Journal articles on the topic 'Australian agriculture'
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1
Worsley, Anthony, Wei Wang, and Stacey Ridley. "Australian adults’ knowledge of Australian agriculture." British Food Journal 117, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 400–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2013-0175.
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Purpose – Agriculture is a major generator of wealth and employment in Australia. However, it faces a range of economic and environmental challenges which require substantial community support. The purpose of this paper is to examine Australian adults’ Australian knowledge of, and attitudes towards, Australian agriculture. Design/methodology/approach – Online questionnaire survey of 1,026 adults conducted nationwide during August 2012. Findings – Most respondents had little knowledge of even the basic aspects of the industry but they approved of farmers’ performance of their roles. Latent class analysis showed that there are two groups of consumers with low and lower levels of knowledge. The respondents’ age, rural residence and universalist values were positive predictors of agricultural knowledge. Research limitations/implications – This was a cross-sectional, quota-based survey which examined only some aspects of agriculture. However, the findings suggest that more communication with the general public about the industry is required in order to build on the positive sentiment that exists within the community. Practical implications – More education about agriculture in schools and higher education is indicated. Social implications – The poor state of knowledge of agriculture threatens the social contract upon which agricultural communities depend for survival. Originality/value – The study highlights the poor state of general knowledge about agriculture in Australia. The findings could be used as a baseline against which the efficacy of future education programmes could be assessed.
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Keating, B. A., and P. S. Carberry. "Emerging opportunities and challenges for Australian broadacre agriculture." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 4 (2010): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09282.
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Agriculture globally and in Australia is at a critical juncture in its history with the current changes to input costs, commodity prices, consumption patterns and food stocks. Constraints are emerging in terms of land and water resources as well as imperatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There is evidence that rates of increase in agricultural productivity are reducing, both in Australia and overseas. On top of all these drivers of change, agriculture is the sector probably most exposed to climate change, and Australian agriculture is as exposed as any in the world. Against this turbulent background, this paper explores some of the emerging opportunities and challenges in Australian agriculture. These include new products or services from agriculture such as biofuels, forest-based carbon storage in agricultural landscapes, bio-sequestration of carbon in agricultural soils, and environmental stewardship schemes that would reward farmers for nature conservation and related non-production services from farming land. Although there are situations where all these emerging opportunities may deliver benefits to both farmers and the wider community, an overall conclusion is that none of these, on their own, will transform the nature of Australian agriculture. Instead, the greatest emerging opportunity for Australian agriculture must be sought from productivity breakthroughs in the face of current and emerging constraints. This view is formed by looking through the lens of the global food production challenge which sees a demand for close to a doubling of food production by 2050 in the face of increasingly constrained land and water resources, soil degradation, increasing energy scarcity and limits on greenhouse gas release to the atmosphere. These same land, water, soil, energy and atmospheric constraints to agriculture apply in Australia and will shape both farming and the agricultural research agenda over coming decades. In the face of such national and global agronomic challenges, a significant threat looms with the skills challenge facing agricultural science in Australia. The demand for the integrative skills of agronomy appears strong but the sector has suffered from disinvestment in recent decades.
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Crampton, Andrea, and Angela T. Ragusa. "Perceived agricultural runoff impact on drinking water." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 3 (March 25, 2014): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.212.
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Agricultural runoff into surface water is a problem in Australia, as it is in arguably all agriculturally active countries. While farm practices and resource management measures are employed to reduce downstream effects, they are often either technically insufficient or practically unsustainable. Therefore, consumers may still be exposed to agrichemicals whenever they turn on the tap. For rural residents surrounded by agriculture, the link between agriculture and water quality is easy to make and thus informed decisions about water consumption are possible. Urban residents, however, are removed from agricultural activity and indeed drinking water sources. Urban and rural residents were interviewed to identify perceptions of agriculture's impact on drinking water. Rural residents thought agriculture could impact their water quality and, in many cases, actively avoided it, often preferring tank to surface water sources. Urban residents generally did not perceive agriculture to pose health risks to their drinking water. Although there are more agricultural contaminants recognised in the latest Australian Drinking Water Guidelines than previously, we argue this is insufficient to enhance consumer protection. Health authorities may better serve the public by improving their proactivity and providing communities and water utilities with the capacity to effectively monitor and address agricultural runoff.
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Spitsina, Kseniya A., and Anastasiya A. Shikunova. "Agriculture of the Australian Union: Challenges, Responses, Tasks Ahead." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 2(51) (2021): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2021-2-2-51-254-267.
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The article analyses the current state of agriculture industry in the Australian Union. It examines the impact of miscellaneous factors, such as natural disasters, climate conditions, the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the establishment of regional free trade regimes, as well as the degree of their implementation. The paper reveals the specificity of the entry of Australian agriculture products into the markets of China, South Korea and Japan along with the development of agriculture in Australia and the efforts made by the Australian government and business community to overcome the troubles the industry suffered from in 2018-2020. In the authors’ opinion, the growing tensions in trade and economic relations between the Australian Union and the PRC affect the overall situation of Australian agriculture. In its turn, this incentivizes Canberra to explore new sources of agriculture product sales and expand cooperation with other partners.
