Journal articles on the topic 'Australia – Social policy – 20th century'
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1
Rademaker, Laura. "Mission, Politics and Linguistic Research." Historiographia Linguistica 42, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2015): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.06rad.
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Summary This article investigates the ways local mission and national politics shaped linguistic research work in mid-20th century Australia through examining the case of the Church Missionary Society’s Angurugu Mission on Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory and research into the Anindilyakwa language. The paper places missionary linguistics in the context of broader policies of assimilation and national visions for Aboriginal people. It reveals how this social and political climate made linguistic research, largely neglected in the 1950s (apart from some notable exceptions), not only possible, but necessary by the 1970s. Finally, it comments on the state of research into Aboriginal languages and the political climate of today. Until the 1950s, the demands of funding and commitment to a government policy of assimilation into white Australia meant that the CMS could not support linguistic research and opportunities for academic linguists to conduct research into Anindilyakwa were limited. By the 1960s, however, national consensus about the future of Aboriginal people and their place in the Australian nation shifted and governments reconsidered the nature of their support for Christian missions. As the ‘industrial mission’ model of the 1950s was no longer politically or economically viable, the CMS looked to reinvent itself, to find new ways of maintaining its evangelical influence on Groote Eylandt. Linguistics and research into Aboriginal cultures – including in partnership with secular academic agents – were a core component of this reinvention of mission, not only for the CMS but more broadly across missions to Aboriginal people. The resulting collaboration across organisations proved remarkably productive from a research perspective and enabled the continuance of a missionary presence and relevance. The political and financial limitations faced by missions shaped, therefore, not only their own practice with regards to linguistic research, but also the opportunities for linguists beyond the missionary fold. The article concludes that, in Australia, the two bodies of linguists – academic and missionary – have a shared history, dependent on similar political, social and financial forces.
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Suzdaltsev, Ilya. "Modern English Historiography of the Communist International: A General Overview." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640013465-9.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the 21st-century English-language historiography of the Communist International. Contemporary historians are showing increasing interest in the study of this international organization. Three available conceptual approaches to this topic (“traditionalist”, “revisionist”, and “post-revisionist”) are considered and characterized, the works of historians from Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand are analyzed. The article demonstrates an increase in research interest in the Communist International. In a fairly large volume of studies, there are monographs and articles devoted to the organization both directly (the historiography of the Comintern, the activities of its sections around the world, etc.) and indirectly, i.e., to related issues such as the history of communism, in particular, and the left forces, in general, international relations of Soviet Russia, the communist movement in individual countries, etc. These studies touch on the period of the Comintern's activity from 1920 to the end of the 1930s, including several controversial issues: the impact on the policy of the national communist parties of the “The Twenty-one Conditions”, united front tactics, Bolshevization, Stalinization, and the Popular Front. The author believes that most of the studies (especially those published in the first decade of the 21st century) are based on studies published long before the 2000s, however, archival materials are being used in increasing volumes, which makes modern research more objective. This gives grounds for a conclusion about the revision of the historiographic tradition of the Comintern that existed in the 20th century: new approaches (“revisionist” and “post-revisionist”) entailed a change in emphasis and a revision of some established points of view. Authors adhering to these approaches rely mainly on modern literature (including Russian) and a wide source base represented by materials from both national archives and the Russian State Archives of Social-Political History.
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Freak-Poli, Rosanne, Peng Bi, and Janet E. Hiller. "Trends in cancer mortality during the 20th century in Australia." Australian Health Review 31, no. 4 (2007): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070557.
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An epidemiological study was conducted, using annual cancer mortality data over the period 1907 to 1998, to explore change in Australian cancer mortality. A 3-year moving average mortality was calculated to minimise the annual fluctuations over the study period. The results suggested that overall cancer mortality rose slightly over the past century, with a small decrease in more recent years. The male and female cancer mortality rates diverged over time. Younger age groups had low and stable death rates, 35?59 years age groups demonstrated decreased rates, and older age groups had increased rates over the study period. Modifiable lifestyle factors and other possible reasons for the changes were explored.
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Fitch, Kate. "Rethinking Australian public relations history in the mid-20th century." Media International Australia 160, no. 1 (August 2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16651135.
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This article investigates the development of public relations in Australia and addresses calls to reconceptualise Australian public relations history. It presents the findings from an analysis of newspaper articles and industry newsletters in the 1940s and 1950s. These findings confirm the term public relations was in common use in Australia earlier than is widely accepted and not confined to either military information campaigns during the war or the corporate sector in the post-war period, but was used by government and public institutions and had increasing prominence through industry associations in the manufacturing sector and in social justice and advocacy campaigns. The study highlights four themes – war and post-war work, non-profit public relations, gender, and media and related industries – that enable new perspectives on Australian public relations history and historiography to be developed.
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Donaldson, Sarah, Peng Bi, and Janet B Hiller. "Secular Change in Mortality from Suicide in Australia during the 20th Century." Australian Journal of Primary Health 13, no. 1 (2007): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py07006.
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To identify secular change in Australian suicide mortality over the period 1907-1998 and to seek possible explanations, a descriptive epidemiological study was conducted. Deaths due to suicide from 1907 to 1998 were identified according to the ICD-9. Trends in overall annual suicide mortality rates for all causes and individual causes were examined using the three-year moving average method, standardised by age and sex. Secular trends for mortality over the study period were examined in various age groups, using linear regression to test the slope. The results indicated that there has been a decline in overall age and sex standardised mortality from suicide over the study period. The death rate dropped from 15.2 per 100,000 in the early century to 13.9 per 100,000 in late century. Despite the overall decline, the female suicide mortality rates increased over the study period. Male suicide mortality rates were significantly higher than female rates over the study period (P<0.0001). Increased suicide rates were observed in the 15-24 and 25-44 year old age groups for both males and females. The group of 65+ year old females also had increased rates. Decreased rates were observed in both the male and female 45-64 year old age group and in the 65+ year old male age group. The three most common suicide methods used by males in 1907 were guns, poisoning and hanging, while for females they were drowning, hanging and poisoning. In 1998 they were changed to hanging, gas and guns for males and hanging, gas and drowning and poisoning (equally third) for females. These trends can be attributed to numerous factors such as economic crisis, world wars, the availability of suicide methods, a person's gender.
