Journal articles on the topic 'Australian 19th century history'
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1
EBACH, MALTE C. "A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia." Zootaxa 3392, no. 1 (July 18, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3392.1.1.
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The development of Australian biogeographical regionalisation since 1858 has been driven by colonial 19th-centuryexploration and by the late 20th-century biodiversity crisis. The intervening years reduced existing large scaleregionalisation into smaller taxon specific areas of vegetation or endemism. However, large scale biotic biogeographicalregionalisation was rediscovered during multi-disciplinary meetings and conferences, sparking short-term revivals whichhave ended in constant revisions at smaller and smaller taxonomic scales. In 1995 and 1998, the Interim BiogeographicRegionalisation for Australia and the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, AustralianCommonwealth funded initiatives in order to “identify appropriate regionalisations to assess and plan for the protectionof biological diversity”, have respectively replaced 140 years of Australian biogeographical regionalisation schemes. Thispaper looks at the rise and slow demise of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia in light of a fractured taxonomic biogeographical community.
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Barrow, Emma, and Barry Judd. "Whitefellas at the Margins." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v7i2.111.
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Within the context of the Australian higher education sector and the organisational interactions facilitated by a university, the politics of Anglo-Australian identity continues to limit the ability of ‘whitefella’ Australians to engage with Indigenous people in a way that might be said to be truly ethical and self-transformative. Instead, the identity politics of Anglo-Australia, a politics that originates in the old colonial stories of the 19th century, continues to function in a way that marginalises those individuals who choose to engage in a way that goes beyond the organisational rhetoric of government and civil institutions in promoting causes such as reconciliation and ‘closing the gap’. The history of Australian colonialism teaches us that, when a deep and productive engagement between settler and native has occurred, the stability of Anglo-Australian identity is destabilised as the colonial establishment is reminded of Indigenous dispossession and the moral and legal legitimacy of the contemporary Australian state become subject to problematic questions that arise from this fact of Australian history. Framing the contemporary context of change and resistance, the authors discuss the importance of inclusive institutional practice, in the quest for a democratic modelling that points to a pathway for a truer recognition, acceptance and inclusion of Indigenous peoples in the ‘mainstream’ of Australian university life.
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Branagan, D. "Alfred Selwyn - 19th Century Trans-Atlantic Connections Via Australia." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.p1x636x7w8r1v2qp.
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The contributions of A.R.C. Selwyn to geological science were considerable, and possibly unique in the 19th century, as they spanned three continents in a career lasting more than 50 years. In particular Selwyn is rightly regarded as establishing geology as a profession in Australia, both by his own high quality mapping, and by the training of a number of talented young men in his Geological Survey of Victoria (1852-1868). In Canada he pursued the same high standards when appointed as Director of the Geological Survey at a time when the Dominion had just become greatly enlarged. A strong supporter of his staff, Selwyn engaged in a controversy with U.S. geologists about Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy, maintaining that Canadian field evidence provided the key which negated the U.S. stand. Selwyn maintained links with the colleagues of his early years in the British Geological Survey (1845-1852) during his long career, keeping in touch with new ideas in Europe and informing his friends about the results of Australian and Canadian geological research.
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Van den Bosch, Annette. "Written Out of History: My Grandfather William Chapman and the Effects of War." Transcultural Studies 13, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01301005.
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This text is an attempt to trace the case history of an Australian soldier’s participation in World War One and the effects of war on an ordinary Australian family, whose roots are in 19th century England. Archival documents from the National Australian Archives, diaries of medical officers and soldiers, the Embarkation Roll as well as certificates of marriages and deaths are examined in order to document the historical facts which crossed the boundaries between private and public lives of ordinary people enmeshed in the history of their era.
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Zillman, John. "Von Neumayer’s place in history a century on: closing remarks at the anniversary symposium." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 123, no. 1 (2011): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs11123.
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The Georg von Neumayer Anniversary Symposium held at the Royal Society of Victoria Hall in Melbourne on 27–30 May 2009 brought together a wide range of perspectives on the life, times and scientific achievements of one of the most remarkable figures of 19th Century Australian, German and polar science.
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Dodson, Giles. "REVIEW: 'Digger' media out-manoeuvred by military." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.303.
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Review of: Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting, by Fay Anderson and Richard Trembath. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2011, 501 pp, ISBN 978-0522856446 (pbk)Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting provides a thorough-going account of the developments and, importantly, of continuities which have characterised Australian reporting of foreign wars since the 19th century. It is a welcome addition to the growing body of conflict reporting literature, in particular to that which concerns the local experience. It is clear the forces which structure Australian war journalism have remained relatively constant throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
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Ishchenko, Oleksandr. "THE COVERAGE OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIANS IN THE AUSTRALIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-151-156.
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In this article, we present an analysis of the 10-volumed Australian Encyclopedia published in 1958. The purpose of the analysis is to identify encyclopedic information concerning the Ukrainian people. Since the late 19th century, a part of the Ukrainian ethnic group inhabits the Australian continent, so it is natural to expect the appearance of Ukrainians in encyclopedic publications of Australia. But do Australians mention Ukrainians in their own fundamental encyclopedias? This question is caused not only by the general interest, but also by the fact that Ukraine is shown in the national narratives of many countries through various myths generated by Soviet propaganda. Therefore, the analysis of the representation of Ukrainians in the pages of foreign encyclopedias is a topical issue of contemporary Ukrainian studies in general. In this study, we found that the main body of information about Ukrainians is statistical data about the Ukrainian community in Australia, which settled after the Second World War. Among the 10 volumes there are no mentions of Ukraine, its capital, prominent people of the nation, etc. In addition, general highlights of the Australian encyclopedia publishing sphere are proposed. It is noted that the Australian Encyclopedia as a fundamental work published in six editions during 1925–1996 is the main achievement of the Australian encyclopediography. It is noteworthy that there is currently no national online encyclopedia in Australia. At the same time, there are domain (subject-specific) publications by research teams among other achievements of contemporary Australian encyclopedia publishing, such as the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, the Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, the Companion to Tasmanian History, etc.
