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1
Andrews, Gavin. "Psychiatry in Australia: economic and service delivery aspects." Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 7 (July 1991): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.7.446.
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In 1987 there were 1,428 psychiatrists in Australia, 8.8 per 100,000 population (Burvill, 1988), 55% identified as in private practice and 45% in public sector practice. Let us be clear about terms. Public sector practice means that each week you receive a salary from the public purse whether you have seen one or a hundred patients. Private practice means that you are paid on a piece-work basis, also largely from the public purse (national health insurance or Medicare), but the income (at about $100 per hour) depends exactly on the number of hours spent with patients. On average, private psychiatrists in Australia gross about $150,000 per year, out of which they must pay practice expenses. The pay for public sector psychiatrists probably averages $70,000 to which, for the purposes of our calculation, we will add the cost of rooms, telephone and secretary provided by the hospital which at $30,000 brings the cost of a public sector psychiatrist to about $100,000 per year. If 45% of psychiatrists are in public practice then the averaged cost of a psychiatrist in Australia can be calculated as $127,500 per annum, and as there are 8.8 psychiatrists per 100,000 the cost, calculated on this simple basis, is $1.12 million per 100,000 population (Andrews, 1989).
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Barclay, Kate. "The Social in Assessing for Sustainability. Fisheries in Australia." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 4, no. 3 (November 5, 2012): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v4i3.2655.
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The notion that sustainability rests on three pillars – economic, environmental and social – has been widely accepted since the 1990s. In practice, however, the economic and environmental aspects have tended to dominate the sustainability agenda, and social aspects have been sidelined. Two reasons for this are: 1) there is a lack of data collected about which to build meaningful pictures of social aspects of sustainability for populations over time, and 2) there is a lack of recognition of the role of social factors in sustainability, and a related lack of understanding of how to analyse them in conjunction with economic and environmental factors. This paper surveys the literature about sustainability in fisheries, focussing on Australia, and focussing on the way social aspects have been treated. The paper finds that the problems that have been identified for assessing the social in sustainability in general are certainly manifest in fisheries. Management of Australian fisheries has arguably made great improvements to biological sustainability over the last decade, but much remains to be done to generate similar improvements in social sustainability for fishing communities. This is the case for government-run resource management as well as for initiatives from the private sector and conservation organizations as part of movements for corporate social responsibility and ethical consumerism. A significant challenge for improving sustainability in Australian fisheries, therefore, lies in improving data collection on social factors, and in bridging disciplinary divides to better integrate social with economic and biological assessments of sustainability.
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Vijayakumar, Ankitha, Muhammad Nateque Mahmood, Argaw Gurmu, Imriyas Kamardeen, and Shafiq Alam. "Social sustainability indicators for road infrastructure projects: A systematic literature review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 022039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/2/022039.
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Abstract Australia’s population is predicted to grow to 31.4 million by 2034, according to Infrastructure Australia Audit 2019, resulting in additional demand for road infrastructure. Although road infrastructure projects have a significant positive impact at the regional level regarding reduced travel time, improved accessibility, and amenities, they may also have negative social impacts at the local level. However, road infrastructure projects are often seen as key drivers of economic development. Social aspects are generally less considered in the decision-making process of the project lifecycle. The existing sustainability assessment models focus on economic and environmental aspects and lack social considerations. To bridge the gap, this paper aims to examine the existing literature on social sustainability in the construction industry and identify the social aspects and relevant indicators to be considered in assessing the social sustainability performance of road infrastructure projects. Through systematic literature review, using Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO and google search databases from an initial set of 1178 journals, conference papers, books, book chapters and other relevant industry reports, 80 articles related to social sustainability in the construction industry were selected for the study. Based on the analysis, nine social sustainability criteria such as quality of life, equity, employment, health and safety, stakeholder participation, culture and heritage, compensation strategies, governance, macro-social activities and 78 respective indicators were identified. The findings of this study may assist policymakers and industry practitioners in developing comprehensive assessment models for benchmarking social sustainability in Australian road infrastructure projects.
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Thomsen, D. A., and J. Davies. "Social and cultural dimensions of commercial kangaroo harvest in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 10 (2005): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03248.
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Kangaroo management is important to the sustainability of Australia’s rangeland landscapes. The commercial harvest of kangaroos assists in reduction of total grazing pressure in the rangelands and provides the potential for supplementary income to pastoralists. Indeed, the commercial kangaroo industry is considered by natural resource scientists as one of the few rural industry development options with potential to provide economic return with minimal environmental impact. While the biology and population ecology of harvested kangaroo species in Australia is the subject of past and present research, the social, institutional and economic issues pertinent to the commercial kangaroo industry are not well understood. Our research is addressing the lack of understanding of social issues around kangaroo management, which are emerging as constraints on industry development. The non-indigenous stakeholders in kangaroo harvest are landholders, regional management authorities, government conservation and primary production agencies, meat processors, marketers and field processors (shooters) and these industry players generally have little understanding of what issues the commercial harvest of kangaroos presents to Aboriginal people. Consequently, the perspectives and aspirations of Aboriginal people regarding the commercial harvest of kangaroos are not well considered in management, industry development and planning. For Aboriginal people, kangaroos have subsistence, economic and cultural values and while these values and perspectives vary between language groups and individuals, there is potential to address indigenous issues by including Aboriginal people in various aspects of kangaroo management. This research also examines the Aboriginal interface with commercial kangaroo harvest, and by working with Aboriginal people and groups is exploring several options for greater industry involvement. The promotion of better understandings between indigenous and non-indigenous people with interests in kangaroo management could promote industry development through the marketing of kangaroo as not only clean and green, but also as a socially just product.
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Gunnarsson, Stefan, Katarina Arvidsson Segerkvist, Lina Göransson, Helena Hansson, and Ulf Sonesson. "Systematic Mapping of Research on Farm-Level Sustainability in Egg and Chicken Meat Production." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073033.
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The sustainability of future poultry production needs to be improved in order to meet global challenges. The global chicken population has expanded significantly in recent decades, due to increased human demand for eggs and chicken meat. Therefore, it is critically important to mitigate challenges to the sustainability of modern poultry production, such as pollution, the depletion of finite natural resources and animal welfare issues. This study systematically mapped the scientific literature on farm-level sustainability in egg and chicken meat production. The concept of sustainability was considered holistically, covering its economic, environmental and social dimensions, each consisting of a broad range of different aspects that may contradict or reinforce each other. The literature published between January 2000 and March 2020 with a geographical focus on Europe, North America and Australia–New Zealand, were included. The literature search resulted in a total of 428 hits, but after the exclusion of articles that did not match the scope of the study, only 26 papers remained for the systematic mapping. Of these, only three papers covered all three dimensions of sustainability. Aspects of economic sustainability were addressed in 10 papers, aspects of environmental sustainability in 18 papers, and aspects of social sustainability in 23 papers. The findings in this study are an important foundation for the discussion and prioritisation of future actions to increase knowledge of farm-level sustainability in egg and chicken meat production.