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Sandu, Nitirajsingh, and Ergun Gide. "Investigation of challenges and opportunities for the adoption of cloud-based Internet of things (IoT) in Australian agricultural SME." Global Journal of Information Technology: Emerging Technologies 7, no. 3 (December 24, 2017): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjit.v7i3.2833.
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Increasing adoption of the Internet of things (IoT) is bringing revolutionary changes in the agricultural, manufacturing, retailing and finance industries, as they improve the existing business processes and reduce cost. IoT is seen as a powerful tool for agricultural SMEs in Australia, with the potential to transform farming and food production into a smart web of interconnected objects and, thus, improve the general productivity and sustainability of the food chain. However, as some of the innovative solutions may need to store the data locally on the device, and mostly on the cloud, it raises serious privacy and regulatory concerns. This paper used a pilot online survey to investigate the challenges and opportunities for adoption of IoT for Australian SMEs in agriculture and it is expected that it will help application and solution providers to address any issues that may arise in the Australian scenario.
Keywords: Internet of things, cloud systems, small-to-medium enterprises, adoption issue, agriculture, Australia.
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Wheeler, Sarah Ann. "Contrasting the beliefs of Australian agricultural professionals about the benefits and costs of genetic engineering and organic agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06294.
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Most research about genetic engineering and organic agriculture has concentrated on the views of consumers and farmers. Given the important role that scientists, extension officers and academics play in creating innovations, influencing farmer adoption and informing the public, a telephone survey targeting these individuals (n = 185) was conducted in mid 2004. The purpose of this survey was to identify the beliefs of agricultural professionals employed in the Australian public sector towards organic agriculture and genetic engineering. The beliefs of agricultural professionals about the benefits and costs of organic agriculture and genetic engineering are compared and contrasted, providing an important benchmark on their views towards these innovations. More professionals believe in the positive net benefits of genetic engineering than those who believe in the positive net benefits of organic agriculture. They believe that genetic engineering will play a vital role in influencing the sustainability of Australian agriculture in the future, namely by increasing production and improving pest and disease management. However, many professionals voiced concerns about the potential costs of genetic engineering, with many citing risk and uncertainty issues and the lack of long-term testing. At the same time, beliefs towards organic agriculture in Australia by agricultural professionals seem to be changing, with nearly two-fifths of those surveyed saying that their beliefs had become more positive towards organic agriculture in the past 5 years. The main benefit of organic agriculture is seen to be a reduction in chemicals. The main limitations are seen to be economic and production difficulties.
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FIELKE, SIMON J., and DOUGLAS K. BARDSLEY. "A Brief Political History of South Australian Agriculture." Rural History 26, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331400017x.
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Abstract:This paper aims to explain why South Australian agricultural land use is focused on continually increasing productivity, when the majority of produce is exported, at the long-term expense of agriculturally-based communities and the environment. A historical analysis of literature relevant to the agricultural development of South Australia is used chronologically to report aspects of the industry that continue to cause concerns in the present day. The historically dominant capitalist socio-economic system and ‘anthropocentric’ world views of farmers, politicians, and key stakeholders have resulted in detrimental social, environmental and political outcomes. Although recognition of the environmental impacts of agricultural land use has increased dramatically since the 1980s, conventional productivist, export oriented farming still dominates the South Australian landscape. A combination of market oriented initiatives and concerned producers are, however, contributing to increasing the recognition of the environmental and social outcomes of agricultural practice and it is argued here that South Australia has the opportunity to value multifunctional land use more explicitly via innovative policy.
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Stent, William R. "L’Australie : Le déclin relatif de l’agriculture depuis 1970." Études internationales 12, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701156ar.
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The present article begins by describing the institutionnal framework of Australian agriculture, recent aspects of evolution in agricultural production, exports, costs and in comes. Ii shows how since 1967 agricultural policy is becoming more and more selective, while at the same time its influence on economic policy is decreasing. This change is attributed to industrialization of the country and to the growing participation of agriculture in the international market. This new form of growth, even less than the old one, cannot solve the issue of rural poverty in Australia nor that of hunger in the world.
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Chisholm, Anthony H. "AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURE: A SUSTAINABILITY STORY*." Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 36, no. 1 (April 1992): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1992.tb00710.x.
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Alston, Julian M. "Quota Reforms in Australian Agriculture." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 47, no. 5 (December 1999): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1999.tb00253.x.
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Kingwell, Ross. "Making Agriculture Carbon Neutral Amid a Changing Climate: The Case of South-Western Australia." Land 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111259.
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Making Australian agriculture carbon neutral by 2050 is a goal espoused by several agricultural organisations in Australia. How costly might it be to attain that goal, especially when adverse climate change projections apply to agriculture in southern Australia? This study uses scenario analysis to examine agricultural emissions and their abatement via reforestation in south-western Australia under projected climate change. Most scenarios include the likelihood of agricultural emissions being reduced in the coming decades. However, the impact of projected adverse climate change on tree growth and tree survival means that the cost of achieving agricultural carbon neutrality via reforestation is forecast to increase in south-western Australia. Agricultural R&D and innovation that enable agricultural emissions to diminish in the coming decades will be crucial to lessen the cost of achieving carbon neutrality. On balance, the more likely scenarios reveal the real cost of achieving carbon neutrality will not greatly increase. The cost of achieving carbon neutrality under the various scenarios is raised by an additional AUD22 million to AUD100 million per annum in constant 2020 dollar terms. This magnitude of cost increase is very small relative to the region’s gross value of agricultural production that is regularly greater than AUD10 billion.