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Wilson, Pat H. "Singing Our Songs: Celebrating Australian Music Theatre repertoire." Australian Voice 22 (2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56307/bxzp3343.
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Although live theatrical performances combining music, spoken dialogue, songs, acting and dance have existed since ancient times, modern Western musical theatre (colloquially, “musicals”) emerged in the 19th century. There is an increasing interest in analysing, understanding and researching American musicals. British and European music theatre is also gathering a stronger profile academically. However, it is less well-known that Australia has a large and richly varied music theatre history. Singing teachers, vocal coaches and singers working in music theatre constantly seek to expand repertoire, especially solo material suitable for use in auditions. Lack of research attention and a dearth of readily available published scores have resulted in few performances of solo songs from the growing canon of Australian music theatre. A serious investigation, interrogating suitability and availability of the scores of Australian music theatre works, is long overdue. This paper seeks, in some small way, to commence the process.
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Kuo, Mei-fen. "Confucian Heritage, Public Narratives and Community Politics of Chinese Australians at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century." Journal of Chinese Overseas 9, no. 2 (2013): 212–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341260.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the meanings of Confucian heritage for the Chinese ethnic community at the time Australia became a Federation. It will argue that public narratives about Confucian heritage provided a new agency for mobilizing urban Chinese Australian communities. These narratives politicized culture, helped to shape Chinese ethnic identity and diasporic nationalism over time. The appearance of narratives on Confucian heritage in the late 19th century reflected the Chinese community’s attempt to differentiate and redefine itself in an increasingly inimical racist environment. The fact that Chinese intellectuals interpreted Confucian heritage as symbolic of their distinctiveness does not necessarily mean that the Chinese community as a whole aligned themselves with the Confucianism revival movement. By interpreting Confucian heritage as a national symbol, Chinese Australian public narratives reflected a national history in which the Chinese community blended Confucian heritage into a nationalist discourse. This paper argues that this interpretation of Confucian heritage reflects the Chinese community’s attempts to redefine their relationship with the non-Chinese culture, they were a part of, in ways which did not draw on colour or race.
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Eldridge, M. D. B. "Taxonomy of Rock-wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). II. An Historical Review." Australian Mammalogy 19, no. 2 (1996): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97113.
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The indigenous Australian genus Petrogale (rock-wallabies) consists of small to medium sized macropodids that are found throughout mainland Australia. As their name implies, rock-wallabies live in rocky habitats, preferring steep rocky slopes, cliffs, gorges, rocky outcrops and boulder piles (Sharman and Maynes 1983a). Many rock-wallaby species are distinctively marked, brightly coloured and are amongst the most beautiful of all macropods. Although well known to Aboriginal Australians for (at least) tens of thousands of years, rock-wallabies were only "discovered" by European explorers and naturalists in the early 19th century. Considerable variation in size, pelage characteristics and skull morphology has lead to the formal scientific description of 26 taxa in the last 170 years. The history of the scientific "discovery" of Petrogale in Australia and their subsequent taxonomy is long and fascinating. It is a story dominated by uncertainty and considerable speculation surrounding the inter-relationships of many taxa. It is in this historical context of confusion and contradiction that the current comprehensive genetic studies of rock- wallabies have both their significance and their genesis.
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Wettenhall, Roger. "Decolonizing through integration: Australia’s off-shore island territories." Island Studies Journal 11, no. 2 (2016): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.376.
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Australia’s three small off-shore island territories – Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean and Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Group in the Indian Ocean – can be seen as monuments to 19th century British-style colonization, though their early paths to development took very different courses. Their transition to the status of external territories of the Australian Commonwealth in the 20th century – early in the case of Norfolk and later in the cases of Christmas and Cocos – put them on a common path in which serious tensions emerged between local populations which sought autonomous governance and the Commonwealth government which wanted to impose governmental systems similar to those applying to mainstream Australians. This article explores the issues involved, and seeks to relate the governmental history of the three island territories to the exploration of island jurisdictions developed in island studies research.
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Humphries, Paul. "Blandowski misses out: ichthyological etiquette in 19th-century Australia." Endeavour 27, no. 4 (December 2003): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2003.08.006.
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Whitehouse, John F. "East Australian Rain-forests: A Case-study in Resource Harvesting and Conservation." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 1 (1991): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900021263.
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Human interactions with rain-forest on the Australian continent have played, and will continue to play, a vital role in their distribution and survival. The presence and significance of rain-forest in Australia lies in the evolutionary history of the Australian plate since the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent. Its continued survival and distribution illustrates and encapsulates the history of plant evolution and biogeography in Australia.Since human arrival in Australia at least 40,000 years ago, human interactions with rain-forest have been marked by a number of phases — ranging from Aboriginal use of rain-forest resources to the impetus given by the hunt for the prized Red Cedar, and from the early European settlement on the east coast of Australia in the midto late-19th century to the wholesale clearing of rain forests for agricultural settlement and dairying in the late 19th century. In more modern times, human interactions with rain-forest have focused on adapting forest management techniques to rain-forest logging, restructuring the native forest timber industry in the face of mechanization, changing markets and resource constraints, convulsions as a result of conservationist challenges in Terania Creek and Daintree, and finally the implications of conserving rain-forests in the context of natural processes including fire, climate change, and the impact of human visitors and their recreation.The course of the controversies over rain-forest conservation in Australia has meant that rain-forest logging either has been dramatically curtailed or is in the process of generally ceasing. The protection of rainforests from logging and forestry operations in the future seems secure, given the widespread community support for rain-forest conservation. Threats to rain-forest conservation in the future are likely to be found in more subtle processes: the impact of fire regimes on the spread and contractions of rain-forests, the impacts of exotic species such as Lantana (Lantana camara) and Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), the impacts of human uses through tourism and recreation, the diminution of the viability of isolated pockets by ‘edge effects’, and the damage to the remaining stands on freehold property by conflicting land-uses.Overlying all of these potential threats is the impact of global climate change. Climate change since the Tertiary has reduced the once widespread rain-forest communities of Australia practically to the status of relicts in refugia. Will the remaining rain-forests be able to withstand the projected human-induced climate changes of the future?