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Bergenheim, Sophy. "The population, its health and social sciences." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 2 (April 2018): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072518765325.
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This commentary provides a glimpse into a conceptual history approach to the topic of public health. I focus primarily on the history of public health during the first half of the 20th century. I will also reflect on its entanglement with the social sciences in later times. The first two sections discuss three core elements of the concept of public health: the “public” or collective that the term refers to, “health”, and finally, “public health” as “health of a collective”. These elements are historical and political concepts, which means that they do not have a fixed definition, but need to be placed in their historical and political contexts. In the final section, I discuss some connections between social science and public health during the 20th century.
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Dju, Orlindo, Johnatan Da Costa Santos, Darinka Brosovich Flores, and Jorge Marko Calderon Verduga. "African direction in the foreign policy of Brazil." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-1 (November 1, 2020): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi06.
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The article considers political, economic, social and cultural aspects of Brazilian-African cooperation at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. At the present stage, after two decades of active development, Brazilian policy towards Africa has been losing momentum. Nowadays the cooperation between Brazil and African countries requires developing a new strategy.
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Mau, V. "Russia’s Social and Economic Policy in 2014: Finding New Frontiers." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2015): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-2-5-31.
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The paper deals with the roots and features of current Russian economic problems as a combination of structural and institutional crises, cyclical and external shocks. Mobilization and liberalization are discussed as two key economic policy alternatives. The analysis includes historical retrospection which provides some important lessons from economic development in the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the desirable policy to stimulate economic growth.
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Hemphill, Thomas A. "From Industrial Policy to National Industrial Strategy: An Emerging Global Phenomenon." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 38, no. 3-4 (October 2018): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467620925710.
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In February 2019, the German federal government announced its new “National Industry Strategy 2030.” Many economies—including the United Kingdom (2017), European Union (2017), and Saudi Arabia (2018)—have announced national industrial strategies addressing the competitive threat of the People’s Republic of China’s 2015 “Made in China 2025” 5-year economic plan to become a global leader in 10 advanced technology manufacturing sectors. The use of the 20th-century term “industrial policy” heralds back to public policy antecedents of what is now evolving globally in the 21st century as national “industrial strategy,” a concept explored in this article. Unlike traditional 20th-century efforts at industrial policy (which focused on public policy efforts to maintain domestic primacy of declining, older industries), national industrial strategy recognizes (and generally accepts) the international global economy as a foundation of competition. Most importantly, national industrial strategy focuses on technologically emerging industries as well as the national government working collaborative in a partnership with these emerging industries to meet future growth challenges and opportunities.
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Van Winkle, Zachary. "Family policies and family life course complexity across 20th-century Europe." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719880508.
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The family policy landscape changed dramatically across and within European societies during the 20th century. At the same time, family life courses have become more complex, unstable and unpredictable. However, there are no empirical studies that attempt to link changes in family policies with increasing family life course complexity. In this study, I address two research questions: (1) What is the association between family policies and family life course complexity? and (2) Do these associations vary by the life course stage at which individuals experience family policies? Retrospective data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe are used to construct the family life courses of individuals from the age of 15 to 50, born between 1924 and 1956, from 15 European countries. I use metrics developed in sequence analysis that incorporate life course transitions and unpredictability to measure the complexity of family formation. Annual policy information from 1924 to 2008 for each country are combined to generate cohort indices for three policy dimensions: familization, individualization and liberalization. These cohort metrics express the policy experiences of individuals over the course of their lives, rather than at a specific historical time point. I find that while familization is associated with less complex life courses, individualization is related to higher levels of complexity. Furthermore, my results indicate that the levels individualization experienced early and later in the life course are linked most strongly with complexity. I conclude that family policy reforms may partially account for increasing life course instability and unpredictability across Europe.
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Cunneen, Chris. "Institutional racism and (in)justice: Australia in the 21st century." Decolonization of Criminology and Justice 1, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/dcj.v1i1.9.
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This article focusses on systemic and institutionalised racism against Indigenous people as a contemporary feature of the Australian social and penal landscape, and its implications for justice. There has been ongoing concern with institutional racism within the criminal justice system, however, this article concentrates on the intersection between institutional racism in non-criminal justice settings and their compounding effect on criminalization. Despite legal prohibitions on racial discrimination, various forms of institutional racism continue unabated. Indeed, part of the argument is that broader political changes particularly associated with the influence of neoliberalism on social policy have exacerbated the problem of institutional racism and redefined and reinforced the link between welfare and criminalization. Indeed, social welfare has come to be informed by the same values and philosophies as criminal justice: deterrence, surveillance, stigma and graduated sanctions or punishments. How might we understand these broader shifts in the public policy environment, to what extent do they reflect and reproduce institutional racism, and how do they bleed into increased criminalization? I endeavour to answer this question through the consideration of two specific sites of social welfare policy – child protection and social housing – and to consider how systemic and institutional forms of racism play out in daily life for Indigenous people and how they interact with criminal justice.
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Ageeva, Elena, Natalia Alekseeva, Georgii Bernatskii, Sergei Borodin, and Victoria Kalinovskaya. "British citizenship: a history of reform in the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-1 (May 1, 2022): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi12.
