Academic literature on the topic 'Australia, Southeastern Discovery and exploration'
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Journal articles on the topic "Australia, Southeastern Discovery and exploration"
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WOOLLEY, SKIPTON, and ROBIN S. WILSON. "Two new species of Eulepethidae (Polychaeta) from Australian seas." Zootaxa 2839, no. 1 (April 29, 2011): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2839.1.2.
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Exploration of poorly known regions of the Australian continental margin has resulted in the discovery of two new species in the scale worm family Eulepethidae. Grubeulepis kurnai sp. nov. occurs in southeastern Australia while Proeulepethus payungu sp. nov. was collected at one site in the Indian Ocean on the continental margin of Western Australia. Pareulepis malayana (Horst, 1913), also collected from the continental margin of Western Australia, is newly recorded from Australia, representing a range extension of that species previously known from Madagascar, Malaysia and the South China Sea. Four species, and four of the six known genera of Eulepethidae are now known from Australian waters. The family Eulepethidae remains species-poor compared with most polychaete families, and now comprises 21 species world wide.
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Heath, N. M. "GIPPSLAND—NEW POTENTIAL FROM A MATURE BASIN." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02011.
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It is now 39 years since the first gas was discovered in Bass Strait’s Gippsland Basin. Advances in exploration and production technology mean that today Australia’s longest producing offshore basin is also one of Australia’s most prospective. Gippsland is now producing around 160,000 barrels of crude and 570 million cubic feet of gas per day. To date it has produced more than 3.5 billion barrels of oil and 5 trillion cubic feet of gas and the value of the infrastructure in place is estimated to be around A$16 billion.Australia’s evolving energy market means that gas demand continues to grow. Following the re-structuring of energy markets in southeastern Australia and the installation of new pipeline infrastructure, Gippsland gas now flows to Victoria, NSW, Tasmania and will supply into South Australia from 2004. To meet this growing demand the Esso/BHPBilliton joint venture partners are investing heavily and utilising a vast array of 3D exploration technology to unlock new opportunities. In 2002 they conducted the largest 3D survey ever undertaken in Bass Strait and expect to conduct another in early 2003. A program of exploration drilling is expected to commence in late 2003. With expanded market opportunities and a gas resource base of more than 5 trillion cubic feet, the future looks bright for Gippsland.
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Willink, R. J., and R. Lovibond. "TECHNOLOGY, TEAMWORK, RESPECT AND PERSISTENCE: INGREDIENTS OF SUCCESSFUL EXPLORATION IN THE ONSHORE OTWAY BASIN." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00003.
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Origin Energy Resources Limited has been an active explorer of the onshore Otway Basin in southeastern Australia for over a decade. Since 1989, the company has acquired 1,893 km and 358 sq km of 2D and 3D seismic data respectively, and participated in the drilling of 21 exploration and appraisal wells, 18 of which it operated, at a net cost of over $25 million.The primary exploration targets have been fluvial sandstones developed axially in a series of elongate half grabens that formed in initial response to the separation of the continents of Australia and Antarctica in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The most significant of these depocentres, in terms of established hydrocarbon potential, is the highly faulted, NW–SE trending Penola Trough where these reservoirs are informally referred to as the Sawpit Sandstone and the Pretty Hill Sandstone.As the company’s geological understanding of the Penola Trough improved over time, so its exploration efforts were rewarded with new commercial discoveries at Haselgrove, Haselgrove South and Redman, and through successful appraisal of Ladbroke Grove. With respect to the application of advanced technology, 2D and 3D seismic are now subjected to Prestack Depth Migration to improve imaging of the subsurface, and Amplitude Versus Offset, Seismic Variance, Seismic Attribute, Fault Analysis and 3D Visualisation processing and/or software are also used in an integrated manner to facilitate interpretation of these data sets. Nuclear magnetic resonance logs are run in most wells to characterise gas-bearing reservoirs.Technology, respect and persistence have all played key roles in optimising the exploration process. So too have corporate teamwork and collaborative research with representatives from academic institutions and government agencies, and with industry consultants and contractors. The complex interplay between many of these success factors is illustrated by way of a case history, specifically that of the discovery and commercialisation of a low quality gas resource at Ladbroke Grove.In the fullness of time, the company is confident that further exploration success in the onshore Otway Basin will see new market opportunities addressed in terms of both gas and electricity supply. It is also hopeful that oil will eventually be found in commercial quantities.