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Butler-Henderson, Kerryn, Alisa Percy, and Jo-Anne Kelder. "Editorial 18:3 Celebrating women in higher education on International Women’s Day." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.18.3.1.
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We have timed publishing our first standard issue of the year to coincide with International Woman’s Day, 8 March 2021 to celebrate the contribution women have made to higher education. The first woman documented as teaching in a university was more than 800 years ago, and yet it is only the last century that the number of female academics has started to increase (Whaley, 2011). In Australia, the first university was established in 1851, yet it would be another 32 years until Julia Guerin graduated in 1883 from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in 1883 (Women's Museum of Australia, 2020). And another 10 years when Leonora Little graduated from Melbourne University with a Bachelor of Science in 1983. Despite these accomplishments in the late 19th century, it was not until 1959 when the first woman, Dorothy Hill, was awarded a Chair appointment (Chair of Geology) in an Australian university, and nearly a century before Australia has its first female Vice Chancellor, when Dianne Yerbury became the Vice-Chancellor of Macquarie University in 1987, a position she held for twenty years. Australia’s higher education history tells a clear story of the slow integration of women in higher education, particularly within the STEM fields. For example, Little graduated in 1893 with a Bachelor of Science, but it was 1928 before the first female Lecturer in Mathematics, Ethel Raybould was appointed, and another 36 years before Hanna Neumann became the first female Professor of Pure Mathematics in 1964. It was just over 60 years ago that Margaret Williams-Weir was the first female Indigenous Australian to graduate with a university qualification in 1959. Female Indigenous Australians remain under-represented in the Australian university graduate population. The current situation for Australian higher education still retains a dominance of males within academic roles, such as 30 percent more men in Associate and Full Professor roles than women (Devlin, 2021). And whilst there has been progress in some jurisdictions, such as the majority of Queensland vice chancellors are women in 2021, these continue to be the exception, for example only 28% of vice chancellors in Australia are women. International Woman’s Day is an opportunity to reflect on the significant contribution women make in higher education in Australia and globally. We celebrate through the publication of this issue, with many female authors from across higher education globally.
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McDonald, John, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Mortality on immigrant voyages to Australia in the 19th century." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 1 (January 1990): 84–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90005-j.
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Magee, Gary Bryan. "Technological Development and Foreign Patenting: Evidence from 19th-Century Australia." Explorations in Economic History 36, no. 4 (October 1999): 344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1999.0721.
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Doust, Janet L. "Two English immigrant families in Australia in the 19th century." History of the Family 13, no. 1 (January 2008): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2007.12.001.
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Dillon, Denise. "Wilderness in 19th Century South Seas Literature: An Ecocritical Search for Seascapes." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 21, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 248–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.21.1.2022.3823.
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In Western thought and literature, a terrestrial bias is considered a phenomenological primacy for notions such as wilderness. This ecocritical review draws on nineteenth-century South Seas literature with its influences from frontierism and the literary movements of romanticism, realism and naturism to consider a more fluid appreciation and reconceptualisation of wilderness as non-terrestrial and an oceanic touchstone for freedom. American terrestrial frontierism, that drove colonial settlement of the North American continent, is used as both counterpoint and important embarkation point for ventures into the Pacific Ocean following ‘fulfilment’ of the ‘manifest destiny’ to overspread the continent. For American, British and Australian writers, the Pacific represented an opportunity to apply literary techniques to capture new encounters. South Seas works by Melville, Stevenson, Becke and Conrad offer glimpses of seascapes that provide perceptions of heterotopias, archetypes and depictions of dispossessed itinerants at a moral frontier and wilderness that is both sublime and liberating, liminal and phenomenological.
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Bekker, Ian. "South African English as a late 19th-century extraterritorial variety." English World-Wide 33, no. 2 (July 2, 2012): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.33.2.01bek.
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This article argues that the external history of South African English (SAfE) points towards the merits of conceptualizing SAfE as the product of a three-stage koinéization process, the last stage of which takes place contemporaneously with the establishment of Johannesburg. This is at odds with the standard position, which views SAfE as an early-to-mid 19th-century variety with its characteristic features having been fixed during the earlier colonization of the Cape and Natal. This reconceptualization is, in turn, usefully employed to solve Trudgill’s (2004) so-called “South African puzzle’’: in essence, the postulation of SAfE as a late 19th-century English explains why START-Backing has occurred in SAfE but not in the closely related Australasian varieties.
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Saha, Nipa. "Advertising food to Australian children: has self-regulation worked?" Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 12, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 525–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-07-2019-0023.
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Purpose This paper aims to outline the historic development of advertising regulation that governs food advertising to children in Australia. Through reviewing primary and secondary literature, such as government reports and research, this paper examines the influence of various regulatory policies that limit children’s exposure to food and beverage marketing on practices across television (TV), branded websites and Facebook pages. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews studies performed by the food industry and public health researchers and reviews of the evidence by government and non-government agencies from the early 19th century until the present day. Also included are several other research studies that evaluate the effects of self-regulation on Australian TV food advertising. Findings The government, public health and the food industry have attempted to respond to the rapid changes within the advertising, marketing and media industries by developing and reviewing advertising codes. However, self-regulation is failing to protect Australian children from exposure to unhealthy food advertising. Practical implications The findings could aid the food and beverage industry, and the self-regulatory system, to promote comprehensive and achievable solutions to the growing obesity rates in Australia by introducing new standards that keep pace with expanded forms of marketing communication. Originality/value This study adds to the research on the history of regulation of food advertising to children in Australia by offering insights into the government, public health and food industry’s attempts to respond to the rapid changes within the advertising, marketing and media industries by developing and reviewing advertising codes.
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Jahnke, Marlene, Edward C. Holmes, Peter J. Kerr, John D. Wright, and Tanja Strive. "Evolution and Phylogeography of the Nonpathogenic Calicivirus RCV-A1 in Wild Rabbits in Australia." Journal of Virology 84, no. 23 (September 22, 2010): 12397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00777-10.
