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Journal articles on the topic 'Australia – immigration'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Filus, Adam. "Stosunek rządu Australii do nielegalnej migracji w latach 1996–2018." Poliarchia 6, no. 1(10) (September 26, 2019): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/poliarchia.06.2018.10.03.

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Australian Governments’ Stance on Illegal Immigration in 1996–2018 Australia is well known for its strict immigration policy. It results from the country’s constant struggle with the flow of illegal migrants, brought to Australian shores through human smuggling. The author analyses immigration policies of five Prime Ministers representing two major Australian parties: the Liberal Party of Australia and the Australian Labor Party. Starting with the premiership of John Howard (1996–2007), and ending with Malcolm Turnbull’s era (2015– –2018), the author examines the situation of illegal immigrants in Australia and changes in immigration and asylum policies.

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2

Shaparov, A. "From «White Australia» to Multiculturalism." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2010): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-3-96-104.

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The article deals with issues of the immigration policymaking and its implementation in Australia. Factors influencing the change of the national immigration policy models are revealed. Problems and modern condition of an immigration policy are covered. The Australian experience in quality improvement of the involved migrants' human capital is generalized.

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3

BOROWSKI, ALLAN. "Creating a Virtuous Society: Immigration and Australia's Policies of Multiculturalism." Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 3 (July 2000): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400006036.

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Australia's post-war programme of mass immigration has been accompanied by growing ethnic and racial diversity. This process of diversification accelerated markedly from the 1970s onwards after the abandonment of the White Australia Policy in the 1960s. Despite this diversification, Australia has been able to sustain itself as a peaceful liberal democracy. It is the contention of this article that Australia's policies of multiculturalism have played an important role in contributing to this state of relative peacefulness. This article seeks to assemble some evidence from the Australian experience to ‘test’ the notion that the peacefulness of Australian society may, in some measure, be understood as a product of the contribution of its policies of multiculturalism to engendering and reinforcing those very virtues which liberal democracies require in order to sustain themselves over time.

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4

Yan, Mengqi, Yuting Yuan, and Skanda Eshwar Chandra Rajachandra. "Do skilled immigrants affect the wage rate of Australian workers?" Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 6 (July 30, 2013): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2013vol6no0art45.

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We hypothesise that skilled immigration increases the wage rate in Australia. Our alternative hypothesis is that skilled immigration decreases the wage rate in Australia. The data used for this research comes from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Department of Immigration andCitizenship. Based on our analysis, we find that there is positive relationship between high-skilled immigration and employee earnings per hour.We also find that low-skilled immigrants have a negative effect on employee earnings per hour. We believe that low-skilled workers are easily replaced such that low-skilled immigrants are substitutes to Australian low-skilled workers. However, there are some limitations of our research. Notably, our result are restricted to three occupations.

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5

BIRRELL, ROBERT. "Immigration Control in Australia." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 534, no. 1 (July 1994): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716294534001009.

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6

Horikawa, Tomoko. "Australia’s Minor Concessions to Japanese Citizens under the White Australia Policy." New Voices in Japanese Studies 12 (August 17, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.12.01.

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This paper explores concessions made by Australian authorities concerning Japanese immigration during the era of the White Australia Policy in the early twentieth century. Australia’s Immigration Restriction Act was introduced in December 1901. As the major piece of legislation in the White Australia Policy, the act made it virtually impossible for non-Europeans to migrate to Australia. However, Japanese people enjoyed a special position among non-Europeans under the White Australia Policy thanks to Japan’s growing international status as a civilised power at the time, as well as its sustained diplomatic pressure on Australia. While the Commonwealth was determined to exclude Japanese permanent settlers, it sought ways to render the policy of exclusion less offensive to the Japanese. In the early 1900s, two minor modifications to the Immigration Restriction Act were implemented in order to relax the restrictions imposed on Japanese citizens. Moreover, in the application of Commonwealth immigration laws, Japanese people received far more lenient treatment than other non-Europeans and were afforded respect and extra courtesies by Australian officials. Nevertheless, these concessions Australia made to Japanese citizens were minor, and the Commonwealth government maintained its basic policy of excluding Japanese permanent settlers from Australia. This paper shows that, despite continued diplomatic efforts, Japan was fundamentally unable to change pre-war Australia’s basic policy regarding the exclusion of Japanese permanent settlers.

