Academic literature on the topic 'Australian 19th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Australian 19th century"
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VIGK, MALCOLM. "Normalisation in 19th Century Australian Schooling." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 18, no. 1 (April 1997): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0159630970180108.
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Pridmore, Saxby. "Suicide in 19th-century Australian fiction." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 10 (April 4, 2017): 1058–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417699475.
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Williams, A. M. M., D. A. Donlon, C. M. Bennett, and R. Siegele. "Strontium in 19th century Australian children's teeth." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 190, no. 1-4 (May 2002): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(01)01317-9.
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Quirk, Victor. "The light on the hill and the ‘right to work’." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 4 (December 2018): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618817413.
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In 1945 the Curtin Labor Government declared it had the capacity and responsibility to permanently eliminate the blight of unemployment from the lives of Australians in its White Paper ‘Full Employment in Australia’. This was the culmination of a century of struggle to establish the ‘right to work’, once a key objective of the 19th century labour movement. Deeply resented and long resisted by employer groups, the policy was abandoned in the mid-1970s, without an electoral mandate. Although the Australian Labor Party and union movement urged public vigilance to preserve full employment during 23 years of Liberal rule, after 1978 they quietly dropped the policy as the Australian Labor Party turned increasingly to corporate donors for the money they needed to stay electorally competitive. While few leading lights of today’s Labor movement care to discuss it, it is right that Australians celebrate this bold statement of our right to work, and the 30 years of full employment it heralded. JEL Codes: P16, P35, N37
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Haig, Bryan. "INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF AUSTRALIAN GDP IN THE 19TH CENTURY." Review of Income and Wealth 35, no. 2 (June 1989): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00587.x.
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Branagan, D. "Alfred Selwyn - 19th Century Trans-Atlantic Connections Via Australia." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.p1x636x7w8r1v2qp.
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The contributions of A.R.C. Selwyn to geological science were considerable, and possibly unique in the 19th century, as they spanned three continents in a career lasting more than 50 years. In particular Selwyn is rightly regarded as establishing geology as a profession in Australia, both by his own high quality mapping, and by the training of a number of talented young men in his Geological Survey of Victoria (1852-1868). In Canada he pursued the same high standards when appointed as Director of the Geological Survey at a time when the Dominion had just become greatly enlarged. A strong supporter of his staff, Selwyn engaged in a controversy with U.S. geologists about Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy, maintaining that Canadian field evidence provided the key which negated the U.S. stand. Selwyn maintained links with the colleagues of his early years in the British Geological Survey (1845-1852) during his long career, keeping in touch with new ideas in Europe and informing his friends about the results of Australian and Canadian geological research.
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Murrell, Timothy G. C. "More 19th Century masters of general practice with Australian connections *." Medical Journal of Australia 160, no. 10 (May 1994): 646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125875.x.
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Turner, S. "Australia's first discovered fossil fish is still missing!" Geological Curator 9, no. 5 (May 2011): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc83.
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Seeking Australian specimens collected in the 19th century always needs detective work. Fossils collected by one colourful collector, the Polish 'Count' Paul Strzelecki, from early travels in the colony of New South Wales are being sought. A 30-year search has still not brought to light in Australia or Britain the first fossil fish found from the Lower Carboniferous of New South Wales.
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Matthews, David. "Peter Sculthorpe at 60." Tempo, no. 170 (September 1989): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004029820001799x.
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Peter Sculthorpe's career has been one of remarkable unity of vision and consistency of purpose. From the start, he set out to create a music which, while universal in content, would be specifically Australian in its idiom. At the time he was growing up, this was not an over-simplistic aim, especially when Sculthorpe looked at the music then being written in Australia and saw that, by and large, it was hopelessly dependent on European manners and cultural traditions that could only be acquired at second-hand. Australians were then, and still are, in the process of self-discovery; the best Australian artists have learned that their own country can provide them with richer material for their work than can distant Europe. Painters, especially, have found the extraordinary Australian landscape, where trees shed their bark instead of their leaves, and prehistoric animals roam in a red desert, a potent source of inspiration. Even in the 19th century the painters of the Heidelberg school, in responding to the glaring Australian light, produced work quite different in feeling from the French Impressionists who were their models. In the 20th century a true national school has come into being, whose major figures have all helped to define the Australian landscape's peculiar strangeness – Lloyd Rees, Russell Drysdale, Fred Williams, Arthur Boyd, Sidney Nolan.
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Barrow, Emma, and Barry Judd. "Whitefellas at the Margins." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v7i2.111.