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ABSTRACT Despite its potential importance for the biological control of European rabbits, relatively little is known about the evolution and molecular epidemiology of rabbit calicivirus Australia 1 (RCV-A1). To address this issue we undertook an extensive evolutionary analysis of 36 RCV-A1 samples collected from wild rabbit populations in southeast Australia between 2007 and 2009. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the entire capsid sequence, six clades of RCV-A1 were defined, each exhibiting strong population subdivision. Strikingly, our estimates of the time to the most recent common ancestor of RCV-A1 coincide with the introduction of rabbits to Australia in the mid-19th century. Subsequent divergence events visible in the RCV-A1 phylogenies likely reflect key moments in the history of the European rabbit in Australia, most notably the bottlenecks in rabbit populations induced by the two viral biocontrol agents used on the Australian continent, myxoma virus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). RCV-A1 strains therefore exhibit strong phylogeographic separation and may constitute a useful tool to study recent host population dynamics and migration patterns, which in turn could be used to monitor rabbit control in Australia.
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Swain, Shurlee. "Maids and mothers: Domestic servants and illegitimacy in 19th-century Australia." History of the Family 10, no. 4 (January 2005): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2005.09.007.
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Grave, Peter, and Ian J. McNiven. "Geochemical provenience of 16th–19th century C.E. Asian ceramics from Torres Strait, northeast Australia." Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 12 (December 2013): 4538–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.021.
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Yuginovich, Trudy. "A POTTED HISTORY OF 19TH-CENTURY REMOTE-AREA NURSING IN AUSTRALIA AND, IN PARTICULAR, QUEENSLAND." Australian Journal of Rural Health 8, no. 2 (April 2000): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2000.00223.x.
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Spooner, Peter G., and Ian D. Lunt. "The influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in an Australian agricultural landscape." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 4 (2004): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04008.
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We investigated the influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in a typical agricultural landscape of southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Historical information on the development of rural road reserves was collated from recently digitised 19th and 20th century pastoral and parish maps, such as road-reserve age and original survey width, as well as data relating to locations of old fence lines, county or parish boundaries, previous reserves, stock routes and road re-alignments. Ordinal regression statistics showed that road-reserve age and road width were significant predictors of roadside conservation values. Importantly, analyses showed that the first roads surveyed during the pastoral era (1840–1860s) were often of lower conservation value than roads surveyed in the 1870s, when major clearing of these landscapes commenced. Most roads were surveyed at one-chain width (20.12 m); however, pre-1870s historic roads, traveling stock routes (TSRs) and county or parish boundaries were significantly wider, decisions that have indirectly led to higher present-day conservation values. In separate analyses, historical data also formed a useful model to predict the absence of short-lived shrub species. These results highlight the influence and prevailing imprint of historical land-use on current roadside conservation values.
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TUPARA, HOPE. "Ethics, Kawa, and the Constitution: Transformation of the System of Ethical Review in Aotearoa New Zealand." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20, no. 3 (May 20, 2011): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180111000053.
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New Zealand is a South Pacific nation with a history of British colonization since the 19th century. It has a population of over four million people and, like other indigenous societies such as in Australia and Canada, Māori are now a minority in their land, and their experience of colonization is that of being dominated by settlers to the detriment of their own systems of society.
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Irestedt, Martin, Per G. P. Ericson, Ulf S. Johansson, Paul Oliver, Leo Joseph, and Mozes P. K. Blom. "No Signs of Genetic Erosion in a 19th Century Genome of the Extinct Paradise Parrot (Psephotellus pulcherrimus)." Diversity 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11040058.
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The Paradise Parrot, Psephotellus pulcherrimus, was a charismatic Australian bird that became extinct around 1928. While many extrinsic factors have been proposed to explain its disappearance, it remains unclear as to what extent genetic erosion might have contributed to the species’ demise. In this study, we use whole-genome resequencing to reconstruct a 15x coverage genome based on a historical museum specimen and shed further light on the evolutionary history that preceded the extinction of the Paradise Parrot. By comparing the genetic diversity of this genome with genomes from extant endangered birds, we show that during the species’ dramatic decline in the second half of the 19th century, the Paradise Parrot was genetically more diverse than individuals from species that are currently classified as endangered. Furthermore, demographic analyses suggest that the population size of the Paradise Parrot changed with temperature fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. We also confirm that the Golden-shouldered Parrot, Psephotellus chrysopterygius, is the closest living relative of this extinct parrot. Overall, our study highlights the importance of museum collections as repositories of biodiversity across time and demonstrates how historical specimens can provide a broader context on the circumstances that lead to species extinctions.
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Aroney, Nicholas. "THE INFLUENCE OF GERMAN STATE-THEORY ON THE DESIGN OF THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 3 (July 2010): 669–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000266.
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AbstractThis article draws attention to an important but neglected story about the dissemination of German and Swiss state-theories among English-speaking scholars in the second half of the 19th century and the influence of these ideas on those who designed and drafted the Australian Constitution. In particular, the article focuses upon the theories of federalism developed by the Swiss-born scholar, Johann Caspar Bluntschli, and the Saxon-born Georg Jellinek, and explains their influence, via the British historian, Edward A Freeman, and the American political scientist, John W Burgess, upon the framers of the Australian Constitution. The story is important because it illustrates the way in which constitutional ideas can be transmitted from one social and political context into a very different one, undergoing significant, though often subtle, modifications and adaptations in the process. The story is also important because it sheds light on the way in which the framers of the Australian Constitution came to conceive of the kind of federal system that they wished to see created. The story seems to have been overlooked, however, not only due to a general neglect of the intellectual history of the Australian Constitution, but also due to the assumption that prevailing Australian political and legal ideas were of Anglo-American provenance. While this assumption generally holds true, a closer examination of the intellectual context of Australian federalism reveals a surprisingly significant German influence on the framers of the Australian Constitution.
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Bell, Alan W. "Animal science Down Under: a history of research, development and extension in support of Australia’s livestock industries." Animal Production Science 60, no. 2 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19161.