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Sendall, Marguerite C., Phil Crane, Laura McCosker, Marylou Fleming, Herbert C. Biggs, and Bevan Rowland. "Truckies and health promotion: using the ANGELO framework to understand the workplace’s role." International Journal of Workplace Health Management 10, no. 6 (December 4, 2017): 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-09-2017-0070.
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Purpose Workplaces are challenging environments which place workers at the risk of obesity. This is particularly true for Australian road transport industry workplaces. The Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework is a public health tool which can be used to conceptualise obesogenic environments. It suggests that workplaces have a variety of roles (in the physical, economic, political and sociocultural domains) in responding to obesity in transport industry workplaces. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings which explore this idea. Design/methodology/approach The project used a mixed-methods approach located within a participatory action research framework, to engage workplace managers and truck drivers in the implementation and evaluation of workplace health promotion strategies. The project involved six transport industry workplaces in Queensland, Australia. Findings This study found that transport industry workplaces perceive themselves to have an important role in addressing the physical, economic, political and sociocultural aspects of obesity, as per the ANGELO framework. However, transport industry employees – specifically, truck drivers – do not perceive workplaces to have a major role in health; rather, they consider health to be an area of personal responsibility. Practical implications Balancing the competing perceptions of truck drivers and workplace managers about the workplace’s role in health promotion is an important consideration for future health promotion activities in this hard-to-reach, at-risk population. Originality/value The use of the ANGELO framework allows the conceptualisation of obesity in a novel workplace context.
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Mann, Clare. "Aboriginal Prisoners Design Their Own Curriculum." Aboriginal Child at School 17, no. 3 (July 1989): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200006817.
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Aboriginal people in Western Australia experience very high rates of imprisonment. In June 1985 the percentage of Aboriginal people in prisons in Western Australia was 32.7% (Walker and Biles 1986:23) and a large number of these were young men. Aboriginal people constitute 2.5% of the total population of Western Australia which means they are over represented at a rate of 12%(W.A.A.E.C.G. 1987:32). These figures have been extensively researched and documented (Hazlehurst 1987, Eggleston 1976 and Martin and Newby 1986) perhaps to the detriment of Aboriginal people (Parker 1987:140). Parker believes these high rates are due to the socio-economic and political status of Aboriginal people in our society, and suggests education programs about Aboriginal culture should be introduced to judicial agents accompanied by "the promotion of Aboriginal autonomy and independence in the areas of health, housing, education and employment" (Parker 1987:137). Broadhurst (1987:152) reinforces this view, asserting that the over representation of Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system is a result of deprivation and economic dependence and the development of the north-west, rather than an aspect of Aboriginality (Broadhurst 1987:179). He urges that prisons be used as a ’last resort‘.
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Saunders, Peter, and Michael Fine. "The Mixed Economy of Support for the Aged in Australia: Lessons for Privatisation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 3, no. 2 (December 1992): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469200300202.
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This paper describes and analyses aspects of Australian income support and service arrangements for the aged in the context of broader issues relating to privatisation. It is argued that much of the welfare privatisation debate is overly simplistic and does not recognise the important role which the non-government sector already plays in aspects of support for the age. Analysis of income data shows, for example, that transfer income currently accounts for less than half of the income of the aged. The trend towards superannuation is apparent in the data, although some doubts are raised about the impact of superannuation expansion on the finance of population ageing. In the area of community services, the paper describes the development of policy over the last few decades in order to illustrate the complexity of existing arrangements. The switch from institutional to community care is identified as a major trend, particularly during the 1980s, and some of the implications of this development for privatisation are drawn out and analysed.
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Prisantoso, Budi Iskandar, and Badrudin Badrudin. "KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBER DAYA IKAN KAKAP MERAH (Lutjanus spp.) DI LAUT ARAFURA." Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia 2, no. 1 (February 3, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkpi.2.1.2010.71-78.
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Sumber daya ikan kakap merah di Laut Arafura secara efektif dimanfaatkan oleh perikanan rawai dasar dan pukat ikan skala industri. Pukat udang dengan target penangkapan udang tertangkap juga sejumlah besar ikan demersal, di mana ikan kakap merah (Lutjanus spp.) berukuran kecil sering tertangkap dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Melaui kajian genetic similarity Australia menyimpulkan bahwa ikan kakap merah di kedua sektor Laut Arafura tersebut merupakan satu unit stok yang dikelola secara bersama melalui kerangka kerja Indonesia- Australia shared snapper management plan. Secara ekonomi, langkah pengelolaan bersama tersebut mempunyai implikasi luas yang berpotensi merugikan Indonesia. Hasil analisis data dan informasi lanjutan menemukan bahwa populasi ikan kakap merah di kedua sektor perairan Laut Arafura merupakan unit-unit stok yang terpisah dengan cakupan kawasan perairan yang sangat luas (mega separate stock). Dengan demikian stok ikan kakap merah di kedua sektor Laut Arafura tersebut dapat dikelola sesuai dengan yurisdiksi, kebijakan, dan tujuan pengelolaan yang ditetapkan oleh masing-masing negara.Red snapper resources in the Arafura Sea have been effectively exploited by the industrial scale of bottom long line, fish trawl, and shrimp trawl fisheries. A substantial mount of demersal fish caught by the shrimp trawl fisheries in which a small size (juvenile) red snapper species was also retained. Through genetic similarity studies Australia concluded that the red snapper stock in both sector of the Arafura Sea belong to one stock unit and should collaborative managed under the framework of Indonesia-Australia shared snapper management plan. Based on the economic aspect this management has a wide implication that lead to some potential losses to Indonesia. Further studies on some population dynamics aspects and analysis of the available data and information it was found that the red snapper stocks in the two sectors of the Arafura Sea provide a mega separate stock, occupying a very wide waters area. Based on these findings it can be stated that management of these mega separate stock could be managed in accordance with their respective jurisdictions, policies, and management objectives set up by the respective countries.
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Subedi, Rajan, Sabitra Kaphle, Manju Adhikari, Yamuna Dhakal, Mukesh Khadka, Sabina Duwadi, Sunil Tamang, and Sonu Shakya. "First call, home: perception and practice around health among South Asian migrants in Melbourne, Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 28, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py21036.
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The socio-cultural context of populations has a significant effect on health outcomes across every stage of life. In Australia, South Asian migrants have a comparatively higher incidence of chronic disease and less use of health services. Often overlooked are community views of health, cultural traits and belief systems. This study aimed to explore the factors that influence health perception and practice of South Asian migrants. The study used a mixed method approach with both a survey and interviews. A total of 62 participants between the age of 18 and 64 years were surveyed and 14 participants completed interviews. Data were analysed descriptively and thematically. South Asians share a common perception and practice around health and illness. This paper highlights two key findings. First, these groups take a broad view of health encompassing physical, mental, emotional, social and economic aspects of life. Second, these cultural groups do not seek medical help as their first choice, but have a high level of trust in family for providing health advice and share a belief in the effectiveness of home remedies for managing health conditions. Participants shared their expectation that the Australian health system should consider their socio-cultural construct to make services culturally safe and engaging to enhance service utilisation.
