be in excess of maximum tissue requirements for growth.
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Alharbi, Musaed Ali, Barry Tolchard, and Godfrey Isouard. "Developing and Measuring the Reliability and Validity of the Factors Influencing the Implementation of ICD-10-AM and Clinical Coding in Saudi Public Hospitals." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 10 (July 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n10p1.
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BACKGROUND: The introduction of a mandatory health insurance system contributing towards the funding of national healthcare in Saudi Arabia necessitates the implementation of clinical coding and a unified health classification system, which has previously not been a feature of Saudi healthcare. As the Ministry of Health (MOH) moves to introduce ICD-10-AM, the Australian modification of the WHO ICD-10, in the Kingdom’s public hospitals, it is important to understand the factors that will influence its successful implementation.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to develop and evaluate the internal consistency reliability and validity of a questionnaire establishing the factors influencing the the implementation ICD-10-AM and clinical coding in Saudi public hospitals.
METHOD: The content validity method was initiated by sending the whole draft questionnaire to a panel of experts to indicate values for each item based on a scale of content validity created by the researchers and, subsequently, using the internal consistency reliability and factorial validity methods to estimate the internal reliability of clusters of items, which were assumed to measure the same factors, grouped in this study into three factorial categories, health information (clinical documentation, classification, and coding requirements), organization (the implementation preparation in individual organizations), and national (institutional support through the national hierarchical structure).
RESULTS: The content validity identified all items of the proposed questionnaire to be valid. Based on the content validity test, several items were removed as they did not meet the proposed model and the final questionnaire was created in accord with the pilot study result. The pilot study utilized Cronbach's α and factor analysis to examine the reliability and validity of Part 2 of the questionnaire and the findings indicated high internal consistency reliability and factorial validity.
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Kruesi, Lisa, Frada Burstein, and Kerry Tanner. "A knowledge management system framework for an open biomedical repository: communities, collaboration and corroboration." Journal of Knowledge Management 24, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 2553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-05-2020-0370.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the opportunity for a distributed, networked open biomedical repository (OBR) using a knowledge management system (KMS) conceptual framework. An innovative KMS conceptual framework is proposed to guide the transition from a traditional, siloed approach to a sustainable OBR. Design/methodology/approach This paper reports on a cycle of action research, involving literature review, interviews and focus group with leaders in biomedical research, open science and librarianship, and an audit of elements needed for an Australasian OBR; these, along with an Australian KM standard, informed the resultant KMS framework. Findings The proposed KMS framework aligns the requirements for an OBR with the people, process, technology and content elements of the KM standard. It identifies and defines nine processes underpinning biomedical knowledge – discovery, creation, representation, classification, storage, retrieval, dissemination, transfer and translation. The results comprise an explanation of these processes and examples of the people, process, technology and content dimensions of each process. While the repository is an integral cog within the collaborative, distributed open science network, its effectiveness depends on understanding the relationships and linkages between system elements and achieving an appropriate balance between them. Research limitations/implications The current research has focused on biomedicine. This research builds on the worldwide effort to reduce barriers, in particular paywalls to health knowledge. The findings present an opportunity to rationalize and improve a KMS integral to biomedical knowledge. Practical implications Adoption of the KMS framework for a distributed, networked OBR will facilitate open science through reducing duplication of effort, removing barriers to the flow of knowledge and ensuring effective management of biomedical knowledge. Social implications Achieving quality, permanency and discoverability of a region’s digital assets is possible through ongoing usage of the framework for researchers, industry and consumers. Originality/value The framework demonstrates the dependencies and interplay of elements and processes to frame an OBR KMS.
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Steel, J. W. "Effects of protein supplementation of young sheep on resistance development and resilience to parasitic nematodes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 12 (2003): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03004.