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7

Collins, Jock, and Carol Reid. "Immigrant Teachers in Australia." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 4, no. 2 (November 5, 2012): 38–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v4i2.2553.

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One of the features of contemporary society is the increasing global mobility of professionals. While the education industry is a key site of the demand for contemporary global professional migration, little attention has been given to the global circulation of education professionals. Over past decades, immigrant teachers have been an important component of skilled and professional immigration into Australia, there is no comprehensive contemporary national study of the experiences of immigrant teachers in Australia. This article aims to fill this gap and to answer questions about their decision to move to Australia, their experience with Australian Education Departments in getting appointed to a school, their experiences as teachers in the classroom and in their new Australian community. It draws on primary data sources - in the form of a survey of 269 immigrant teachers in schools in NSW, SA and WA conducted in 2008-9 - and secondary sources - in the form of the 2006 national census and Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants in Australia – to provide insights into immigrant teachers in Australian schools, adding also to our understanding of Australia’s contemporary immigration experience.

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8

Hundt, David. "Residency without citizenship: Korean immigration and settlement in Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 28, no. 1 (March 2019): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196819832772.

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This article focuses on the changing quality of citizenship in Australia, which is the idealized end-point of the process of immigration, by drawing on the experience of Korean immigrants. In the formal ( political) dimension of citizenship, the article shows that Koreans fare comparatively poorly. They are less likely to be citizens than most other groups of immigrants, due to factors such as the lateness of Korean immigration. The article also analyzes the social dimension of citizenship among Koreans in Australia, and their disappointing socio-economic outcomes. Korean immigrants, I argue, enjoy residency without citizenship, and their experience illustrates how the promise of Australian citizenship has eroded. This is a significant finding, given the prominent role that immigration has played in shaping all aspects of contemporary Australia.

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9

Oleinikova, O. "Moving out of Their Places: Migration into Australia." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Sociology, no. 7 (2016): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7979/7.120.

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Using а combination of migration literature analysis and practical experiences of Ukrainian migrants in Australia this paper examines the character of post-independence Ukrainian migration to Australia. Through comparative analysis of Ukrainian immigration waves to Australia, the paper looks back to origins of such immigration, briefly reflecting on the history of Ukrainian arrivals, and explains trends in current immigration movement. Particularly, using interview materials with Ukrainian migrants who came to Australia in the post-independence period (from 1991 until 2013) this paper identifies the main immigration streams popular among Ukrainians that form three groups of migrants: economic migrants "zarobitchany", tourist-visa over stayers (from illegal migrants to refugees) and high skilled migrants. The focus is on the logic of the post-Soviet immigration wave, which is formed and explained not only by socioeconomic rationale behind migration, but also by relations inside Ukrainian community, which have significantly changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Complex relations between post-war Ukrainian migrants and their Australian descendants on one hand, and post-independence Ukrainian migrants on the other, is argued to be rooted in the difference in qualitative characteristics and historical conditions, rather than in simple withstanding of political versus economic migration waves.

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10

Hugo, Graeme. "Knocking at the Door: Asian Immigration to Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 100–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100105.

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This paper assesses the level and composition of contemporary Asian immigration to Australia and explores its processes and impacts. The final reversal of the White Australia Policy in the 1970s opened the door to substantial increases in Asian immigration, particularly from Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, China, India and Hong Kong. Most migrants are entering through the family reunion, refugee and business migration categories. Vietnamese dominate both family reunion and refugee categories, but the recent prominence among family migrants of Filipino wives and fiancees of Australian men is drawing attention and controversy. Asian migrants tend to be young and female, but there are also great variations in their economic and social adaptations to Australia. Discrimination, exploitation and unemployment are among the problems faced by some Asian groups.

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11

Baehr, M. "Revision of the Australian species of the genus Apotomus Illiger (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Apotominae)." Invertebrate Systematics 3, no. 5 (1989): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9890619.