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Kalair, Ali Raza, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Naeem Abas, Shoaib Rauf, and Alex Stojcevski. "A Comparative Thermal Performance Assessment of Various Solar Collectors for Domestic Water Heating." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (June 16, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9536772.
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Growing population, depleting fossil fuels, economic expansions, and energy intensive life style demand are resulting in higher energy prices. We use energy as of heat and electricity, which can directly be obtained from sun using thermal collectors and solar cells. Solar thermal systems are gaining attention for water and space heating applications due to green aspects of solar energy. A solar thermal collector is a vital part of solar thermal energy system to absorb radiant energy from the sun. In this study, a solar water heating (SWH) system has been designed and simulated in the TRNSYS ® software using thermal and chemical properties of heat transfer fluids using REFPROP for dwellings located on ±31° latitudes (+31 Lahore in Pakistan and -31° Perth in Australia). We present an efficiency parametric optimization-based model for water and space heating. Simulation results for four types of solar thermal collectors are presented, and performance is analyzed on the basis of output temperature ( T out ), solar fraction ( f ), and collector efficiency ( η ). This study evaluates the comparative performance of evacuated tube collector (ETC), flat-plate collector (FPC), compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), and thermosiphon-driven systems. Our findings conclude the evacuated glass tube collector achieves the highest solar fraction, i.e., 50% of demand coverage during August in Pakistan and February in Australia, with an overall average of 43% annually.
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Swapan, Abu Yousuf, Joo Hwa Bay, and Dora Marinova. "IMPORTANCE OF THE RESIDENTIAL FRONT YARD FOR SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: COMPARING SENSE OF COMMUNITY LEVELS IN SEMI-PRIVATE-PUBLIC OPEN SPACES." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 2 (March 2019): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.2.177.
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Sustainable design is emerging as an increasingly important concern for the global urban population. Usually sustainable design is associated with economic, ecological and social aspects with the importance of the physical environment often ignored, particularly in the social sciences. However, the physical and social dimensions should be inseparable in the sustainable development agenda. Increasingly, urban designers are emphasizing the link between physical design and sense of community in public open spaces, but there is limited research on the importance of residential streets and associated semi-open public spaces, such as verges, and private spaces, like the front yard. Using the case study method, including observation and a survey in the suburb of Subiaco in Perth, Western Australia, this article explores the significance of residential streets and the space typology of front yards in comparison to other outdoor open space types. The analysis of the front yard's contribution to the street and community can inform designers, developers, planners, policy makers and residents to achieve a more attractive inner city living environment.
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Gupta, Rakesh, Kejia Yan, Tarlok Singh, and Di Mo. "Domestic and International Drivers of the Demand for Water Resources in the Context of Water Scarcity: A Cross-Country Study." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13110255.
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Global warming, while increasing human demand for water, is reducing water availability by reducing runoff flows and the effective amount of water between seasons, making water scarcity a growing problem globally. Water management plays an important role in mitigating global warming, improving the water cycle, reducing carbon emissions, and providing clean energy, and pricing water is considered a good approach to water management. Pricing water needs to take into account all sectors and aspects of society, such as domestic water, food and agriculture, energy, transport, industry, urban provision, human health, ecosystems, and the environment, and their interrelationships through water, within the context of the fundamental human rights to water and sanitation. This requires that every stakeholder should contribute to the development of water-related policies at every stage of the water interrelationship. This study investigated the relationship between water demand across different sectors of the economy using indicators for China, Australia, Japan, and the UK. Using panel analyses, this study finds that economic growth and population expansion increases the demand for water in all aspects. These findings have significant policy implications for water management. Because water prices can have an impact on global trade and, more importantly, are a major solution to global warming, water management policies should be considered at the global level, not only at the national level.
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Degeling, C., G. L. Gilbert, P. Tambyah, J. Johnson, and T. Lysaght. "One Health and Zoonotic Uncertainty in Singapore and Australia: Examining Different Regimes of Precaution in Outbreak Decision-Making." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phz017.
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Abstract A One Health approach holds great promise for attenuating the risk and burdens of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in both human and animal populations. Because the course and costs of EID outbreaks are difficult to predict, One Health policies must deal with scientific uncertainty, whilst addressing the political, economic and ethical dimensions of communication and intervention strategies. Drawing on the outcomes of parallel Delphi surveys conducted with policymakers in Singapore and Australia, we explore the normative dimensions of two different precautionary approaches to EID decision-making—which we call regimes of risk management and organizing uncertainty, respectively. The imperative to act cautiously can be seen as either an epistemic rule or as a decision rule, which has implications for how EID uncertainty is managed. The normative features of each regime, and their implications for One Health approaches to infectious disease risks and outbreaks, are described. As One Health attempts to move upstream to prevent rather than react to emergence of EIDs in humans, we show how the approaches to uncertainty, taken by experts and decision-makers, and their choices about the content and quality of evidence, have implications for who pays the price of precaution, and, thereby, social and global justice.
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Shukla, Nagesh, Biswajeet Pradhan, Abhirup Dikshit, Subrata Chakraborty, and Abdullah M. Alamri. "A Review of Models Used for Investigating Barriers to Healthcare Access in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 4087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114087.
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Understanding barriers to healthcare access is a multifaceted challenge, which is often highly diverse depending on location and the prevalent surroundings. The barriers can range from transport accessibility to socio-economic conditions, ethnicity and various patient characteristics. Australia has one of the best healthcare systems in the world; however, there are several concerns surrounding its accessibility, primarily due to the vast geographical area it encompasses. This review study is an attempt to understand the various modeling approaches used by researchers to analyze diverse barriers related to specific disease types and the various areal distributions in the country. In terms of barriers, the most affected people are those living in rural and remote parts, and the situation is even worse for indigenous people. These models have mostly focused on the use of statistical models and spatial modeling. The review reveals that most of the focus has been on cancer-related studies and understanding accessibility among the rural and urban population. Future work should focus on further categorizing the population based on indigeneity, migration status and the use of advanced computational models. This article should not be considered an exhaustive review of every aspect as each section deserves a separate review of its own. However, it highlights all the key points, covered under several facets which can be used by researchers and policymakers to understand the current limitations and the steps that need to be taken to improve health accessibility.
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Sultoni, Yahya, and Khoirul Efendi. "The Existence Of Refugees And Immigrants From Middle East In Southeast Asia." UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 7, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/umran2020.7n3.440.
