Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Australia Manufactures'

Bibliography: leaves 350-402. This thesis is concerned with the process of change and adaptation in four Australian manufacturing companies in the period 1989 to 1996. The thesis seeks to explain the reaction of these companies to the pressures for change, and particularly for the adoption of 'best practice' management prescriptions in the organization of work and human resource management. The operating hypothesis adopted is that the pattern of changes undertaken by manufacturing organizations are shaped by a variety of factors both external to and within the company, but that management beliefs and orientations are a key element in understanding the pace and extent of change. The research is pursued through detailed case studies designed to explore at length pressures for change and continuity in corporate decision-making.

"August 2000" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-118) and index of inventors 1. Introduction, overview of years 1836-1886 -- 2. The Patent Act, no. 18, of 1859 -- 3. The Provisional Registration of Patents Act, no. 3, of 1875 -- 4. The Patent Act, no. 78, of 1877 -- 5. Numerical list of inventions

This study considers relocatable homes as an alternative housing choice for male and female retirees fifty years of age and over. Homogeneous parks and estates planned for a specific type of relocatable home are compared with those which evolved from tourist parks and retain sites for both permanent and short-term occupancy. Four relocatable home environments are considered: caravan parks, mobile homes in mixed parks, manufactured homes in mixed parks and manufactured housing estates. The differential effects of 'age', 'house type' and 'housing environment' upon 'residential satisfaction', 'sense of community within the neighbourhood', 'social integration in the community' and 'psychological adjustment' form the analytical framework of the study. Residents of 34 parks/ estates on the North Coast of New South Wales completed 778 questionnaires. Case studies, interviews, letters and written comments provided data for qualitative analysis. Approximately 94% of respondents are satisfied with their homes and housing environments. Residential satisfaction is most influenced by the interactions and perceptions of residents; psychological adjustment is influenced by a positive attitudes towards self and one's neighbours; integration in the community is affected by levels of network. Each of these relate strongly with having a sense of community in the neighbourhood. Space internal to the dwelling relates to satisfaction, adjustment and community integration. External space relates to the need for a well planned neighbourhood which affords privacy, safety and amenities. The need for meeting places for small and large groups was recurrent. The results suggest that residents of relocatable homes tend to retain affiliation with organisations joined prior to relocation. They are not reliant on their new neighbours to integrate in their community. This result is contrary to prior research which studied site built homes and traditional neighbourhoods. The present high levels of residential satisfaction would rise if it were not for the overwhelming uncertainty of tenure and unjustifiable rises in site rent. The study reviews government policy especially in relation to tenure. A relocatable home offers no more affordability than a site-built home in the same area in the long-term but it does offer a preferred retirement lifestyle.