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The article examines the development of citizenship legislation in Great Britain from the 20th century to the present day. The authors analyze the influence of the historical context and political events on the formation of the current system of categories of British citizenship and on changes in the legislation on citizenship. Special attention is paid to understanding the institution of citizenship in the context of contemporary social cultural problems of British society, migration policy and the formation of national identity.
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Rane, Halim, Adis Duderija, Riyad H. Rahimullah, Paul Mitchell, Jessica Mamone, and Shane Satterley. "Islam in Australia: A National Survey of Muslim Australian Citizens and Permanent Residents." Religions 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11080419.
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This article presents the findings of a national survey on Islam in Australia based on responses of 1034 Muslim Australian citizens and permanent residents. Knowing what Muslim Australians think about Islam in relation to Australian society is essential for a more informed understanding about Islam and Muslims needed to address misinformation, Islamophobia, and extremism. The findings presented in this article include typologies of Muslims; sources of influence concerning Islam; interpretations of the Qur’an; perspectives on ethical, social, and theological issues; issues of concern; social connections and sense of belonging; views on various Muslim-majority countries; and perspectives concerning political Islam, including jihad, caliphate, and shariah. While respondents’ understandings, interpretations, and expressions of Islam overall align with values and principles of equality, human rights, social cohesion, and social justice, a minority were found to understand and interpret Islam in ways that reflect the influence of late 20th and early 21st century ideas associated with Islamist political ideology, and a smaller sub-group were found to have views that could be considered extreme. This article discusses these findings in relation to the early 21st century time-period factors and the Australian social context.
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Rispler-Chaim, V. "Islamic medical ethics in the 20th century." Journal of Medical Ethics 15, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.15.4.203.
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Mercer, Colin. "Convergence, Creative Industries and Civil Society: Towards a New Agenda for Cultural Policy and Cultural Studies." Culture Unbound 1, no. 1 (October 14, 2009): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.09111179.
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In this article I start with a personal experience “cameo” from 1996 in Australia and extrapolate from that some issues that remain relevant in the sometimes troubled relationship between cultural studies and cultural policy. These are encapsulated in the three “cs” of convergence, creative industries and civil society which provide a new context for both new research and new policy settings. The argument is developed and situated in historical terms by examining the “cultural technologies”, especially the newspaper, and subsequently print media in the 19th century, electronic media in the 20th century and digital media in the 21st century which provide the content, the technologies and the rituals for “imagining” our sense of place and belonging. This is then linked to ways of understanding culture and cultural technologies in the context of governmentality and the emergence of culture as a strategic object of policy with the aim of citizen- and population formation and management. This argument is then linked to four contemporary “testbeds” – cultural mapping and planning, cultural statistics and indicators, cultural citizenship and identity, and research of and for cultural policy – and priorities for cultural policy where cultural studies work has been extremely enabling and productive. The article concludes with an argument, derived from the early 20th century work of Patrick Geddes of the necessity of linking, researching, understanding and operationalising the three key elements and disciplines of Folk (anthropology), Work (economics), and Place (geography) in order to properly situate cultural policy, mapping and planning and their relationship to cultural studies and other disciplines.
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Rosidin, Didin Nurul, Mila Amalia, Ihsan Sa'dudin, and Eka Safitri. "Muslim Social Movements in Cirebon and the Emergence of National Resistance Movements Against the Dutch Colonial Government in the Early 20th Century Indonesia." Journal of Asian Social Science Research 4, no. 1 (August 12, 2022): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jassr.v4i1.64.
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The early twentieth century saw the emergence of Muslim social movements as a new model of resistance against the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. This model of the resistance movement was a response to various changes in politics, social and religious culture in the early decades of the 20th century due to dynamics within the Muslim community as well as the new policy of the colonial government. This article studies the emergence of Muslim social movements in Cirebon, West Java, and its impacts on the development of the Muslims’ resistance movement against the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. There have not been many studies of Cirebon's role in Islamic social movements in the early 20th century. Therefore, this article, using a historical method, attempts to contribute to this literature by examining social movements carried out by Muslims in Cirebon and their impacts on the emergence of resistance against Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. The findings show that Cirebon, which was one of the main centres of early Islamic civilization in the Indonesian archipelago, played a prominent role in the emergence of Muslim social movements in early 20th century Indonesia. Various Muslim social organizations emerged in the area such as Sarekat Islam, Persarekatan Ulama, Nahdhatul Ulama, and Muhammadiyah. Although these social-religious organisations had differences or were in tension on various issues, their emergence succeeded in convincing the native people of the importance of a new strategy in their resistance against the long and hegemonic rule of the Dutch colonial government which had ruled the Cirebon region since the late 17th century.
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WILLIAMS, NORMA, KELLY F. HIMMEL, ANDRÉE F. SJOBERG, and DIANA J. TORREZ. "The Assimilation Model, Family Life, and Race and Ethnicity in the United States." Journal of Family Issues 16, no. 3 (May 1995): 380–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251395016003008.
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In this article we assert that it is necessary to better understand the assimilation model of racial and ethnic relations in order to comprehend more fully the contemporary debate over minority welfare mothers. We analyze the origins of the assimilation model in the debate over Indian policy in the 19th-century United States and its role in 20th-century social thought and policy toward other racial and ethnic minorities. We then examine three critical weaknesses of the model as they appear in assimilation programs based on the model. Finally, we return to the debate over assisting minority single mothers and show how the assimilation model has shaped that debate from the turn of the century to the present day.
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Medvedeva, Natalia V. "Development of Social Infrastructure: Experience of Zemstvo Administration." Social’naya politika i sociologiya 20, no. 4 (141) (December 29, 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2021-20-4-118-126.