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Within the context of the Australian higher education sector and the organisational interactions facilitated by a university, the politics of Anglo-Australian identity continues to limit the ability of ‘whitefella’ Australians to engage with Indigenous people in a way that might be said to be truly ethical and self-transformative. Instead, the identity politics of Anglo-Australia, a politics that originates in the old colonial stories of the 19th century, continues to function in a way that marginalises those individuals who choose to engage in a way that goes beyond the organisational rhetoric of government and civil institutions in promoting causes such as reconciliation and ‘closing the gap’. The history of Australian colonialism teaches us that, when a deep and productive engagement between settler and native has occurred, the stability of Anglo-Australian identity is destabilised as the colonial establishment is reminded of Indigenous dispossession and the moral and legal legitimacy of the contemporary Australian state become subject to problematic questions that arise from this fact of Australian history. Framing the contemporary context of change and resistance, the authors discuss the importance of inclusive institutional practice, in the quest for a democratic modelling that points to a pathway for a truer recognition, acceptance and inclusion of Indigenous peoples in the ‘mainstream’ of Australian university life.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Australian 19th century"
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Singley, William Blake. "Recipes for a nation : cookbooks and Australian culture to 1939." Phd thesis, 2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109392.
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Cookbooks were ubiquitous texts found in almost every Australian home. They played an influential role that extended far beyond their original intended use in the kitchen. They codified culinary and domestic practices thereby also codifying wider cultural practices and were linked to transformations occurring in society at large. This thesis illuminates the many ways in which cookbooks reflected and influenced developments in Australian culture and society from the early colonial period until 1939. Whilst concentrating on culinary texts, this thesis does not primarily focus on food; instead it explores the many different ways that cookbooks can be read to further understand Australian culture in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Through cookbooks we can chart the attitudes and responses to many of the changes that were occurring in Australian life and society. During a period of dramatic social change cookbooks were a constant and reassuring presence in the home. It was within the home that the foundations of Australian culture were laid. Cookbooks provide a unique perspective on issues such as gender, class, race, education, technology, and most importantly they hold a mirror up to Australia and show us what we thought of ourselves.
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Gardos, Amy. "The historical archaeology of the Old Farm on Strawberry Hill : a rural estate 1827-1889, Albany, Western Australia." University of Western Australia. Archaeology Discipline Group, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0032.
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This thesis presents the results of historical archaeological research at the Old Farm on Strawberry Hill in Albany, Western Australia. The site is an important colonial farm in Western Australia’s history; the location for the first farm in Western Australia (1827) and linked to many important individuals in the state’s colonial past. The site is owned and managed by the National Trust of Australia (W.A.) and is registered on both the West Australian, Heritage Council Register of Historical Places and the Australian Heritage Commission’s National Estate. Past historical and cultural biases had created an incomplete interpretation of this site that did not represent all social groups, including indentured servants, convict and Aboriginal labourers and women. The research has provided a holistic site interpretation that identified all social groups living and working on this site in the 1800s by analysing historical documents and archaeological excavated materials. The historical documentary record included both personal and official correspondence, diaries and drawings, as well as two valuable farm log books that documented the day to day events on the farm in the early to mid 1800s. The archaeological excavation was restricted to small area excavations in habitation areas still present on the site or in areas identified from 19th century surveyor maps. Both of these data sources were analysed to identify social and economic relationships, such as gender, status, class and ethnicity so that a comparison could be made between historical and archaeological data and a complementary interpretation created. The research was divided into three main periods of site occupation, firstly by convict gardeners during the government farm period from 1827 to 1832. The Spencer family period from 1833 to 1889, which is further defined by two phases, the six years from their arrival until Richard Spencer’s death in 1839 and the dispersal of the family and the property decline until it was sold in 1889. The third period of occupation by the Bird family was not discussed due to the discontinuation of a farming subsistence that distinguished it from a rural rather than an urban property. This study provides the current heritage managers with an updated interpretation of the site’s past and changing social and economic relationships on site and with the early town of Albany. It is hoped that this interpretation will be used to improve the site’s current representation and becomes the basis for a heritage conservation plan which not only recognises the importance of existing site structures, but also sub surface remains. This thesis also identifies a number of avenues for future research that will further enhance the site’s interpretation.
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Muldoon, Paul (Paul Alexander) 1966. "Under the eye of the master : the colonisation of aboriginality, 1770-1870." Monash University, Dept. of Politics, 1998. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8552.
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O’Neill, Patrick Nathaniel. "Paul Solanges : soldier, industrialist, translator : a biographical study and critical edition of his correspondence with Antonio Fogazzaro and Henry Handel Richardson." Monash University. Faculty of Arts. School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, 2007. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/53105.
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Paul Solanges was one of the most prolific (in correspondence) and enthusiastic fans of Australian author Henry Handel Richardson (HHR). What was it about him that made HHR invest so much time in his translation of her novel, and to what extent can credence be given to the self-portrait in his letters? This thesis reveals his illegitimate royal background, considers his early career as a cavalry officer in North Africa and in the Franco-Prussian War, and describes his long career as manager of the gasworks in Milan. It also portrays in detail his other life as a translator of songs, short stories and operas from Italian to French. Finally, it compares his relationship with Italian novelist Antonio Fogazzaro to his relationship with HHR. A critical edition of Solanges’s correspondence with Fogazzaro and HHR offers the reader a privileged insight into the life and character of this Franco-Italian littérateur.