Deposition of amorphous silica (SiO2) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) on the calandria tubes of juice evaporators cause serious processing problems in Australian cane sugar mills. The removal of these deposits by mechanical and chemical means is a timeconsuming and costly experience. The cost of downtime and chemical cleaning can be several million dollars per year for the Australian sugar industry. The interactions between CaOx and SiO2 have not been investigated previously because conventional studies only address fouling by individual components. The present work evaluates their interactions using two experimental approaches: batch tests for assessing kinetic and thermodynamic behaviour, and fouling-loop experiments for examining composite fouling behaviour under different operating conditions. The above two approaches were employed both in the absence and in the presence of sugar to elucidate the effect of sugar on composite fouling mechanisms and to determine the controlling species responsible for composite fouling. The composite fouling experiments were performed in a novel closed-loop circulation system simulating the effect of feed composition of successive stages of evaporation cycle in a single run. In addition, the fouling-loop system was operated in a constant composition mode to study the effects of thermal hydraulic conditions on composite fouling. The combined information obtained from both the batch and fouling-loop tests in this study offer a unique insight into the mechanisms of composite fouling of CaOx and SiO2. Some of the highlights of the obtained results are as follows: ??? Identification of a complex interactive process in calcium oxalate monohydrate ??? silica (COM-SiO2) systems by investigation of the kinetics and thermodynamics of COM-SiO2 coprecipitation in water and sugar solutions, and an understanding of the mechanisms of these interactions; ??? Development of a novel fouling-loop system, which is simple, efficient and cost effective for the study of the effect of juice composition on scale formation in various stages of juice evaporation; ??? Elucidation of composite fouling mechanisms, e.g., a feed composition dependent fouling mechanism is proposed; ??? Isolation and verification of the existence of certain species in composite deposits, which is known to be thermodynamically unstable. In other words, it is established that calcium oxalate trihydrate is stable under certain conditions; ??? Evaluation of the role of thermal hydraulic operating parameters in determining the characteristics of subcooled flow boiling heat transfer and in determining the strength of the composite deposit; ??? Development and validation of an empirical model to predict the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in water and sugar solutions; ??? Development of an analytical model incorporating the effects of operating parameters for COM and SiO2 composite fouling in sugar solutions. This model predicted the experimental data better than available models. Results of this work are significant, not only because they have made a valuable contribution to advance the fundamental understanding of heat exchanger fouling, but also because they may play a key role in the development of scale control and removal strategies to minimize the composite fouling in Australian sugar mill evaporators. For example it was found that, in order to effectively minimize the rate of composite fouling and reduce the scale tenacity, it would be necessary to control thermal hydraulic operating conditions, especially the fluid velocity, and to adjust the initial CaOx/SiO2 supersaturation ratio to the optimum value. To achieve the optimal CaOx/SiO2 ratio, certain device can be developed to sequentially measure oxalic acid and SiO2 concentrations in juice so that the correct proportions of chemicals can be added. Model simulations of the composite fouling rate may also effectively and economically provide comparative and relevant information essential for process optimisation and evaporator design

Currently the loading of cars in car carrier is done manually by the truck drivers. The drivers load car carrier by climbing over the height of 1.5 meters, which is limitation in existing designs. While loading cars on the top of the prime mover, driver needs to reach top of the car carrier to load and strap cars in positions above 1.5 meters. This cause's potential risks on falls from heights; identified as an issue in car carrier sector by OHS authorities. This research focuses on health and safety issues in present car carriers and improvement in designing of a car carrier, which eliminates loading of cars above 1.5 meters from ground level. This research develops a new car carrier with improved design mechanisms to avoid the climbing of the driver over the height of 1.5 meters without compromising on specifications of car carrier, including number of cars, variety of cars like SUV, small cars etc. For the first time in the sector, car carrier is developed which will be capable of loading eight cars and safe by design due to elimination of drivers climbing on identified risk areas. After a short review of historic origin of the sector and identifying problems in present car carriers, research emphasises on development of car carrier to overcome falls related issues. Discussions on different layouts, to resolve problems identified and keeping design complaint with ADR and OHS regulations are presented. Latest techniques in product development including virtual design process (VDP), computer aided design (CAD), product data management (PDM), and finite element analyses (FEA) were used throughout car carrier designs for validation and verifications.

This thesis focuses on the factors which lead to off-shore manufacture of Australian inventions. It establishes this phenomenon as a problem, both in terms of its incidence in the post-war period, and in the strategic importance of innovative activity to economic growth. The thesis utilises a case study approach and concentrates on the experiences of one company, the Orbital Engine Corporation (Orbital). In 1989 Ralph Sarich, inventor of the Orbital Combustion Process (OCP) engine and founder of Orbital, signed an agreement with the Michigan state government to manufacture the engine in the United States of America (USA), in preference to several alternative sites in Australia and overseas. This occurred in the context of Orbital actively pursuing assistance from the Australian government to secure local production. The research question is: Why did Orbital decide to manufacture its engine invention ofshore? A multi-disciplinary approach to this question is adopted. Three different conceptual frameworks are employed: industrial organisation theory, market failure theory and policy network theory. The analysis is not structured around a pre-existing hypothesis; instead, the aim is to generate potential explanations for more rigorous testing by subsequent researchers. The thesis concludes that, in terms of industrial organisation theory, the decision to manufacture OCP engines off-shore was a function of the poor quality of the Australian industrial context and the failure by those seeking assistance from the Commonwealth government to stress Orbital's status as an exemplary enterprise in Australian industry. Market failure theory indicated that offshore production of the OCP engine was made more likely by the suboptimal operation of the price mechanism, the neglect of market failure arguments by those supporting local production of the engine and 'government failure'. Policy network theory explained Orbital's decision as the result of: ineffective employment of negotiation tactics by proponents of the engine's domestic manufacture; and the chaotic nature of negotiations which allowed certain personal and ideological prejudices to dominate the issue resolution process. It is shown that some or all of these explanations underlie a number of other examples where Australian inventions have been manufactured offshore. In commenting on policy implications, the thesis points to the economic potential of the Orbital invention and the value of interventionist industry policy. The thesis identifies a number of actions which might be taken to lower the incidence of foreign manufacture of Australian inventions. Further research is necessary to determine the relative importance of the various factors which are identified as leading to offshore production. In addition, there remains a particularly crucial need to improve the social efficiency of existing cost-benefit techniques employed by government policy-makers and commercial analysts.

