Academic literature on the topic 'Australia History, Military 20th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Australia History, Military 20th century"
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Fitch, Kate. "Rethinking Australian public relations history in the mid-20th century." Media International Australia 160, no. 1 (August 2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16651135.
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This article investigates the development of public relations in Australia and addresses calls to reconceptualise Australian public relations history. It presents the findings from an analysis of newspaper articles and industry newsletters in the 1940s and 1950s. These findings confirm the term public relations was in common use in Australia earlier than is widely accepted and not confined to either military information campaigns during the war or the corporate sector in the post-war period, but was used by government and public institutions and had increasing prominence through industry associations in the manufacturing sector and in social justice and advocacy campaigns. The study highlights four themes – war and post-war work, non-profit public relations, gender, and media and related industries – that enable new perspectives on Australian public relations history and historiography to be developed.
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Dodson, Giles. "REVIEW: 'Digger' media out-manoeuvred by military." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.303.
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Review of: Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting, by Fay Anderson and Richard Trembath. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2011, 501 pp, ISBN 978-0522856446 (pbk)Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting provides a thorough-going account of the developments and, importantly, of continuities which have characterised Australian reporting of foreign wars since the 19th century. It is a welcome addition to the growing body of conflict reporting literature, in particular to that which concerns the local experience. It is clear the forces which structure Australian war journalism have remained relatively constant throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
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Karp, Sławomir. "Karp Familly from Rekijow in Samogitia in 20th century. A contribution to the history of Polish landowners in Lithuania." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 303, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134970.
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The article concerns the fate of Felicjan Karp’s family, one of the richest landowners of Samogitia (Lithuania) in the first two decades of the 20th century. After his father, he inherited approximately 40,163 hectares. The history of this family perfectly illustrates the changes that this social class has undergone in the past century. The end of their existence was the end of the landowner’s existence. The twilight of the Samogitian Karps took place quite quickly, for only a quarter of a century from July 28, 1914, the date of the outbreak of World War I to the Soviet invasion of the Republic of Lithuania on June 15, 1940. Over the course of these years - on a large scale two-fold - military operations, changes in the political and economic system, including agricultural reform initiated in the reborn Lithuanian state in 1922 and deportations to Siberia in 1940 brutally closed the last stable chapter in the life of Rekijów’s owners, definitively exterminating them after more than 348 years from the land of their ancestors. Relations between the Karp family and the Rekijów estate should be dated at least from September 21, 1592. In addition to the description of the family, it is also necessary to emphasize their significant economic and political importance in the inhabited region. These last two aspects gained momentum especially from the first years of the 19th century and were reflected until 1922. At that time, representatives of the Karp family jointly owned approximately 70,050 ha and provided the country with two provincial marshals (Vilnius, Kaunas) and two county marshals (Upita, Ponevezys). The author also presents their fate during World War II in the Siberian Gulag, during the amnesty under the Sikorski–Majski Agreement of July 30, 1941, joining the formed Polish Army in the USSR (August 14, 1941), the soldier’s journey through Kermine in Uzbekistan, Krasnovodsk, Caspian Sea, Khanaqin in Iraq, Palestine to the military camp near Tel-Aviv and then Egypt and the entire Italian campaign, that is the battles of Monte Cassino, Loreto and Ancona. After the war, leaving Italy to England (1946), followed by a short stay in Argentina and finally settling in Perth, Australia.
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West, Brad. "Dialogical Memorialization, International Travel and the Public Sphere: A Cultural Sociology of Commemoration and Tourism at the First World War Gallipoli Battlefields." Tourist Studies 10, no. 3 (December 2010): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468797611407756.
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As part of a larger ethnographic research project, this article analyses the history of memorialization on the First World War Gallipoli battlefields and its relationship with international travel and tourism. It contrasts the original Australian and New Zealand memorialization on the site with Turkish memorials constructed there in the late 20th century, a significant proportion of which are characterized by direct symbolic recognition of the ‘other’. Drawing on Bakhtin’s writings on referential discourses I refer to these as being dialogical. At Gallipoli this dialogical memorialization facilitated the rise of Australian tourism to the battlefields by allowing for a cosmopolitan reimagining of the military campaign, which included emphasizing extraordinary cases of humanity and framing soldiers as tourists. A cultural sociology of the public sphere is proposed as a way of comprehending such tourism, one that avoids assumptions about the severing of meaningful cultural ties with the events and institutions of modernity.