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Welch, Ian, and iwe97581@bigpond net au. "Alien Son : The life and times of Cheok Hong Cheong, (Zhang Zhuoxiong) 1851-1928." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20051108.111252.
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This thesis contributes to the ongoing discussion of modern Chinese identity by pro-viding a case study of Cheok Hong CHEONG. It necessarily considers Australian atti-tudes towards the Chinese during the 19th century, not least the White Australia Pol-icy. The emergence of that discriminatory immigration policy over the second half of the 19th century until its national implementation in 1901 provides the background to the thesis. Cheong was the leading figure among Chinese-Australian Christians and a prominent figure in the Australian Chinese community and the thesis seeks to iden-tify a man whose contribution has largely been shadowy in other studies or, more commonly, overlooked by the parochialism of colony/state emphasis in many histo-ries of Australia. His role in the Christian church fills a space in Victorian religious history.
Although Cheong accumulated great wealth he was not part of the Chinese mer-chant class of the huagong/huaquiao traditions of the overseas Chinese diaspora of the 19th and 20th centuries. His wealth was accumulated through property investments following the spectacular collapse of the Victorian banking system during the 1890s. His community leadership role arose through his position in the Christian Church rather than, as was generally the case, through business. His English language skills, resulting from his church association, were the key to his role as a Chinese community spokesman.¶
Cheok Hong Cheong left an archive of some 800 documents in the English lan-guage covering the major people, incidents and concerns of his life and times. His Let-terbooks, together with the archives of the various Christian missions to the Chinese in Australia in the 19th and early 20th centuries, shed light on one person’s life and more broadly, through his involvements on the complex relationships of Chinese emigrants, with the often unsympathetic majority of Australians.¶
This is a case study of a Chinese identity formed outside China and influenced by a wider set of cultural influences than any other Chinese-Australian of his time —an identity that justifies the description of him as an ‘Alien Son’. Cheong’s story is a con-tribution to the urban and family history of an important ethnic sub-group within the wider immigrant history of Australia.¶
While Cheong remained a Chinese subject his identification with Australia cannot be questioned. All his children were born in Australia and he left just twice after his arrival in 1863. He visited England in 1891-2 and in 1906 he briefly visited China. Identity and culture issues are growing in importance as part of the revived relation-ship between the Chinese of the diaspora and the economic renewal of the People’s Republic of China and this thesis is offers a contribution to that discussion.
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Taylor, John J. "Joseph John Talbot Hobbs (1864-1938) : and his Australian-English architecture." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Visual Arts, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0100.
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Architect and soldier Sir J.J. Talbot Hobbs was born on 24 August 1864 in London. After migrating from England to Western Australia in the late 1880s, Hobbs designed many buildings that were constructed in Perth, Fremantle, and regional areas of the State. Although Talbot Hobbs has previously been recognised as a significant and influential contributor to architecture in Australia, his development as an architect has not been documented, nor has his design output undergone critical analysis. A number of problems confront attempts to interpret Hobbs' contribution to architecture. One is that a number of his most prominent building designs have been demolished. Another is that national recognition for his achievements as a First World War Army General have overshadowed his extraordinarily productive pre and post-war career as an architect. Military service was intrinsic to his character, and thus is woven in to this architectural biography. The thesis examines Hobbs' life and work, filling the gap in documented evidence of his contributions, and fitting it within the context of Australian architectural and social history. The main proposition to be tested is whether Hobbs' Australian architecture, of English derivation, combined with vast community service, warrants his recognition as an architect and citizen of national significance. Completely new important issues, information, discussion and facts that have resulted from the research for this thesis are: 1. Biographical knowledge about Hobbs' life including his upbringing, education and training in England, and his fifty years of comprehensive work and community service in and for Australia; 2. The elucidation of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century architectural issues that were relevant to Hobbs and other architects in Western Australia; 3. Examination of the important works of Hobbs' architect predecessors and contemporaries in Perth, and the setting of his own work within this context; 4. Revelation of his primary and pivotal role in war memorial design and organisational work for the far-flung theatres of Australian Army conflicts and selected personal design works within Australia itself during 1919-38; and 5. A chronology and summary of Hobbs' life, with thorough documentation of his output as a sole practitioner in the period 1887-1904 by development of a detailed web-based database - an extremely valuable tool for future researchers.
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Brooklyn, Bridget. "Something old, something new : divorce and divorce law in South Australia, 1859-1918." Title page, contents and summary only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb872.pdf.
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Clarke, Patricia, and n/a. "Life Lines to Life Stories: Some Publications About Women in Nineteenth-Century Australia." Griffith University. School of Arts, Media and Culture, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040719.150756.