This thesis focuses on the factors which lead to off-shore manufacture of Australian inventions. It establishes this phenomenon as a problem, both in terms of its incidence in the post-war period, and in the strategic importance of innovative activity to economic growth. The thesis utilises a case study approach and concentrates on the experiences of one company, the Orbital Engine Corporation (Orbital). In 1989 Ralph Sarich, inventor of the Orbital Combustion Process (OCP) engine and founder of Orbital, signed an agreement with the Michigan state government to manufacture the engine in the United States of America (USA), in preference to several alternative sites in Australia and overseas. This occurred in the context of Orbital actively pursuing assistance from the Australian government to secure local production. The research question is: Why did Orbital decide to manufacture its engine invention ofshore? A multi-disciplinary approach to this question is adopted. Three different conceptual frameworks are employed: industrial organisation theory, market failure theory and policy network theory. The analysis is not structured around a pre-existing hypothesis; instead, the aim is to generate potential explanations for more rigorous testing by subsequent researchers. The thesis concludes that, in terms of industrial organisation theory, the decision to manufacture OCP engines off-shore was a function of the poor quality of the Australian industrial context and the failure by those seeking assistance from the Commonwealth government to stress Orbital's status as an exemplary enterprise in Australian industry. Market failure theory indicated that offshore production of the OCP engine was made more likely by the suboptimal operation of the price mechanism, the neglect of market failure arguments by those supporting local production of the engine and 'government failure'. Policy network theory explained Orbital's decision as the result of: ineffective employment of negotiation tactics by proponents of the engine's domestic manufacture; and the chaotic nature of negotiations which allowed certain personal and ideological prejudices to dominate the issue resolution process. It is shown that some or all of these explanations underlie a number of other examples where Australian inventions have been manufactured offshore. In commenting on policy implications, the thesis points to the economic potential of the Orbital invention and the value of interventionist industry policy. The thesis identifies a number of actions which might be taken to lower the incidence of foreign manufacture of Australian inventions. Further research is necessary to determine the relative importance of the various factors which are identified as leading to offshore production. In addition, there remains a particularly crucial need to improve the social efficiency of existing cost-benefit techniques employed by government policy-makers and commercial analysts.