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This account of the development and achievements of the animal sciences in Australia is prefaced by a brief history of the livestock industries from 1788 to the present. During the 19th century, progress in industry development was due more to the experience and ingenuity of producers than to the application of scientific principles; the end of the century also saw the establishment of departments of agriculture and agricultural colleges in all Australian colonies (later states). Between the two world wars, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was established, including well supported Divisions of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, and there was significant growth in research and extension capability in the state departments. However, the research capacity of the recently established university Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Science was limited by lack of funding and opportunity to offer postgraduate research training. The three decades after 1945 were marked by strong political support for agricultural research, development and extension, visionary scientific leadership, and major growth in research institutions and achievements, partly driven by increased university funding and enrolment of postgraduate students. State-supported extension services for livestock producers peaked during the 1970s. The final decades of the 20th century featured uncertain commodity markets and changing public attitudes to livestock production. There were also important Federal Government initiatives to stabilise industry and government funding of agricultural research, development and extension via the Research and Development Corporations, and to promote efficient use of these resources through creation of the Cooperative Research Centres program. These initiatives led to some outstanding research outcomes for most of the livestock sectors, which continued during the early decades of the 21st century, including the advent of genomic selection for genetic improvement of production and health traits, and greatly increased attention to public interest issues, particularly animal welfare and environmental protection. The new century has also seen development and application of the ‘One Health’ concept to protect livestock, humans and the environment from exotic infectious diseases, and an accelerating trend towards privatisation of extension services. Finally, industry challenges and opportunities are briefly discussed, emphasising those amenable to research, development and extension solutions.
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Quinn, Michael. "Rights to the rangelands: European contests of possession in the early 20th century." Rangeland Journal 23, no. 1 (2001): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj01011.
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Resolving competition over rights to the resources of Australia's rangelands is an issue of national prominence. In the early 20th century, European competition over the rangelands reflected the idea that the land needed to be used 'productively' for its occupation to be legitimate, and the idea that the rangelands were the 'public estate'. These perspectives about rights to the rangelands expose roots of today's conflicts. A central theme of 19th century Australian history has been conflict between squatters and colonial governments. By the beginning of the 20th century, occupation of the rangelands had been mostly legitimised through leases and licenses. Governments have continued to use leases to influence access and the use of the rangelands. The 20th century saw conflict continue over rights to the rangelands. Closer settlement, an expression of this conflict, sometimes led to land use that was disastrous for the land and those who used it. The career of the pastoralist Sidney Kidman illustrates the conflicts between the landed and landless, and the inseparability of 'productive' and 'legitimate' land use. The beginning of the 20th century also saw growing knowledge about the environmental impacts of rangeland pastoralism. The rights of lessees and governments were widely renegotiated, in the example of New South Wales, in all attempt to make land use better reflect this new knowledge and to protect the 'public estate'. Today, the history of the rangelands is used by different groups to justify perceived rights to its resources — these rights are legitimised culturally as well by the narrower prescriptions of the law. As social values change, different interests in the rangelands need to be accommodated. A better awareness of past ideas about the rights to the rangelands may in a small way help reconcile these interests, if only by reminding us that in the continuing process of adapting to the rangelands, rights have always been contested and negotiated rather than immutable.
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Buchan, Bruce, and Linda Andersson Burnett. "Knowing savagery: Australia and the anatomy of race." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 28, 2019): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119836587.
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When Australia was circumnavigated by Europeans in 1801–02, French and British natural historians were unsure how to describe the Indigenous peoples who inhabited the land they charted and catalogued. Ideas of race and of savagery were freely deployed by both British and French, but a discursive shift was underway. While the concept of savagery had long been understood to apply to categories of human populations deemed to be in want of more historically advanced ‘civilisation’, the application of this term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was increasingly being correlated with the emerging terminology of racial characteristics. The terminology of race was still remarkably fluid, and did not always imply fixed physical or mental endowments or racial hierarchies. Nonetheless, by means of this concept, natural historians began to conceptualise humanity as subject not only to historical gradations, but also to the environmental and climatic variations thought to determine race. This in turn meant that the degree of savagery or civilisation of different peoples could be understood through new criteria that enabled physical classification, in particular by reference to skin colour, hair, facial characteristics, skull morphology, or physical stature: the archetypal criteria of race. While race did not replace the language of savagery, in the early years of the 19th century savagery was re-inscribed by race.
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Tyquiengco, Marina. "Source to Subject: Fiona Foley’s Evolving Use of Archives." Genealogy 4, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4030076.
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Since the 1980s, multidisciplinary artist Fiona Foley has created compelling art referencing her history, Aboriginal art, and her Badtjala heritage. In this brief essay, the author discusses an early series of Foley’s work in relation to ethnographic photography. This series connects to the wider trend of Indigenous artists creating art out of 19th century photographs intended for distribution to non-Indigenous audiences. By considering this earlier series of her work, this text considers Foley’s growth as a truly contemporary artist who uses the past as inspiration, invoking complicated moments of encounter between Europeans and Aboriginal Australians and their afterimages.
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Strecke, Volker. "60 years of the Antarctic Treaty – history and celebration in radio waves." Polarforschung 90, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-13-2022.
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Abstract. The Antarctic Treaty, successfully negotiated and signed in 1959, entered into force after ratification by the 12 original signatory countries in 1961. Under the Antarctic Treaty, research activities are now carried out in Antarctica by 54 countries. These are 29 consultative and 25 non-consultative parties. Radio communications have always been an important part of all scientific activities in research stations, ships and aircraft in Antarctica. Historic expeditions in the 19th century and early 20th century had to use wired telegraph stations after returning from expeditions. Between 1911 and 1913, Wilhelm Filchner and Douglas Mawson were the first Antarctic expedition leaders to explore the possibilities of wireless telegraphy. Mawson succeeded in establishing radio communications from Antarctica to Australia for the first time in 1912. Today, the use of communication technologies is almost taken for granted. Direct amateur radio communications via shortwave are a flexible backup and an effective addition to communications about the Antarctic. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, a major international radio activity was launched in the second half of 2021 with which an important contribution to communication to the public was made. Amateur radio is now an important part of research activities in Antarctica.