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Brown, Gill, Peter Jobson, Josephine Milne, and Ines Schönberger. "ALERT Lessons From A Biosecurity Disaster." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 15, 2018): e25941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25941.
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The Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC) have been working with the Plant Import Operations Branch of the Australian government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR) to align our procedures to significantly reduce the risk of herbarium specimens being destroyed when being imported into Australia. The two groups worked together productively to bring about change and to enable the resumption of the international movement of herbarium specimens after two recent international disasters. These changes include amendments to the Biosecurity Import Conditions System (BICON) which contains the Australian government’s import conditions and onshore outcomes for herbarium specimens, changes to procedures at the border (airmail gateway facilities) where biosecurity documentation is assessed and parcels released, and updates to existing herbarium parcel labels, guidelines and supplier declaration templates. We will discuss lessons learned, as well as implications for researchers, collections managers or institutions who may be sending herbarium specimen material to Australia. This is a presentation on beahlf of the Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC), a network of herbarium Collection Managers in Australia and New Zealand.
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Williams, Jacqueline. "Soils Governance in Australia: challenges of cooperative federalism." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (March 26, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2015.4173.
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This paper analyses soil governance in Australia and the challenges facing sustainable natural resource management within the context of a cooperative system of federation and a globalised market economy. With only 6 per cent of the Australian landmass considered arable, one would assume that protecting Australia’s valuable soil resource would be of national significance. However, Australia currently lacks nationally consistent policies and legal instruments to ensure that its soil is protected, maintained and enhanced for future generations. While recognising that soil governance is a broad discipline encompassing many areas of soil science and management, this discussion will only focus on the soil conservation aspects of sustainable ecosystems and sustainable food and fibre in Australia; it will not explore in depth issues of soil contamination and other pollution related areas. The paper discusses: the state of Australian soils and the managers of these resources; current soil governance in Australia (based on the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations definition); and a case study example of an Australian state approach to landuse conflict and the protection of agricultural lands. The paper highlights policies and institutional arrangements required for the protection of Australian soil and the very communities that are attempting to steward these resources for future generations.
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CARBERRY, P. S., S. E. BRUCE, J. J. WALCOTT, and B. A. KEATING. "Innovation and productivity in dryland agriculture: a return-risk analysis for Australia." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, S1 (December 22, 2010): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000973.
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SUMMARYDespite a highly variable climate and fragile soils, dryland farming systems in Australia continue to be productive and viable. This review nominates the farming practices, and their development through investment in science and technology, that have helped sustain dryland farming systems in Australia. It sets the context for dryland agriculture in Australia and specifically examines the risks and returns from technological innovations over the past 30 years. It then examines possible sources of productivity gains in the next 20 years.Australian dryland farming systems have performed favourably compared to the agricultural sectors in most other countries over the past 30 years. Australian Research, Development and Extension (RD&E) has been a significant contributor to the realized agricultural productivity growth over this period. However, growth in the productivity of agriculture appears to have slowed down in the last 10 years: this is partly a result of extended dry conditions and declining growth in public investment in RD&E. It is reflected in slowing rates of technology adoption on broadacre farms and changes in investment confidence of farm owners.Future productivity gains will require continued strong investment in RD&E to meet current and emerging challenges. Future technologies and policies will help improve productivity by removing inefficiencies, increasing the efficiency of resource use and developing breakthrough innovations.As evidenced by Australia's success in productivity growth, meeting the global challenge to produce more food in the future will depend partly on investments in RD&E, risk management systems, farmer skill and human capital and policies that encourage efficiency gains.
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Cunningham, Saul A., Frances FitzGibbon, and Tim A. Heard. "The future of pollinators for Australian agriculture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01186.
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Agriculture in Australia is highly dependent on insect pollination, in particular from the introduced western honeybee, Apis mellifera. Most agricultural pollination is provided as an unpaid service by feral A. mellifera and native insects. A smaller proportion of agricultural pollination is provided as a paid service by beekeepers. Insect pollination is threatened by misuse of insecticides and the loss of remnant vegetation, but most potently by the likelihood that the honeybee mite, Varroa destructor, will enter the country. Now is the time to prepare for the effect of these changes, and international experience with pollinator decline should serve as a guide. We need to protect and manage our remnant vegetation to protect wild pollinators. Insurance against declining A. mellifera will come through the development of management practices for alternative pollinator species. By developing native insects as pollinators we can avoid the risks associated with the importation of additional introduced species.
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Campbell, Keith. "Prospects for Deregulation of Australian Agriculture." Australian Quarterly 57, no. 3 (1985): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635330.
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EDWARDS, W. M. "Tillage—New Directions in Australian Agriculture." Soil Science 147, no. 2 (February 1989): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198902000-00012.
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Evans, G. "Reducing Pesticide Use in Australian Agriculture." Australasian Plant Pathology 23, no. 4 (1994): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/app9940149.