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This thesis consists of an introduction and six of my books, published between 1985 and 1999, on aspects of the history of women in nineteenth-century Australia. The books are The Governesses: Letters from the Colonies 1862-1882 (1985); A Colonial Woman: The Life and Times of Mary Braidwood Mowle 1827-1857 (1986); Pen Portraits: Women Writers and Journalists in Nineteenth Century Australia (1988); Pioneer Writer: The Life of Louisa Atkinson, Novelist, Journalist, Naturalist (1990); Tasma: The Life of Jessie Couvreur (1994); and Rosa! Rosa! A Life of Rosa Praed, Novelist and Spiritualist (1999). At the time they were published each of these books either dealt with a new subject or presented a new approach to a subject. Collectively they represent a body of work that has expanded knowledge of women's lives and writing in nineteenth-century Australia. Although not consciously planned as a sequence at the outset, these books developed as a result of the influence on my thinking of the themes that emerged in Australian social and cultural historical writing during this period. The books also represent a development in my own work from the earlier more documentary-based books on letters and diaries to the interpretive challenge of biographical writing and the weaving of private lives with public achievements. These books make up a cohesive, cumulative body of work. Individually and as a whole, they make an original contribution to knowledge of the lives and achievements of women in nineteenth-century Australia. They received critical praise at the time of publication and have led to renewed interest and further research on the subjects they cover. My own knowledge and expertise has developed as a result of researching and writing them. The Governesses was not only the first full-length study of a particular group of letters but it also documented aspects of the lives of governesses in Australia, a little researched subject to that time. A Colonial Woman, based on a previously unpublished and virtually unknown diary, pointed to the importance of 'ordinary' lives in presenting an enriched view of the past. Pen Portraits documented the early history of women journalists in Australia, a previously neglected subject. Three of the women I included in Pen Portraits, Louisa Atkinson, Tasma and Rosa Praed, the first two of whom were pioneer women journalists as well as novelists, became the subjects of my full-length biographies. In my biographies of women writers, Pioneer Writer, Tasma, and Rosa! Rosa!, I recorded and interpreted the lives of these important writers placing them in the context of Australian cultural history as women who negotiated gender barriers and recorded this world in their fiction. My books on Louisa Atkinson and Tasma were the first full-length biographies of these significant but largely forgotten nineteenth-century women writers, while my biography of Rosa Praed was the first for more than fifty years. Each introduced original research that changed perceptions of the women's lives and consequently of attitudes to their creative work. Each provided information essential for further research on their historical significance and literary achievements. Each involved extensive research that led to informed interpretation allowing insightful surmises essential to quality biography.
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Clarke, Stephen John History Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Marching to their own drum : British Army officers as military commandants in the Australian colonies and New Zealand 1870-1901." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of History, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38659.
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Between 1870 and 1901, seventeen officers from the British army were appointed by the governments of the Australian colonies and New Zealand as commanders of their colonial military forces. There has been considerable speculation about the roles of these officers as imperial agents, developing colonial forces as a wartime reserve to imperial forces, but little in depth research. This thesis examines the role of the imperial commandants with an embryonic system of imperial defence and their contribution to the development of the colonial military forces. It is therefore a topic in British imperial history as much as Australian and New Zealand military history. British officers were appointed by colonial governments to overcome a shortfall in professional military expertise but increasingly came to be viewed by successive British administrations as a means of fulfilling an imperial defence agenda. The commandants as ???men-on-the-spot???, however, viewed themselves as independent reformers and got offside with both the imperial and colonial governments. This fact reveals that the commandants occupied a difficult position between the aspirations of London and the reality of the colonies. They certainly brought an imperial perspective to their commands and looked forward to the colonies playing a role on the imperial stage but generally did so in terms of a personal agenda rather than one set by London. This assessment is best demonstrated in the commandants??? independent stance at the outset of the South African War. The practice of appointing British commandants in Australasia was fraught with problems because of an inherent conflict in the goals of the commandants and their colonial governments. It resembles the Canadian experience of the British officers which reveals that the system of imperials military appointments as a whole was flawed. The problem remained that until a sufficient number of colonial officers had the prerequisite professional expertise for high command there was no alternative. The commandants were therefore the beginning rather than the end of a traditional reliance upon British military expertise. The lasting legacy of the commandants for the military forces of Australia and New Zealand was the development of colonial officers, transference of British military traditions, and the encouragement of a colonial military identity premised on the expectation of future participation in defence of the empire. The study provides a major revision to the existing historiography of imperial officers in the colonies, one which concludes that far from being ???imperial agents??? they were largely marching to their own drum.
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Orr, Kirsten School of Architecture UNSW. "A force for Federation: international exhibitions and the formation of Australian ethos (1851-1901)." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Architecture, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23987.