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Kanevskaya, Galina I. "Russian Libraries in Australia in the 20th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 3 (May 25, 2009): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-3-80-85.
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The article deals with review of the history of Russian librarianship in Australia. The role of libraries in preservation of Russian language in the Russian diaspora and national identity in the being in the strange cultural space is defined.
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Polgár, Balázs. "The conflict archaeology of the 19th–20th century in Hungary." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2020 (March 3, 2022): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2020.197.
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Conflict archaeology has significant traditions in Hungary. This paper presents conflict archaeological research on three military sites of the 19th and 20th centuries (the battlefield of Kismegyer, the POW camp of Ostffyasszonyfa and the aircraft wreck of Bágyogszovát) associated with the Ministry of Defence Military History Institute and Museum. Finally, the Appendix concludes the study by presenting 25 more Hungarian conflict archaeological research projects from the Napoleonic Wars to the Cold War.
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Szulc, Tomasz. "A history of the Neisse Garrison." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 193, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5007.
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The Neisse Garrison always held a strategic position starting with its es-tablishment in the Early Middle Ages until the end of the 20th century. Its convenient location in the Sudety Foothills meant that it served de-fence functions protecting this area from both attacks from the north and the south. Over the centuries relations between the city and the military underwent numerous transformations depending on who con-trolled it. In the times of the Bishop’s Duchy and the rule of Habsburg only small troops stationed in the garrison, and the security of the whole area was provided by bulwarks. In 1741, after Neisse was seized by Frederick II, the town acquired enormous significance. The symbiosis between Neisse and the military, which lasted for the subsequent 260 years, had a considerable influence on the development and im-portance of the town. As a result of changes which took place in the Polish Army on the turn of the 20th and 21st century, the Neisse Garri-son was closed down.
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Kuzmin, Yuriy. "A New Interpretation of the History of the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 or a Subjective Assessment of the Researcher?" Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).109-123.
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The author of the book, O.S. Smyslov, interprets the military events in the area of the Khalkhin Gol river in 1939, defines the causes of the war, the role of commanders, military casualties and participants of military actions. The battle of Khalkhin Gol becomes the subject of much attention and study of Russian and Mongolian historians, especially the most complex and controversial issues of military and diplomatic history. Most of the research is original and contributes significantly to the interpretation of the military conflict, its geopolitical nature and its role in the world history of the 20th century. A new interpretation of the role of Georgy Zhukov in the crushing defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol is proposed in the monograph of the military historian O.S. Smyslov. The author of the book made an attempt to downplay and misrepresent the participation of Zhukov in the historical events. The author’s approach to the cause of the military conflict is critically examined as well as the methodology of historical research. The author of the review believes that the attempt of a new interpretation of the war in the Khalkhin Gol area is controversial and historically unconvincing. The matter merits professional discussion. There is a need to make a special encyclopedia, “The Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939”, which will enable to avoid misrepresentation of the tragic and heroic military events of history of the USSR and Russia of the 20th century.
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EBACH, MALTE C. "A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia." Zootaxa 3392, no. 1 (July 18, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3392.1.1.
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The development of Australian biogeographical regionalisation since 1858 has been driven by colonial 19th-centuryexploration and by the late 20th-century biodiversity crisis. The intervening years reduced existing large scaleregionalisation into smaller taxon specific areas of vegetation or endemism. However, large scale biotic biogeographicalregionalisation was rediscovered during multi-disciplinary meetings and conferences, sparking short-term revivals whichhave ended in constant revisions at smaller and smaller taxonomic scales. In 1995 and 1998, the Interim BiogeographicRegionalisation for Australia and the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, AustralianCommonwealth funded initiatives in order to “identify appropriate regionalisations to assess and plan for the protectionof biological diversity”, have respectively replaced 140 years of Australian biogeographical regionalisation schemes. Thispaper looks at the rise and slow demise of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia in light of a fractured taxonomic biogeographical community.
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Ivaniuk, Oleg. "Museumification of the military historical heritage in the Dnieper Ukraine and the Crimea in the 19th and early 20th centuries." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 2 (2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.8188.