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The influence of dietary protein content, particularly the supply of metabolisable protein, on immunocompetence and on resilience to pathogenic effects during continuous exposure of young sheep to infective larvae is reviewed for the most important abomasal and small intestinal nematodes infecting young sheep in Australian grazing systems. In lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus supplementary protein improves both development of immunity and resilience in breeds of sheep that are susceptible to haemonchosis, but in relatively resistant breeds dietary supplementation appears unnecessary. Recent studies indicate that the increased protein requirements of Merino weaners parasitised by H. contortus would be met by diets containing about 190 g crude protein/kg dry matter, depending on the rumen degradability of the dietary protein source and level of feed intake. Some evidence exists for an enhanced immune response to Teladorsagia circumcincta in lambs receiving an increased supply of protein at the intestines.Response to protein supplementation of lambs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis depends on the metabolisable protein content of the basal diet and on the period of exposure to incoming larvae. Where the basal diet only meets requirements for maintenance or low growth rates, increased supply of rumen undegradable protein enhances immune expression in terms of reducing faecal egg count and expelling adult worms, but does not appear to limit the initial establishment of incoming larvae. Effects on growth rate and wool production are most pronounced during the period of worm expulsion, indicating that this phase of the immune response competes with production when nutrient resources, and particularly protein, are limited.Field trials in the Armidale region have shown that supplementation with protein meals of Merino weaners, exposed to natural infection from pasture, can reduce faecal egg count and improve resilience in terms of both growth rate and wool production. These effects may persist for some time after supplementation ceases. Further work is needed to determine the generality of these responses in other sheep-producing regions and genotypes and to establish cost-effective supplementation strategies.
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Forrester, Sean T., Les J. Janik, José M. Soriano-Disla, Sean Mason, Lucy Burkitt, Phil Moody, Cameron J. P. Gourley, and Michael J. McLaughlin. "Use of handheld mid-infrared spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression for the prediction of the phosphorus buffering index in Australian soils." Soil Research 53, no. 1 (2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14126.
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The development of techniques for the rapid, inexpensive and accurate determination of the phosphorus (P) buffer index (PBI) in soils is important in terms of increasing the efficiency of P application for optimum crop requirements and preventing environmental pollution due to excessive use of P fertilisers. This paper describes the successful implementation of partial least-squares regression (PLSR) from spectra obtained with bench-top and handheld mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometers for the prediction of PBI on 601 representative Australian agricultural soils. By contrast, poor predictions were obtained for available (Colwell) P. Regression models were successfully derived for PBI ranges of 0–800 and 0–150, the latter range resulting in the optimum model considering the dominance of low PBI soils in the sample set. Concentrations of some major soil minerals (mainly kaolinite and gibbsite content for high PBI, and smectites or illites for low PBI), quartz (representative of low surface area of soils) and, to a lesser extent, carbonate and soil organic matter were identified as the main drivers of the PBI models. Models developed with soils sieved to <2 mm presented an accuracy similar to those developed using fine-ground material. The accuracy of the PLSR for the prediction of PBI by using bench-top and handheld instruments was also similar. Our results confirm the possibility of using MIR spectroscopy for the onsite prediction of PBI.
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Clough, Alan R., Kristy Grant, Jan Robertson, Matthew Wrigley, Nina Nichols, and Tracey Fitzgibbon. "Interventions to encourage smoke-free homes in remote indigenous Australian communities: a study protocol to evaluate the effects of a community-inspired awareness-raising and motivational enhancement strategy." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e018955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018955.
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IntroductionRates of secondhand smoke exposure are currently significantly higher among remote indigenous communities in the top end of Australia. By implementing a ‘smoke-free home’ rule, secondhand smoke exposure can be reduced. Smoke-free homes encourage quit attempts and improve the health of children. The prevalence of indigenous smoking rates in remote, discrete communities in Australia is elevated compared with their non-indigenous counterparts. The primary aim of this project is to examine the feasibility of conducting a health-driven intervention to encourage community members to make their homes a smoke-free zone.Methods and analysisThis study uses mixed-methods exploratory evaluation design to obtain data from key informants and community householders to assess their willingness to implement a ‘smoke-free’ rule in their homes. Initial focus groups will provide guidance on intervention content and deliver evaluation procedures and community requirements. A rapid survey will be conducted to ascertain interest from community members in having the project team visit to discuss study objectives further and to have a particle meter (with consent) placed in the house. Focus groups recordings will be transcribed and analysed thematically. Rapid surveys will be analysed using frequency distributions and tabulations of responses.Ethics and disseminationThe National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines on ethical research approaches to indigenous studies will be adhered to. The James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee has provided ethics approval.
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Baldock, J. A., I. Wheeler, N. McKenzie, and A. McBrateny. "Soils and climate change: potential impacts on carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions, and future research for Australian agriculture." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 3 (2012): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11170.