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Refugees and immigrants are the people who move from a region to another region crossing the countries border for surviving purposes. The reason they migrate to another place moslty because of conflict in their own country, also due to welfare and economic problems. The majority of refugees and immigrant in Indonesia go to Christmas Island, Australia as the final destination seeking the asylum or protection. Automatically they passed the area of the countries in Southeast Asia. It takes a long time for the moving process to the destination country until the status of the determination process for asylum or refugee by UNHCR. Because of the long time, there are fears that the immigrants will impact the stability of national security, economy, social, culture and other aspects. It also considered as demographic problems while increasing population in a country which is traversed by refugees and immigrant. It is important to analyze the influence of the existence of refugees and immigrants, as well as their potential in Southeast Asia Countries. Managing the existence of refugees and immigrant also considered for helping the government and other stakeholders to make the right policy for handling refugees and immigrants.
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Saher, Liudmyla, Tatjana Tambovceva, and Radoslaw Miskiewicz. "Research Progress and Knowledge Structure of Inclusive Growth: A Bibliometric Analysis." Virtual Economics 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34021/ve.2021.04.04(1).
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Environmental and socio-political challenges of today show that traditional models of economic growth and valuation methods, which are based primarily on financial profitability, are not always optimal, but the concept of inclusive growth is gaining popularity. In January 2018, the Inclusive Growth and Development Index was presented at the 48th World Economic Forum in Davos. But the relatively new concept of inclusive growth and its economic meaning remains insufficiently studied and needs further research. Accordingly, the paper aims at providing a bibliometric overview to determine the current state of scientific production in "inclusive growth". Scopus Database was selected as the primary data source. The scientific literature was searched based on the titles, abstracts, and author keywords with the following search strategy: "inclusive growth". A time span of 10 years was set, and thus, only literature published from 2012 to 2021 was included. To obtain a more comprehensive analysis VOSviewer 1.6.16 software was used for mapping and visualizing bibliometric networks of scientific publications. A study of the geographical affiliation of researchers in this area showed that the most significant number of publications was published by scientists from the USA, India, Great Britain, China, South Africa, Australia, Spain, Italy, Canada, and Germany. The average growth rate of publications in this field is the highest among scientists in Spain, Italy, and China. The interest in the topic is constantly growing. As a result of a bibliometric analysis of 2000 publications indexed by the Scopus database from 2012 to 2021, devoted to the issues of inclusive growth, 8 clusters were identified: environmental problems, role, and opportunities of stakeholders in increasing inclusive growth, population movement under the influence of micro-and macro-environmental factors to achieve sustainable development goals, inequality, analysis of economic and population development factors in the context of achieving sustainable development goals, inclusive growth essence, and parameters, poverty. The issues of regional aspects and mechanisms for attaining inclusive growth goals, as well as issues of regulating and ensuring stakeholders' interests, including issues of communication and promotion of inclusive growth paradigm, risk assessment of implementing inclusive economic principles, and formalization of impact factors remain unexplored.
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Lopez, Felipe, Jorge Jimenez, and Cristian Canales. "Optimal fishing mortality assignment for southern hake Merluccius australis in Chile." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 48, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol48-issue4-fulltext-2283.
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Since 1979, southern hake (Merluccius australis) has been exploited in Chile from the Bio Bio to the Magallanes regions, between the parallels 41°28.6'S and 57°S. There is evidence of a constant fishing effort and a sustained reduction of the fish population, consistent with a progressive decrease in total annual catches. Management strategies based on the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and quota assignment/ distribution criteria have not been able to sustain acceptable biomass levels. A non-linear optimization model with two objective functions was proposed to determine an optimal total catch quota for more sustainable exploitation of this fishery. The first function maximizes the total catch over time in response to an optimal assignment of fishing mortality rates per fleet; the second function maximizes the total economic benefit associated with the total catch. The dynamics of the fish population were represented with the equations of a predictive age-structured model. Decision variables were fishing mortality rates and annual catch quotas per fleet, subject to constraints that guarantee a minimum level of biomass escape over a long-term period. The input parameters were obtained from the last stock evaluation report carried out by the Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP) of Chile. The historical background data of the fishery and the regulatory framework were relevant aspects of the methodology. Five scenarios were evaluated with the two objective functions, including a base scenario, which considered the referential mortality rate as input data as the average mortality rate per fleet from 2007 to 2012. Total economic benefits fluctuate between 102 and USD 442 million for total catches in the range of 108 to 421 thousand tons, which were obtained from maximizing the economic and biological objective functions. Economic benefit/catch ratios were reduced for scenarios with higher constraints on catch limits, and they were more efficient from a biological point of view. Situations with lighter constraints showed in general higher economic benefits and better performance ratios than those with stronger restrictions. The use of optimization models may provide a useful tool to evaluate the effect of regulations for adequate conservation and economical utilization of a limited resource.
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Turbucz, Bela, Martin Major, Romana Zelko, and Balazs Hanko. "Proposal for Handling of Medicine Shortages Based on a Comparison of Retrospective Risk Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074102.
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Introduction: We reviewed and compared current drug shortages and shortage management practices in six selected countries (Hungary, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, United States) based on the most comprehensive national shortage databases for each country, for four Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) groups, to analyze the criticality of drug shortages across countries and identify best practices in shortage management strategies. Materials and Methods: Countries were selected to cover a wide geographical range of high-income nations where a lack of economic power as a potential source of drug shortages is not observable. ATC groups were selected based on a pre-examination of the databases to analyze groups most often in shortage, and groups where the absence of which could have a severe negative impact on treatment outcomes. The bias originating from the different reporting systems had to be reduced to gain comprehensive and comparable information. The first bias-reducing mechanism was transforming the raw number of shortages into proportion per million people. Secondly, critical cases were classified, and thirdly, critical cases were compared with the Word Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicine Lists. Results: The results indicate that every European country studied reports significantly higher total and critical shortages per population compared to the US and Australia. Within Europe, Hungary reports the highest number of cases both for total and critical shortages, while Spain has the lowest results in both aspects. While in the US and Australia critical shortages were observable in similar proportions across all ATC groups, in European countries ATC groups of anti-infectives for systemic use (J) and the nervous system (N) were found to account for a notably higher proportion of critical shortages. Current shortage management practices were examined in each country and classified into five groups to identify common best practices. Conclusions: Due to the different characterization of reporting systems, several bias-reducing mechanisms should be applied to compare and evaluate shortages. In addition, European harmonization should be initiated to create mutually acknowledged definitions and reporting systems, which could be the basis of good drug shortage handling practices in Europe.
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Si, Lei, John A. Eisman, Tania Winzenberg, Kerrie M. Sanders, Jacqueline R. Center, Tuan V. Nguyen, and Andrew J. Palmer. "Microsimulation model for the health economic evaluation of osteoporosis interventions: study protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e028365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028365.