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Crowley, J., and E. S. Collins. "THE STAG OILFIELD." APPEA Journal 36, no. 1 (1996): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj95008.
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The Stag Oilfield is located approximately 65 km northwest of Dampier and 25 km southwest of the Wandoo Oilfield near the southeastern margin of the Dampier Sub-basin, on the North West Shelf of Western Australia,.The Stag-1 discovery well was funded by Apache Energy Ltd (formerly Hadson Energy Ltd), Santos Ltd and Globex Far East in June 1993 under a farmin agreement with BHP Petroleum Pty Ltd, Norcen International Ltd and Phillips Australian Oil Co. The well intersected a gross oil column of 15.5 m within the Lower Cretaceous M. australis Sandstone. The oil column intersected at Stag-1 was thicker than the pre-drill mapped structural closure.A 3D seismic survey was acquired over the Stag area in November 1993 to define the size and extent of the accumulation. Following processing and interpretation of the data, an exploration and appraisal program was undertaken. The appraisal wells confirmed that the oil column exceeds mapped structural closure and that there is a stratigraphic component to the trapping mechanism. Two of the appraisal wells were tested; Stag-2 flowed 1050 BOPD from a 5 m vertical section and Stag-6 flowed at 6300 BOPD on pump from a 1030 m horizontal section.Evaluation of the well data indicates the M. australis Sandstone at the Stag Oilfield is genetically related to the reservoir section at the Wandoo Oilfield. The reservoir consists of bioturbated glauconitic subarkose and is interpreted to represent deposition that occurred on a quiescent broad marine shelf. Quantitative evaluation of the oil-in-place has been hampered by the effects of glauconite on wireline log, routine and special core analysis data. Petrophysical evaluation indicates that core porosities and water saturations derived from capillary pressure measurements more closely match total porosity and total water saturation than effective porosity and effective water saturation.A development plan is currently being prepared and additional appraisal drilling in the field is expected.
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Webster, k. A. "1998 EXPLORATION REVIEW—GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEW DISCOVERIES AND DEVELOPMENTS." APPEA Journal 39, no. 2 (1999): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98061.
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A record level of offshore exploration activity was achieved during 1998, despite a significant fall in the oil price. Seventyfour offshore wells were drilled, far exceeding the previous record of 64 wells achieved in 1990. Conversely, only 94 onshore exploration wells were drilled during the year, 25 fewer than in 1997, resulting in a slight reduction in the total exploration wells drilled from 176 in 1997 to 168 in 1998, following what had been a steady increase since 1992. Seismic acquisition in 1998 was also at a record level, twice that recorded in 1997. In contrast, the final quarter of 1998 may reflect the reduced activity forecast by industry, with less exploration wells spudded and almost 10,000 line-km fewer than that shot during the 1997 December quarter.This increased offshore exploration activity was rewarded with several discoveries and appraisal successes. The Carnarvon Basin was again the most successful area for offshore exploration in 1998, with 35 wells spudded during the year. The discoveries included Gipsy–1, Rose–1, Lee–1, John Brookes–1, Vincent–1, Caribou–1, Legendre South–1 and Mutineer–IB. In addition, significant successful appraisal drilling included two Gorgon wells, Egret–2, Dockrell–2 and Woollybutt–2A ST1.The Cooper/Eromanga Basin continued to be the focus of onshore exploration in Australia. Fifty-two exploration wells were spudded during the year. Discoveries were heavily weighted toward gas, with only one oil discovery in the basin, Chilla–1. The most significant gas discoveries included Verona–1 and Cabernet–1.Other important oil and gas discoveries and appraisal successes occurred in the Bonaparte Basin, at Sunset West–1, Sunrise–2 and Evans Shoal–2; in the Browse Basin, at Caspar–IA and two of the Cornea wells; in the Otway Basin, at Killanoola–l/DWl; in the Bass Basin, at White Ibis–1; in the Bowen Basin, at Yandina–2; and in the Surat Basin, at Digger–1 and West Noorindoo–1. Three significant appraisal wells were drilled in Papua New Guinea during 1998: Hides–4 proved continuity of the Hides Field over a distance of 12.6 km, Moran–4X extended the Moran Field to the northwest and Moran- 5X constrained the southeastern extent of the field. There were also significant discoveries in two New Zealand basins and these are covered in greater detail in Plume (1999).The lower oil price presents a challenge for the industry to maintain these high levels of exploration activity. New technology and better data quality have allowed re- interpretation of previously uneconomic or sub- commercial discoveries to successfully confirm the existence of economic fields. Several of the recent commercial discoveries followed up uncommercial discoveries drilled as much as 30 years earlier and have highlighted the fact that potential still exists in these areas. Improved subsurface imaging through 3D seismic acquisition, high-resolution processing, pre-stack depth migration and advanced time-to-depth conversion together with improved geological understanding has contributed to many of the successful wells drilled in 1998.