Existing theories and literature seeking to explain small business reticence to engage in enterprise bargaining, at times adopt a generalised approach which precludes or at least limits their relevance and ability to explain small business choice at the industry and even organisational level. Such explanations cannot be detached from the external contextual framework in which an organisation operates and its own, often unique, strategic corporate response to the environmental influences which are challenging it. Labour flexibility vehicles including bargaining, if chosen to facilitate broader corporate strategies, can thereby, be regarded as functionally dependent upon and interactive with the corporate orientations and objectives of the organisation which in turn are environmentally influenced and shaped. The research principally provides a focused description and analysis of the experiences of Clothingco, a small, up market, vertically integrated clothing manufacturer and retailer, which has undergone various strategic readjustments at the corporate and industrial relations level throughout the 1990s, in response to externally driven pressures. The research presents firm evidence to suggest that Clothingco has selected its labour flexibility mechanisms so that they are consistent with and able to accomodate prevailing corporate strategies and orientations. Its strategic corporate readjustments throughout the 90s, which can be perceived as falling along the continuum of cost minimisation to productivity enhancement, have in particular registered differing choices with respect to labour flexibility vehicle and strategies. In the light of the findings, the research as a preferred labour flexibility vehicle at Clothingco. These are identified as: an increasing corporate focus towards cost minimisation throughout the 1990s, coupled with an inability by management to countenance union intervention in enterprise bargaining procedures. The interaction of both these factors, rendered enterprise bargaining from the point of view of management, both a strategically and industrially inferior labour flexibility vehicle to the use of contract labour. The research's strength lies in these areas which have been highlighted and which can be monitored and tested more comprehensively in future research.
Master of Commerce (Hons)

This thesis examines the adjudication of pharmaceutical product liability claims under the Australian Consumer Law. Recognising the seminal role that policy and principles have in the interpretation of legislation, this thesis encourages the adoption of a principled approach in the adjudication of statutory pharmaceutical product liability claims in Australia. The principles can be used to critique the current adjudication of pharmaceutical product injury claims while also guiding the determination of future claims. This thesis demonstrates a step forward in streamlining the law in this area, thus fulfilling its objective to reform product liability law in Australia.

Interest in the relative roles of wages and demand in determining employment can be traced to Keynes' General Theory. This gave rise to research into the cyclic relationship between employment and wages, and also into the role of wages and demand variables as determinants of the demand for labour. This thesis pursues the second line of inquiry which can be categorised as a comparison of neoclassical and Keynesian explanations of the demand for labour in which the former stresses the role of wages and the latter the role of demand variables. There is no consensus in the literature about the relative imponance of wage and aggregate demand variables in labour demand models. The Australian manufacturing sector forms the data for this study. The demand for labour in Australian manufacturing rose from the mid-1950s to 1973-74. During this time employment in manufacturing behaved in much the same way as it did in the rest of the economy. From the mid 1970s employment in manufacturing began a sustained decline while that of the rest of the economy grew. There are four main features of the thesis. The first is that it analyses the demand for labour in Australian manufacturing over a long time period (30 years). Second, alternative specifications of the demand for labour are systematically compared, which includes testing the importance of appropriately modelling the capital stock and technical progress. Third, the role of aggregation in identifying an appropriate labour demand function is investigated. An integrated approach to investigating the relative importance of wage and demand variables, which includes testing the robustness of the specifications, forms the fourth feature of the thesis. The conclusions derived from a systematic study of the Australian manufacturing sector using a long time series of disaggregated data are that: - if technical progress and investment are jointly modelled as time trends, then the real wage is a highly significant determinant of labour demand (this result is very sensitive to the specification chosen); - the importance of the demand effects in the labour demand function are sensitive to the level of aggregation chosen: and, - if the method of modelling MFP and investment is accepted and the level of aggregation chosen appropriate, then both real wages and aggregate demand have significant effects on labour demand over the period studied.

Bibliography: leaves 350-402.
x, 412 leaves ; 31 cm.
This thesis is concerned with the process of change and adaptation in four Australian manufacturing companies in the period 1989 to 1996. The thesis seeks to explain the reaction of these companies to the pressures for change, and particularly for the adoption of 'best practice' management prescriptions in the organization of work and human resource management. The operating hypothesis adopted is that the pattern of changes undertaken by manufacturing organizations are shaped by a variety of factors both external to and within the company, but that management beliefs and orientations are a key element in understanding the pace and extent of change. The research is pursued through detailed case studies designed to explore at length pressures for change and continuity in corporate decision-making.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Economics, 2001

Over the 1960-1995 period, patterns of Australian global trade, investment and immigration shifted considerably, especially in relation to Asia and most notably in relation to China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Changes within the North East Asian Region propelled Australia to respond in order to maintain its economic standards and its international obligations. Greater emphasis was placed by successive Australian governments on establishing closer ties with Asia, most notably China. However, Australia's attention (and the world) on Hong Kong emerged with the commencement of the Sino-British talks in 1983. This thesis is intended to contribute to an understanding of the past and future impacts of the reversion of Hong Kong on trade, investment and migration flows involving Australia, by a detailed study of those flows between Australia and Hong Kong, China and Taiwan over the period 1960-1995.