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In 1879 the British Colony of New South Wales hosted the first international exhibition in the Southern Hemisphere. This was immediately followed by the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880 in the colony of Victoria and the success of these exhibitions inspired the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, which was held in 1888 to celebrate the centenary of white settlement in Australia. My thesis is that these international exhibitions had a profound impact on the development of our cities, the evolution of an Australian ethos and the gaining of nationhood. The immense popularity and comprehensive nature of the exhibitions made them the only major events in late nineteenth-century Australia that brought the people together in an almost universally shared experience. The exhibitions conveyed official ideologies from the organising elites to ordinary people and encouraged the dissemination of new cultural sentiments, political aspirations, and moral and educational ideals. Many exhibition commissioners, official observers and ideologues were also predominantly involved in the Federation movement and the wider cultural sphere. The international exhibitions assisted the development of an Australian urban ethos, which to a large extent replaced the older pastoral / frontier image. Many of the more enduring ideas emanating from the exhibitions were physically expressed in the consequent development of our cities ??? particularly Sydney and Melbourne, both of which had achieved metropolitan status and global significance by the end of the nineteenth century. The new urban ethos, dramatically triggered by Sydney 1879, combined with and strengthened the national aspirations and sentiments of the Federation movement. Thus the exhibitions created an immediate connection between colonial pride in urban development and European and American ideals of nation building. They also created an increasing cultural sophistication and a growing involvement in social movements and political associations at the national level. The international exhibitions, more than any other single event, convinced the colonials that they were all Australians together and that their destiny was to be united as one nation. At that time, Australians began to think about national objectives. The exhibitions not only promulgated national sentiment and a new ethos, but also provided opportunities for independent colonial initiatives, inter-colonial cooperation and a more equal position in the imperial alliance. Thus they became a powerful impetus, hitherto unrecognised, for the complex of social, political and economic developments that made Federation possible.
Books on the topic "Australian 19th century"
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Hawkins, J. B. 19th century Australian silver. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 1990.
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Terry, Martin. Cooee: Australia in the 19th century. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2007.
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Schofield, Anne. Australian jewellery: 19th and early 20th century. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club, 1990.
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Schofield, Anne. Australian jewellery: 19th and early 20th century. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors Club, 1991.
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Ford, Geoff. 19th century South Australian pottery: Guide for historians & collectors. Unley, S.A: Salt Glaze Press, 1985.
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Radford, Ron. 19th-century Australian art: M.J.M. Carter Collection, Art Gallery of South Australia. Adelaide: Art Gallery Board of South Australia, 1993.
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1950-, Kornhauser Elizabeth Mankin, Sayers Andrew 1957-, Ellis Amy, National Gallery of Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, Wadsworth Atheneum, and Corcoran Gallery of Art, eds. New worlds from old: 19th century Australian & American landscapes. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1998.
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Hollett, D. Merseyside & the 19th century emigrant trade to Australia: Australian Bicentennial Celebrations 1788-1988. Birkenhead: Williamson Art Gallery, 1988.
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Shifting focus: Colonial Australian photography 1850-1920. North Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly, 2015.
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1935-, Loh Morag Jeanette, ed. Australian children through 200 years. [Australia]: Kangaroo Press, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Australian 19th century"
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Claridge, Claudia, and Merja Kytö. "Chapter 4. A (great) deal of: Developments in 19th-century British and Australian English." In Studies in Language Variation, 49–72. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.21.04cla.
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Bourke, Anne. "Land Marks in the Cure of Madness: The Shaping of 19th Century Asylum Sites in Melbourne, Australia." In Engineering Earth, 1425–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9920-4_80.
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Moyle, Helen. "The Australian fertility decline." In Australia’s Fertility Transition: A study of 19th-century Tasmania, 27–40. ANU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/aft.2020.02.
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Kuo, Mei-fen. "Reading Gender in Early Chinese Australian Newspapers." In Locating Chinese Women, 27–44. Hong Kong University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528615.003.0002.
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Although women were largely absent from male-dominated Chinese community discussions on democratic values, brotherhood, diaspora unity, and Han-identity nationalism, they were not absent from Chinese Australians’ modern social life from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. By examining public comments and views in Chinese Australian newspapers regarding gender as a new social relationship, this chapter argues that the newspapers provide a window through male narratives that now enables us to espy how the Chinese population deliberated women’s social role and the way it was changing. The chapter aims to uncover through an investigation of the historic records, in the social life of Chinese Australians, the male-dominated view of gender role reconciled on the one hand the desire to segregate women from public discussions and participation, and on the other the need to involve women’s presence to demonstrate respectability and social standing to meet Australian social expectations. These public narratives and social networks provide a new approach to apprehending the nature and importance of Chinese Australian social life.
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Kuo, Mei-fen. "The “Invisible Work” of Women." In Chinese Diaspora Charity and the Cantonese Pacific, 1850-1949, 154–72. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528264.003.0009.