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The Australian members of Apotomus Illiger are revised. A lectotype for A. australis is designated, and proof is furnished that the single specimen of A. novaehollandiae Castelnau in the MCSN (Genoa) is the holotype of this taxon. However, A. novaehollandiae Castelnau and A. mastersii Macleay are synonymised with A. australis by virtue of their male genitalia and the lack of any stable exterior distinguishing characters. A. minor, sp. nov. from northwestern Australia is newly described. Because A. australis and A. minor are rather distinctly related and their distribution patterns are strikingly different, a double immigration of Apotomus stocks into Australia on separate pathways and at different times is supposed, the A. minor lineage being the younger element.

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12

Tsokhas, Kosmas. "Immigration and Unemployment in Australia." International Migration 32, no. 3 (July 1994): 445–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1994.tb00164.x.

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13

Lehmann, Caitlyn. "Editorial." Children Australia 42, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2017.44.

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Among the plethora of minor parties fielding candidates in Australia's 2016 federal election was a relative newcomer called Sustainable Australia. Formed in 2010 and campaigning with the slogan ‘Better, not bigger’, the party's policy centrepiece calls for Australia to slow its population growth through a combination of lower immigration, changes to family payments, and the withdrawal of government agencies from proactive population growth strategies (Sustainable Australia, n.d.). At a global level, the party also calls for Australia to increase foreign aid with a focus on supporting women's health, reproductive rights and education. Like most minor parties, its candidates polled poorly, attracting too few votes to secure seats in the Senate. But in the ensuing months, the South Australian branch of The Greens broke from the national party platform by proposing the aim of stabilising South Australia's population within a generation (The Greens SA, 2017). Just this August, Australian business entrepreneur Dick Smith launched a ‘Fair Go’ manifesto, similarly calling for reductions in Australia's population growth to address rising economic inequality and a “decline in living standards” (Dick Smith Fair Go Group, 2017).

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14

McDonald, Peter. "International migration and employment growth in Australia, 2011–2016." Australian Population Studies 1, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v1i1.8.

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Background: Immigration to Australia pre 1995 was largely low skilled. Recessions led to competition between low-skilled domestic workers and new immigrants and subsequent cuts in migration intakes. Historical changes in birth rates, increased participation in tertiary education, increasing numbers retiring and the relatively rapid restructuring of the skill level of labour demand combined to produce a skilled labour supply crisis in Australia from the mid-1990s. The permanent and temporary skilled migration policies established by the Australian Government from 1995 played an important role in meeting that labour demand, especially in the boom years of the first decade of the 21st century. Aims: This paper examines the impact of immigration on employment in Australia subsequent to the global financial crisis (GFC) for the five-year period from July 2011 to July 2016. Data and methods: Data for the paper are sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The paper uses survival methods to decompose the growth in employment in Australia in the five-year period from 2011 to 2016: (1) change in age and sex distribution in the absence of migration; (2) changes in employment participation rates by age and sex; (3) net migration by age and sex. Results: Immigration in response to strong labour demand has continued post GFC. From July 2011 to July 2016, employment in Australia increased by 738,800. Immigrants accounted for 613,400 of the total increase, population growth 98,900 and changes in employment participation only 26,500. Migration has had a very large effect on the age structure of employment with most new immigrant workers (595,300) being under 55 years. Conclusions: Research indicates that immigration provides major benefits to the Australian economy. However, as strong labour demand is likely to sustain migration at relatively high levels in coming years, it is incumbent upon governments to plan for the effects of rapid population growth on infrastructure and resources.

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15

Romanenko, Olena. "SLAVIC COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE CURRENT SITUATION." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-14-23.