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The article focuses on the beginning of the process of formation of museum collections relevant to the military past of the Dnieper Ukraine in the 19th — first decade of the 20th century. It is determined, in the research scope, that the process of creating museum exhibits, which consisted of monuments of military historical heritage, was influenced by the following: the development of archaeological research, which was stimulated by the domination of classicism, which induced interest in the ancient past, the imperial power ideologizing the historical process, the Ukrainian nobility (descendants of the Cossacks elders) preserving historical memory of the victorious past of their people, and so on. It is found, that during the 19th century, museumification of the 19th and early 20th centuries military heritage had several trends: the creation of “propaganda” exposition, which would remind of the key, from the tsarist regime point of view, imperial army victories, foster respect for the imperial family and the royal power institution self, commemorate imperial myths, the formation of the Cossacks antiquities collections, initiated by Ukrainian intellectuals and scholars; expositions formed by the military according to purely professional interest. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of museums, which had monuments of military history as a part of their collections, were founded. Some of the aforementioned museums are the following: the Museum of Ukrainian Antiquities in Chernihiv, the Museum of Heroic Defense and the Liberation of the City of Sevastopol, the Museum of Poltava Battle, etc. Museumification of the military heritage has stimulated the development of various areas of special military-historical research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Australia History, Military 20th century"
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Lovric, Ivo Mark. "Ghost Wars : the Politics of War Commemoration." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150317.
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Ghost Wars: the politics of war commemoration: research into dissenting views to war and other aspects of the Australian experience of war that are marginalised by the Australian War Memorial. A study taking the form of an exhibition of a filmic (video) essay, which comprises the outcome of the Studio Practice component, together with the Exegesis which documents the nature of the course of study undertaken, and the Dissertation, which comprises 33% of the Thesis.
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Gleeson, Damian John School of History UNSW. "The professionalisation of Australian catholic social welfare, 1920-1985." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26952.
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This thesis explores the neglected history of Australian Catholic social welfare, focusing on the period, 1920-85. Central to this study is a comparative analysis of diocesan welfare bureaux (Centacare), especially the Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide agencies. Starting with the origins of professional welfare at local levels, this thesis shows the growth in Catholic welfare services across Australia. The significant transition from voluntary to professional Catholic welfare in Australia is a key theme. Lay trained women inspired the transformation in the church???s welfare services. Prepared predominantly by their American training, these women devoted their lives to fostering social work in the Church and within the broader community. The women demonstrated vision and tenacity in introducing new policies and practices across the disparate and unco-ordinated Australian Catholic welfare sector. Their determination challenged the status quo, especially the church???s preference for institutionalisation of children, though they packaged their reforms with compassion and pragmatism. Trained social workers offered specialised guidance though such efforts were often not appreciated before the 1960s. New approaches to welfare and the co-ordination of services attracted varying degrees of resistance and opposition from traditional Catholic charity providers: religious orders and the voluntary-based St Vincent de Paul Society (SVdP). For much of the period under review diocesan bureaux experienced close scrutiny from their ordinaries (bishops), regular financial difficulties, and competition from other church-based charities for status and funding. Following the lead of lay women, clerics such as Bishop Algy Thomas, Monsignor Frank McCosker and Fr Peter Phibbs (Sydney); Bishop Eric Perkins (Melbourne), Frs Terry Holland and Luke Roberts (Adelaide), consolidated Catholic social welfare. For four decades an unprecedented Sydney-Melbourne partnership between McCosker and Perkins had a major impact on Catholic social policy, through peak bodies such as the National Catholic Welfare Committee and its successor the Australian Catholic Social Welfare Commission. The intersection between church and state is examined in terms of welfare policies and state aid for service delivery. Peak bodies secured state aid for the church???s welfare agencies, which, given insufficient church funding proved crucial by the mid 1980s.
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Jones, Alexander David. "Pinchbeck regulars? : the role and organisation of the Territorial Army, 1919-1940." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:38dc5164-f858-4bba-9bfb-a1c4b4a59550.
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This thesis examines how Britain's government and military establishment conceptualised the role of the voluntary Territorial Army (TA) between the World Wars, and explores the relationship with British defence policy during the period. It also evaluates whether or not the TA was capable of carrying out its ascribed role, through a balanced assessment of its organisation, training and military efficiency. It posits that the TA was integral to British defence planning and played a key part in the Army's mobilisation plans, although the priority given to its role shifted throughout the period in accordance with the direction of Britain's strategic focus. Additionally, this thesis will emphasise that the Territorial Army had not one purpose but several. Alongside its central function as the framework for a conscript National Army it held key responsibilities for both home and imperial defence. This thesis examines the TA's role and organisation in a thematic and broadly chronological manner. Part I deals with the TA's expeditionary role and its function as the framework for all future military expansion, as well as its role as a voluntary imperial reserve for any medium scale wars conducted without resorting to conscription. Part II focuses on the Territorial Army's home defence responsibilities, in particular its domestic role in aiding the civil power and its contribution to Britain's increasingly important air defence capabilities.