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Boult, P. J., B.A.Camac, and A. W. Davids. "3D FAULT MODELLING AND ASSESSMENT OF TOP SEAL STRUCTURAL PERMEABILITY—PENOLA TROUGH, ONSHORE OTWAY BASIN." APPEA Journal 42, no. 1 (2002): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01009.
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Many of the commercial hydrocarbon accumulations discovered to date within the Pretty Hill Formation in the onshore Otway Basin of southeastern Australia rely on a semi-brittle top seal and fault seal. Therefore a detailed and integrated fault, stress field and fracture analysis is fundamental to prospect evaluation.A syn-kinematic interpretation of the 3D seismic data set, using variance cube and visualisation technology was augmented with interpretation of the dip-meter and high-resolution borehole images. This resulted in the interpretation of a more complex fault history than previously inferred from 2D seismic mapping and dipmeter analysis alone.There are two major prospect/field bounding fault sets within the Penola Trough. Northwest-trending faults are associated with two commercial fields and several palaeo-accumulations. East-west trending faults are associated with three major fields, two uneconomic fields and two possible palaeo accumulations.Hydrocarbon leakage is probably caused by the creation of structural permeability across the regional seal. The location of leakage depends on the interaction between the seal, associated faults, and the regional stress field. Faults deflect regional stress trajectories within the top seal, creating local areas of high differential stress which enables brittle failure and the development of structural permeability. Predicting stress trajectories, the magnitude of differential stress and thus the location of structural permeability within the top seal to the underlying Pretty Hill Formation reservoirs, will reduce exploration risk uncertainty.
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Mather, B., L. Moresi, and P. Rayner. "Adjoint inversion of the thermal structure of Southeastern Australia." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 1648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz368.
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SUMMARY The variation of temperature in the crust is difficult to quantify due to the sparsity of surface heat flow observations and lack of measurements on the thermal properties of rocks at depth. We examine the degree to which the thermal structure of the crust can be constrained from the Curie depth and surface heat flow data in Southeastern Australia. We cast the inverse problem of heat conduction within a Bayesian framework and derive its adjoint so that we can efficiently find the optimal model that best reproduces the data and prior information on the thermal properties of the crust. Efficiency gains obtained from the adjoint method facilitate a detailed exploration of thermal structure in SE Australia, where we predict high temperatures within Precambrian rocks of 650 °C due to relatively high rates of heat production (0.9–1.4 μW m−3). In contrast, temperatures within dominantly Phanerozoic crust reach only 520 °C at the Moho due to the low rates of heat production in Cambrian mafic volcanics. A combination of the Curie depth and heat flow data is required to constrain the uncertainty of lower crustal temperatures to ±73 °C. We also show that parts of the crust are unconstrained if either data set is omitted from the inversion.
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Dan, Wood AO. "Transforming the Business of Gold Exploration: Adapting to Deeper Exploration." SEG Discovery, no. 112 (January 1, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2018-112.fea.