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Migration to the Australian continent has ancient origins. On 1 January 1901, the Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia included six former colonies: New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, and Western Australia. The British origin had 78% of those who were born overseas. The immigration was high on the national agenda. The most ambitious nation-building plan based on immigration was adopted in Australia in the post-World War II period. The shock of the war was so strong that even old stereotypes did not prevent Australians from embarking on immigration propaganda with the slogan “Populate or Perish”. In the middle 1950s, the Australian Department of Immigration realized that family reunion was an important component of successful settlement. In 1955 the Department implemented “Operation Reunion” – a scheme was intended to assist family members overseas to migrate to the continent and reunite with the family already living in Australia. As a result, 30000 people managed to migrate from countries such as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and the former Yugoslavia under this scheme. Today Australia’s approach to multicultural affairs is a unique model based on integration and social cohesion. On governmental level, the Australians try to maintain national unity through respect and preservation of cultural diversity. An example of such an attitude to historical memory is a database created by the Department of Home Affairs (DHA). For our research, we decided to choose information about residents of East-Central European origin (Ukraine-born, Poland-born, and Czech Republic-born citizens) in Australia, based on the information from the above mentioned database. The article provides the brief historical background of Polish, Ukrainian and Czech groups on the Continent and describes the main characteristics of these groups of people, such as geographic distribution, age, language, religion, year of arrival, median income, educational qualifications, and employment characteristics.

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16

Van Der Veen, Roger. "Rehabilitation Counselling with Clients from Non-English Speaking Countries." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 5, no. 2 (1999): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200001095.

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People born in non-English Speaking Countries (NESCs) and resident in Australia make up 14.2% of the Australian population and a sizeable proportion of the current immigration program — the humanitarian and non-humanitarian components. This article presents some background about the numbers of overseas born people resident in Australia especially those from NESCs, a brief history of the Australian immigration program, and the present policy of multiculturalism in the context of settlement. Some of these overseas born people have already, or are likely to, participate in rehabilitation counselling, and it is argued that rehabilitation counselling processes will be enhanced with a knowledge of such clients' culture as well as the practical application of general cross-cultural casework skills.

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17

Saul, B. "From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration." Journal of Refugee Studies 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/16.4.449.

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18

Fincher, R. "Gender, Age, and Ethnicity in Immigration for an Australian Nation." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 2 (February 1997): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290217.

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Since the Second World War, large-scale immigration has been promoted by successive Australian governments as vital to national development. Most accounts of the content and implementation of the resulting immigration policies, particularly until the demise of the White Australia policy in 1972, have emphasised their racism. The ideal immigrant under these policies, however, was not merely of particular birthplace and ethnicity, but also had specified gender and age characteristics. The author proposes that selection of immigrant settlers in Australia since World War 2 has been gendered as well as racialised, often combining particular sexisms with particular racisms and specifying the ways that ethnicity and gender should coexist in immigrants of different age groups. She notes implications for immigrants once in Australia (especially women) of the category under which they have entered the country. And she suggests that a new phase relating immigration to redefinition of the Australian nation, in which the temporary migration of skilled workers is preferred to their permanent migration, may be beginning; a phase whose modes of regulation and outcomes are as distinctively gendered as were those of their predecessors.

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19

Gao, Jia. "Politics of a Different Kind: Chinese in Immigration Litigation in the Post White Australia Era." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (April 4, 2011): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v3i1.1786.

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The first mass Chinese immigration to Australia occurred in the 19th century, with approximately 100,000 Chinese arriving between the 1840s and 1901 (Fitzgerald 2007; Ho 2007), during which questions were raised both in relation to the Chinese rights of migration and settlement in Australia, and the validity of the government's actions against the Chinese. The latter question was in fact considered in the colonial courts (Cronin 1993; Lake and Reynolds 2008). Since then, the Chinese in Australia have never shied away from taking various legal actions, although they are normally seen as people who keep to themselves. Australia abandoned its 'White Australia' policy in 1974, and lately Australia has placed more emphasis on skilled and business migration. As a result, many believe that Chinese migrants have come to Australia under its normal skilled, business or family migration programs, which ignores the fact that a high proportion of them have obtained their chance to stay in Australia directly or indirectly through a series of legal battles. This paper contributes to the discussion of the Chinese in Australian political life by looking at how the Chinese have fought in the Courts in the post-White Australia era in past decades, and the key features of their unique experiences. This is a different type of political activism, characterising the lives of many Australian Chinese, their engagement with the Australian political system, and becoming part of the background of their identity, transnationality, socio-political attitudes and behaviour and many other traits.

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20

Houdaille, Jacques, and Ian H. Burnley. "The Impact of Immigration on Australia." Population (French Edition) 56, no. 6 (November 2001): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1534754.