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Gow, Jeff. "Structural Adjustment in Australian Agriculture Revisited." Rural Society 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.6.1.24.
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Hadas, Amos. "Tillage — New directions in Australian agriculture." Soil and Tillage Research 15, no. 1-2 (December 1989): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(89)90078-0.
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Chapman, AL, JD Sturtz, AL Cogle, WS Mollah, and RJ Bateman. "Farming systems in the Australian semi-arid tropics-a recent history." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960915.
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The recent history of dryland farming in the Australian semi-arid tropics is discussed briefly against the background of national and state policies, established following World War II, aimed at increasing the population and development of northern Australia. Some reference is also made to irrigation as a means of overcoming limitations imposed by rainfall and to complement dryland farming systems. The environmental and socio-economic constraints whch have so far limited commercial agriculture in the Australian semi-arid tropics are highlighted. Efforts, particularly in north-west Australia, to develop sustainable farming systems based on legume pasture leys and livestock production in conjunction with annual cropping, as a basis for closer settlement, are reviewed. These attempts, which began in the 1960s and stemmed from earlier post-war agricultural research in the region, initially relied on a pasture legume (Stylosanthes humilis cv. Townsville stylo) and conventional tillage. Farming system development continues today using new legume species (e.g. Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and Centrosema pascuorum cv. Cavalcade) and no-tillage cropping technology. This paper documents the history of agricultural and research development, and commercial practice in the Australian semi-arid tropics.
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Nevard, Timothy D., Donald C. Franklin, Ian Leiper, George Archibald, and Stephen T. Garnett. "Agriculture, brolgas and Australian sarus cranes on the Atherton Tablelands, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 4 (2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18081.
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Flocks of brolgas (Antigone rubicunda) and Australian sarus cranes (A. antigone gillae) congregate in cropping areas of the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland, Australia, during the non-breeding months of May to December each year and sometimes come into conflict with farmers. The central part of the region has been declared a Key Biodiversity Area, largely because it is the only well known non-breeding area for the Australian sarus crane. We investigated spatial and temporal patterns of use of this landscape for foraging by the two species to determine how they might be affected by changes in cropping. Abundances of the species were positively correlated with each other over both time and space. Sarus cranes were nevertheless markedly more abundant on the fertile volcanic soils of the central Tablelands, whilst brolgas were more abundant on a variety of soils in outlying cropping areas close to roost sites, especially in the south-west of the region. Both species used a wide variety of crops and pastures but occurred at highest densities on ploughed land and areas from which crops (especially maize) had been harvested. In addition, brolgas were also strongly associated with early-stage winter cereals with volunteer peanuts from the previous crop. We conclude that maize and peanut crops are important as foraging sites for both species during the non-breeding season, a situation that requires management in the interest of both cranes and farmers, especially as cropping patterns intensify and agricultural technology changes. However, we also note that flocking on the Atherton Tablelands indicates that brolgas and sarus cranes are likely to be adaptable to change and able to take advantage of newly created cropping areas.
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Unkovich, Murray, Jeff Baldock, and Steve Marvanek. "Which crops should be included in a carbon accounting system for Australian agriculture?" Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 7 (2009): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08428.
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Dryland agriculture is both a potential source and potential sink for CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Many carbon accounting systems apply simple emissions factors to production units to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. However, in Australia, substantial variation in climate, soils, and management across >20 Mha of field crop sowings and >30 Mha of sown pastures in the intensive land use zone, provides substantial challenges for a national carbon accounting system, and simple emission factors are unlikely to apply across the region. In Australia a model framework has been developed that requires estimates of crop dry matter production and harvested yield as the first step to obtain carbon (residue) inputs. We use Australian Bureau of Statistics data to identify which crops would need to be included in such a carbon accounting system. Wheat, barley, lupin, and canola accounted for >80% of field crop sowings in Australia in 2006, and a total of 22 crops account for >99% of the sowing area in all States. In some States, only four or six crops can account for 99% of the cropping area. We provide a ranking of these crops for Australia and for each Australian State as a focus for the establishment of a comprehensive carbon accounting framework. Horticultural crops, although diverse, are less important in terms of total area and thus C balances for generic viticulture, vegetables, and orchard fruit crops should suffice. The dataset of crop areas presented here is the most comprehensive account of crop sowings presented in the literature and provides a useful resource for those interested in Australian agriculture. The field crop rankings presented represent only the area of crop sowings and should not be taken as rankings of importance in terms of the magnitude of all GHG fluxes. This awaits a more detailed analysis of climate, soils, and management practices across each of the regions where the crops are grown and their relationships to CO2, nitrous oxide and methane fluxes. For pastures, there is a need for more detailed, up to date, spatially explicit information on the predominant sown pasture types across the Australian cropping belt before C balances for these can be more reliably modelled at the desired spatial scale.
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Cook, David C., Peter S. Gardiner, and Helen Spafford. "What Will Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Cost Western Australian Agriculture?" Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 4 (May 27, 2021): 1613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab099.