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Organic carbon and nitrogen found in soils are subject to a range of biological processes capable of generating or consuming greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O and CH4). In response to the strong impact that agricultural management can have on the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen stored in soil and their rates of biological cycling, soils have the potential to reduce or enhance concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Concern also exists over the potential positive feedback that a changing climate may have on rates of greenhouse gas emission from soil. Climate projections for most of the agricultural regions of Australia suggest a warmer and drier future with greater extremes relative to current climate. Since emissions of greenhouse gases from soil derive from biological processes that are sensitive to soil temperature and water content, climate change may impact significantly on future emissions. In this paper, the potential effects of climate change and options for adaptation and mitigations will be considered, followed by an assessment of future research requirements. The paper concludes by suggesting that the diversity of climate, soil types, and agricultural practices in place across Australia will make it difficult to define generic scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions. Development of a robust modelling capability will be required to construct regional and national emission assessments and to define the potential outcomes of on-farm management decisions and policy decisions. This model development will require comprehensive field datasets to calibrate the models and validate model outputs. Additionally, improved spatial layers of model input variables collected on a regular basis will be required to optimise accounting at regional to national scales.
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Davy, John Laurence, Kym Burgemeister, David Hillman, and Simon Carlile. "A Review of the Potential Impacts of Wind Turbine Noise in the Australian Context." Acoustics Australia 48, no. 2 (June 27, 2020): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40857-020-00192-4.
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Abstract This manuscript describes a range of technical deliberations undertaken by the authors during their work as members of the Australian Government’s Independent Scientific Committee on Wind Turbines. Central to these deliberations was the requirement upon the committee to improve understanding and monitoring of the potential impacts of sound from wind turbines (including low frequency and infrasound) on health and the environment. The paper examines existing wind turbine sound limits, possible perceptual and physiological effects of wind turbine noise, aspects of the effects of wind turbine sound on sleep health and quality of life, low-frequency noise limits, the concept of annoyance including alternative causes of it and the potential for it to be affected by low-frequency noise, the influence of amplitude modulation and tonality, sound measurement and analysis and management strategies. In so doing it provides an objective basis for harmonisation across Australia of provisions for siting and monitoring of wind turbines, which currently vary from state to state, contributing to contention and potential inequities between Australians, depending on their place of residence.
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Walsh, GL, and HA Birrell. "Seasonal variations in the chemical composition and nutritive value of five pasture species in south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 6 (1987): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870807.
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The dry matter digestibility (DMD), grinding energy, and the concentration of neutral detergent fibre, crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus in 5 pasture species were monitored over 2 years from pasture which was grazed at 14.8 sheep/ha in south-western Victoria. The species were: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Victorian), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian), Yorkshire fog grass (Holcus lanatus), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Mount Barker), and capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). Perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover were the dominant species and contributed 50 and 20% DM, respectively, to the sward in winter and the opposite in spring. The DMD of the 5 pasture species did not vary greatly throughout the vegetative phase of growth (autumn-mid spring). In winter, fog grass was slightly less digestible (70-74% DMD), while the other grasses were similar (76-79% DMD). Subterranean clover was not digested (72-75% DMD) as thoroughly as the other species until after late spring; then it retained its digestibility while the digestibility of the others fell. None of the species provided digestible herbage above 65% DMD in the summer. The energy required for grinding herbage was lowest in the autumn-winter, and increased with a corresponding increase in neutral detergent fibre content as pastures matured in late spring. The crude protein content of all species declined from 27-30% in autumn to 18-20% in spring, while the soluble carbohydrate contents increased from about 54% in autumn to 10-13% by spring. The implications on animal production of these seasonal changes in nutritive value are discussed. Higher soluble carbohydrate contents in spring herbage than in autumn herbage possibly explain the better performance of animals when grazing spring pasture. The levels of magnesium, sodium and potassium were adequate for the dietary requirements of ruminants; however, on grass dominant pasture, shortages of calcium (0.14-0.25% DM) and phosphorus (0.11-0.24% DM) were likely in the summer when energy and protein were also deficient. The problem of a calcium deficiency is greatly reduced by the presence of legumes. Capeweed is an accumulator of minerals, but it is only occasionally eaten and is rarely present in summer; hence its presence is of marginal benefit to stock.
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Kostina, Ludmyla. "Teacher Professional Development Strategies in Australian Government and Professional Associations Documents." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2015-0031.