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James, Norman McI. "On the Perception of Madness." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679309075768.
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Since the beginning of recorded history, mental illness has been recognised as being primarily in the province of the healing profession. This view has continued, despite the fact that psychiatry left the mainstream of medicine with the development of asylums during the 19th century. With the advent of deinstitutionalisation however, psychiatrists, particularly in Australia, have increasingly left public practice. As result, the treatment of the severely and chronically mentally ill, especially those with behavioural disorder, has become neglected. It is argued that moves toward the mainstreaming of acute psychiatry to general hospitals offer new opportunity for the profession to reassert itself in this essential but difficult area of psychiatric practice.
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Putten, Jan van der. "How to dictate and survive life in the tropics." Language Ecology 2, no. 1-2 (November 9, 2018): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.18002.put.
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Abstract From the early years of contact in the closing years of the 16th century until the end of the colonial era in the early 1940s, European agents have tried to master and regulate the languages of the scattered islands that bridge Asia with Australia. The contact language they encountered was Malay, which had incorporated a relatively high percentage of foreign material. These foreign agents distinguished between high and low, colloquial and bookish, correct and incorrect variants which they needed to define and structure. This paper will briefly sketch the history of Malay language studies before turning to a more detailed discussion of a number of Malay language guides published in the 19th century. I will focus on the topics these guides deal with and what they tell us about the approach the Dutch migrants were expected to take towards the native population.
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Ling, JK. "Impact Of Colonial Sealing On Seal Stocks Around Australia, New Zealand And Subantarctic Islands Between 150 And 170 Degrees East." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02117.
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Details of southern elephant seal oil and fur seal and sea lion skin cargoes have been extracted from a large number of secondary sources dealing with Australian and New Zealand maritime history, which in turn referred to numerous primary sources of information. The data were collated and analysed for ten areas in the south-west Pacific region and published recently in two separate larger works. This review is a synthesis and analysis of the impact of the colonial sealing industry on seal stocks in the region, based on those papers, with some minor revisions and reference to works by other authors. Colonial sealing lasted from the late 18th to the mid- 19th century and was followed by sporadic hunting until the late 1940s. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) were hunted for their oil; and Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri), Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) and New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) were targeted for their skins and some oil. At least 1,081 tons of elephant seal oil were shipped from King Is. between 1802 and 1819, while 8,380 tons were shipped from Macquarie Is. between 1810 and 1919. More than 1.4 million skins of both species of fur seals were harvested between 1792 and 1949, but only 4,000 Neophoca and 5,700 Phocarctos pelts are recorded as having been shipped by 1840. The Antipodes Islands yielded more than a quarter of the total fur seal skin harvest, and New Zealand and southern Australia each delivered a quarter of the total. Current numbers of the two species of fur seals combined are about a tenth of the crudely estimated size (1.5 million) of the original population. The exploited fur seals and sea lions were probably the same species as occur today at the original sealing localities, apart from Macquarie Is. where the identity of the exploited fur seals remains in doubt. There is some evidence that Maoris and Australian Aborigines hunted seals in pre-European times, resulting in reduced ranges and depleted stocks that were exploited later by colonial sealers.
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Emmer, P. C. "IX. Asians Compared: Some Observations regarding Indian and Indonesian Indentured Labourers in Surinam, 1873-1939." Itinerario 11, no. 1 (March 1987): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300009438.
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The drive towards the abolition of the slave trade at the beginning of the 19th century was not effective until the 1850s. It was perhaps the only migratory intercontinental movement in history which came to a complete stop because of political pressures in spite of the fact that neither the supply nor the demand for African slaves had disappeared.Because of the continuing demand for bonded labour in some of the plantation areas in the New World (notably the Guiana's, Trinidad, Cuba and Brazil) and because of a new demand for bonded labour in the developing sugar and mining industries in Mauritius, Réunion, Queensland (Australia), Natal (South Africa), the Fiji-islands and Hawaii an international search for ‘newslaves’ started.
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Roberts, Priscilla. "British Commonwealth Archives from Far North to Distant South: Neglected Resources for Cold War International History." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29020003.
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Abstract British Commonwealth archives constitite a rich and often under-utilized source of material for understanding the international history of the 20th and 21st centuries. From the late 19th Century onward, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand each enjoyed close and confidential relations with not just Britain, but with each other and increasingly, too, with the United States. They also participated in major international organizations at both an official and non-governmental level. Although or perhaps because each was a “middle” rather than “great” power, as each country developed its own diplomatic bureaucracy, their representatives often had informal and even intimate insights into the policies of a wide range of countries. This article introduces the highlights of each nation’s major archival repositories for materials relating to international affairs. While the holdings of the Library and Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia in Canberra, and the National Archives of New Zealand in Wellington all feature prominently, the author casts a wider net and draw researchers’ attention to additional important and often under-utilized collections scattered across the different countries.
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Santos, Ricardo Ventura, and Bronwen Douglas. "‘Polynesians’ in the Brazilian hinterland? Sociohistorical perspectives on skulls, genomics, identity, and nationhood." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119891044.
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In 1876, Brazilian physical anthropologists De Lacerda and Peixoto published findings of detailed anatomical and osteometric investigation of the new human skull collection of Rio de Janeiro’s Museu Nacional. They argued not only that the Indigenous ‘Botocudo’ in Brazil might be autochthonous to the New World, but also that they shared analogic proximity to other geographically very distant human groups – the New Caledonians and Australians – equally attributed limited cranial capacity and resultant inferior intellect. Described by Blumenbach and Morton, ‘Botocudo’ skulls were highly valued scientific specimens in 19th-century physical anthropology. A recent genomic study has again related ‘the Botocudo’ to Indigenous populations from the other side of the world by identifying ‘Polynesian ancestry’ in two of 14 Botocudo skulls held at the Museu Nacional. This article places the production of scientific knowledge in multidisciplinary, multiregional historical perspectives. We contextualize modern narratives in the biological sciences relating ‘Botocudo’ skulls and other cranial material from lowland South America to Polynesia, Melanesia, and Australia. With disturbing irony, such studies often unthinkingly reinscribe essentialized historic racial categories such as ‘the Botocudos’, ‘the Polynesians’, and ‘the Australo-Melanesians’. We conclude that the fertile alliance of intersecting sciences that is revolutionizing understandings of deep human pasts must be informed by sensitivity to the deep histories of terms, classification schemes, and the disciplines themselves.