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This chapter explores how Chinese cultural expressions of charity, based on interpersonal relationships (guanxi) and native place (tongxiang) ties, came to mix and interact with contrasting traditions of Christian charity practiced in a predominantly British milieu in colonial and federation Australia over the late 19th century and 20th centuries. We employ the term “philanthropic sociability” to capture the spirit of innovation that came to characterize a number of voluntary organizations in which Chinese Australian women were active organizers and innovators. By analyzing male-dominated writings and records of charitable fairs and public celebrations, the chapter argues that women undertook “invisible work” in voluntary organizations and built a variety of informal networks among them. Although their social impact was limited, women contextualized their participation in male-dominated activities in ways that cannot be explained in terms of patriarchal values. We find that the impact of women in Chinese- Australian voluntary organizations was not just about the feminizing of community formations but also about promoting philanthropic sociability in ways that traditional organizations could not match.
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Bryant, Jan. "Still Deep in the Bones of the Bourgeoisie: Introduction." In Artmaking in the Age of Global Capitalism, 9–11. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474456944.003.0014.
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The ‘gift of being disgusted’ is a challenge first raised by Walter Benjamin in the 1920s, insisting that each era has a responsibility to critically contest the inequalities of its time. This chapter looks at two 21st century art events, the 56th La Biennale di Venezia (2015), which had global politics as its core theme, and the 19th Biennale of Sydney (2014) that attracted artist boycotts as protest to successive Australian Governments’ treatment of asylum seekers. Venice and Sydney are examples of large publicly-funded art events that instrumentalise politics as spectacle. However, the experience of Sydney also revealed the chasm that often exists between a patron class and artists working on the ground. [113]
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Abbott, Malcolm, and Bruce Cohen. "The historical development of Australia’s public utilities." In Utilities Reform in Twenty-First Century Australia, 17–48. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865063.003.0002.
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This chapter sets out the historical background to the utilities sector in Australia up until the 1980s. In doing so it provides an account of the predominant, government-owned model of utilities ownership that existed in Australia at that time. Australia’s utilities were created as government-owned enterprises in the 19th century (post, water, and rail) or in the early years of the 20th century (electricity, telecommunications, and airports). Material in this chapter traces these origins up until the immediate pre-reform years of the 1980s, and examines some of the weaknesses in the government-owned models that had arisen by this time.
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Day, Kenneth A., and Kenwyn G. Rickert. "Monitoring Agricultural Drought in Australia." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0040.
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Since European settlement of Australia began in 1788, drought has been viewed as a major natural threat. Despite warnings by scientists (e.g., Ratcliffe, 1947) and many public inquiries, government policies have, in the past, encouraged closer land settlement and intensification of cropping and grazing during wetter periods. Not surprisingly, drought forms part of the Australian psyche and has been well described in poetry, literature (e.g., Ker Conway, 1993), art, and the contemporary media (newspapers and television). Droughts have resulted in social, economic, and environmental losses. Attitudes toward drought in Australia are changing. Government policies now consider drought to be part of the natural variability of rainfall and acknowledge that drought should be better managed both by governments and by primary producers. Nonetheless, each drought serves as a reminder of the difficult challenges facing primary producers during such times. We begin this chapter with a brief overview of drought in Australia and its impacts on agricultural production, the environment, rural communities, and the national economy. We outline some of the ways governments and primary producers plan for and respond to drought and describe in detail an operational national drought alert system. Australia has mainly an arid or semiarid climate. Only 22% of the country has rainfall in excess of 600mmper annum, confined to coastal areas to the north, east, southeast, and far southwest of the country (http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/soirain.shtml). Australia also has high year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in rainfall due, in part, to the influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon (http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/soirain.shtml). The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) also contributes to the rainfall variability at annual and decadal scales and modulates ENSO impacts on rainfall (Power et al., 1999). The current geographic boundaries of agricultural production were reached in the late 19th century, and the entire agricultural region has experienced drought, in some form, over the past 100 years. Protracted dry periods occurred during the period from late 1890s to 1902 in eastern Australia, during the mid to late 1920s and 1930s over most of the continent, during the 1940s in eastern Australia, during the 1960s over central and eastern Australia, and during 1991–95 in parts of central and northeastern Australia.
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Wallace, Anne. "Australia’s Lower-level Criminal Courts: Tackling 21st Century Problems in a 19th Century Paradigm?" In New Directions for Law in Australia. ANU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/ndla.09.2017.17.
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Moyle, Helen. "Tasmania in the 19th and early 20th centuries." In Australia’s Fertility Transition: A study of 19th-century Tasmania, 41–61. ANU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/aft.2020.03.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Australian 19th century"
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Carter, Nanette. "The Sleepout." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3999pm4i5.