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Abstract Following the detection of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Western Australia in early 2020 and the lack of government response action, we estimate the impact it is likely to have on the state’s agriculture. A bioeconomic model is used to estimate cost and revenue implications for broadacre cropping and horticulture industries. We assume permanent S. frugiperda populations are likely to establish in areas of the state’s north and mid-west over the next decade, and other regions may experience sporadic outbreaks over single seasons. Over 0.8 million hectares of host crops could be permanently affected, while sporadic outbreaks may affect a further 150,000 hectares. Expressed in Australian dollars (A$), S. frugiperda is likely to add a A$14.2–39.3 million burden to agricultural producers per annum by year 10 of the outbreak. Approximately 55% of these damage costs are attributable to yield loss and 45% to increased variable production costs.
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Canning, John. "Australian AgTech." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 10, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n1.464.
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The government AgriTech Expert Working Group has provided a detailed overview of the practical challenges domestic Australian farmers have to deal with when digitising their farms through the implementation of connected sensor technologies, motivated by the predicted growth of the sector to AUD 100 billion by 2030. In addressing these issues, of which connectivity and access to wireless technologies along with unreliable sensor performances over time remain prominent, domestic regional specific solutions are sought. A key solution being relied upon are low earth orbital satellites, perhaps the only communication infrastructure that cycles over territorial boundaries and has both regulatory and technical challenges that are not widely considered. The resilience of these solutions is assessed in the context of the agricultural technology, or AgTech, market which is arguably invented and shaped by broader, global interests mostly centred where end-user populations are based. The argument is made that government policy must include the latter within a larger holistic framework, including education, when assessing the future of both agriculture and AgTech markets in Australia. At the core, the AgTech report does highlight some challenges in Australia’s wider research approach.
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Marsh, S. P., D. J. Pannell, and R. K. Lindner. "The impact of agricultural extension on adoption and diffusion of lupins as a new crop in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (2000): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99080.
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The growth of the sweet white lupin industry in Western Australia is a classic case of the adoption and diffusion of a new innovation in agriculture. In 1979, following the release of the cultivar Illyarrie, and the development of effective agronomic practices, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture (Agriculture Western Australia) commenced a major extension campaign to promote lupins. Between 1978 and 1987, the area of lupins grown increased from 39 000 to 877 000 ha. However, the pattern of adoption varied widely between regions, with differences in starting time, rate and ceiling levels of adoption. In this paper, we examine regional differences in the start time of the adoption process, and estimate the impact of various factors by using multivariate regression analysis. Results suggest that both Agriculture Western Australia extension activities and the presence of private consultants contributed to earlier start times of the adoption process.
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Sivapalan, S., L. O'Brien, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, G. J. Hollamby, I. Barclay, and P. J. Martin. "An adaptation analysis of Australian and CIMMYT/ICARDA wheat germplasm in Australian production environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 7 (2000): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99188.
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An adaptation analysis was conducted in an attempt to identify adapted germplasm and potential indicator or probe varieties that could be used for more efficient germplasm introduction and evaluation. A set of 39 advanced wheat breeding lines and named varieties from Australian breeding programs and 10 from the CIMMYT/ICARDA programs were tested using 20 environments across the Australian wheatbelt during a period of 3 years. AMMI analysis and classification analysis were performed on grain yield data. Five groups of genotypes with similar patterns in performance within each group were identified, mostly reflecting their origin and pedigree. Most of the genotypes from the CIMMYT/ICARDA programs clustered together as did most of those from the University of Adelaide and Agriculture Western Australia breeding programs. Four groups of environments with similar trends in discriminating genotypes within each group were identified. There was a clear discrimination between subtropical and Mediterranean environments. Subtropical environments with supplementary irrigation showed similar patterns to Mediterranean environments. Basic differences in adaptation and phenotypic stability among genotypes from the CIMMYT/ICARDA programs in relation to genotypes from several breeding programs in Australia were identified. CIMMYT/ICARDA genotypes such as Attila, Nesser, Pfau/Seri//Bow, Genaro 81, and Maya/Nac performed well, especially in subtropical environments. The Australian varieties Hartog and Vulcan showed similar performance and could be used as indicator varieties for assessing introduced germplasm for subtropical regions. University of Adelaide developed genotypes Trident, Spear, Excalibur, and RAC 655, along with the Agriculture Western Australia genotypes Tammin and 82Y:1186, showed wide adaptation to all environments and could be used as indicator varieties for wide adaptation. Similarly, genotypes such as BT Schomburgk, Pelsart, and Sunvale could be used as indicator varieties for the other genotype groups. The results of this study can serve as a basis for identification and introduction of germplasm from the CIMMYT/ICARDA programs for various Australian production environments. It has also provided an understanding of the pattern of discrimination of genotypes across each region of the Australian wheatbelt.
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Murray, Mike. "421 Commonalities of Australian Public Extension Programs." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 517A—517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.517a.
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A 1995/96 sabbatical leave in Australia was conducted to elucidate trends in public extension programs related to technology transfer or information delivery. Interviews with imore than 500 extension providors and users in seven states or territories were conducted. Based on these discussions, 12 commonalities or recurring themes were identified. These were the delivery of public extension programs through State Departments of Agriculture that also have regulatory responsibilities; decreased public funding for extension programs; clear separations between applied research and extension functions; adoption of purchaser/provider funding models; poor communication or collaboration between extension and universities; an emphasis on group facilitation programming; difficulties related to extension staff recruitment or retention; diminished clientele support for public extension programs; an emphasis on the sociological aspects of agricultural enterprises; the development of audio-visual educational materials; a movement to assist inefficient producers exit agriculture and; trends toward the privatization of, or cost recovery for, public extension programs.