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Abstract Teacher in Australia is determined as an active participant of professional community with high level of collaboration, professional development coherent activities and collaborative learning practice. Thus, teacher quality is one of critical factors affecting student outcomes. The article touches upon the issue of the potential to improve secondary school teacher professional expertise in Australia. These are initiatives approved by Australian specific organizations at government and non-government levels. The author describes the goals and directions of secondary school teacher government support and government strong requirements for teacher professional learning. The article also considers the role of Australian professional education organizations in teacher professional growth. The analysis of the goals is carried out by means of government and professional education organizations documents. The author reports that social context of secondary school teacher professional development in Australia is provided through government education institutions. In support of this fact there is a range of government projects, programmes and documents approved at international and national levels and aimed to encourage lifelong quality teacher development. Furthermore, teacher professional development support is also organized by various Australian professional associations that work collaboratively. Moreover, these associations are not only focused on teacher professional development national standards, requirements and forms but global trends in professional learning and performance.
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Burns, Kara, and Suzanne Belton. "Clinicians and their cameras: policy, ethics and practice in an Australian tertiary hospital." Australian Health Review 37, no. 4 (2013): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah12039.
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Medical photography illustrates what people would prefer to keep private, is practiced when people are vulnerable, and has the power to freeze a moment in time. Given it is a sensitive area of health, lawful and ethical practice is paramount. This paper recognises and seeks to clarify the possibility of widespread clinician-taken medical photography in a tertiary hospital in Australia, examining the legal and ethical implications of this practice. A framework of law, state Department of Health policy and human rights theory were used to argue the thesis. Clinicians from 13 purposively chosen wards were asked to participate in an anonymous survey and confidential in-depth interviews. Questions were generated from the literature and local knowledge on the topics of ‘occurrence’, ‘image use’, ‘quality of consent’, ‘cameras and technology’, ‘confidentiality’, ‘data storage and security’, ‘hospital policy and law’ and ‘cultural issues’. One hundred and seventy surveys and eight interviews were analysed using descriptive statistics and theme and content analysis, then triangulated for similarity, difference and unique responses. Forty-eight percent of clinicians surveyed take medical photographs, with the majority using hospital-owned cameras. However, one-fifth of clinicians reported photographing with personal mobile phones. Non-compliance with written consent requirements articulated in policy was endemic, with most clinicians surveyed obtaining only verbal consent. Labelling, storage, copyright and cultural issues were generally misunderstood, with a significant number of clinicians risking the security of patient information by storing images on personal devices. If this tertiary hospital does not develop a clinical photography action plan to address staff lack of knowledge, and non-compliance with policy and mobile phone use, patients’ data is at risk of being distributed into the public domain where unauthorised publication may cause psychological harm and have legal ramifications for the hospital, its patients, and staff. What is known about the topic? While professional medical photography has been widely used for recording patient condition, evidencing care and teaching, little is known about the use of digital photographs taken by clinicians in Australian hospitals. Our research demonstrates that the ubiquitous nature of personal camera phones is encouraging clinicians to practice medical photography on personal devices. Clinicians who take photographs of patients have practical, legal and ethical issues to negotiate. Without careful management of these images, especially on personal devices, accidental and deliberate misuse is possible. What does this paper add? This paper adds to knowledge of clinician-performed medical photography practice: no other study has reported on the subject across multiple wards in an Australian tertiary hospital. This paper defines key areas of inquiry relevant to the topic, documents poor knowledge and compliance with hospital policy and highlights areas of risk to patients, staff and hospital. What are the implications for practitioners? It is likely that the behaviours and knowledge of digital photography documented in our research site are similar to that in other hospitals. Practitioners, managers and policy makers need to be aware of the ethics and regulations regarding consent, use, storage, disposal and ownership of patients’ digital images to ensure the practice follows ethical and legislated guidelines.
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JENSEN, MICHAEL J., and TITUS C. CHEN. "Illiberal Media in a Liberal Democracy: Examining Identity in Australia’s Mandarin Language News." Issues & Studies 57, no. 02 (June 2021): 2150005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251121500053.