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The article is devoted to the study of domestic experience in the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century. A retrospective analysis made it possible to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the zemstvo system of self-government. With the help of a comparative method, trends in the financial and economic support of zemstvo bodies at various stages of the zemstvo reform were identified, and an analysis of key indicators of the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century was carried out. The work shows that it was thanks to the zemstvo reform that the necessary conditions were created for the infrastructural development of cities and villages. Zemstvo institutions took responsibility for ensuring most of the spheres of life, which were not a priority for state authorities; contributed to the spread of education and culture in cities and villages. That is why the successful practices of zemstvo administration require new understanding during the development of modern social policy and the reform of local self-government in Russia.
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Seo, Kyung Wook, and Seong-Lyong Ryoo. "Social Hierarchy Materialized: Korean Vernacular Houses as a Medium to Transfer Confucian Ideology." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030902.
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Buildings reveal the social values of a society through their forms and configuration. During the Choseon dynasty, Confucianism was the national ideology and basis for governing principles. Consequently, houses for the ruling class were built to conform to the principle of separating domains for men, women, servants, and ancestors. This hierarchical social system persisted for hundreds of years, but from the 19th century, various social movements gradually delegitimized many inequalities between sexes and classes. Mysteriously, even after this series of radical political and social changes, vernacular houses still adhered to the same hierarchical spatial order until the mid-20th century. This paper analyzes the houses built from the 15th century to the mid-20th century to show how Confucian principles were translated into the design to control social interactions. The paper concludes with a discussion of how Confucianism has been passed on through the medium of housing until today and how they have influenced people’s perception of different gender roles in contemporary Korean society.
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Kazakevych, O. "LINGUISTIC ISSUE IN THE UKRAINIAN STATE-BUILDING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 150 (2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.150.4.
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The article highlights an importance of the language for the survival of the Ukrainian national identity as well as its role in the state-building processes of the 20th century. The author analyzes the state policy towards Ukrainian during the National revolution of 1917-1921 and Soviet period. It is stated, that the linguistic policy of the Ukrainian authorities in 1917-1921 included acceptance of Ukrainian as a state language, its popularization and implementation in document flow, public administration, education, science and publishing. The linguistic policy of the state based itself on the ethnic tolerance and democratic principles. In search for support of the wider circles of the Ukrainian society, the Soviet regime, established in the early 1920ties, had to adopt the policy of “Ukrainization”. During the next decade the sphere of the Ukrainian language use expanded significantly. However, the Ukrainization appeared to be only a short-term solution. In the early 1930ties the Bolshevik ruling elite abandoned the policy of Ukrainization, while the leading Ukrainian administrators and public figures that supported this policy were repressed. At the same time, even the short-term Ukrainization of the 1920ties – early 1930ties was fruitful enough. It had a longue durée that fueled Ukrainian national identity during the periods that followed. In the years of de-Stalinization Ukrainian intellectuals searched for the possible ways to increase the usage of the Ukrainian language. They fulfilled numerous artistic and research projects and backed the rights of the Ukrainian language publicly. It is important to note that the linguistic policy of the Soviet authorities presumed the support of the Russian language in all spheres of the social life. This policy was implemented through the state institutions, such as schools, universities, scientific centers, mass media, armed forces, health care, and prison system. As a result, Ukrainian was widely treated as a language of the lower status (Ukrainian as a ‘rural language’ in contrast to the Russian as an ‘urban language’) and bilingualism flourished among the population of Ukraine. The population censuses of 1926, 1959 and 1989 clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of this policy. Nevertheless, it never resulted in total Russification of the Ukrainian population. The Ukrainian language maintained its relevance for Ukrainian nation and state building of the 20th century. It continued to contribute in national consolidation and allowed to preserve the Ukrainian political identity, even despite the assimilation policy provided by the central authorities.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century: Causes, Cycles, Problems." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.
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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).
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Kuhlmann, Johanna, Delia González de Reufels, Klaus Schlichte, and Frank Nullmeier. "How social policy travels: A refined model of diffusion." Global Social Policy 20, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119888443.
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Building on a critical engagement with the diffusion literature, this article introduces a refined model of diffusion that sheds light on crucial but so far neglected aspects of the diffusion process. First, by introducing four analytically distinct constellations of diffusion, we highlight important differences between the participating units of a diffusion process. Therefore, the model also allows for analysing very early developments of social policy under the conditions of colonialism and relations between states of equal or different economic strength, and under conditions of continuing post-colonial ties. Second, we conceptualize diffusion as consisting of three stages which involve different actors from both units: the stage of perception and translation, the stage of cooperation and conflict and the stage of collective decision-making. Third, we argue that the dominant focus of diffusion research on the macro-level obscures that people, money and procedures are key promoters of diffusion. From this refined model of diffusion, it becomes possible to analyse diffusion processes in a more detailed way. We demonstrate the added value of our model by analysing the development of education policy in Chile and Argentina in the 19th century, and the establishment of project funding for social policy purposes under conditions of colonialism in the British Empire in the mid-20th century.
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Choo, Christine. "The Impact of Asian - Aboriginal Australian Contacts in Northern Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300218.
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The long history of Asian contact with Australian Aborigines began with the early links with seafarers, Makassan trepang gatherers and even Chinese contact, which occurred in northern Australia. Later contact through the pearling industry in the Northern Territory and Kimberley, Western Australia, involved Filipinos (Manilamen), Malays, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese. Europeans on the coastal areas of northern Australia depended on the work of indentured Asians and local Aborigines for the development and success of these industries. The birth of the Australian Federation also marked the beginning of the “White Australia Policy” designed to keep non-Europeans from settling in Australia. The presence of Asians in the north had a significant impact on state legislation controlling Aborigines in Western Australia in the first half of the 20th century, with implications to the present. Oral and archival evidence bears testimony to the brutality with which this legislation was pursued and its impact on the lives of Aboriginal people.