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Festa, Janice. "Anschluss 1938 : Austria's potential for military resistance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ43863.pdf.
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Totaro, Genevois Mariella. "Foreign policies for the diffusion of language and culture : the Italian experience in Australia." Monash University, Centre for European Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8828.
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Santos, Beatriz, and res cand@acu edu au. "From El Salvador to Australia: a 20th century exodus to a promised land." Australian Catholic University. School of Arts and Sciences, 2006. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp126.25102006.
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El Salvador, the smallest and the most densely populated state in the region of Central America, was gripped by a civil war in the 1980s that resulted in the exodus of more than a million people. This thesis explores the causes that led to the exodus. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part contains a historical and theoretical analysis of El Salvador from the time of conquest until the 1980s. An examination of the historical background of the socio-economic and political conflict in El Salvador during this period sets the scene for an account of the mass exodus of Salvadorans in the 1980s. The second part of the thesis involves a qualitative study of Salvadoran refugees, which concentrates on their experiences before and after arriving in Australia. The study explores both the reasons for the Salvadorans’ becoming refugees and their resettlement in Melbourne. In an effort to explain some of the reasons for the socio-economic and political conflict in El Salvador in the 1980s, some concepts and ideas from different theoretical perspectives are utilized: modernisation theory, world-systems theory, dependency theory, elite theory, Foco theory of revolution and economic rationalism. The historical account covers the period from the expansion of the European world economy in the 16th century up to the political conflict of the 1980s. When the Salvadorans began to arrive in Melbourne, the micro-economic agenda in Australia was based on economic rationalism. This shifted the focus away from the state and onto a market-based approach that emphasised vigorous competition and fore grounded a non-collective social framework. The changes to policies in the welfare and immigration areas resulting from this shift are examined for their impact on the resettlement experiences of Salvadoran refugees. The United States foreign policy is also delineated because of the impact it had on the political, economic and social situation in El Salvador. The thesis focused on the time-period from the 1823 Monroe Doctrine to the era of the Cold War of ‘containment of communism’. The Catholic Church has also played a major influence in the political, social and religious life of Salvadorans. The changes that occurred in the post-1965 renewal of the Catholic Church were influential in the political struggles in El Salvador. The second part of the thesis involves a qualitative research study of a small group of 14 Salvadoran refugees. Participants were selected from different professional, educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. The study examines their flight from El Salvador, their arrival in Australia and their long-term experiences of resettlement. Tracking the experiences of refugees over a considerable period of time has seldom been the focus of a research study in Australia. The Salvadorans have been under-researched and no longitudinal studies have been conducted. The Salvadorans who took part in the study became refugees for diverse reasons ranging from political/religious reasons to random repression but certainly not for economic reasons. Their past experiences have influenced their resettlement in Australia and their attempts to build their lives anew have been fraught with difficulties. The difficulties in acquiring a working knowledge of the English language have often led to a downgrading in their professional and employment qualifications, isolation from the mainstream community and the experience of loneliness for the older generation. In addition, many of the participants still experience fear both in Australia and in their home country when they return for a visit. The findings indicate that the provision of extra services, such as counselling, could facilitate their resettlement and integration into Australian society.
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Von, Herff Michael. ""They walk through the fire like the blondest German" : African soldiers serving the Kaiser in German East Africa (1888-1914)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60565.
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The maintenance of German colonial rule in East Africa depended on a strong military presence. The Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika was established to meet this need, but financial and political constraints dictated that this force be manned by an African rank and file. Initially, most of the African recruits came from outside of the colony, but, as time passed, the Germans began recruiting from a few specific ethnic groups in the colony.The relationship between the African soldiers and their German employers yielded military successes for the new colonial government and, by extension, an enhanced status for the soldiers themselves. Over time, the Africans within the Schutztruppe distanced themselves from other Africans in the colony and began to develop separate communities at the government stations, which in turn fostered the growth of an askari group identity. The interests of these communities became inextricably linked to the German presence in the region. The development of this relationship helps to explain the askaris' support of the German campaign against the British during the First World War.