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21

ISLAM, ASADUL, and DIETRICH K. FAUSTEN. "Skilled Immigration and Wages in Australia*." Economic Record 84 (September 2008): S66—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2008.00485.x.

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22

Mavisakalyan, Astghik. "Immigration and School Choice in Australia." Australian Economic Review 45, no. 1 (March 2012): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2011.00663.x.

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23

Waldeck, Elizabeth, and Robert Guthrie. "Disability Discrimination and Immigration in Australia." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 8, no. 4 (March 2007): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822910700800402.

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24

Chiswick, Barry R., and Paul W. Miller. "Immigration, Language and Multiculturalism in Australia." Australian Economic Review 32, no. 4 (December 1999): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00124.

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25

Jaric, Ljubica. "Contemporary skill migration in Australia." Stanovnistvo 39, no. 1-4 (2001): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0104157j.

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Immigration has always been a key of the Australian social and economic development. Australia administers separate Migration and Humanitarian Programs. The Migration Program has two streams: Family and Skill. The smaller Special Eligibility stream includes groups such as former Australian citizens and former residents who have maintained ties with Australia. The Skill stream of Australia's Migration Program is specifically designed to target migrants who have skills or outstanding abilities that will contribute to the Australian economy. The migration to Australia of people with qualifications and relevant work experience can help to address skill shortages in Australia and enhance the size, skill level and productivity of the Australian labour force. Skilled migrants were mainly employed in managerial, administrative, professional or paraprofessional occupations or as traders. Permanent movement represents the major element of net overseas migration. Australia has experienced not only permanent influx of skilled but longterm movement as an affect of globalisation of business, the creation of international labour and education markets and cheaper travel. The level of longterm movements is strongly influenced by both domestic and international conditions of development, particularly economic conditions. More Australians are going overseas to work and study and foreigners are coming to Australia in larger numbers for the same reasons. Skill migration in FRY is mostly correlated with the economic situation in the country. Skill stream from FRY to Australia has been significantly increased since 1990. In the Australian official statistics separate data for the FRY has been available since July 1998. Prior to July 1998. FRY component was substantial proportion of total Former Yugoslav Republics. Estimated Serbian skill stream is around 4500 people.

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26

Romanenko, O. "Strategies of Australia’s Migration Policy: the Stages of Becoming, New Challenges and Responses to Today’s Threats." Problems of World History, no. 12 (September 29, 2020): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-12-8.

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The article examines the Australia’s migration policy, the stages of its formation and development, the current situation. There are three stages of Australia’s post-World War II migration strategy: assimilation policy, integration policy, and a policy of cultural diversity and multiculturalism. This policy is regulated by the Australian Department of Immigration. Since its inception, the name of the Department has been changed more than ten times, reflecting the main directions of its activities and functions during these periods. Summing up the results of the article, it can be said that the first head of the Department of Immigration in 1945 had promoted mass British immigration, proclaiming the slogan “Populate or Perish”, however the policy on immigrants and the name of the Department changed over time. In March 1996, the name of the institution had changed to the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, whose slogan was “Enriching Australia through migration”. The main idea of immigration strategy was to create a multicultural country with strong potential due to its diversity. In 2007, the concept of multiculturalism was excluded from the name of the structure; more emphasis in the work of the Department was placed on the recognition of national identity, based on a number of core values, which still contribute to the development of a multicultural society. And in 2017 Department of Home Affairs was officially established, which today deals with all migration issues. The country has an Australian migration program at the beginning of the XXI century, which provides several main reasons why citizens of another country can enter the continent for long-term residence: student’s, qualified immigration (taking into account the professional experience, skills or qualifications required by Australian economy at the time), family reunification (family members living in Australia), special circumstances (return of Australian citizens who have previously left the country). There is also a humanitarian program for refugee’s migration and adaptation to Australian life.

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27

Atkinson, David C. "The White Australia Policy, the British Empire, and the World." Britain and the World 8, no. 2 (September 2015): 204–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2015.0191.