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Oakley, Ann. "A Historical Perspective on the Use of Randomized Trials in Social Science Settings." Crime & Delinquency 46, no. 3 (July 2000): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046003004.
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Similar to medicine, social science has historically grappled with controlling for chance and bias in assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Questions about what works and how to evaluate the evidence underlie all areas of policy intervention. In the early years of the 20th century, social science in North America developed an established tradition of quantitative sociology that included experimental studies. This was followed by a number of social experiments from the 1960s to the 1980s. The history of prospective experimental studies with control groups applied to the social domain contains important lessons for experimental social science in the 21st century.
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Houlahan, Bridget. "Origins of School Nursing." Journal of School Nursing 34, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840517735874.
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This study investigated the origin and implementation of school nursing in New York City, using traditional historical methods with a social history framework. The intent of this research was to produce a comprehensive historical analysis of school nursing at the turn of the 20th century in order to provide a historical framework to promote the work of school nurses today. Understanding the core fundamental concepts of school nursing from its origins and the significance of the emergence of community support for the role of the school nurse at the turn of the 20th century can inform current policy to back school nursing and school health today.
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Cook, Garry D., and Lesley Dias. "It was no accident: deliberate plant introductions by Australian government agencies during the 20th century." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 7 (2006): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05157.
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The weedy potential of deliberately introduced plants has been a growing concern in Australia since the late 1980s. Although introduced plants are critical to Australia’s agricultural and livestock production, many species that were praised in the past are now declared agricultural and environmental weeds. Nevertheless, weeds researchers appear largely ignorant of the magnitude and intent of plant introductions for agricultural purposes as well as the legacy of unwanted plants. Across more than 70 years, Commonwealth Plant Introductions comprised 145 000 accessions of more than 8200 species. These species include more than 2200 grass (Poaceae) and 2200 legume species (Fabaceae sensu stricto), representing about twice the indigenous flora in those families and about 22 and 18%, respectively, of the global flora of grasses and legumes. For most of the 20th century, these and other introductions supported research into continental-scale transformation of Australian landscapes to support greatly increased pastoral productivity in order to achieve policy goals of maximum density of human population. This paper documents some of the scientific developments and debates that affected the plant-introduction program. We argue that recent developments in weed science and policy need to be informed by a better understanding of plant-introduction history.
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McCulloch, Gary. "Constructing the Community: Secondary Schools and Their Neighbourhoods in 20th Century Auckland." Australian Journal of Education 36, no. 2 (August 1992): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494419203600203.
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This paper examines the relationships between secondary schools and their local neighbourhoods in the developing urban and suburban contexts of Auckland, New Zealand, during the 20th century. It discusses the problematic and changing characteristics of school neighbourhoods, especially those relating to physical location, transport facilities, and social geography. The construction of school communities and neighbourhoods is seen as political in its character, involving clear awareness of the effects of social class and, more recently, ethnic differences upon the academic attributes and reputation of the school, even when ‘equality of opportunity’ has represented the main official ideal of schooling. Detailed examples of the patterns of secondary education are employed to help explain the ingrained assumptions of schools and local communities and to provide a historical context to major national schooling policy changes in New Zealand in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
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Hamid, M. Obaidul, and Andy Kirkpatrick. "Foreign language policies in Asia and Australia in the Asian century." Language Problems and Language Planning 40, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.40.1.02ham.
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This article provides a comparative analysis of foreign language policies in Asia and Australia with reference to policy contexts, motivations and processes. The analysis is specifically motivated by the recent publication of the Australia in the Asian Century White Paper that represents Australia’s renewed desire to engage with Asia by developing “Asia literacy” including the development of national proficiency in selected Asian languages. It is argued that, although foreign language policies in the two regions present interesting similarities in terms of policy contexts and goals, there is notable disconnect between Asia and Australia that potentially undermines Australian policy desire to connect with Asia. Furthermore, although languages, like other national resources, are planned to address social needs and aspirations, subjecting languages to economic imperative reflects not only misconceptions of languages but also misappropriation of their potential.
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Kreisel, Werner, Robert Weber, and Heiko Faust. "Colonial Interventions on the Cultural Landscape of Central Sulawesi by "Ethical Policy": The Impact of the Dutch Rule in Palu and Kulawi Valley, 1905–1942." Asian Journal of Social Science 31, no. 3 (2003): 398–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853103322895324.
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The colonial conquest of Palu and Kulawi Valley in western Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, is characterised by the so-called "ethical policy", which was introduced to Dutch colonial policy at the beginning of the 20th century. An in-depth analysis of Dutch colonial sources, the memories van overgave , which have never been analysed in such detail on the subject of cultural geography, reveals that almost all facets of cultural landscape were influenced by the Dutch rule. These sources also disclose the ambiguous use of ethical policy by justifying or withdrawing colonial intervention in this area.
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VIANA, ALEXANDRE GUEDES, and PATRÍCIA HELENA F. CUNHA. "The Swedish model: an alternative to macroeconomic policy." Revista de Economia Política 36, no. 2 (June 2016): 266–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572016v36n02a02.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes the main details of the Swedish economic model, which began to be structured on the 1930s and achieved its consolidation on the 1950s. The Swedish model is characterized by a macroeconomic policy which provides price stability, fiscal results for selective industrial policies and social active policies, the latter being recognized as a wide universal welfare state. This combination, which contradicts the traditional economic prescriptions, has been successful given the country was agrarian and underdeveloped until the beginni.ng of 20th century and achieved a high social-economic development level on the 1970s. Afterwards, we present the Swedish experiment as an alternative to macroeconomic management, especially due to its uniqueness.
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Lazear, Edward P. "Gary Becker's Impact on Economics and Policy." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151107.