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Alphin, Judson Wayne. "The early military thought of Winston S. Churchill." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be81c453-5166-4e6a-b4ce-c443706e2dd9.
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Winston S. Churchill was a war leader during two world wars, and yet there are few substantive studies of his younger years when he was a practising soldier. This thesis aims to study the early intellectual development of Churchill in those areas which have direct impact on the art of war. The chapters are arranged narratively (Chapters 2-3) and thematically (Chapters 4-8). The introduction covers the scope and methodology of the work. Chapters 2-3 give an account of Churchill's early years, and trace the development of several prominent features of his character that helped form and inform the presuppositions of his later military intellectual development. Chapter 4 addresses Churchill's interactions with late Victorian cavalry doctrine and debate. Chapters 5-7 each address themes of an expanding scope of influence and conceptualization: first, the tactics of war; second, the policy and strategy of war; and finally, Churchill's conceptions of war. The conclusion summarizes the hallmarks and syntheses of Churchill's early military intellectual development, and identifies judgments which can be drawn about his perspicacity as soldier and commander.
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Witherspoon, Ralph Pomeroy. "The military draft and the all-volunteer force: a case study of a shift in public policy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40408.
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This dissertation is a case study of a public policy decision, the decision to shift the military manpower policy of the United States from conscription to a policy of complete volunteerism--the all-volunteer force. The case study approach is largely historical and is concentrated on the turbulent period between 1965, when the United States' combat role in South Vietnam escalated sharply, and 1973, the year of American withdrawal from the war and the last Selective Service System draft call. A brief history of the military manpower policy of the United States is outlined in order to set the case study period within the proper context and to permit a fuller understanding and appreciation of the policy decision.
In order that the case study may have potential application to the study of other public policy decisions, a theoretical model for changes in public policy-making is developed based on the research of public policy-making theorists. This model, which is largely adapted from the theoretical work of ~he Agenda-Building Theorists, is compared to the events and inter-actions of key players in the case study. Although conclusions about a wider applicability of the model is not possible, it can be concluded that the theoretical model does fit the events and circumstances contained in the case study.
In addition to attempting to derive a working theoretical model of change in public policy-making, a secondary purpose of the research is to address the nonnative aspects of the shift in policy from conscription to volunteerism. Based on the pattern of American military manpower policy, it appears that Anglo-Saxon liberalism, rooted in the freedom of the individual, is an extremely strong strain in American thinking, and that the relatively long period of conscription in the United States after World War II was an anomaly in the history of American military manpower policies.Ph. D.
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Coates, Oliver Richard. "A social history of military service in South-Western Nigeria, 1939-1955." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607779.
Full textBooks on the topic "Australia History, Military 20th century"
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1933-, McCarthy John, ed. Australian war strategy, 1939-1945: A documentary history. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1985.
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Scott, Don. Australia in the 20th century. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995.
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Cornish, Patrick. Western Australia in the 20th century. Fremantle, W.A: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 1999.
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1978-, Snow Dan, ed. 20th century battlefields. [London]: BBC Books, 2008.
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Osborne, G. Communication traditions in 20th-century Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995.
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Neil, Grant. Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict. New York, New York, United States of America: Smithmark Publishers, 1993.
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Bull, Stephen. 20th-century arms and armor. New York: Facts On File, 1996.
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Burridge, David. 20th century defences in Britain, Kent. London: Brassey's, 1997.
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S, Weeks John, ed. Military small arms of the 20th century. 7th ed. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2000.
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Peterson, Dorothy Burns. Military presence in 19th and 20th century Galveston County, Texas. [Philadelphia]: Xlibris, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Australia History, Military 20th century"
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BLUMBERG, B. S. "The Natural History of Australia Antigen." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Biology, 494–510. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812813688_0051.
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Miloradović, Goran. "USTASHA IDEOLOGY IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT IN THE 20TH CENTURY: AN ATTEMPT AT A TYPOLOGY OF MODERN DICTATORSHIPS AND EXTREME IDEOLOGIES." In REPEATING HISTORY 1941-1991? TWO BREAK-UPS OF YUGOSLAVIA AS REPEATED HISTORY? SERBIAN PERSPECTIVES, 193–212. Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/2589.mil.193-212.