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IntroductionOsteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that is characterised by reduced bone strength and increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis-related fractures impose enormous disease and economic burden to the society. Although many treatments and health interventions are proven effective to prevent fractures, health economic evaluation adds evidence to their economic merits. Computer simulation modelling is a useful approach to extrapolate clinical and economic outcomes from clinical trials and it is increasingly used in health economic evaluation. Many osteoporosis health economic models have been developed in the past decades; however, they are limited to academic use and there are no publicly accessible health economic models of osteoporosis.Methods and analysisWe will develop the Australian osteoporosis health economic model based on our previously published microsimulation model of osteoporosis in the Chinese population. The development of the model will follow the recommendations for the conduct of economic evaluations in osteoporosis by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases and the US branch of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. The model will be a state-transition semi-Markov model with memory. Clinical parameters in the model will be mainly obtained from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study and the health economic parameters will be collected from the Australian arm of the International Costs and Utilities Related to Osteoporotic Fractures Study. Model transparency and validates will be tested using the recommendations from Good Research Practices in Modelling Task Forces. The model will be used in economic evaluations of osteoporosis interventions including pharmaceutical treatments and primary care interventions. A user-friendly graphical user interface will be developed, which will connect the user to the calculation engine and the results will be generated. The user interface will facilitate the use of our model by people in different sectors.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is needed for this study. Results of the model validation and future economic evaluation studies will be submitted to journals. The user interface of the health economic model will be publicly available online accompanied with a user manual.
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Allsop, Sinéad E., Shannon J. Dundas, Peter J. Adams, Tracey L. Kreplins, Philip W. Bateman, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Reduced efficacy of baiting programs for invasive species: some mechanisms and management implications." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 3 (2017): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17006.
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‘Bait-resistance’ is defined as progressive decreases in bait efficacy in controlled pest species populations. Understanding the mechanisms by which bait-resistance can develop is important for the sustainable control of pests worldwide, for both wildlife conservation programs and agricultural production. Bait-resistance is influenced by both behavioural (innate and learned bait-avoidance behaviour) and physiological aspects of the target pest species (its natural diet, its body mass, the mode of action of the toxin, and the animal’s ability to biochemically break down the toxin). In this review, we summarise the scientific literature, discuss factors that can lead to innate and learned aversion to baits, as well as physiological tolerance. We address the question of whether bait avoidance or tolerance to 1080 could develop in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), an introduced predator of significant economic and environmental importance in Australia. Sublethal poisoning has been identified as the primary cause of both bait avoidance and increased toxin-tolerance, and so, finally, we provide examples of how management actions can minimise the risk of sublethal baits in pest species populations.
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Kubiszewski, Ida, Nabeeh Zakariyya, and Diane Jarvis. "Subjective wellbeing at different spatial scales for individuals satisfied and dissatisfied with life." PeerJ 7 (February 21, 2019): e6502. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6502.
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Indicators that attempt to gauge wellbeing have been created and used at multiple spatial scales around the world. The most commonly used indicators are at the national level to enable international comparisons. When analyzing subjective life satisfaction (LS), an aspect of wellbeing, at multiple spatial scales in Australia, variables (drawn from environmental, social, and economic domains) that are significantly correlated to LS at smaller scales become less significant at larger sub-national scales. The reverse is seen for other variables, which become more significant at larger scales. Regression analysis over multiple scales on three groups (1) all individuals within the sample, (2) individuals with self-reported LS as dissatisfied (LS ≤ 5), and (3) individuals self-reporting LS as satisfied (LS > 5), show that variables critical for LS differ between subgroups of the sample as well as by spatial scale. Wellbeing measures need to be created at multiple scales appropriate to the purpose of the indicator. Concurrently, policies need to address the factors that are important to wellbeing at those respective scales, segments, and values of the population.
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Baer, William C. "Toward a history of housing market analysis." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 632–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-09-2017-0080.
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Purpose This paper aims to relate early history of housing conceptualizations and market analysis in the Anglosphere (Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand). Historians are ignorant of them but clear market analyses had early beginnings in every urban society for developing and accommodating growing populations. Design/methodology/approach Historiography. Findings Aspects of market analysis, especially appraisal and rudimentary approaches to the housing market in the Anglosphere, can be traced back to ancient Rome, housing market conceptualizations to Dr Nicholas Barbon and seventeenth-century London’s first population and housing boom and market analysis techniques in the USA at its founding, when Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand Perigor was the first to refine them and write them up in 1794-1796. The US next made major advances in the 1930s. The overall trend has been from inferred analyses to fundamental (derived) analyses, emphasizing “quantifiable data.” Practical implications This paper elicits researcher’s professional awareness that each nation has an implicit history of its early development practices and techniques. Originality/value The time frame of most housing market analysts is the recent past, the present and the future. But how enduring are their concerns? Do operational values in a housing market reflect historical epochs, or are there some universalities? Furthermore, most urban historians are ignorant of urban market dynamics. It does not occur to them that some of the dynamics that analysts attempt to capture today might always have been inherent in the urban built environment, regardless of era or urbanized part of the globe under consideration.
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Бондаренко, Ольга, Світлана Мантуленко, and Андрій Пікільняк. "Google Classroom as a Tool of Support of Blended Learning for Geography Students." Педагогіка вищої та середньої школи 51 (December 13, 2018): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/pedag.v51i0.3671.
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Bondarenko O.V., Mantulenko S.V. and Pikilnyak A.V. Google Classroom as a Tool of Support of Blended Learning for Geography Students.
The article reveals the experience of organizing blended learning for geography students using Google Classroom, and discloses its potential uses in the study of geography. For the last three years, the authors have tested such in-class and distance courses as “Cartography and Basics of Topography”, “Population Geography”, “Information Systems and Technologies in Tourism Industry”, “Regional Economic and Social World Geography (Europe and the CIS)”, “Regional Economic and Social World Geography (Africa, Latin America, Asia, Anglo-America, Australia and Oceania)”, “Socio-Economic Cartography”.
The advantages of using the specified interactive tool during the study of geographical disciplines are highlighted out in the article. As it has been established, the organization of the learning process using Google Classroom ensures the unity of in-class and out-of-class learning; it is designed to realize effective interaction of the subjects learning in real time; to monitor the quality of training and control the students’ learning achievements in class as well as out of it, etc.
The article outlines the disadvantages that should be taken into account when organizing blended learning using Google Classroom, including the occasional predominance of students’ external motivation in education and their low level of readiness for work in the classroom; insufficient level of material and technical support in some classrooms; need for out-of-class pedagogical support; lack of guidance on the content aspect of Google Classroom pages, etc.
Through the test series conducted during 2016–2017, an increase in the number of geography students with a sufficient level of academic achievements and a decrease of those with a low level of it was revealed.
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Boretskaya, N., and G. Krapivina. "Overcoming Poverty in the World and in Ukraine: Current State (on the Example of the NFP «Volunteering» and «Voluntourism»)." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 1 (63) (2021): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2021-1(63)-146-153.