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Going to bed each night in a sleepout—a converted verandah, balcony or small free-standing structure was, for most of the 20th century, an everyday Australian experience, since homes across the nation whether urban, suburban, or rural, commonly included a space of this kind. The sleepout was a liminal space that was rarely a formal part of a home’s interior, although it was often used as a semi-permanent sleeping quarter. Initially a response to the discomfort experienced during hot weather in 19th century bedrooms and encouraged by the early 20th century enthusiasm for the perceived benefits of sleeping in fresh air, the sleepout became a convenient cover for the inadequate supply of housing in Australian cities and towns and provided a face-saving measure for struggling rural families. Acceptance of this solution to over-crowding was so deep and so widespread that the Commonwealth Government built freestanding sleepouts in the gardens of suburban homes across Australia during the crisis of World War II to house essential war workers. Rather than disappearing at the war’s end, these were sold to homeowners and occupied throughout the acute post-war housing shortage of the 1940s and 1950s, then used into the 1970s as a space for children to play and teenagers to gain some privacy. This paper explores this common feature of Australian 20th century homes, a regional tradition which has not, until recently, been the subject of academic study. Exploring the attitudes, values and policies that led to the sleepout’s introduction, proliferation and disappearance, it explains that despite its ubiquity in the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the sleepout slipped from Australia’s national consciousness during a relatively brief period of housing surplus beginning in the 1970s. As the supply of affordable housing has declined in the 21st century, the free-standing sleepout or studio has re-emerged, housing teenagers of low-income families.
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Collins, Julie. "Fresh Air and Sunshine: The Health Aspects of Sleepouts, Sunrooms, and Sundecks in South Australian Architecture of the 1930s." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3989p6hza.
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This paper examines the development of infrastructures for outdoor advertising and debates over visual ‘oversaturation’ in the built environment. It begins with the boom in posters that came in the 19th century with a plethora of new manufactured goods and the attempts by civic officials to create structures that would extend cities’ available surface area for the placement of ads. It then charts the rise of building-top ‘sky signs,’ articulated billboards, kiosks, and digital media facades while detailing the policy initiatives meant to regulate these ad surfaces. This work builds on ongoing research into the development of signage technologies in Sydney and Melbourne, the measurement and regulation of ‘visual pollution’, and the promotion of entertainment and nightlife in precincts defined by neon and historic signage.
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Holleran, Samuel. "Ultra Graphic: Australian Advertising Infrastructure from Morris Columns to Media Facades." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4028p0swn.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the development of infrastructures for outdoor advertising and debates over visual ‘oversaturation’ in the built environment. It begins with the boom in posters that came in the 19th century with a plethora of new manufactured goods and the attempts by civic officials to create structures that would extend cities’ available surface area for the placement of ads. It then charts the rise of building-top ‘sky signs,’ articulated billboards, kiosks, and digital media facades while detailing the policy initiatives meant to regulate these ad surfaces. This work builds on ongoing research into the development of signage technologies in Sydney and Melbourne, the measurement and regulation of ‘visual pollution’, and the promotion of entertainment and nightlife in precincts defined by neon and historic signage. This project responds to the increasing ambiguity between traditional advertising substrates and building exteriors. It charts the development of display technologies in relation to changing architectural practices and urban landscapes. Signage innovation in Australia has been driven by increasingly sophisticated construction practices and by the changing nature of cities; shifting markedly with increased automobility, migration and cultural change, and mobile phone use. The means by which urban reformers and architectural critics have sought to define, measure, and control new ad technologies—sometimes deemed ‘visual pollution’— offers a prehistory to contemporary debates over ‘smart city’ street furniture, and a synecdoche to narratives of degradation and ugliness in the post-war built environment. These four thematically linked episodes show how Australian civic officials and built environment activists have responded to visual clutter, and the fuzzy line between advertisers, architects, and builders erecting increasingly dynamic infrastructures for ad delivery. This progression shows the fluctuating place of advertisement in the built environment, ending with the emergence of today’s programmable façades and urban screens.
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Tobin, Genevieve Mary. "The silver lining: preliminary research into gold-coloured varnishes for loss compensation in two 19th C silver gilded frames." In RECH6 - 6th International Meeting on Retouching of Cultural Heritage. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rech6.2021.13498.
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Golden varnishes appear on frames, furniture, wall hangings, leatherwork, panel paintings, mural paintings, and polychromy, and were applied to white metal gilding to imitate gold and other semi-precious materials. Despite the number of examples in cultural heritage there are few publications that discuss the ethical considerations of treating coloured silver gilded surfaces. The chromatic reintegration of gold-coloured varnishes on white metal gilding present specific material and technical challenges. In 2021 the Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW) treated two identical late 19th century silver gilded frames for portraits by Joseph Backler from the Australian collection. In addition, a third portrait required the fabrication of a reproduction frame identical to the others. Conservation of the frames presented an opportunity for carrying out experiments into coloured coatings for loss compensation on silver gilding exploring applications for select conservation paints, dyes, and synthetic resins as substitutes for shellac. The results of experiments demonstrate that with the right application Liquitex Soluvar Gloss Varnish, Laropal A81 and Paraloid B72, present gloss levels and visual film forming properties comparable to shellac coatings when applied to burnished gilding. Additional tests with various dye colours illustrate that Orasol ® dye mixtures in colours Yellow 2GLN, Yellow 2RL, and Brown 2GL are reliable colour imitations for traditional gold-coloured varnishes. Although this research is preliminary, it may inform the selection and application of appropriate retouching materials for compensating losses to burnished silver leaf and golden varnishes in gilding conservation.