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Mulyadi, Martin Surya, Maya Safira Dewi, Yunita Anwar, and Hanggoro Pamungkas. "Indonesian And Australian Tax Policy Implementation In Food And Agriculture Industry." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i2.170.
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Tax policy is one of the most important policy in consideration of investment development in certain industry. Research by Newlon (1987), Swenson (1994) and Hines (1996) concluded that tax rate is one of the most important thing considered by investors in a foreign direct investment. One of tax policy could be used to attract foreign direct investment is income tax incentives. The attractiveness of income tax incentives to a foreign direct investment is as much as the attractiveness to a domestic investment (Anwar and Mulyadi, 2012).
In this paper, we have conducted a study of income tax incentives in food and agriculture industry; where we conduct a thorough study of income tax incentives and corporate performance in Indonesian and Australian food and agriculture industry. Our research show that there is a significant influence of income tax incentives to corporate performance. Based on our study, we conclude that the significant influence of income tax incentives to Indonesian corporate performance somewhat in a higher degree than the Australian peers. We have also concluded that Indonesian government provide a relatively more interesting income tax incentives compare to Australian government. However, an average method of net income –a method applied in Australia– could be considered by Indonesian government to avoid a market price fluctuation in this industry.
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Goodchild, DJ, and LF Myers. "Rhizosheaths -a neglected phenomenon in Australian agriculture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 3 (1987): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870559.
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Rhizosheaths are formed as a result of a proliferation of root hairs that enmesh sand grains to form cylinders on non-branching roots, usually of xerophytic plant species. Their occurrence in eastern Australia on the roots of the mesophytic grasses, Secale montanum and Triticum aestivum, is reported and their probable importance discussed. A technique for separating soil particles from the root hairs is described which should facilitate the study of these structures in other plants.
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Mullen, John D., and Thomas L. Cox. "MEASURING PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AUSTRALIAN BROADACRE AGRICULTURE." Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 40, no. 3 (December 1996): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1996.tb00594.x.
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Wakelin, Steven A., and Maarten H. Ryder. "Plant Growth-Promoting Inoculants in Australian Agriculture." Crop Management 3, no. 1 (2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cm-2004-0301-01-rv.
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Ingram, B. A., G. J. Gooley, L. J. McKinnon, and S. S. De Silva. "Aquaculture-agriculture systems integration: an Australian prospective." Fisheries Management and Ecology 7, no. 1-2 (February 2000): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2000.00182.x.
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Mann, Stefan, Benoit Freyens, and Huong Dinh. "Crises and structural change in Australian agriculture." Review of Social Economy 75, no. 1 (August 12, 2016): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2016.1219383.
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Pini, Barbara, Kerry Brown, and Lyn Simpson. "Evaluating 'Australian Women in Agriculture': 1992-2002." Australian Journal of Public Administration 62, no. 1 (March 2003): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.00311.
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Parton, Kevin A. "Debt-for-Conservation Swaps in Australian Agriculture." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 2 (1993): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900037711.
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Steffen, Will, John Sims, James Walcott, and Greg Laughlin. "Australian agriculture: coping with dangerous climate change." Regional Environmental Change 11, S1 (November 10, 2010): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0178-5.
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Angus, J. F. "Nitrogen supply and demand in Australian agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 3 (2001): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00141.
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The supply of and demand for nitrogen by whole industries and individual crops is discussed in relation to changes in farming systems, particularly the relative importance of fertiliser and biologically fixed nitrogen. The use of fertiliser nitrogen (N) in Australia has grown at an annual rate of 14% since the early 1990s, after growing at half that rate since the 1950s. The accelerated growth occurred during a period when world demand has been almost constant. Most of the additional demand has been for the dryland cereal and canola industries of southern Australia, where crops previously obtained almost all their N from mineralisation of soil organic matter and the residues of legume pastures. The most likely reasons for the belated increase in use of fertiliser N in Australia are to replace the supply from pasture residues as the area of pasture decreased and to satisfy the increased demand of cereals following break crops and of the break crops themselves, particularly canola. For a dryland cereal, there is a problem of matching soil N supply with an unpredictable N demand. For winter cereals in Australia, crop N demand is poorly synchronised with soil N supply. The time of greatest demand is normally during the stem-elongation phase when the crop is growing fastest. For crops targeted for high-protein grain, there is an even greater demand around the flowering phase. The peak N demand for well-managed crops growing with no water limitations exceeds the capacity of the soil to supply N from mineralisation at the time, so additional N is required to meet the shortfall, either from fertiliser or mineral N retained in the soil from earlier mineralisation. Predicting the optimum supply of fertiliser N at sowing is difficult in cases where N demand is influenced by variable rainfall. Topdressing and banding fertiliser offer prospects for more closely matching N supply and demand for dryland crops. The future role of legumes in supplying residual N is discussed in relation to the trend towards continuous cropping.