The thesis argues that Australian federal governments have failed to produce coherent policies for the development of manufacturing. It is further argued that the principal reason for this failure was fragmentation: industrial, bureaucratic, political and ideological. The argument is sustained by formulating a general empirical model of the policymaking system, and then showing how its particular structural form in Australia produced the effects described. A lack of collective will among industry organisations, poor bureaucratic coordination and ideological confusion combined to produce inconsistent and disjointed responses to changes in the economic environment. The study raises, and sheds some light on, a number of theoretical issues: the nature of policy, the problem of collective action, and the role of ideas in political systems.

Introduction - an outline of deficiencies in previous research, scholarly and popular interest in the Tiwi people and their funeral ceremonies; my reasons for attempting the project. The theoretical context for this research and methodologies for the stylistic analysis and fieldwork project are outlined. Difficulties in completing the project are reviewed together with a summary of the major fieldwork commission which narrowed the focus of research. The setting - an historical survey of Bathurst and Melville Islands comprising the formation of landforms, the arrival of the first people and their relations with indigenous species. The death of the ancestral leader Purukupali is recounted and his instructions which have formed the basis for Tiwi funeral ceremonies. The influence of contact with outsiders - Portugese, Dutch, Indonesians, etc. - is recorded as well as British contact beginning with the settlement of Ford Dundas. Changes brought about by occupation of the islands by buffalo shooters and the establishment of the Bathurst Island Mission are outlined. Hostility between the Tiwi and adjacent mainland Aborigines is described also. Graveposts as ceremonial markers - descriptions by the first field researchers - Klaatsch, Basedow, Spencer - are compared with findings by Mountford and Goodale of the National Geographic Expedition in 1954. This chapter concludes with descriptions of earlier ceremonies given to me by contemporary carvers and of events at a pukumani (funeral) ceremony for Nelson Mungatopi's uncle in 1986. Classification of sculptural elements - major and minor features from a core sample of fifty eight graveposts plus additional examples are identified and classified with a summary of significant findings. Classification of painted motifs - a systemic grouping of painted elements comprising the use of materials, distribution of design elements, technical processes and the skills of Tiwi artists, together with a summary of their incidence and temporal distribution. Conception and design - differing levels of ability among artists, how they acquire their skills and forms of training. Sources for ideas are surveyed along with motivating factors, value judgments and the rights of commissioning families, conceptual preparation and the stages of manufacture for tutinis (graveposts). VGenerative processes - Purukupali's instructions to tutini carvers are reviewed along with seasonal influences, the selection of materials, acceptable work methods and conventional stages for a ritual commission (scorching techniques, obtaining pigments, the use of fixatives, etc.)* This chapter concludes with a detailed comparison of preparations for a pukumani ceremony by the carvers Paddy Freddy and Holder Adams. Aesthetic criteria and assessment - artists' responses to the requirements of a commission are described as well as the resulting evaluation of graveposts by bereaved relatives or patrons. The significance of the contract for all parties including the 'bosses' and 'workers' is reviewed. Criteria for acceptability and criteria for excellence are factors regarded by artists as indicators of the level of positive response and payment for commissioned graveposts. Included in this classification is a discussion of the limits of acceptable innovation in tutini carving. Meanings and symbolism - graveposts as symbolic human images and examples of innovation including small carved human figures. Meanings for carved motifs and the symbolism of painted patterns are outlined, and comparisons made between scarification designs and painted elements. Categories of painted patterns, including pukumani designs, are assessed in terms of their context and symbolism. Conclusion - a review of stylistic evolution in graveposts, major determining factors of style, and the role of artists as innovators and exponents of traditional ideas. Evidence of stylistic variation during successive historic periods is summarised and important traits compared with painting styles of the Yolngu (Aborigines) in Arnhem Land. The study ends with comments by Tiwi artists on the future of tutini carving.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The systems of production currently used to construct houses in Australia are not viable, particularly in terms of time, cost and quality. As a result, detached residential housing is in short supply and is too expensive for many seeking to purchase a house. This situation is socially unacceptable. There is evidence that housing produced using off-site manufacturing (OSM) systems will mitigate the problem, however, there is market resistance to the adoption of this system. Literature demonstrates that the housing construction industry fails to produce housing which is satisfactory in terms of time, cost and quality. The industry albeit aware of these shortcomings, resists innovation of current systems or to consider new systems. Use of OSM is considered to be an option which will satisfy goals of providing housing which reduces time and cost for production as well as suitable quality. However, consumers are perceived to have negative attitudes towards OSM systems. A conceptual framework of six perceptions was established consisting of quality, knowledge, sustainable status, customization, style and investment in relation to housing choice. The question that this study seeks to answer is what needs to change for consumers to accept OSM systems? Therefore, examining consumer perceptions and attitudes to systems of OSM housing currently on the market informs this study. A qualitative method was adopted to identify consumer risks, perceptions and attitudes to conventional housing and housing produced by OSM. Data from fifteen semi-structured interviews with consumers who were commissioning a new house in the near future yielded results from which findings and conclusions were developed. The results from the study indicate that relationships between risks and perceptions can be shifted from conventional housing’s style and lifestyle to knowledge and understanding of OSM systems. The significance of this research is twofold: it informs the housing industry as to potential perceptions and attitudes of consumers to current OSM systems of housing and provides a reliable basis for further investigation to assuage consumers’ reluctance to accept OSM systems. Recommendations made by the research include communication with industry and consumers demonstrating the benefits of OSM through promotion and a presence in housing demonstration villages, and inform government of favorable perceptions and attitudes of consumers to OSM systems. Key findings were consumers determine OSM systems as attractive for cost, time and quality when they are given knowledge of the genre.