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Rolfe, Mark. "idea of national humour and Americanisation in Australia and Britain." European Journal of Humour Research 10, no. 2 (August 11, 2022): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.689.
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The widespread notion of a unique national humour involves an impulse to apply the commonplace assumptions of national identity that demand uniqueness of identity, history, language and culture for a political society. What is deemed true and distinctive of the nation must be also be true and distinctive of its national humour, goes the thinking. However, such cultural exclusivity has not been reconciled with cultural exchanges between nations. Paradoxically, conceptions of national humour have been formulated in dynamic tension with such exchanges during the various phases of globalization that have taken place since the 19th century. The Americanisation of humour, in particular, has been an important component of such transmissions and resulted from the commercial popular culture dominated by America since the nineteenth century. Australia is a prime example examined here along with examples from Britain. To complicate matters of transmission, Americanisation sometimes arrived in Australia via Britain as well as directly from America itself. Australians and Britons periodically reacted against American culture, including humour, as a threat to national identity. But this was part of a dynamic tension played out between modern and traditional, imported and local in their selections and adaptations of humour imports from America. There is a huge and historic complexity of cultural anxiety and cultural transfer lying behind the apparent cultural comforts of belonging to a nation-state. Moreover, humour has played its part in the continual discursive recreation of the nation in the form of constant searches for the unique national humour of a people.
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Callaghan, Jeff. "A comparison of weather systems in 1870 and 1956 leading to extreme floods in the Murray–Darling Basin." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19003.
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This research is the extension of a project studying the impact of 19th century severe weather events in Australia and their relation to similar events during the 20th and 21st century. Two floods with the worst known impacts in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) are studied. One of these events which occurred during 1956 is relativelywell known and the Bureau of Meteorology archives contain good rainfall data covering the period. Additionally, information on the weather systems causing this rainfall can be obtained. Rainfall, flood and weather system data for this event are presented here and compared with a devastating event during 1870. Although archived Australian rainfall data is negligible during 1870 and there is no record of weather systems affecting Australia during that year, a realistic history of the floods and weather systems in the MDB during 1870 is created. This follows an extensive search through newspaper archives contained in the National Library of Australia’s web site. Examples are presented showing how the meteorological data in 19th century newspapers can be used to create weather charts. Six such events in 1870 are demonstrated and three of these had a phenomenal effect on the Murray–Darling system. The 1870 floods followed drought type conditions and it is remarkable that it was worse in many ways than the 1956 event which followed flood conditions in the MDB during the previous year. The events in 1870 caused much loss of life from drowning in the MDB in particular froman east coast low (ECL) in April 1870 and two Victorian weather systems in September and October 1870. In 1956, there were also record-breaking events especially during March when all-time record monthly rainfall were reported in New South Wales. Overall the greatest impact from flooding across the whole MDB was associated with the 1870 flooding. Analyses of heavy rainfall areas in the MDB showed a linear trend increase from 1900 to 2018. Analysing the same data using an 8-year moving average highlighted three peaks around the five highest annual rainfall years. The largest peak occurred around 1950 and 1956, the second largest around 1973 and 1974 and the third around 2010. Each of these 5 years occurred during negative phases of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and positive phases of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Studies have shown that the SOI is a climate driver in the MDB along with a persistent blocking high-pressure systems south of Australia along longitude 140°E with a low to its north. Three major blocking events with record rainfall and flooding in the MDB occurred in 1983, 1984 and 1990. Thiswas during the period 1977–1990 when blocking was conducive to heavy rain in the MDB and was coincidentwith a positive phase of the IPO, thus helping conflictwith the IPO–MDB heavy rainfall relationship. Persistent and unexplained middle level westerly winds kept subtropical Queensland clear of tropical cyclones during the negative phases of the IPO from 1999 to 2009 and during the 1960s, influencing low rainfall in the MDB during those periods.
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Gentelli, L. "Enhancing Understanding of the Emergence of Global Trade: Analysis of 17th‐ to 19th‐Century Spanish Coins Recovered from Western Australian Shipwrecks Using Laser Ablation – Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS)." Archaeometry 61, no. 3 (December 5, 2018): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12444.
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Davies, Peter, and Susan Lawrence. "Engineered landscapes of the southern Murray–Darling Basin: Anthropocene archaeology in Australia." Anthropocene Review 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2019): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019619872826.
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Human activities over the past 200 years have fundamentally transformed the shape of Australia’s southern Murray–Darling Basin. The arrival of British colonists in the 19th century disrupted millennia of human management of the region and brought widespread changes to biota and soils. The subsequent development of mining, transport and irrigation infrastructure re-engineered the region’s landscapes to meet human objectives and ambitions. This article offers an integrated regional history of anthropogenic change across the southern Murray–Darling Basin, identifying historical processes driving complex ongoing interactions between human activities and the natural environment. We examine three broad domains of engineering and geo-disturbance in the region, including the development of transport corridors, micro- and macro-scale water management and landforms remade by erosion and sedimentation. We use the archaeology of the recent past to integrate insights drawn from physical geography, fluvial geomorphology and related research into the enduring landscape changes of modern Australia’s food bowl.
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Suwitha, I. Putu Gede. "Teluk Benoa dan laut Serangan Sebagai “laut peradaban” di Bali." Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2017.v07.i02.p09.
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This study aims to reveal the trade networks and dynamics of maritime history in the waters of Bali, especially in the 19th century. There is an interesting aspect in the study of maritime history in Bali namely the importance of Benoa Bay marine area to be the entrance to Bali since many centuries ago. Benoa Bay region directly opposite the Indian Ocean is also associated with Lombok and Bali Straits that become the entry point of the sea trade between Asia and Australia. The study used historical and ethnographic methods. The historical method as well as ethnographic were used to discuss maritime cultural dynamics to the community around the region of Benoa Bay of Bali waters. The results showed that Benoa Bay area turned into the arena of cultural interactions resulting in he mixed culture (mestizo) which produces a different customs from other regions. The occurrence of cross-cultural and civilization contacts put this region as a typical region or special zones outside the sphere of Islamization as the Sea of Civilization.