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Zhu, Jie, Quentin Stevens, and Charles Anderson. "Chinese Public Memorials: Under the Effect of Exclusively Pursuing Solemnness, Sacredness, and Grandness." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4010p4jpd.
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Authentic public memorials did not appear in the Chinese public space until the late 19th century. As a result of Western influence, many war memorials were built during the Republic of China era (1912-1949). Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the government has invested much in developing public spaces. Also, the government placed many memorials in Chinese cities to shape collective memory and urban identity. The affection of solemnness, sacredness, and grandness is the main affection that most memorials are intended to embody, particularly those that commemorate famous people, the government’s achievement, and the deceased from natural disasters and wars. By taking the example of memorials built from 1942 to the present in Chongqing, China, this paper critically examines changes over time in the forms. In addition, taking the analysis result from memorial forms as a base and combining widely cited literature in Chinese and English, the paper further explores the negative impacts of the intensive focus of solemnness, sacredness, and grandness. This paper’s analysis identifies standard, persistent and symbolic features in Chinese memorials, despite the diverse landscape elements and advanced construction techniques. Key themes emerge from this research are solemnness, sacredness, and grandness. Also, it reveals the issues raised by the exclusive pursuit of these affections, including similar memorial forms, insufficient engagement of memorials, and the unitary research topics on memorials.
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Kroll, David. "The Other Architects Who Made London: Building Applications in Richmond 1886 -1939.” between Architecture and Engineering." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3987pr6js.
Full textAbstract:
Successive house building booms from the late 19th century until the Second World War shaped London’s built environment decisively. In terms of the sheer size of area covered, the dispersed, suburban London of terraced, semi- and detached houses that we know today was to a large extent created then, and much of it was built speculatively - by private firms for an assumed demand. Despite this legacy, the questions of who those involved in the design were and how they did it is an under-researched topic surrounded by assumptions that are often difficult to substantiate. Speculative housing of the period has long been regarded as an example of vernacular architecture, made by craftsmen using standard templates, so-called pattern books, without architect’s or otherwise professional involvement. The idea – in its extreme, ‘ultra’ form - is that designers were hardly necessary, as builders could simply copy house designs found in popular books and build from these. This idea of house building without architects or designers is also reflected in some of the literature but has been questioned more recently in academic research. This paper will discuss the key occupations involved in the design and planning of speculative housing 1880s – 1939 through a survey of Building Applications for Richmond. These can only be understood in the context of its working world where boundaries between building and design roles were often less specialized than today. The evidence suggests that housing design was not as standardised as it appears, by simply reusing templates, but that much of it was in fact designed, usually for a number of dwellings at a time - by builders, architects and also by other professionals. These were the other ‘architects’ who made the London we know today.
Reports on the topic "Australian 19th century"
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Tyson, Paul. Sovereignty and Biosecurity: Can we prevent ius from disappearing into dominium? Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp3en.
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Drawing on Milbank and Agamben, a politico-juridical anthropology matrix can be drawn describing the relations between ius and bios (justice and political life) on the one hand and dominium and zoe (private power and ‘bare life’) on the other hand. Mapping movements in the basic configurations of this matrix over the long sweep of Western cultural history enable us to see where we are currently situated in relation to the nexus between politico-juridical authority (sovereignty) and the emergency use of executive State powers in the context of biosecurity. The argument presented is that pre-19th century understandings of ius and bios presupposed transcendent categories of Justice and the Common Good that were not naturalistically defined. The very recent idea of a purely naturalistic naturalism has made distinctions between bios and zoe un-locatable and civic ius is now disappearing into a strangely ‘private’ total power (dominium) over the bodies of citizens, as exercised by the State. The very meaning of politico-juridical authority and the sovereignty of the State is undergoing radical change when viewed from a long perspective. This paper suggests that the ancient distinction between power and authority is becoming meaningless, and that this loss erodes the ideas of justice and political life in the Western tradition. Early modern capitalism still retained at least the theory of a Providential moral order, but since the late 19th century, morality has become fully naturalized and secularized, such that what moral categories Classical economics had have been radically instrumentalized since. In the postcapitalist neoliberal world order, no high horizon of just power –no spiritual conception of sovereignty– remains. The paper argues that the reduction of authority to power, which flows from the absence of any traditional conception of sovereignty, is happening with particular ease in Australia, and that in Australia it is only the Indigenous attempt to have their prior sovereignty –as a spiritual reality– recognized that is pushing back against the collapse of political authority into mere executive power.