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Note: This article is condensed from a keynote address, Transforming the Business of Gold Exploration, presented at the NewGen-Gold 2017 Conference in Perth, Australia, on November 14, 2017. Permission to adapt the published article was kindly provided by Keith Yates & Associates Pty Ltd and Paydirt Media Pty Ltd. NewGenGold conferences have been held every two years since 1995 to document case histories of discovery and to provide exploration geologists with valuable insights into the discovery process.
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Doyle, H. "Geophysics in Australia." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.2.386k258604262836.
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Geophysical observations began in Australia with the arrival of the first European explorers in the late 18th Century and there have been strong connections with European and North American geophysics ever since, both in academic and exploration geophysics. Government institutions, particularly the Bureau of Mineral Resources, have played a large part in the development of the subject in Australia, certainly more so than in North America. Academic research in geophysics has been dominated by that at the Australian National University. Palaeomagnetic research at the Australian National University has been particularly valuable, showing the large northerly drift of the continent in Cainozoic times as part of the Australia-India plate. Heat flow, electrical conductivity and upper mantle seismic velocities have been shown to be significantly different between Phanerozoic eastern Australia and the Western Shield. Geophysical exploration for metals and hydrocarbons began in the 1920s but did not develop strongly until the 1950s and 1960s. There are relatively few Australian geophysical companies and contracting companies, and instrumentation from North America and Europe have played an important role in exploration. Exploration for metals has been hampered by the deep weathered mantle over much of the continent, but the development of pulsed (transient) electromagnetic methods, including an Australian instrument (SIROTEM), has improved the situation. Geophysics has been important in several discoveries of ore-bodies. In hydrocarbon exploration the introduction of common depth point stacking and digital recording and processing in reflection surveys have played an important part in the discovery of offshore and onshore fields, as in other countries.
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Head, Lesley. "The Holocene Prehistory of a coastal wetland system: Discovery Bay, Southeastern Australia." Human Ecology 15, no. 4 (December 1987): 435–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00887999.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Australia, Southeastern Discovery and exploration"
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Starbuck, Nicole. "Constructing the "perfect" voyage: Nicolas Baudin at Port Jackson, 1802." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/60141.
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In 1802, a French scientific expedition under the command of Nicolas Baudin made an uscheduled visit to the British colony at Port Jackson, New South Wales. It was a pivotal episode in the course of Baudin's Australian voyage. The commander had already fulfilled most of his instructions, though imperfectly, and only the north coast of New Holland remained unexamined. He and his men stayed at anchor in Port Jackson for over five months. When they set sail once more, they embarked on what historians agree was a new phase of the expedition. Baudin and his men did not proceed directly to the north coast, but returned to the southern and western coasts, where they perfected and augmented the work in geography and natural history that they had carried out earlier.
This thesis examines what occurred during the sojourn at Port Jackson, as well as the circumstances that led up to it, in order to determine in precise terms why and how this episode came to be a turning point in Baudin's voyage. It asks: was the second campaign just an extension of the first or was it an opportunity for Baudin to redefine the voyage? The Port Jackson sojourn thus serves as a site of interrogation regarding the nature of Nicolas Baudin's leadership and the construction, on British colonial territory, of a French scientific voyage.
However, the opportunity to gain real insight into the sojourn of the voyagers at Port Jackson has been limited by a perceived scarcity of resources. The fact that Baudin's journal falls silent here has meant that there is no one privileged source of information on the commander's role or on the day-to-day activities of the expeditioners, and that scholars examining this episode have tended to focus on the details of the larger picture rather than on the larger picture itself.