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Halberg, F., G. Cornélissen, K. H. Bernhardt, M. Sampson, O. Schwartzkopff, and D. Sonntag. "Egeson's (George's) transtridecadal weather cycling and sunspots." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-1-49-2010.
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Abstract. In the late 19th century, Charles Egeson, a map compiler at the Sydney Observatory, carried out some of the earliest research on climatic cycles, linking them to about 33-year cycles in solar activity, and predicted that a devastating drought would strike Australia at the turn of the 20th century. Eduard Brückner and William J. S. Lockyer, who, like Egeson, found similar cycles, with notable exceptions, are also, like the map compiler, mostly forgotten. But the transtridecadal cycles are important in human physiology, economics and other affairs and are particularly pertinent to ongoing discusions of climate change. Egeson's publication of daily weather reports preceded those officially recorded. Their publication led to clashes with his superiors and his personal life was marked by run-ins with the law and, possibly, an implied, but not proven, confinement in an insane asylum and premature death. We here track what little is known of Egeson's life and of his bucking of the conventional scientific wisdom of his time with tragic results.
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MARTIN, COLIN. "The Mermaid Atoll Shipwreck-A mysterious early 19th-century loss MYRA STANBURY with 16 Contributors 307 pp., including 9 appendices, 222 figs mostly colour, 46 tables Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology and the Australasian I." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 45, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12162.
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Oldham, Sam. "Intersections, Old and New." Counterfutures 1 (March 1, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v1i0.6443.
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Trade unions and worker cooperatives have always intersected. Worker and consumer cooperatives provided invaluable support to the early growth of trade unionism in Europe in the 19th century. Cooperatives have ebbed and flowed in their prevalence since that time. The current moment is, however, one of proliferation, with cooperatives once again forming innovative and mutually supportive relationships with trade unions. New challenges are driving these developments. The foremost of which is the record levels of carbon emissions fuelling global warming. In this article, it is shown that the intersection of cooperatives and unions can offer a powerful force in this struggle—a force capable of mobilising to defend the climate against unchecked capital. A brief general political history of cooperatives in the West is provided, followed by an appraisal of contemporary cooperative forms in the United States, Australia, and Aotearoa New Zealand.
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Walters, David, and Michael Quinlan. "Voice and resistance: Coalminers’ struggles to represent their health and safety interests in Australia and New Zealand 1871–1925." Economic and Labour Relations Review 30, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619877588.
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The activism of coalmining unions in Australia, the UK, the USA and elsewhere securing improvements in safety including better legislation in the 19th and 20th centuries, has been widely researched and acknowledged. However, a relatively neglected aspect of this history was a campaign to secure worker inspectors (check-inspectors). These began in coalmining a century before similar measures were introduced for workers more generally as part of overhauling occupational health and safety laws in the 1970s/1980s. We document this struggle for mine safety in Australia and New Zealand, and the activities of check-inspectors in the period to 1925. Notwithstanding strong opposition from coal-owners and conservative governments, check-inspectors played an important role in safeguarding coalminers and improving the regulatory oversight of coalmines. Check-inspectors not only gave coalminers a ‘voice’ in OHS, but they also provided an exemplar of the value and legitimacy of worker’s ‘knowledge activism’. This system remains. Furthermore, the struggle is relevant to understanding contemporary debates about collective worker involvement in occupational health and safety. JEL Codes: J28, J51, J81
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Karp, Sławomir. "Karp Familly from Rekijow in Samogitia in 20th century. A contribution to the history of Polish landowners in Lithuania." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 303, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134970.
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The article concerns the fate of Felicjan Karp’s family, one of the richest landowners of Samogitia (Lithuania) in the first two decades of the 20th century. After his father, he inherited approximately 40,163 hectares. The history of this family perfectly illustrates the changes that this social class has undergone in the past century. The end of their existence was the end of the landowner’s existence. The twilight of the Samogitian Karps took place quite quickly, for only a quarter of a century from July 28, 1914, the date of the outbreak of World War I to the Soviet invasion of the Republic of Lithuania on June 15, 1940. Over the course of these years - on a large scale two-fold - military operations, changes in the political and economic system, including agricultural reform initiated in the reborn Lithuanian state in 1922 and deportations to Siberia in 1940 brutally closed the last stable chapter in the life of Rekijów’s owners, definitively exterminating them after more than 348 years from the land of their ancestors. Relations between the Karp family and the Rekijów estate should be dated at least from September 21, 1592. In addition to the description of the family, it is also necessary to emphasize their significant economic and political importance in the inhabited region. These last two aspects gained momentum especially from the first years of the 19th century and were reflected until 1922. At that time, representatives of the Karp family jointly owned approximately 70,050 ha and provided the country with two provincial marshals (Vilnius, Kaunas) and two county marshals (Upita, Ponevezys). The author also presents their fate during World War II in the Siberian Gulag, during the amnesty under the Sikorski–Majski Agreement of July 30, 1941, joining the formed Polish Army in the USSR (August 14, 1941), the soldier’s journey through Kermine in Uzbekistan, Krasnovodsk, Caspian Sea, Khanaqin in Iraq, Palestine to the military camp near Tel-Aviv and then Egypt and the entire Italian campaign, that is the battles of Monte Cassino, Loreto and Ancona. After the war, leaving Italy to England (1946), followed by a short stay in Argentina and finally settling in Perth, Australia.
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Spanier, Ehud, Kari L. Lavalli, Jason S. Goldstein, Johan C. Groeneveld, Gareth L. Jordaan, Clive M. Jones, Bruce F. Phillips, et al. "A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, suppl_1 (May 7, 2015): i7—i21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv066.
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Abstract Lobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as “food for the poor” in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.