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In the article, the problem of overcoming poverty acquires further theoretical and methodological substantiation. The current state of overcoming poverty in the world and in Ukraine (on the example of non-standard forms of employment (NFP) "volunteering" and "voluntourism") in the global socio-economic and political aspects in the context of permanent changes and transformations of the world are considered. It is shown: international documents fix the existence of the problem of poverty and determine the main directions of the XXI century for overcoming it (on the example of the UN Millennium Declaration); the coronavirus pandemic has led to an increase in poverty; the main problem of overcoming poverty in Ukraine is the lack of a comprehensive system in the country that can effectively address poverty problems (government bodies are not involved in poverty prevention policies, but only fight with its consequences); in Ukraine, the most pressing problem is poverty among the working-age population and the poverty of families with children; poverty in Ukraine is characterized by a number of national characteristics (the UN notes that absolute poverty in Ukraine has been overcome. But relative poverty is 78%); solving the problem of overcoming poverty in Ukraine requires the development of a system of complex scientifically based and effective measures that should take into account the profile, specifics and features of the formation and spread of poverty, the causes of its occurrence and ways of overcoming it, as well as the most effective state policy for overcoming poverty and economic mechanisms for its implementation; world experience considers the NFP “volunteering” and “voluntourism” as forms of employment that can overcome the effect of abstraction of people from social problems and poverty, form a model of collective participation in the elimination of the latter, and restore human values; volunteering and voluntouring are supported by government agencies of the USA, Canada, Australia, England, Italy, Japan and other developed countries, including through the adoption of legislative acts that stimulate their development, the creation of a system of state volunteer centers and special programs of volunteering and voluntourism; Ukrainians attach great importance to volunteering and voluntourism in the development of social processes.
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Segal, Leonie, Ron Donato, Jeffrey Richardson, and Stuart Peacock. "Strengths and limitations of competitive versus non-competitive models of integrated capitated fundholding." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 7, no. 1_suppl (July 2002): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135581902320176485.
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Integrated budget-holding (fundholding) based on risk-adjusted capitation is commonly proposed as a central element of health system reform. Two contrasting models have been developed: the competitive model where fundholders or health plans compete for enrollees; and the non-competitive model, where plan membership is determined according to an objective attribute such as place of residence. Under the competitive model, efficiency is sought through consumer choice of plan. A range of regulatory elements may also be introduced to moderate undesirable elements of competition. Under the non-competitive model, efficiency is achieved through government regulation and the fact that the fundholder has continuing responsibility for the health of a defined population, supported by micro-management tools (such as quality assurance and selective payment arrangements). In theory, the non-competitive model encourages population-based health services planning. While both models assume risk-adjusted capitated funding, the requirements of any formula are more stringent under the competitive model. Economic theory, as well as documented health system experience, can help identify the relative strengths and limitations of each model. Concerns with the competitive model relate primarily to the capacity to develop robust risk adjusters for capitation sufficient to reduce the incentives for patient risk selection. Possible reductions in the quality of care are also a concern, compounded by difficulties for consumers in discriminating between plans. Efficiency under the non-competitive model requires a strong and appropriate regulatory/policy framework and effective use of micro-management tools. Funding equity objectives can be met through either model by the adoption of income-related contributions, but under the competitive model this may be compromised by incentives for the fundholders to select low-risk patients. Evidence drawn from regional fundholding in New South Wales (NSW, Australia), the US Veterans Health Agency and the literature on managed care in the USA illustrate these concerns. The problem of risk selection in the competitive model is a major theoretical concern, confirmed by the empirical evidence. This, together with concerns regarding other aspects of performance, suggests that the non-competitive model may be preferable, at least as an interim step in reform in public or mixed systems. Future research on this issue is clearly required.
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Kung, Claryn S. J., Johannes S. Kunz, and Michael A. Shields. "Economic Aspects of Loneliness in Australia." Australian Economic Review 54, no. 1 (March 2021): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12414.
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Luszcz, Mary A. "A longitudinal study of psychological changes in cognition and self in late life." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 15, no. 2 (December 1998): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027930.
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AbstractThe diversity and resilience characteristic of the closing phases of human development are investigated by longitudinal study of change and development in about the last 30 years of the life-span. The Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA) is a population-based psychobiosocial and behavioural study of a cohort of 1,947 adults from Adelaide over the age of 70 years. Four annual waves of data collection started in 1992. At Waves 1 and 3, an extensive personal interview covered psychological, behavioural, social, biomedical, economic, and other contextuol variables. Participants also had the opportunity to provide psychological data on cognitive and psychosocial (self) dimensions through completion of a series of objective assessments and standard paper-and-pencil inventories. Data from these two waves is used to describe and explain changes in cognitive and psychosocial domains, particularly the complexity of functioning, potential gains and losses in memory and well-being, and the interplay amongst these aspects of functioning. Once a range of noncognitive and cognitive contextual factors are taken into account, individual differences in processing and intrapersonal resources contribute significantly and substantially to functioning in each domain, and the contribution from ageing per se is minimised. Furthermore, a “limited impact” hypothesis of late life development suggests that later declines may be a byproduct of rather large decrements in some subset of a population, with the majority showing stability. Insofar as heterogeneity increases with ageing, age per se is increasingly less able to predict functioning. This work identifies some key sources of heterogeneity that may be indicative of ageing well.
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Kirby, Michael G., and Michael J. Blyth. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF LAND DEGRADATION IN AUSTRALIA." Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 31, no. 2 (August 1987): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1987.tb00672.x.
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Sterling, Dahlia Patricia, and Ma Yingxin. "Theoretical Understanding of the Specifics and Relevance of the RCEP Trade Agreement and Forging a New Path Based on the Digitalization of Trade and Investment in This Era. Will RCEP be the Road Map for the Future of World Trade?" Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n2p21.