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The regime of censorship in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) extends beyond its borders through the extraterritorial application of its media regulations to popular social media platforms like WeChat. This research investigates the effects of the PRC’s extraterritorial control of online content on the identity narratives and norms communicated by comparing Australia’s Special Broadcast Service (SBS) Mandarin language news and the news targeting Australian audiences published on popular WeChat Official Accounts (OAs). We find significant differences in the news content between these two platforms: SBS provides more political content and a focus on political and cultural integration, while WeChat pages tend to avoid political topics that are not otherwise press releases from the PRC and they encourage strong cultural ties with Mainland China. Finally, SBS tends to both inform and cultivate democratic political identities and identification with the Australian political system, whereas WeChat tends to differentiate the Chinese diaspora from the wider Australian community. We situate these findings within a wider understanding of PRC’s national security strategies and doctrine. Whether by requirement or practice, not only the WeChat OAs in Australia implement PRC’s communication controls, but the content on these pages also challenges the liberal democratic practices and norms and supports foreign influence and espionage in Australia.
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Fossum, Mariann, Lee Hughes, Elizabeth Manias, Paul Bennett, Trisha Dunning, Alison Hutchinson, Julie Considine, Mari Botti, Maxine M. Duke, and Tracey Bucknall. "Comparison of medication policies to guide nursing practice across seven Victorian health services." Australian Health Review 40, no. 5 (2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15202.
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Objectives The objective of this paper is to review and compare the content of medication management policies across seven Australian health services located in the state of Victoria. Methods The medication management policies for health professionals involved in administering medications were obtained from seven health services under one jurisdiction. Analysis focused on policy content, including the health service requirements and regulations governing practice. Results and Conclusions The policies of the seven health services contained standard information about staff authorisation, controlled medications and poisons, labelling injections and infusions, patient self-administration, documentation and managing medication errors. However, policy related to individual health professional responsibilities, single- and double-checking medications, telephone orders and expected staff competencies varied across the seven health services. Some inconsistencies in health professionals’ responsibilities among medication management policies were identified. What is known about the topic? Medication errors are recognised as the single most preventable cause of patient harm in hospitals and occur most frequently during administration. Medication management is a complex process involving several management and treatment decisions. Policies are developed to assist health professionals to safely manage medications and standardise practice; however, co-occurring activities and interruptions increase the risk of medication errors. What does this paper add? In the present policy analysis, we identified some variation in the content of medication management policies across seven Victorian health services. Policies varied in relation to medications that require single- and double-checking, as well as by whom, nurse-initiated medications, administration rights, telephone orders and competencies required to check medications. What are the implications for practitioners? Variation in medication management policies across organisations is highlighted and raises concerns regarding consistency in governance and practice related to medication management. Lack of practice standardisation has previously been implicated in medication errors. Lack of intrajurisdictional concordance should be addressed to increase consistency. Inconsistency in expectations between healthcare services may lead to confusion about expectations among health professionals moving from one healthcare service to another, and possibly lead to increased risk of medication errors.
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Villa, Michele. "Local content commitment and the link with indigenous economic development: a case study." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13073.
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This extended abstract discusses local content opportunities in economic development for the Aboriginal community. Local content requirements have become a strategic community development consideration during the past few years. This abstract links the topics of local content commitments and indigenous economic development via leveraging relationships with indigenous contractors in Australia. The creation of indigenous businesses that strive to succeed in the market and compete with non-indigenous companies is key in developing sustainable working opportunities for indigenous Australians. Many oil and gas players have publicly committed to contribute to indigenous business participation offering contractual opportunities and designing capacity-building programs and initiatives. The market for indigenous contractors services is, therefore, rapidly growing and presents considerable opportunities for existing and new players providing services to the resources industry in Australia. The specific demand is driven by corporate social responsibility policies and by the limited capacity of suppliers to deliver what is required by large new and expansion projects in the resource (both mining/oil and gas) sectors in Australia to maintain their social licence to operate. We present the results of a survey about policies and practices of some of the leading oil and gas operators in Australia, highlighting best practices in indigenous business engagement. We also analyse (from interviews with indigenous enterprises) barriers and issues encountered so far in indigenous contracting. International examples about the impact that indigenous enterprises can have on local community social and economic development complement the survey. Note: the term indigenous as used in this extended abstract refers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.
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McDonnell, R. P., M. vH Staines, B. E. Edmunds, and R. Morris. "Feeding management, production and performance of 13 pasture-based dairy farms in a Mediterranean environment." Animal Production Science 57, no. 9 (2017): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15768.