This is not to say that the presence of the Baudin expedition in Port Jackson has left no material traces. In fact, there is a diverse range of archival records – expense accounts, correspondence, inventories of specimens, journals kept by officers and savants and the logbooks of the Géographe – from which the day-to-day life of the commander and his men at Port Jackson can be reconstructed. Commencing with an analysis of the events that led up to the sojourn and influenced Baudin's approach to it, this study examines the relationships that Baudin built in the colony, his manner of command aboard the Géographe and the scientific results of the stay. After then analysing the way in which Baudin managed the sojourn and planned the second campaign, we conclude that Baudin did not simply seek to satisfy the expectations of his superiors but in fact he seized this opportunity to create the “perfect” scientific voyage.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2010
Books on the topic "Australia, Southeastern Discovery and exploration"
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Pty, Reader's Digest Services, ed. The exploration of Australia. Sydney: Reader's Digest, 1987.
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The French reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801-1803. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 1987.
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Giles, Ernest. Australia twice traversed: The romance of exploration, being a narrative compiled from the journals of five exploring expeditions into and through Central South Australia, and Western Australia, from 1872 to 1876. Carlisle: Hesperian Press, 1995.
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Richardson, W. A. R. The Portuguese discovery of Australia, fact or fiction?: A lecture delivered at the National Library of Australia. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1989.
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Historical dictionary of the discovery and exploration of Australia. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2003.
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Blue, Rose. Exploring the southeastern United States. Chicago: Raintree, 2003.
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Beyond Leichhardt: Bushcraft and the exploration of Australia. South Fremantle, W.A: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 1996.
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Before the first fleet: The European discovery of Australia 1606-1777. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press, 1995.
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Currie, Stephen. Australia and the Pacific islands. Detroit, Mich: Lucent Books, 2005.
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Twist, Clint. James Cook across the Pacific to Australia. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Australia, Southeastern Discovery and exploration"
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Bennett, Mark, Malcolm Gollan, Markus Staubmann, and John Bartlett. "Motive, Means, and OpportunityKey Factors in the Discovery of the Nova-Bollinger Magmatic Nickel-Copper Sulfide Deposits in Western Australia." In Building Exploration Capability for the 21st Century. Society of Economic Geologists, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.18.15.
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"The Discovery of the Argyle Pipe, Western Australia: The World’s First Lamproite-Hosted Diamond Mine." In Geoscience and Exploration of the Argyle, Bunder, Diavik, and Murowa Diamond Deposits, 49–64. Society of Economic Geologists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.20.02.
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Willson, Ian. "Formative Assessment and Middle-School Classroom Tasks with the Wolfram Language." In Theory and Practice: An Interface or A Great Divide?, 629–30. WTM-Verlag Münster, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959871129.0.118.
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Middle-school classroom tasks with the Wolfram Language can play a very significant role in the growth and development of mathematical competence. This can occur at the intersection of challenging Mathematical tasks, coding skills, exploration, discovery, collaboration and formative assessment. This workshop will reference all of these elements as they informed and underpinned classroom activities conducted at several different secondary schools in Melbourne Australia.
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Leary, Stephen, Richard H. Sillitoe, Jorge Lema, Fernando Téliz, and Diego Mena. "Chapter 21: Geology of the Fruta del Norte Epithermal Gold-Silver Deposit, Ecuador." In Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 431–50. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.21.
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Abstract Fruta del Norte is a completely concealed and extremely well-preserved, Late Jurassic epithermal gold-silver deposit of both low- and intermediate-sulfidation type, which is located in the remote Subandean mountain ranges of southeastern Ecuador. Currently defined indicated resources are 23.8 million metric tons (Mt) averaging 9.61 g/t Au and the total endowment is 9.48 Moz Au. The deposit, notable for the widespread occurrence of visible gold and bonanza grades, will be bulk mined underground. Fruta del Norte was discovered in 2006 during greenfield exploration and systematic drill testing of a conceptual geologic model, which predicted that auriferous veins would occur in andesitic volcanic rocks inferred to underlie a zone of arsenic- and antimony-anomalous silicification in fluvial conglomerate. The host andesitic volcanic rocks, crosscutting feldspar porphyry, and associated phreatic breccia are part of a roof pendant in the Zamora batholith. Together, they are products of a continental-margin volcanoplutonic arc of Middle to Late Jurassic age. The deposit lies beneath the northern extremity of the ~16-km-long, Suárez pull-apart basin where it is localized by steep, second-order faults within the regionally extensive Las Peñas strike-slip fault zone. The pull-apart basin was progressively filled by fluvial conglomerate, dacitic ignimbrite, finer grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, and, finally, andesite flows. The Fruta del Norte deposit comprises a 1.3-km-long and up to >300-m-wide vein stockwork associated with quartz-illite-pyrite alteration. The deposit comprises two principal vein types, one in the south dominated by quartz, manganoan carbonates, and abundant base metal sulfides and the other in the north dominated by manganese- and base metal-poor quartz, chalcedony, and calcite. Adularia is a minor gangue mineral in both. Both vein types are abruptly transitional upward and westward to a third important ore type characterized by intense silicification and chalcedony veining, with disseminated and veinlet marcasite (± pyrite). An extensive silica sinter horizon directly overlies the andesitic rocks and/or occurs as interbeds in the lowermost 20 m of the conglomerate and, consequently, is in unusual proximity to the underlying gold-silver orebody. Much of the conglomerate lacks silicification except for a narrow, steeply inclined zone exposed above the deposit, which led to its discovery.