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The recently signed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), considered of great significance, is not the first trade agreement signed by ASEAN member countries, or either any of their five (5) Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners, China, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, and South Korea. But what makes this newly signed trade agreement between its participating countries unique and different from all other trade agreements signed in the past? Of interest, RCEP is currently the second major trade agreement with pronounced emphasis on Asia. Respectively, RCEP is now perceived as the world’s largest trade alliance, and is envisioned to facilitate economic trade integration in the Asian region. Correspondingly, the participating member countries have all agreed to reduce or completely eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers on imports and exports within the free trade zone. Deciphered to be a milestone, RCEP is intended to link about thirty (30%) percent of the world’s population and output, which is expected will generate meaningful benefits. Given the continued rapid development of digital technologies in this era, it is certainly unavoidable if companies want to move forward in the future. This, most likely is one reason, why RCEP members included a chapter in the trade agreement relating to e-commerce and trade. Without a doubt, the tremendous impact of technology on the way economic activities are conducted worldwide has been a catalyst, forcing companies to redirect their businesses, to lean more towards the inclusion of technology in every aspects of their daily operation.Thus, as part of the continued development of digital technologies, it means the fifteen (15) Asia-Pacific members of RCEP has the added responsibility to play a vital role in facilitating the smooth integration of digital technology in this trade agreement, which clearly will be beneficial for all. Therefore, on what basis can this be made possible? On a whole, it is anticipated that the prospect of trade digitalization will reduce the cost of engaging in international trade and create opportunities for businesses and consumers regionally and globally. Today, many activities are increasingly conducted by way of digital technology. For example: Nowadays, people rely greatly on computers and mobile phones with internet to conduct research and purchase goods and services, in effect transforming the way we acquire and spread information, communicate, and conduct business in this twenty first (21st) century. Nonetheless, in what way and how can RCEP facilitate the digitalization of trade and investment in goods and services to make it advantageous to the region? Accordingly, within this context, this paper intends to explore the specifics and relevance of RCEP, and whether it is destined to be the roadmap for the future of reshaping world trade. Equally, how can trade digitalization facilitate the expansion of trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region in this digital era?
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Makovskaya, M. "Economic and Legal Aspects of Natural Resources Exploiting in Australia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (2000): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2000-7-106-110.
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Smrčka, Luboš, and Markéta Arltová. "Economic Aspects of Population Ageing in Developed Countries." Politická ekonomie 60, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.826.
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Didur, K., and S. Dmitryuk. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOCIAL INSURANCE OF THE POPULATION." Ekonomika ta derzhava, no. 12 (December 29, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6806.2021.12.98.
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Madden, Gary, and Scott J. Savage. "Some Economic and Social Aspects of Residential Internet Use in Australia." Journal of Media Economics 13, no. 3 (July 2000): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me1303_2.
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Mason, Robb, and Shirley Randall. "Adult Education and Local Economic Development in Australia." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 5, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v5i2.396.
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Adult education has not been considered to have had a strong connection with local economic development. Changing economic circumstances for Australia, however, have forced a reconsideration of the relationship of education more broadly to work and economic matters. In so doing it has become apparent that local adult education agencies have had a more intimate connection with this area than has previously been realised. This has become more apparent as the importance of local involvement in the decision making over local economic matters has become more critical. Training for employment, small business development, enterprise education, awareness programs, the encouragement of entrepreneurialism are all aspects of econontic development impacted upon by adult education and described in this paper.
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Bak, Iwona, and Beata Szczecinska. "Economic Aspects of Population Aging. Modeling Senior Household Ependiture." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIV, Special Issue 3 (September 1, 2021): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2414.
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Brown, Dominic, John Taylor, and Martin Bell. "The demography of desert Australia." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07043.
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In recent years, with the formation of organisations such as the Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre, social science interest in the Australian desert has re-surfaced with a research emphasis that is focused on creating sustainable futures for the region. One consequence of this is a demand for detailed demographic information to allow an assessment of different quanta of need in social and economic policy, and for assessment of the impact of these in environmental policy. However, demographic analysis on human populations in the desert to date has attracted very little research attention. In this paper we begin to address this lack of analysis by focusing on the populations, both aboriginal and non-aboriginal, of the arid and semi-arid zones of Australia. We extend earlier analysis by including for the first time demographic information on the semi-arid as well as the arid zone to establish the spatial pattern of population growth within the whole desert area drawing attention to the resulting settlement structure as an outcome of prevailing social, cultural and economic conditions. By examining population structure and demographic components of population change we also present for the first time population projections for the semi-arid zone and, therefore, in combination with the arid zone, for the entire Australian desert. All of this provides a basis for considering social and economic policy implications and the nature of underlying processes that drive change in this region.
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Lukic, Vesna. "Socio-economic aspects of commuting." Sociologija 55, no. 2 (2013): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302283l.
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This paper contemplates on relevant socio-economic factors which have influence on variability of the scope and directions of commuting flows, with special emphasis on situation in Serbia. Due to the need for balance between work and family life, this specific form of population?s mobility often represents alternative for migration. It also has numerous implications on both commuters and their households, places of residence and work and society in general. Effects of sex, marital status, education, occupation, size and structure of a household, as well as local community onto participation in commuting and time/distance of traveling to work have been discussed. The results revealed that, apart from economic factors, non-economic ones also have important role in commuting.
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Cooke, B. D., and L. P. Hunt. "Practical and economic aspects of rabbit control in hilly semiarid South Australia." Wildlife Research 14, no. 2 (1987): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870219.
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Poisoning, ripping of warrens and a combination of both techniques were assessed as means of controlling rabbits in steep areas of the southern Flinders Ranges in semiarid South Australia. The number of active warren entrances was reduced significantly by poisoning and by ripping. One month after treatment, untreated plots contained an average of 72.2 active entrances whereas the poisoned and ripped plots averaged 27.1 and 7.3 active entrances, respectively. A combination of both techniques reduced the number of active warren entrances even further, but this is not recommended because it increases the cost of control substantially. The efficiencies of a large and a small crawler tractor were compared. Costs of ripping were similar, and the suitability of each tractor is discussed. In the southern Flinders Ranges rabbit control is clearly economical in relation to the improvements in sheep production likely to be obtained.
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Khajayev, R. "Modern Socio-Economic Aspects of Residential Development." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/57/16.
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Effective solution growth of housing in modern conditions requires considering various factors: social stratification of the population, increasing requirements for housing comfort, the presence of accelerated urbanization, new forms of housing reproduction and others.
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Khoo, Siew-Ean, Kee Pookong, Trevor Dang, and Jing Shu. "Asian Immigrant Settlement and Adjustment in Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 339–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300205.
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Asians have been the fastest growing overseas-born population inAustralia, more than doubling from 1981 to 1991. Based on the 1991 Census, this article broadly examines economic and social characteristics of the Asian-born population in Australia. Economic factors such as labor force participation, unemployment, occupation, income and housing reveal a great diversity in the settlement experience of the Asian-born, attributable to the diversity of backgrounds. The speed and success of adjustment by refugees and migrants from business, skill and family migrant streams are assisted by such social factors as English language proficiency.
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Wilson, Tom. "An introduction to population projections for Australia." Australian Population Studies 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2019): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v3i1.46.
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Background Population projections for Australia are produced by many organisations. They differ in projected population numbers, methods used, level of output detail, temporal extent, frequency of revision, quality and purpose, and they are not always easy to find. Aims This paper provides a brief guide to many of the population projections prepared for Australia in recent years. It gives an overview of projection methods and selected results, a brief commentary on key aspects of the projections, and shows readers where to find more data and information. Data and methods Projections data were obtained from the various organisations producing projections. They are presented in order of spatial detail: national scale, States and Territories; large sub-state regions; and then local and small areas. Results The ABS and State and Territory Governments are the main producers of population projections and forecasts in Australia, and generally these projections are good quality. They cover a wide variety of spatial scales from the national level to local areas, such as SA2s. A great deal of projections data and information is now freely available online. Conclusions Population projections and forecasts can be very useful data for a wide variety of planning, policy and research purposes. But it is important to be aware of their limitations.