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Gary Becker was one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th century. He advanced social science by introducing economic thinking into areas that were thought to be off limits. Because his theory was motivated by his desire to explain the world, his analyses were highly policy relevant. His work on discrimination, deterrence of crime, fertility, human capital, and the family all produced implications that were testable and verified by his and others' empirical research. Equally important, each research area provided policy guidance and many of his ideas have been implemented by government and non-government organizations.
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Vinogradov, Igor' A. "Artist and Authorities. Nikolay Gogol and the Censorship Policy of the 19th–20th Centuries." Two centuries of the Russian classics 3, no. 1 (2021): 40–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2021-3-1-40-111.
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The article is devoted to historical and theoretical problems of relations between an artist and the authorities. The work summarizes old methodological principles for studying Russian censorship in the 19th century and formulates the new ones. A comprehensive study of the censorship histories of N. V. Gogol's works introduces significant adjustments to the idea of the exclusively negative role of censorship in his literary fate, and proves the overall positive interaction with the censorship department. The author analyzes the limitations of the "class approach" inherited from the past era in the understanding and assessment of censorship, which in fact represents a system of regulatory norms and restrictions. The social significance of the institution of censorship as the most important component of culture is emphasized. Despite the well-known shortcomings of the censorship department in the 19th century, which was exclusively covered by the radical criticism, Russian censorship was at the forefront of the struggle against negative processes that developed in the subsequent 20th century. The character of Gogol's satire as a form of public service is studied. The correlation of spiritual and pastoral denunciation with state interests is considered among other censorship issues.
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Cheng, Christopher. "Beacons of modern learning: Diaspora-funded schools in the China-Australia corridor." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 29, no. 2 (June 2020): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196820930309.
Full textAbstract:
In the early 20th century, modern school curricula and new-style schools mushroomed in the Chinese remittance landscape of southern China. Breaking away from the two-and-a-half millennia of Confucian tradition, their creation marked a pivotal point of departure between the nation’s past and future. Since overseas migration and modern education both provide a fruitful context for the circulation of new objects and a cross-fertilization of ideas, new schools serve as barometers of social-material change. Research in the present-day cities of Zhongshan and Zhuhai (formerly Heung San County) suggests that diaspora-funded schools were beacons of modern learning within the China–Australia corridor. Both their physical structures and material manifestations invited a new engagement with the modern world.
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Mercader-Moyano, Pilar, and Antonio Serrano-Jiménez. "Special Issue “Urban and Buildings Regeneration Strategy to Climatic Change Mitigation, Energy, and Social Poverty after a World Health and Economic Global Crisis”." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111850.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout the 21st century, urban reports demand solutions to the obsolescence and aging process suffered by the existing buildings, due to the growth and expansion of cities that took place in the second half of the 20th century [...]
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Drezgic, Rada. "From family planning to population policy: A paradigm shift in Serbian demography at the end of the 20th century." Filozofija i drustvo 19, no. 3 (2008): 181–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0803181d.
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This paper traces changes in the dominant paradigm of Serbian demography that took palace in the context of major socio-political changes during the late twentieth century. The changes are traced both in the realm of research and social policy. It is argued that demographic transition theory remained the main explanatory model but that its modified version which gives precedence to ideational vs. structural variables gained the dominant status. In the realm of social policy the ideology of family planning was replaced by population policy ideology. It is further argued that alarming discourses and sharp rhetoric about population problems did not result in formulation of a system of specific measures of population policy. Thus, the author claims, demographic discourses that at the time saturated public spaces were constitutive for - gender and national -identity politics and not inconsequential for social policy.
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Kwiatkowski, Piotr T., and Jonathan Weber. "Polish Sociology in the Face of Social and Political Changes of the 20th Century." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 63, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2019.63.4.10.
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The author of this essay deals with the specificity of sociology in Poland, reaching for the book of Antoni Sułek A Mirror on the High Road. Chapters from the History of Social Research in Poland (2019). Chapters of this book taken as a set constitute a review of the key issues that Polish sociologists strived to tackle in the 20th century. For approximately half of the book (6 chapters) Sułek focuses on issues of Polish sociology from the mid-1950s to the turn of the 1990s: the first is the change of theoretical and methodological paradigms in Polish sociology in the second half of the 20th century; the second is the successes of Polish sociology, but also its weaknesses — the author devoted much space to the theoretical limitations that prevented sociologists from predicting the formation of Solidarity in 1980. The third topic is the historical analysis of surveys conducted in the last decade of communism — their reliability as well as social and political functions. Finally, Sułek’s vision of socially-involved sociology appears. The strength of such sociology lies in its methodology, with which specific phenomena can be correctly defined, impartially analysed, and systematically investigated. And this in turn enables evidence-based debate and policy.
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Oancea, Claudiu. "Mirroring Post-1989 Historiography in Romania: Revista de Istorie Socială (The Review of Social History)." East Central Europe 34-35, no. 1-2 (2008): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-0340350102022.
Full textAbstract:
Social history is a relatively new field in Romanian historiography. In this context, Revista de Istorie Socială has attempted, since 1996, to contribute to the development of this field of studies and to bridge the gap between various historical schools and generations, opening new fields of research and reinterpreting old ones. This review essay provides an overview of the Review’s editorial policy, its publications, structure and content, in order to evaluate its impact on the development of social history in post-communist Romania. It is argued that the Review exhibits various historiographical influences, ranging from 19th century historicism to 20th century national schools of social history, most importantly the French Annales.
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Bahri, Saeful. "SHEIKH DJAMIL DJAHO AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CRITICISM OF MINANGKABAU MUSLIM: A Study on Tazkirat al-Qulub Fi Mu‘amalat ‘Allam al-Guyub." Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 3, no. 02 (December 28, 2018): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v3i02.651.