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This article recovers the essential imperial and international context of the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901, and argues that the foundational deliberations that produced the White Australia Policy cannot be fully understood without attention to that global perspective. Indeed, the real and potential imperial and international implications of Asian restriction dominated the parliamentary debates and influenced the policy's character and application from the outset. The debate was not about whether to implement a restrictive immigration regime, it was about how to implement that regime, a calculus suffused with a range of imperial and international considerations. This paper therefore argues that the White Australia Policy was a consciously and deliberately imperial and international act that imparted a distinctly global inflection to the Australian nation building project at its inception.

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28

Chalmers, Don. "Biobanking and Privacy Laws in Australia." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 4 (2015): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12313.

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Australia is a multi-cultural society with a population of nearly 24 million. The Aboriginal heritage traces back some 40,000 years and continues to influence Australian culture as a whole. A large proportion of Australian citizens were of British descent or birth at the outset of the last century, but post-World War II there was significant immigration from other European nations, particularly from Greece and Italy. In the last decades, there has been a significant intake of migrants from Asia.

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29

Cruickshank, Joanna. "Race, History, and the Australian Faith Missions." Itinerario 34, no. 3 (December 2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115310000677.

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In 1901, the parliament of the new Commonwealth of Australia passed a series of laws designed, in the words of the Prime Minister Edmund Barton, “to make a legislative declaration of our racial identity”. An Act to expel the large Pacific Islander community in North Queensland was followed by a law restricting further immigration to applicants who could pass a literacy test in a European language. In 1902, under the Commonwealth Franchise Act, “all natives of Asia and Africa” as well as Aboriginal people were explicitly denied the right to vote in federal elections. The “White Australia policy”, enshrined in these laws, was almost universally supported by Australian politicians, with only two members of parliament speaking against the restriction of immigration on racial grounds.

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30

Ongley, Patrick, and David Pearson. "Post-1945 International Migration: New Zealand, Australia and Canada Compared." International Migration Review 29, no. 3 (September 1995): 765–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900308.

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New Zealand's immigration policies and trends since 1945 are compared with those of Canada and Australia. For most of this period, Australia has pursued the more expansive immigration policy while Canada and New Zealand have tended to link immigration intakes to fluctuations in labor demand. All three countries initially discriminated against non-European immigrants but gradually moved towards nondiscriminatory policies based on similar selection criteria and means of assessment. New Zealand has traditionally been more cautious than both Canada and Australia in terms of how many immigrants it accepted and from what sources, but it has recently followed the other two in raising immigration targets and encouraging migration from nontraditional sources, particularly Asian countries. Historical, global and national factors are drawn upon to explain the degree of convergence between these three societies.

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31

Tran, Van C., Fei Guo, and Tiffany J. Huang. "The Integration Paradox: Asian Immigrants in Australia and the United States." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 690, no. 1 (July 2020): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220926974.

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Whereas Australia has pursued a skills-based migration policy, the United States has privileged family-based migration. The key contrast between these migration regimes provides a rare test of how national immigration policy shapes immigrant selection and integration. Does a skills-based immigration regime result in a more select group of Asian immigrants in Australia compared to their counterparts in the United States? Are Asian immigrants more integrated into their host society in Australia compared to the United States? Focusing on four groups of Asian immigrants in both countries (Chinese, Indians, Filipinos, and Vietnamese), this article addresses these questions using a transpacific comparison. Despite Australia’s skills-based immigration policy, we find that Asian immigrants in Australia are less hyper-selected than their counterparts in the United States. Asian immigrants in Australia also report worse labor market outcomes than those in the United States, with the exception of Vietnamese—a refugee group. Altogether, these findings challenge the conventional wisdom that skills-based immigration policy not only results in more selected immigrants, but also positively influences their integration into the host society.

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32

Iacovetta, Franca, Michael Quinlan, and Ian Radforth. "Immigration and Labour: Australia and Canada Compared." Labour / Le Travail 38 (1996): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144093.

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33

Marr, William L., and Katharine Betts. "Ideology and Immigration, Australia 1976 to 1987." International Migration Review 25, no. 1 (1991): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546251.

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34

Iacovetta, Franca, Michael Quinlan, and Ian Radforth. "Immigration and Labour: Australia and Canada Compared." Labour History, no. 71 (1996): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516450.