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Axhemi, Sokol. "Transformation of Albania in transition. Population and socio-economic aspects." Space – Society – Economy, no. 12 (December 30, 2013): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-3180.12.04.
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BIL, М. M. "Migration Mobility of the Population in Economic Research: Theoretical Aspects." Demography and social economy 1 (April 22, 2022): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2022.01.088.
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Migration issues need more extensive coverage in fundamental studies. One of the important tasks is to specify the conceptual and terminological apparatus of migration research and eliminate discussions in the migration thesaurus, in particular on the content of migration as a mobility form. In view of this, the purpose of the article is to substantiate the content of migration mobility of the population as a fundamental economic category that forms the theoretical foundations of migration research with the separation of a new migration science. The scientific novelty is the substantiation of the basic provisions of migration studies and the specification of its migration thesaurus in terms of determining the content of migration mobility. The methodological basis of the study is a dialectical approach, abstract-logical method, method of systematization and generalization, the use of which allowed to formulate the basic provisions of migration and clarify its conceptual and terminological apparatus. The formation of migration studies is confirmed by the conclusions of leading economists and demographers. Migration studies accumulates knowledge, approaches to analysis and practical recommendations for migration regulation. Given the complexity of the migration essence, migration studies is formed as a science-interdisciplinary synthesis at the junction of socioeconomics, demography, spatial science and regional studies. The issues of migration studies develop the following directions: fundamental migration studies, which determines the basic provisions for understanding mig ration in the indicator-factor complex, based on migration theories, concepts, principles, mig ration terminology; analytical migration studies, which reveals the methodology of analyzing migration in terms of causes, conditions, trends; migration qualiology, which emphasizes the methodology of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the migration impact on various phenomena and processes. The main branches of migration studies are economic, demographic, social and political, the results of which comprehensively reveal the possibilities of solving the migration problem by ensuring a positive consequence for person, society and state. The development of migration research requires deepening and modernization of the methodology of migration analysis with the correct use of terminology. In the migration thesaurus there are a number of similar concepts, each of which has specifics. Based on terminological contra dictions, the main approaches to understanding migration as phenomenon, process, system, sign and form of mobility are generalized. The multifaceted concept of migration mobility of the population raises the scientific and practical value of its research. In this regard, the content of migration mobility is revealed, its spatio-temporal, causal and consequential characteristics in the context of the impact on human development are specified, and the prospects for improving methodological approaches to analyzing youth mobility are indicated.
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Bekenova, L. M., G. Zh Seitkhamzina, and E. Kh Akhatova. "Territorial and economic aspects of urbanization in Kazakhstan." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 4 (December 29, 2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-4-134-139.
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The purpose of the work is to study the problems of territorial and economic development within the confines of regulated activation of urbanization processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To achieve it, authors analysed the statistical data on such indicators as population density, administrative-territorial division, according to which significant disproportions of territorial and economic development and settlement in the republic, the development of the regions of Kazakhstan were revealed. The authors studied the main provisions of regional policy, considered the main directions of state management of the formation of centers of urbanization with the decisive role of cities with a population of millions people in the optimization of regional economic systems. Research on this topic allowed the authors to conclude that the process of urbanization in Kazakhstan has a dynamic character and has not yet exhausted its potential, which gives reason to conclude that it is necessary to form new centers of urbanization and agglomerations. The article examines the main trends of the urbanization process at the present stage, namely, in economically developed countries, where urbanization has reached a sufficiently high level, the share of the urban population is growing at a slower pace, whereas in developing countries the urbanization process continues to grow in breadth and has a spontaneous, uncontrollable character. At the same time, the growth of population in cities far outstrips their economic development. Materials and research methods. When studying the territorial and economic features of urbanization in Kazakhstan, a complex of the following research methods were used: monographic, program-targeted, statistical analysis. In this work also used such theoretical research methods as comparisons and generalizations, scientific abstraction and synthesis.
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GARNER, M. G., B. S. FISHER, and J. G. MURRAY. "Economic aspects of foot and mouth disease: perspectives of a free country, Australia." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 21, no. 3 (December 1, 2002): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.21.3.1357.
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Patterson, R. A. "SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CATTLE INDUSTRY IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA." Australian Veterinary Journal 41, no. 7 (March 10, 2008): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1965.tb01831.x.
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Ustinovich, Elena Stepanovna. "Social aspects of economic security." Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership), no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-01-2207-01.
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Economic security serves as the foundation and material basis of national security. Manifesting itself in the spheres of influence of other types of security, penetrating into them and interacting with them, accumulates their effects. The methodological foundations of economic security concepts have ancient origins, since there has always been a desire of more developed countries to use their competitive advantages in the level of economic development in relation to less developed countries. In accordance with Russian legislation, economic security is a state of protection of the national economy from the possibility of harming objectively significant economic needs of the country, which ensures the independence of the state in conducting domestic and foreign policy, taking into account international obligations, the unity of its economic space, conditions for the implementation of strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation. In this article, among other tasks to be solved, the role of public-private partnership as a tool for the implementation of economic security issues is substantiated. Using the example of infrastructure construction and other PPP projects, it is shown that the key to economic development in the next decade is due to the creation of new jobs, reduction of travel time and transport costs in the structure of the cost of goods and services. It is concluded that PPP projects, including the creation of new high-speed transport corridors, will ensure targeted economic growth and an increase in the level and quality of life of the population, which is a priority of state policy.
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Davies, Linda M., and Michael F. Drummond. "The economic burden of schizophrenia." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 9 (September 1990): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.9.522.
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Schizophrenia is an expensive disease. In the USA, it affects approximately 1% of the population but patients occupy 25% of all hospital beds. In Australia, schizophrenia was found to affect less than 10% of the number experiencing a myocardial infarction and yet the costs of medical services for treating schizophrenia are 75% of those for myocardial infarction.
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Azmi, Nur Farahiah, Hazriah Hasan, and Mohd Nor Hakimin Yusoff. "ISLAMIC CHARITIES IN AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNANCE PREDICAMENTS." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 5, no. 18 (March 10, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631//ijlgc.518003.
Full textAbstract:
Islamic charity is one of the groups under the third sector or non-profit sector that mainly came out as a focal point in some countries. These Islamic charities made a significant contribution in various aspects in terms of religious, economic and social aspects. However, there are several issues and complexities faced by Islamic charities. Thus, this paper focuses on discussing Islamic charities in Australia through reviewing related literature. The paper also identifies some of the predicaments faced by Islamic charities and explores the authorities that may monitor the management and operation of Islamic charities. The findings of this paper offer insight for future researchers on possible solutions for governance.