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This article discusses the socio-religious critique of Sheikh Djamil Djaho on the religious and socio-society conditions in Minangkabau. Analysis of the content and approach of social history-intellectuals was used to dissect the contents of the book Tazkirat al-Qulub associated with social-religious context in the policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of texts it is known that Sheikh Djaho expressed his criticism towards several groups. Among the groups are (1) scholars, (2) worshippers, (3) Sufism experts, and (4) experts of the world. According to Sheikh Djaho, the four groups might include gurur (faction), when they use intelligence in their respective fields as masks, not in honesty. This study shows three points. First, the presence of Sheikh Djaho's criticism departs from the reality of the life of the clergy and layman at that time. Second, the reality of social life keeps a text alive in society. Third, the solution to social-religious reality in the early 20th century was the practice of tasawwuf.
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Gavrilov, Artem Vyacheslavovich. "Historiography of agricultural modernization problem of Russia from the second part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201762220.
Full textAbstract:
The Russian history from the second part of 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century is a very significant period for the development of the country. One can say that at that time peasant community faced globalization challenge. Agricultural problem was a key issue, which penetrated the whole period bringing up political controversies, ideological strives, success in economical development, starvation in 1891, reforms and revolutions 80-90th of the 19th century were critical for the whole epoch as unsolved peasant issue at that moment was one of the reasons of revolutionary upheavals of the 20th century. For the last twenty-five years the study of different sides of peasant community life has progressed really far and has broken new ground. It is necessary to single out that this progress has been done due to extensive capabilities, which started in the soviet time as well as to the prerevolutionary study of this question. We single out following areas of focus in modern researches which form the problem of modernization of the agricultural sphere from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Firstly, it is the policy to peasant community and race because of the governmental deal. Then it is a huge amount of works dedicated to social-economical village development - peasant autonomy, farming and landed property, land market development, productivity of land, condition of labor force, cooperation problem and development of peasant industry, financial issue of the peasant community. Traditionally social-cultural development of the village is in the great demand including popular education, common law for peasants and the evolution of the peasant family.
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Omercic, Jasmin. "Waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 20th and 21st Century." ICR Journal 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2017): 342–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v8i3.179.
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This paper investigates the socio-economic role of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 20th century to date. Bosnia and Herzegovina waqf endured through various political fortunes and improved the social and economic circumstances of Muslims. A contemporary challenge is to reconstruct this waqf. A new development is the emergence of Islamic Economics. Since 1995, the Waqf Directorate of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (WD-ICBIH), the main authority over waqf, initiated reforms to revive the socio-economic role of waqf and integrate it into Bosnia and Herzegovina development. The study identifies the challenges facing the Waqf Directorate and the development of Islamic Economics in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The emergence of Islamic Economics and Islamic Banking and Finance, in cooperation with the Bosnia Bank International, presents opportunities to the Waqf Directorate to achieve its vision and mission. Some avenues for waqf integration into Bosnia and Herzegovina development qualify as commendable efforts of reform, indicate a feasible future for the Waqf Directorate, and gradually address various challenges. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations.
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Draganová, Andrea, and Luybica Babotova. "Ukrainian Topics in Slovak Periodicals at Turn of the 20th Century." Академічний журнал "Слово і Час", no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.04.74-80.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on the representation of Ukrainian topics in Slovak journals, mainly in “Hlas” (‘Voice’). This periodical had a subtitle “Mesačník pre literatúru, politika a sociálne otázky” (Monthly on literature, politics and social issues) and appeared in 1898–1904. “Hlas” is considered to be the publishing platform of liberally oriented Slovak youth, who opposed the conservative policy of the Center of National Life in Martin, led by S. H. Vajanský. Just as with other key ideological issues (Czechoslovakism, Russophilism, political activity), Vajanský’s reception and understanding of Ukrainian issues significantly differed from those of the younger generation. ‘Ukrainian theme’ usually got into the journal “Hlas” indirectly, through the links to ‘Slovanský přehled’ (‘Slavic Review’) journal. “Hlas” paid considerable attention to social problems. Such issues as migration, the influence of magyarization on the educational system and level of literacy among ‘rusyns’ were often addressed with a help of statistical data. The periodical provided information on the current challenges of Ukrainian students and some translations of works by Ukrainian authors. For instance, in 1903 “Hlas” published “Nastia” by B. Lepkyi. The translator of the text F. Votruba was among the most active promotors of Ukrainian literature. The references to outstanding Ukrainian cultural figures, such as Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Volodymyr Hnatiuk, etc., are also worth to mention. A detailed analysis of the content of “Hlas” revealed that the journal gave a low priority to ‘Ukrainian issues’. Most of the relevant information was taken from the other journals. The appearance of original material or translations to a large extent was driven by the personal interests of individual authors.
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Isra Sarwar, Muhammad Shamshad, and Farooq Arshad. "Crisis of Identity in 20th Century: The Case of the Sikhs in India." PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i2.123.
Full textAbstract:
Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the
recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources.
Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources.
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Toshmatov, Shuhratjon. "TAX POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE IN UZBEKISTAN AGRICULTURE IN THE 20S OF THE 20TH CENTURY." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-8-10.