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Physical performance data from 13 dairy farms in Western Australia, six feeding all concentrate in the milking parlour and seven feeding a portion of concentrate in a partial mixed ration (PMR) with forage, were collected between March 2012 and June 2013. Each farm was visited 13 times at intervals of 4–6 weeks, and feed intake and milk production was recorded on each visit. Four farms had access to fresh pasture all year round via irrigation. Milk yield (MY) and composition data was calculated daily from milk processor records. Pasture dry matter intake (DMI) was estimated based on metabolisable energy supply and requirements according to published feeding standards. All milk and feed-related measures were significantly affected by visit date (P < 0.01). Mean annual concentrate intake and MY was 2082 ± 344 kg/cow and 7679 ± 684 kg/cow, respectively. Daily concentrate DMI was greatest in May 2012 (8.9 ± 2.2 kg/cow), near the end of the non-grazing season, and lowest in August 2012 (5.1 ± 1.5 kg/cow). On an average annual basis, PMR farms provided 22 ± 15% of total concentrate fed as part of a PMR, and 28 ± 11% of total concentrates and by-products fed as part of a PMR. Daily grazed pasture DMI was highest on all farms in September 2012 (12.9 ± 2.4 kg/cow), and averaged 6.6 kg/cow on the four irrigated farms between January and May. Daily yield of energy-corrected milk was highest in September 2012 (26.9 kg/cow) and lowest in January 2013 (21.9 kg/cow). Milk fat content was highest in summer and lowest in winter; the reverse was true of milk protein. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly affected by visit date, but mean feed conversion efficiency was the same (1.37) for in-parlour and PMR farms. Overall there was some evidence that PMR feeding systems on Western Australian dairy farms are not optimised to their full potential, but a high degree of variability in performance between all farms was also apparent.
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Wehr, J. Bernhard, and Gunnar Kirchhof. "Gamma Irradiation with 50 kGy Has a Limited Effect on Agronomic Properties of Air-Dry Soil." Soil Systems 5, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5020028.
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International collaboration on agronomy projects often requires the shipment of soil samples between countries to conduct analyses. However, quarantine regulations in numerous countries restrict the importing of soil samples unless they are sterilized, or analysis is carried out only in quarantine facilities, which greatly increases cost. Yet, sterilization is only an option if it does not change the soil properties. There is conflicting information about the effect of irradiation on soil chemical properties. To assess the effect of gamma irradiation on some soil chemical properties, one hundred randomly selected air-dried (40 °C) soil samples were split into two samples. One sample was left untreated and the other sample was irradiated with 50 kGy as prescribed by Australian biosecurity regulations. Commonly measured agronomic soil chemical properties were then measured and results from the non-irradiated samples were compared to the irradiated samples. The results show no effect of irradiation on soil cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, total carbon and nitrogen content, and DTPA-extractable Zn. Small (<5%) but statistically significant effects of irradiation were observed for pH (1:5 water), electric conductivity (EC1:5), DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe and Mn, and Colwell P. The irradiation effects on Fe were greater in the topsoil than subsoil. Considering that irradiation-induced changes to soil chemical properties were below 5%, gamma irradiation can be considered a suitable method to sterilize air-dried soil to meet import requirements, without affecting the interpretation of soil fertility reports.
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Devine, C. E. "International significance of Australian research on beef quality - a view from the periphery." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01004.
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Australia produces agricultural products, including meat, as major items for export as well as being consumed locally. It is no accident that Australia is one of the major exporters of meat to distant markets and the success is predicated on adapting animal production practices and processing to produce a highly desirable product that is safe to eat. Research plays a large part in this strategy, but one would have to say that for some time the view that ‘a prophet hath no honour in his own country’ has predominated. The Cattle and Beef CRC is designed to improve the profitability of the Australian beef industry by bringing in partners, some of whom were prominent in previous research endeavours to coordinate a research effort in order to benefit the whole industry — it is a unique and effective approach. It has taken some time to demonstrate that a ‘nice’ looking animal is not a predictor of meat quality — rather it needs to be processed correctly in order for it to meet the most critical consumer requirements. The researchers in Australia have in fact been the world leaders in advocating procedures such as electrical stimulation that have been taken up by the industry. There are still areas where the research results from Australia differ from that in other countries. CRC-based research in Australia in controlled studies using large numbers of animals with a wide genetic base, has shown that both cattle with a significant component from tropical genotypes and non-tropical genotypes, processed correctly, produce highly acceptable meat. To get further improvements, we merely need to identify the causes of outliers and this should not be difficult. This concept is of course important in the context of the relatively dry Australian climate that results in different problems from other countries. One important outcome of the CRC has been to show that sectors of the industry need to work together to use research and, if necessary, challenge current thinking imposed from outside. In other words, Australians should believe in themselves.