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35

Cahill, Damien, Katherine Betts, Glenn Patmore, Dennis Glover, and Michael Thompson. "The Great Divide: Immigration Politics in Australia." Labour History, no. 79 (2000): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516749.

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36

McNicoll], [Geoffrey, and Katherine Betts. "Ideology and Immigration: Australia 1976 to 1987." Population and Development Review 15, no. 4 (December 1989): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972606.

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37

Atchison, J. "Immigration in Two Federations: Canada and Australia." International Migration 26, no. 1 (March 1988): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1988.tb00609.x.

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38

Williams, Michael. "Brief Sojourn in your Native Land: Sydney Links with South China." Queensland Review 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001112.

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The title of this paper is taken from a testimonial signed by a number of Gundagai residents on the departure for China in 1903 of Mark Loong after sixteen years in the district. That the notion of a person ‘sojourning’ in China is a contradiction of the prevailing ‘sojourner’ concept usually held about early Chinese migrants in Australia is the result the failure of Australian-Chinese research to fully appreciate the significance of family and district links between Australia and China and their impact upon the motivation, organisation and settlement patterns of Chinese people in Australia before the middle of the twentieth century. Without such an appreciation most research into Australian-Chinese history has focused only on those who established families in Australia or who ran successful businesses. This paper will focus on describing some features of these family and districts links with regard to that generation who arrived after the gold rushes of the 1850s to 1870s but before the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, who originated in one south China district, Zhongshan , and who lived primarily in one Australian city, Sydney. These restraints are partly due to reliance on sources such as the administrative files of the Immigration Restriction Act which begin only in 1901, and partly to the fact that this research represents a first step in the investigation of the significance of district of origin and the people of Zhongshan district in Sydney are the first to be investigated.

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Jones, Stephen. "Reconceptualising the Governance of Migration Policy in Australia." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 19, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.19.3.2.

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This article offers a comprehensive assessment of the current trends in the governance arrangements of migrant settlement policy in Australia. It outlines the context of migrant policy as an important element of nation building and in contributing to the most multicultural society in the OECD. While immigration remains popular with the majority of Australians it is not without challenges in terms of coordination between levels of government to achieve effective outcomes. The lessons from Australia have relevance for other multilevel systems in terms of the need for cooperative approaches that combine top down and bottom up contributions from government agencies at all levels and non-government organisations. The article provides an analysis of governance issues from the perspective of the major stakeholders. The key question addressed in this paper is; what are the key challenges and opportunities of establishing cooperative approaches to immigration policy in a multilevel system? Issues involved in a potential transition of Australia’s immigration policy from a centralist approach to a more cooperative approach will be examined through the lens of a framework of analysis that consists of three scenarios for the structure of immigration policy: the centralist, the cooperative and the asymmetric scenarios.

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Claudio, Fernanda. "The Ambiguous Migrant. A Profile of African Refugee Resettlement and Personal Experiences in Southeast Queensland, Australia." Diversité urbaine 14, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027817ar.

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Australian history is marked by immigration control and attempts to exclude foreigners. Exclusionary strategies toward foreigners are expressed in policies that limit numbers and types of migrants and foster exclusionist attitudes amongst the population. Successive Australian prime ministers have won elections based on policies of immigration and border control. Fear and rejection of foreigners characterize current policies toward asylum seekers and refugees; importantly, this stance also affects the allocation of resources to support refugee resettlement. I examine the implications of underfunding health and social support services for African refugees in Brisbane. A profile of this population is provided along with a discussion of resettlement services. Abdominal pain and inadequate responses by the health system serve to exemplify the complex experiences of newcomers who have not yet found their place in Australia.

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Fernandes, Brian, Edward R. Scheffer Cliff, and Amelia Chowdhury. "Achieving self-sufficiency: training Australia’s future medical workforce." Australian Health Review 42, no. 6 (2018): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17019.

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There is an oversupply of Australian junior doctors, but significant training bottlenecks are developing, and geographical maldistribution in rural and remote areas remains. Last year, the Federal Minister for Immigration rejected a Department of Health recommendation for the removal of 41 health roles from the Skilled Occupation List after concerns that rural and regional communities would be left without access to medical services in areas currently serviced by international medical graduates. In an effort to achieve workforce self-sufficiency, Australia must ensure access to high-quality vocational training places in rural and regional settings while managing immigration of overseas-trained health professionals.