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Mansfield, Sarah. "Insects and Pest Management in Australian Agriculture." Austral Ecology 29, no. 3 (June 2004): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01324.x.
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Grundy, Paul R. "Insects and Pest Management in Australian Agriculture." Australian Journal of Entomology 42, no. 3 (August 2003): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.2003.00354.x.
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Hochman, Z., P. S. Carberry, M. J. Robertson, D. S. Gaydon, L. W. Bell, and P. C. McIntosh. "Prospects for ecological intensification of Australian agriculture." European Journal of Agronomy 44 (January 2013): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.11.003.
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Rickards, L., and S. M. Howden. "Transformational adaptation: agriculture and climate change." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 3 (2012): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11172.
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Climate change presents the need and opportunity for what the Stern report called ‘major, non-marginal change’. Such transformational adaptation is rapidly emerging as a serious topic in agriculture. This paper provides an overview of the topic as it applies to agriculture, focusing on the Australian situation. It does so by first defining transformational adaptation, distinguishing it from other more incremental but overlapping modes of climate change adaptation and positing its emergence in agriculture as a response to both drivers and opportunities. The multiple dimensions of transformational adaptation are highlighted before two types or cases are focussed upon in order to tease out issues and highlight two major examples of transformation in agriculture in the past. Four key issues about climate change adaptation in agriculture particularly pertinent for transformational adaptation are then reviewed: the identification, level, distribution and management of the costs of adaptation; the definition, potential for and need to avoid maladaptation; the capacity demands that this level of adaptation presents; and the role of government in adaptation. Overall, transformational adaptation poses potential great gains but also great risks. It reinforces the realisation that agricultural research can no longer remain insulated from off-farm, non-science or non-agricultural knowledge or processes. Support and guidance of transformational adaptation requires that we understand how Australian agriculture is currently, and could be, positioned within the landscape, rural communities, and broader social, political and cultural environment.
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Loi, A., J. G. Howieson, B. J. Nutt, and S. J. Carr. "A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (2005): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03134.
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A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their root-nodule bacteria has been released to agriculture in Mediterranean-type environments. These new species emanate from selection activity focussed upon ‘alternative legumes’. In 1992, in response to changing constraints upon production, a program was initiated which sought species with different ideotypic traits to the traditional annual medics and clovers used in agriculture in southern Australia. Traits sought in the new species were deeper root systems, improved persistence from higher hardseed levels, acid tolerant symbioses, tolerance to pests and diseases and ease of harvesting with conventional cereal harvesters. Several cultivars of species new to Australian agriculture such as biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus), French serradella (Ornithopus sativus), gland clover (Trifolium glanduliferum) and improved varieties of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) were developed and have had rapid adoption and impact in southern Australian ley- and phase-farming systems. This paper reviews the importance of ley farming for Australian agriculture, the shortcomings of the traditional medics and clovers and the imperatives for a second generation of annual pasture legume species to be developed. In addition to enhancing ley farming, the commercial availability of a second generation of annual pasture legume species has provided a much needed impetus for the development of more flexible and sustainable farming systems.
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McIntyre, Julie. "Nature, Labour and Agriculture: Towards Common Ground in New Histories of Capitalism." Labour History: Volume 121, Issue 1 121, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2021.19.
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Goods developed and exchanged in the production of capital value are commodified nature that is acted upon by humans. Yet new histories of capitalism have for the most part ignored nature as impacted by this economic, social, and environmental system, and the agency of nature in commodification processes. This article responds to the call from a leading historian of capitalism to consider “the countryside” as a neglected geography of human-nature relations that is integral to generating capital value. It asks whether co-exploitation of “the soil and the worker,” as Marx stated of industrialising agriculture in Britain, also occurred in Australia. To answer this, I have drawn together histories of environment, economy, and labour that are concerned with soils and labour for agriculture, which has resulted in a twofold conclusion. First, it is a feature of capitalist production in Australia that the tenacity of “yeoman” or family farming as the model for Australian market-based agriculture did not exploit labour. Farming has, however, transformed Australian soils in many places from their natural state. This transformation is viewed as necessary from a resource perspective but damaging from an ecological view. Second, Australian historians of labour and environment do not participate in international debates about whether or how to consider the historical intersection of nature and labour, or, indeed, nature, labour, and capitalism. The reasons for this are historical and methodological. The environment-labour divide among historians is relevant as global environmental and social crises motivate the search for new sources and relational methods to historicise these connected crises.
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Mulyadi, Martin Surya, Maya Safira Dewi, Yunita Anwar, and Hanggoro Pamungkas. "Indonesian And Australian Tax Policy Implementation In Food And Agriculture Industry." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i1.170.