Conference papers on the topic "Australia, Southeastern Discovery and exploration"
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Lynham, Leah, Ignacio González-Álvarez, and Siyu Hu. "The discovery of the Ondurakorume carbonatite, Namibia: Insights on Exploration of Critical Metals (REE) in Australia." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.9687.
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Al-Eidan, Ahmad, Sunil K. Singh, and Nikhil C. Banik and Meshal Al-Wadi. "Arifjan discovery, a boost to Jurassic exploration in southeastern Kuwait: Learning from the interplay of elements leading to commercial discovery." In GEO 2008. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.246.35.
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Nash, Glen. "Fifty Years Since Australia's First Offshore Oil and Gas Discovery: Key Elements for Success in the Early Exploration of the Gippsland Basin." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211457.
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Kokkoni, Panayiotis Peter, and Alizera Salmachi. "Analysis of South Australian Onshore Oil & Gas Well Decommissioning and Potential Impact on Regulatory Compliance, Environmental and Corporate Risk — Unified Risk Code." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205762-ms.
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The Cooper/Eromanga Basin is in central Australia and has been the focal point for oil and gas exploration and development in South Australia since the first commercial hydrocarbon discovery in 1963. In the years and decades following, thousands of subsequent wells have been drilled. The CE Basin spans across four states and territories covering an area ~35,000km2. The concentration of South Australian wells is situated in the Northeast of the state and sparsely concentrated in a 300km × 500km area (Figure 1) with the wells in this area being the focus of this research study. Well decommissioning commonly referred to as Plug and Abandonment (P&A) aims to restore the natural integrity of geological formations that existed prior to drilling. It is a mandatory requirement for all wells and must account for the effects of any foreseeable chemical and geological processes from an eternal standpoint. The minimum requirement for abandonment of the South Australian wells is governed by Objective 6 Cooper Basin State Environmental Objectives (SEO): Drilling, Completions and Well Operations, November 2015 guidelines, which provides the compliance criteria for appropriate barrier installation and verification. Well complexity is determined by the difficulty in achieving this minimum compliance requirement based on available data of well conditions, simplified in the form of a risk code.
Reports on the topic "Australia, Southeastern Discovery and exploration"
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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.
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Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
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Corriveau, L., J. F. Montreuil, O. Blein, E. Potter, M. Ansari, J. Craven, R. Enkin, et al. Metasomatic iron and alkali calcic (MIAC) system frameworks: a TGI-6 task force to help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329093.