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Kinowska, Zofia, and Jan Pakulski. "Polish Migrants and Organizations in Australia." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10i2.6002.

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The social profile and the organizational landscape of Polish diaspora, known as ‘Polonia’, in Australia has been undergoing a significant change: sociodemographic (ageing), sociocultural (diversification) and sociopolitical (integration and assimilation). The ‘wave-type’ immigration (1947-56 and 1980-89), combined with the sudden decline in immigration after Poland’s independence (1989) and accession to the EU (2004), resulted in the rapid shrinking, ageing and internal differentiation of the Polish community. The pre-1989 ‘ethno-representative’ and ex-servicemen organisations have been withering away. The ‘culture preserving’ ethnic organizations, as well as religious/church groups also weaken, due to their shrinking demographic base. The Australian ‘Polonia’ is diversifying, as well as internally dividing, the latter process accelerated by widening political-ideological divisions in Poland. Under the impact of social diversification and globalization, and in the context of evolving multicultural policies in Australia, new forms of organization and social activism emerge. Interethnic, integrative and ‘bridging’ organizations and initiatives, anchored mainly in metropolitan social circles of Melbourne and Sydney, attract the most educated immigrants and their offspring and break the mould of ethnic exclusivity. Next to traditional Polish Associations, multiplying Senior Clubs and still numerous Polish schools there also appear some nationalistic groups, active mainly in social media. These general trends: numerical decline, ageing and diversification (combined with political divisions) reflect the changing conditions in the Australian and Polish societies, as well as the processes of migrant adaptation and integration.

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Monteath, Peter. "Globalising German Anthropology: Erhard Eylmann in Australia." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000247.

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The German presence in nineteenth-century South Australia is associated primarily with the immigration of Prussian Lutherans escaping religious persecution in their homeland. Their settlement in the fledgling British colony aided its early, stuttering development; in the longer term it also fitted neatly South Australia's perception of itself as a “paradise of dissent.” These Germans took their religion seriously, none more so than the Lutheran missionaries who committed themselves to bringing the Gospel to the indigenous people of the Adelaide plains and, eventually, much further afield as well. In reality, however, the story of the German contribution to the history of this British colony extended far beyond these pious Lutherans. Among those who followed in their wake, whether as settlers or travellers, were Germans of many different backgrounds, who made their way to the Antipodes for a multitude of reasons. In South Australia as much as anywhere, globalising Germany was a multi-facetted project.The intellectual gamut of Germans in South Australia is nowhere more evident than in the realm of anthropology. The missionaries were not alone in displaying a keen interest in the Australian Aborigines. Anthropologists steeped in the empirical tradition that came to dominate the nascent discipline at the end of the nineteenth century also turned their attention to Australia. Indeed, in Germany and elsewhere, Australia occupied a special position in international discourse. The American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan had observed in 1880 that Australian aboriginal societies “now represent the condition of mankind in savagery better than it is elsewhere represented on the earth—a condition now rapidly passing away.”

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44

Satzewich, Vic, and Freda Hawkins. "Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared." British Journal of Sociology 41, no. 4 (December 1990): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590686.

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Christie, Nancy J., and Freda Hawkins. "Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared." Labour / Le Travail 28 (1991): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143532.

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46

Richmond, Anthony H., and Freda Hawkins. "Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 15, no. 3 (September 1989): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550839.

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47

Avery, Donald, and Freda Hawkins. "Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared." International Migration Review 25, no. 2 (1991): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546306.

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Gelfand, Donald E., and John McCallum. "Immigration, the Family, and Female Caregivers in Australia." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 22, no. 3-4 (January 25, 1995): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v22n03_04.

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Nethery, A., B. Rafferty-Brown, and S. Taylor. "Exporting Detention: Australia-funded Immigration Detention in Indonesia." Journal of Refugee Studies 26, no. 1 (December 7, 2012): 88–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fes027.

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50

Bosworth, Richard. "Australia and Assisted Immigration from Britain, 1945-1954*." Australian Journal of Politics & History 34, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1988.tb01174.x.

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