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<p>Tax policy is one of the most important policy in consideration of investment development in certain industry. Research by Newlon (1987), Swenson (1994) and Hines (1996) concluded that tax rate is one of the most important thing considered by investors in a foreign direct investment. One of tax policy could be used to attract foreign direct investment is income tax incentives. The attractiveness of income tax incentives to a foreign direct investment is as much as the attractiveness to a domestic investment (Anwar and Mulyadi, 2012). In this paper, we have conducted a study of income tax incentives in food and agriculture industry; where we conduct a thorough study of income tax incentives and corporate performance in Indonesian and Australian food and agriculture industry. Our research show that there is a significant influence of income tax incentives to corporate performance. Based on our study, we conclude that the significant influence of income tax incentives to Indonesian corporate performance somewhat in a higher degree than the Australian peers. We have also concluded that Indonesian government provide a relatively more interesting income tax incentives compare to Australian government. However, an average method of net income –a method applied in Australia– could be considered by Indonesian government to avoid a market price fluctuation in this industry.</p>
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Fielke, Simon J., and Douglas K. Bardsley. "South Australian farmers’ markets: tools for enhancing the multifunctionality of Australian agriculture." GeoJournal 78, no. 5 (September 13, 2012): 759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-012-9464-8.
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Kavalidou, Katerina, Samara McPhedran, and Diego De Leo. "Farmers’ contact with health care services prior to suicide: evidence for the role of general practitioners as an intervention point." Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, no. 1 (2015): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py13077.
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Suicide in Australian rural communities has received significant attention from researchers, health practitioners and policymakers. Farmers and agricultural workers have been a focus of particular interest, especially in relation to levels of help seeking for mental health concerns. A less explored area, however, is the level of contact that Australian farming and agriculture workers who die by suicide have had with health providers for physical, rather than mental, health conditions. It is often assumed that farmers and agricultural workers have lower levels of contact with health care services than other rural residents, although this assumption has not been well tested. Using data from the Queensland Suicide Register, this paper describes levels of contact with health care providers in the 3 months before death by suicide among men in farming and agriculture occupations and other occupations in rural Queensland. No significant differences were found in farming and agricultural workers’ levels of contact with a general practitioner when compared with other rural men in Queensland. The current findings lend weight to the view that rural general practitioners represent an important intervention point for farming and agriculture workers at risk of suicide (whether or not those individuals exhibit accompanying psychiatric illness).
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Verschuuren, Jonathan. "Towards a Regulatory Design for Reducing Emissions from Agriculture: Lessons from Australia’s Carbon Farming Initiative." Climate Law 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00701001.
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The land sector is essential to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goals. Agriculture and land use contribute between 20 and 25 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris Agreement’s aim to keep the average global temperature rise between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius implies that drastic emission cuts from agriculture are needed. The sequestration potential of agriculture and land use offers an important mechanism to achieve a transition to net-zero carbon emissions worldwide. So far, however, states have been reluctant to address emissions from, and sequestration by, the agricultural sector. Some states that have or are setting up a domestic emission-trading scheme allow for the generation of offsets in agriculture, but only to a limited extent. Australia is the only country that has a rather broad set of methodologies in place to award credits to farmers for all kinds of carbon-farming projects. This article reviews the experience with the Australian model so far, with the objective of articulating transferable lessons for regulatory design aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. It finds that it is possible to regulate for the reduction of emissions from agriculture and for increased sequestration in agricultural soils and in vegetation on agricultural lands, provided that certain conditions are met. Regulation must focus on individual projects at farms, based on a long-term policy that has a wider focus than just emission reduction. Such projects must comply with climate-smart methodologies that ensure the delivery of real, additional, measurable, and verifiable emission reductions and also foster long-term innovation and create economic, social, and environmental co-benefits. Moreover, a robust and reliable mrv system must be put in place.
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Sarker, Arif, Janet Bornman, and Dora Marinova. "A Framework for Integrating Agriculture in Urban Sustainability in Australia." Urban Science 3, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020050.
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Rapid urbanisation all over the world poses a serious question about urban sustainability in relation to food. Urban agriculture can contribute to feeding city dwellers as well as improving metropolitan environments by providing more green space. Australia is recognised as one of the most urbanised countries in the world, and achieving urban sustainability should be high on the policy and planning agenda. A strong consensus exists among policymakers and academics that urban agriculture could be a tenable way of enhancing urban sustainability, and therefore, it should be a vital part of planning processes and urban design as administered by local and state governments. However, in recent decades, planning has overlooked and failed to realise this opportunity. The most significant constraints to urban agriculture are its regulatory and legal frameworks, including access to suitable land. Without direct public policy support and institutional recognition, it would be difficult to make urban agriculture an integral part of the development and planning goals of Australian cities. Developing and implementing clear planning policies, laws and programs that support urban agriculture can assist in decreasing competing land demands. This study analyses the policy and planning practices that can support integrating urban agriculture into city land-use planning. It examines current practices and identifies existing opportunities and constraints. An integration framework for urban agriculture for Australian cities is presented. If implemented, such a conceptual framework would allow improved sustainability of cities by bringing together the advantages of growing food within a greener urban environment.
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Chinivasagam, Nalini, and Pat Blackall. "The re-use of water in agricultural settings." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 1 (2009): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09038.
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Agriculture offers considerable opportunities for the safe and sustainable re-use of water, be that water sourced from humans or animals. A key point is understanding the differences in pathogen profiles between wastewater from humans as compared with that derived from animals. Agricultural re-use also offers the opportunity to appropriately match the treatment level of the used water with the planned end-use. There is no doubt that the reuse of water in agriculture will be an increasing focus as Australian agriculture adapts to the challenges of food security in a changing world.