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Australia's and China's resources (e.g. Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag and Bayan Obo REE deposits) highlight how discovery and mining of iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG), iron oxide±apatite (IOA) and affiliated primary critical metal deposits in metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic (MIAC) mineral systems can secure a long-term supply of critical metals for Canada and its partners. In Canada, MIAC systems comprise a wide range of undeveloped primary critical metal deposits (e.g. NWT NICO Au-Co-Bi-Cu and Québec HREE-rich Josette deposits). Underexplored settings are parts of metallogenic belts that extend into Australia and the USA. Some settings, such as the Camsell River district explored by the Dene First Nations in the NWT, have infrastructures and 100s of km of historic drill cores. Yet vocabularies for mapping MIAC systems are scanty. Ability to identify metasomatic vectors to ore is fledging. Deposit models based on host rock types, structural controls or metal associations underpin the identification of MIAC-affinities, assessment of systems' full mineral potential and development of robust mineral exploration strategies. This workshop presentation reviews public geoscience research and tools developed by the Targeted Geoscience Initiative to establish the MIAC frameworks of prospective Canadian settings and global mining districts and help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. The knowledge also supports fundamental research, environmental baseline assessment and societal decisions. It fulfills objectives of the Canadian Mineral and Metal Plan and the Critical Mineral Mapping Initiative among others. The GSC-led MIAC research team comprises members of the academic, private and public sectors from Canada, Australia, Europe, USA, China and Dene First Nations. The team's novel alteration mapping protocols, geological, mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical framework tools, and holistic mineral systems and petrophysics models mitigate and solve some of the exploration and geosciences challenges posed by the intricacies of MIAC systems. The group pioneers the use of discriminant alteration diagrams and barcodes, the assembly of a vocab for mapping and core logging, and the provision of field short courses, atlas, photo collections and system-scale field, geochemical, rock physical properties and geophysical datasets are in progress to synthesize shared signatures of Canadian settings and global MIAC mining districts. Research on a metamorphosed MIAC system and metamorphic phase equilibria modelling of alteration facies will provide a foundation for framework mapping and exploration of high-grade metamorphic terranes where surface and near surface resources are still to be discovered and mined as are those of non-metamorphosed MIAC systems.
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Caritat, P. de, and U. Troitzsch. Towards a regolith mineralogy map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study in the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian region. Geoscience Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2021.035.
Full textAbstract:
Bulk quantitative mineralogy of regolith is a useful indicator of lithological precursor (protolith), degree of weathering, and soil properties affecting various potential landuse decisions. To date, no national-scale maps of regolith mineralogy are available in Australia. Catchment outlet sediments collected over 80% of the continent as part of the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) afford a unique opportunity to rapidly and cost-effectively determine regolith mineralogy using the archived sample material. This report releases mineralogical data and metadata obtained as part of a feasibility study in a selected pilot area for such a national regolith mineralogy database and atlas. The area chosen for this study is within the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian (DCD) region of southeastern Australia. The DCD region was selected as a ‘deep-dive’ data acquisition and analysis by the Exploration for the Future (2020-2024) federal government initiative managed at Geoscience Australia. One hundred NGSA sites from the DCD region were prepared for X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, which consisted of qualitative mineral identification of the bulk samples (i.e., ‘major’ minerals), qualitative clay mineral identification of the <2 µm grain-size fraction, and quantitative analysis of both ‘major’ and clay minerals of the bulk sample. The identified mineral phases were quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, hematite, goethite, rutile, zeolite, amphibole, talc, kaolinite, illite (including muscovite and biotite), palygorskite (including interstratified illite-smectite and vermiculite), smectite (including interstratified illite-smectite), vermiculite, and chlorite. Poorly diffracting material (PDM) was also quantified and reported as ‘amorphous’. Mineral identification relied on the EVA® software, whilst quantification was performed using Siroquant®. Resulting mineral abundances are reported with a Chi-squared goodness-of-fit between the actual diffractogram and a modelled diffractogram for each sample, as well as an estimated standard error (esd) measurement of uncertainty for each mineral phase quantified. Sensitivity down to 0.1 wt% (weight percent) was achieved, with any mineral detection below that threshold reported as ‘trace’. Although detailed interpretation of the mineralogical data is outside the remit of the present data release, preliminary observations of mineral abundance patterns suggest a strong link to geology, including proximity to fresh bedrock, weathering during sediment transport, and robust relationships between mineralogy and geochemistry. The mineralogical data generated by this study are presented in Appendix A of this report and are downloadable as a .csv file. Mineral abundance or presence/absence maps are shown in Appendices B and C to document regional mineralogical patterns.