This study presents the application of an integrated water management strategy at two large Australian manufacturing companies that are contrasting in terms of their respective products and wastewater generation. The integrated strategy, consisting of water audit, pinch analysis and membrane process application, was deployed in series to systematically identify water conservation opportunities. Initially, a water audit was deployed to completely characterize all water streams found at each production site. This led to the development of a water balance diagram which, together with water test results, served as a basis for subsequent enquiry. After the water audit, commercially available water pinch software was utilized to identify possible water reuse opportunities, some of which were subsequently implemented on site. Finally, utilizing a laboratory-scale test rig, membrane processes such as UF, NF and RO were evaluated for their suitability to treat the various wastewater streams

Introduction: Data visualisation (DV) is the process of creating and presenting a chart given a set of active data and sets of attribute and entity constraints. It rapidly and interactively investigates large multivariate and multidisciplinary data sets to detect trends, correlations, and anomalies. Data Visualisation is the latest analytical tool for both technical computer users and business computer users. Total Quality Management (TQM) is continuous improvement in the performance of all processes and the products and services that are the outcomes of those processes. In quality management, DV is one of the three new tools that complement the existing seven, which are flow charts, Ishikawa or cause and effect diagrams, Pareto charts, histograms, run charts and graphs, scattergrams and control charts. It lets quality control engineers readily see the real reasons for quality problems by presenting the data in up to six dimensions. Methodology: A survey by mail questionnaire was conducted to collect data from one hundred Victorian manufacturing companies. Responses were received from 52 companies out of the total of 100. The sample size for each analysis may vary from 52 to 49. The source for company information was Kompass Australia 1994/1995. The statistical analysis tool used was Statistica. Major Findings: The TQM program implementation tends to be more complete in companies with more employees. Wordprocessing software is adopted by all companies in TQM practice, mostly for producing a quality instructional manual. Spreadsheet and database packages are the second and the third most commonly used software. Companies that have completed their formal TQM program implementation generally use computer software in more aspects of their TQM practice than companies at lower TQM stages though not always. Two-dimensional DV techniques are more commonly used than three-dimensional ones with the 2-D colour and 2-D shade the most widely used by all. The 3-D animation tool needs to be explored. DV features are generally important for all the users. The ability to handle complex data is more important for companies at a higher stage of TQM program implementation than companies at lower stages.