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This article analyzes the tax policy and the evolution of the tax system in the Uzbek village of the Soviet state in the 1920s. The methodological basis of the research is the social and systematic approach, which are important principles of historical science, the principles of objectivity in thepresentation of factual material. Interdisciplinary (analysis, synthesis) and special historical (chronological, typological) methods were used to achieve the goal. The author focuses on the role of the Soviet state as an important tool for regulating tax policy, examines the transformation of the tax system in the Uzbek SSR in 1921-1929
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Soltero, Gonzalo. "From a few resounding voices to a multitude of whimpers. The role of writers towards modern cultural policy in Mexico." Journal of Cultural Management and Cultural Policy / Zeitschrift für Kulturmanagement und Kulturpolitik 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/zkmm-2022-080205.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this article I will look into the role of writers towards cultural policy in Mexico. Although artists generally do not participate in policy planning, some specific writers and their literary cenacles have been fundamental in shaping Mexican cultural policy. This relation between writers and the state will be analysed through some literary groups and their relation to politics and cultural policy in the 20th century, a relation that in the 21st century has changed as writers and their publications have lost terrain to social media. FONCA was the institution that resulted from this relationship dedicated to foster artistic production from 1989 to 2020. I will analyse FONCA and Mexico’s arts policy, updating previous studies, from a dual perspective: as a writer and researcher that has been beneficiary and judge of its programmes.
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Soltero, Gonzalo. "From a few resounding voices to a multitude of whimpers. The role of writers towards modern cultural policy in Mexico." Journal of Cultural Management and Cultural Policy / Zeitschrift für Kulturmanagement und Kulturpolitik 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/zkmm-2022-0204.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this article I will look into the role of writers towards cultural policy in Mexico. Although artists generally do not participate in policy planning, some specific writers and their literary cenacles have been fundamental in shaping Mexican cultural policy. This relation between writers and the state will be analysed through some literary groups and their relation to politics and cultural policy in the 20th century, a relation that in the 21st century has changed as writers and their publications have lost terrain to social media. FONCA was the institution that resulted from this relationship dedicated to foster artistic production from 1989 to 2020. I will analyse FONCA and Mexico’s arts policy, updating previous studies, from a dual perspective: as a writer and researcher that has been beneficiary and judge of its programmes.
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Conrad, Peter, and Diana Chapman Walsh. "The New Corporate Health Ethic: Lifestyle and the Social Control of Work." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 1 (January 1992): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fgyx-6ebj-70qt-0t4e.
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A corporate health ethic, forged in U.S. industry in the 20th century, clearly demarcated boundaries between private and workplace health concerns. This article advances evidence that the boundary is blurring, and argues that trends in workplace initiatives, including employee assistance, wellness programs, and drug screening, are giving shape to a new corporate health ethic. The new ethic emphasizes workers' lifestyles on and off the job, en endering a shift in corporate jurisdiction over employee health and behavior. Economic arguments such as “health care cost containment” are commonly offered as explanations for these new health initiatives. But the authors see the new ethic as a deeper response to a changing corporate environment and, more fundamentally, as emblematic of changes in the social control of work and productivity. They argue that the new health ethic may be a harbinger of new forms of social control in the workplace.
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Rodrigo, A., René van der Veer, Harriet J. Vermeer, and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn. "From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 3 (March 2014): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00060613.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children’s social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.
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Semashko, N. "SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY IN THE VIEWS OF S. PETLIURA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 148 (2021): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.148.10.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the peculiarities of the social-democratic views of the prominent statesman Simon Vasilyevich Petliura in the period 1902-1917, that is, at the stage of forming his political worldview. The role of S. Petliura as one of the leading ideologues of the Ukrainian social democracy of the beginning of the XX century is determined. The attitude of S. Petliura to the Russian variants of marxism is analyzed, his views on European social democracy, the main issues of development of the Ukrainian people, and solving them through the prism of socialist ideas. His views on party building are studied, relations between the Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers 'Party and the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party. The key positions of the Russian Social Democrats have been identified, which became the subject of sharp criticism of S. Petliura. It turned out that Simon Petliura was a supporter of the European version of Social Democracy, in particular on the issue of the right of nations to selfdetermination. S. Petliura entered into a sharp controversy with representatives of the Russian Social-Democracy, argued the falsity of their views on non-recognition of the right of the Ukrainian people to autonomy, appealing to the works of Karl Kautsky. S. Petliura did not share the centralizing policy of the Russian Marxists regarding party building, defending the right of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers' Party to an independent organizational structure. Socialist ideology in views S. Petliura was dominant, but had bright national features. The key stages of formation of the worldview of the figure are determined. The transformation of its ideological foundations is determined.
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Köpeczi-Bócz, Tamás, and Mónika Lőrincz. "The characteristics of the resource needs of innovative businesses." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1800.
Full textAbstract:
Every university was funded in different historical periods with particular feature, particular political system, particular proprietory structure and particular economic background, which characterised the particular era. The historical antecedents considerably influenced the situation and role of the institutions as well as the course of their development. Although they had common features but their spatial projections are very dissimilar. In the 19th and 20th century Hungarian history – in the periods of economic integration with the modification of political system and transformation of the social background – the economic and social functions of tertiary education underwent considerable changes, which started to accomplish by the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. To moderate regional disparities, European and Hungarian regional development policy considers particular importance to the economic structure of the regions and their potential to be reformed, which is one of the corner stones of compatibility. Considering the more and more diversifying functions of universities, the question is, which factor is more significant; tertiary education or the relation between the sectors of national economy. The possible correlations we presented through the economic structure and the transformation of tertiary education functions of the integration periods.
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D'Souza, Nigel. "Aboriginal Children: The Challenge for the end of the Millennium." Children Australia 15, no. 2 (1990): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002686.
Full textAbstract:
No other group of children in Australian society stands in greater judgement of the ability and willingness of this society to deal with their problems than aboriginal children.The challenge that faces all of us in the nineties, including aboriginal community-controlled organisations like SNAICC, is whether we are going to be able to break the cycle of disadvantage, poverty and racism that keeps our children and our community at the very bottom of this society.The 20th century history of Australia will be seen as the millennium of a great expansion of wealth in Australia. It will be regarded as a period of gigantic advances in science and productive technology. It will also - if historians record accurately - show the plight of aboriginal people as the single glaring blight on the record of this country.