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Sheppard, M. I., S. C. Sheppard, and C. A. Grant. "Solid/liquid partition coefficients to model trace element critical loads for agricultural soils in Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, Special Issue (March 1, 2007): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-061.
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Canadian consumers are demanding a sustainable agricultural industry as well as products delivered under Best Management Practices (BMPs). Trace element accumulation in soils may influence crop productivity, food quality and ecosystem and human health. Canada’s feed and foodstuff export industry has already faced cases of penalties for high trace element content [cadmium (Cd) in durum wheat]. Thus, it is imperative to be able to estimate the accumulation and potential short- and long-term impacts of trace elements in soil. A national-level Trace Element Indicator (TEI) based on present loadings of trace elements to agricultural land is in progress. An Expert Panel including Canadian, American and Australian experts guided the assembly of a proposed methodology for this TEI. The proposed TEI, described briefly here, is a critical load approach with a single expression of the risk of impact from single or multiple trace elements from multiple sources (manures, biosolids, effluents and fertilizers and natural processes), invoked in a stochastic manner. Two key data requirements are the current background levels of trace elements in soil, and the leachability of these trace elements. A survey of total and soluble concentrations of 54 elements in up to 112 soils was completed. Although preliminary in scope, these represent key soil series in Canada. From this, a database of the solid/liquid partition coefficient, Kd, was computed. These Kd values will be used to characterize the leachability of the trace elements. Key words: Cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, uranium, metals, Kd, distribution coefficient
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Mamun, Ashraf Al. "Materiality of Disclosure of Non-financial Sustainability Information and Company Financial Performance: Evidence from Australian Listed Companies." American Journal of Trade and Policy 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v8i2.565.
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The broad objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships between the disclosure of non-financial material sustainability information and the financial performance of listed Australian companies in the materials sector. Using firm-level fixed-effects analysis for all companies, the findings show a mixed relationship (no relationship or statistically significant negative relationship) between lagged aggregate non-financial material sustainability disclosure and financial performance of Australian listed companies in the materials sector. The present study contributes to the existing literature on disclosure of non-financial sustainability information by adding insights into the materiality concept of non-financial sustainability disclosure in the Australian context. The evidence from the current study is expected to provide useful information for the companies’ stakeholders in Australia who use both financial and non-financial information for formulating business and regulatory policies and for decisions regarding the persistent expansion of sustainability reporting requirements.
Funding Acknowledgement: This study is funded by the “Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship”.
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Holmes, Karen W., Andrew Wherrett, Adrian Keating, and Daniel V. Murphy. "Meeting bulk density sampling requirements efficiently to estimate soil carbon stocks." Soil Research 49, no. 8 (2011): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11161.
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Estimation of soil organic carbon stocks requires bulk density (BD) measurements. Variability in BD contributes to carbon stock uncertainty, in turn affecting how large a change in stock can be observed over time or space. However, BD is difficult and time-consuming to measure, and sample collection is further complicated by extremely dry field conditions, coarse-textured soils, and high coarse-fragment content, which are common in southern Australia and other semi-arid and Mediterranean-type climates. Two alternatives to reduce BD sampling effort are to take fewer BD samples at a site (i.e. volumetric rings or clod), and to use more time-efficient methods (i.e. gamma–neutron density meter, NDM). We evaluate these options in the context of a soil carbon stock survey in agricultural land in the south-west of Australia. The BD values within a monitoring site measured with conventional and NDM methods were statistically different when assessed using large sample sizes; the measurements diverged where the coarse fraction volume was >20%. However, carbon stocks were equivalent, reflecting the much larger relative variability in carbon percentage, which contributed 84–99% of the uncertainty in carbon stocks compared with <5% from BD. Given the maximum variability measured, soil carbon stock changes in southern Australia should be monitored on a decadal scale.
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Brandis, Susan, Stephanie Schleimer, and John Rice. "“Pixie dust”." Journal of Health Organization and Management 33, no. 5 (August 8, 2019): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-03-2018-0092.