Professional Doctorate - Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
Workplace Health and Safety (WHS) is an integral part of employment industries. Employers are responsible for providing a safe and working environment for their staff, where hazards are clearly outlined and procedures are put in place to minimise the risk of harm or death. In recent decades, the Bangladesh Ready Made Garment Industry (RMG) has seen some tragic accidents in their factories leading to hundreds of fatalities. These accidents have drawn global attention to the industry. The RMG industry is highly competitive on a global scale and it is crucial to the Bangladesh economy. However, as is obvious from the magnitude of the accidents that have unfolded in the industry, there is a lot to be said for the current WHS standards. In my research, I have attempted to assess the current 'Work Health and Safety' issues and employees’ safety preferences irrespective to the gender to suggest a reasonably practicable way to deal with them. These issues can be found in any public or private ventures. This issue is further linked to the individual or organisation that is conducting the business. Private entrepreneurs own the majority of garments factories. Their top-level business performance has contributed to the image of country to the outside world, especially in clothing export. The operators need to ensure control over safe manufacturing operations, proper management of plant and substances, monitor and record health and safety issues, offer adequate facilities (i.e. washrooms, shower place, toilets, lockers, dining areas, first aid), arrange training, ensure participation in the consultation and arrange extra supervision if required. At the same time, both temporary and full time employees need assurance and commitment from management for the planned and continuous improvement in health and safety approaches. All workers should be entitled to have protection from any workplace risks, actively use the personal protective equipment (PPE), be proactive and become actively involved in reporting hazards, and have more engagement and participation in workplace training and communication to improve health and safety. While WHS risks can never be eliminated, hazards can be controlled and precautions can be put in place to reduce the risks associated with working in RMG factories. In my proposed framework, I have asked many questions related to the current health and safety program in terms of planning, implementing and reviewing to assess the common practice. I have also attempted to explore the current capacity building context from the employee awareness, workplace culture and training needs analysis. This conceptual framework from the above two perspectives provides a positive contribution to WHS improvement in the garments sector. The sample comprised 315 RMG employees and supervisors from Bangladesh. Respondents were interviewed using a questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Descriptive research was adopted in one part to determine the gender-based responses under each category. Simple random sampling is used as the sampling technique. At the same time, SPSS ANOVA test, Pearson Correlation test were used to select the significant correlation within each heading. Owing to force completion, data was free from missing value. At the same time, for the treatment for outliers, we tried to ensure that the relationships were not attributable to one or a few outliers, the scatter plots and box plot were used to examine presence of any outliers and to check for normality. For the examination for normality, normal Q-Q Plots have been used. Preliminary analysis revealed that data was normally distributed. All the constructs form a normal distribution, mostly negatively skewed and cases fall more or less in a straight line. Cronbach's Alpha was used to test reliability of the statistics. All those analyses were used to identify hazards as a source of damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work. The entire work environment runs on meeting the foreign buyers’ fashion cycle times. It is almost impossible to check the WHS in the floor area, where hundreds, if not thousands of workers are in action. During this research, I found employees to be careful in their workplace. Female employees were far more attentive than males due to their family dependency issues. Both male and female employees brought up the importance of training. However, employers were in a dilemma on training design and training cost arrangements with their foreign buyers. International pressure coming from the International Labour Organisation (ILO), accord and diverse lobbyist groups on meeting compliance at one side, and the continuous push from the buyers to rein in costs misaligned the drive to improve training safety and raising safety costs. Thus, the study’s findings showed that WHS issues and non-compliance are widespread and extra attention is necessary to control risks and prevent further tragedies like those of Rana Plaza and Tazreen Fashions. Furthermore, such issues cannot be disregarded in Bangladesh, owing to the massive dependency of the country on garment export earnings.