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Purpose Creating a culture of patient safety and developing a skilled workforce are major challenges for health managers. However, there is limited information to guide managers as to how patient safety culture can be improved. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of reflexivity and develop a model for magnifying the effect of patient safety culture and demonstrating a link to improved perceptions of quality of care. Design/methodology/approach This research employed a correlational case study design with empirical hypothesis testing of quantitative scores derived from validated survey items. Staff perceptions of patient safety, reflexivity and quality of patient care were obtained via a survey in 2015 and analysed using inferential statistics. The final sample included 227 health service staff from clinical and non-clinical designations working in a large Australian tertiary hospital and health service delivering acute and sub-acute health care. Findings Both patient safety culture and reflexivity are positively correlated with perceived quality of patient care at the p<0.01 level. The moderating role of reflexivity on the relationship between patient safety culture and quality of care outcomes was significant and positive at the p<0.005 level. Practical implications Improving reflexivity in a health workforce positively moderates the effect of patient safety culture on perceptions of patient quality of care. The role of reflexivity therefore has implications for future pre-professional curriculum content and post-graduate licencing and registration requirements. Originality/value Much has been published on reflection. This paper considers the role of reflexivity, a much less understood but equally important construct in the field of patient safety.
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Danej, Meghna, Ronak Dedania, Sanket Gandhi, Juhi Randeria, and Kankrej Gaurav. "Regulatory requirements for Drug master file in context to Canada and Australia." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v6i2.236.
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Drug Master Files are required in most countries as supporting documents for the registration of drug products. DMFs generally contain information pertaining to the chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) sections of the drug submission and reflect the drug’s identity, strength, purity and quality. Canada and Australia which are consider as highly regulated markets (HRMs). In CANADA, DMF filing was done through New Drug Submission (NDS) for both drugs and biologic products. They use MF terminology for DMF which contain four types of MASTER FILE- ASMFs, CCS MFs, Excipient MFs, Drug product MFs. In AUSTRALIA different application processes and regulatory requirements apply depending on the type of therapeutic goods that is applied. They consist of eight phase for DMF registration. Where EU guidelines adopted in Australia include references to EU legislation. Now from 2016 onwards most of the regulated countries will use eCTD or their electronic format for their DMF submission. Compare DMF regulatory requirements in the above-mentioned countries so that reader can have clear idea on how to file DMF.
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Wall, Clare R., Rebecca J. Hill, Amy L. Lovell, Misa Matsuyama, Tania Milne, Cameron C. Grant, Yannan Jiang, Rachel X. Chen, Trecia A. Wouldes, and Peter S. W. Davies. "A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of consuming Growing Up Milk “Lite” on body composition in children aged 12–23 mo." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy302.
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ABSTRACT Background Growing Up Milk (GUM) was developed to assist young children in meeting their nutritional requirements during the second year of life. However, there is limited evidence that GUM improves nutritional status and growth in young children. Objectives To evaluate the effect of consuming Growing Up Milk “Lite” (GUMLi) (reduced protein with synbiotics and micronutrients added) compared with standard cow milk as part of a whole diet for 1 y on body composition at 2 y of age. Methods GUMLi Trial was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted in Auckland and Brisbane. Healthy 1-y-olds were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either GUMLi or standard cow milk for 12 mo as part of a whole diet. The primary outcome was percentage body fat at 2 y of age measured by bioelectrical impedance. All regression models adjusted for baseline outcome and study center. Results 160 children (80 per arm) were randomly assigned, and 134 (67 per arm) were included in the modified intention-to-treat analyses. The mean percentage body fat at 12 mo was 23.3% (SD 7.9) in the GUMLi group and 25.7% (SD 7.2) in the cow milk group. After adjusting for baseline outcome and study location, the estimated mean difference in percentage body fat between the intervention and control at 12 mo was −2.19% (95% CI: −4.24, −0.15; P = 0.036). Per-protocol analysis showed a similar effect (mean difference: −2.09%; 95% CI: −4.16, −0.03; P = 0.047). Both fat mass and the fat mass index were significantly lower in the GUMLi group at 12 mo than in the cow milk group. Conclusions At 2 y of age, children who consumed a GUM with a lower protein content than cow milk over 12 mo had a lower percentage of body fat. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12614000918628.