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The aim of this article is to classify modern European dictatorship and extreme ideologies according to their relations with the opposition: historicism – utopianism, which is equivalent to the political right-left wing axis. The Right encompasses ideologies and dictatorships based on historicism as a view of the world. Thеse are military-authoritarian and fascist regimes, commonly known as authoritarianism. The Left are ideologies and dictatorships based on utopianism as a view of the world. These are Stalinist and Nazi regimes commonly known as totalitarianism. Ustasha ideology is characterized as autochthonism and eclecticism. Numerous ideas, as those of racism and chauvinism, the Ustasha imported form Croatian political tradition, mainly from Antun Ante Starčević and his followers. During its existence between 1941 and 1945, Ustasha Croatia persecuted and exterminated Serbs, Jews, and Roma. The Yugoslav territories experienced all forms of modern dictatorship: military-authoritarian (1929-1935), National-socialist/Nazi (1941-1945), Ustasha or Clero-Nazi (1941-1945), Fascist (1941-1943), and Communist (1945-1990). This experience is unique in Europe.
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Stone, Dan. "2. Origins." In Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction, 10–29. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723387.003.0002.
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‘Origins’ traces the concentration camp’s origins in 19th- and early 20th-century colonial settings in Australia, the United States, Cuba, South Africa, and German South-West Africa (today Namibia), and in the Armenian genocide at the end of the Ottoman Empire. By studying the early concentration camps, we can understand how and why the camps emerged when they did, and clarify the links and differences between them and the fascist and communist concentration camps of the mid-20th century. European racism, military culture, more rapid forms of communication, and increasingly available print media all contributed to the global diffusion of concentration camp concept, which by the end of World War I became accepted as a technique of rule.
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Avidzba, Vasiliy Sh. "Abkhazia in books published by Russian authors of the 19th century." In Abkhazia in Russian Literature of the 19th — 20th Centuries: in 3 vols. Vol. 1, 13–91. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/arl-2021-1-13-91.
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An analytical review of books dedicated to Abkhazia written by the 19th century Russian authors is presented in the article. Information about the history and culture of Abkhazia as well as of other regions of the Caucasus and parts of southern Russia can be found in the publications. The material under review revealed a trend of increasing interest in Abkhazia among Russian authors. If in the first half of the said century, information about Abkhazia had been published only in two books, all other books date back to the second half of the century. Their authors include the military, state officials, publicists, scientists, people of civil professions and religious figures. As a rule, they would write about the history of Abkhazia, the ethnographic and religious condition of the region; they reported on the ethnic composition of the peoples (tribes), the number, borders, monuments of Christian architecture; to a lesser extent, they paid attention to the political structure of the Abkhazian principality. Many of them wrote about the dramatic events of the 1860s and 1870s. Despite the fact that the books included in the review are not scientifically and artistically equivalent, they can serve as a significant source for the study of the history and culture of 19th-century Abkhazia as a whole.
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Saunders, Peter. "The development, value and application of budget standards: reflecting on the Australian experience." In Minimum Income Standards and Reference Budgets, 139–54. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352952.003.0010.
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This chapter draws attention to Australia's very rich tradition of family budget research, which was associated with the Social Policy Research Centre. It explains that the idea of a basic living standard enshrined in wage laws became a reality in Australia at the start of the 20th century. It also charts the history of budget standards research in Australia, focusing on the four major studies that were coordinated during the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. The chapter looks at the latest work that relates to the budget for healthy living and combines public health knowledge and focus group deliberations. It concludes that budget standards only provide a rough-and-ready adequacy benchmark, which should be used with care and in conjunction with other measurement approaches to living standards whenever possible.
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Mazur, Wojciech. "U-lotność pamięci. Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego w Krakowie i współczesna recepcja lotniczego dziedzictwa." In Pamięć i dziedzictwo kulturowe: Studia i szkice in memoriam profesor Andrzej Pankowicz (1950-2011), 151–62. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381386753.11.
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The traditions of Kraków Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport go back to 1892. An airbase was established there even before World War 1 and subsequently it was used by the Austrian Flugpark 7, the Polish 2nd Air Regiment and also civilian transport and medical aviation. It only lost its airport status in the early 60s, since when the main part of its land and infrastructure was gradually absorbed by the Polish Aviation Museum. Currently this establishment concerns itself with the conservation of aviation heritage and promotion of awareness of it. Increasingly, the expectation of visitors to the museum is to combine education with entertainment. The museum, aware of these trends and the leanings in museum practice away from passive reception towards interactive experience, is striving to transform its cultural offering. The effect of these efforts is a new formula for the exposition, prepared as part of the “Wings and people of the 20th Century” programme framework. Architecture, light, sound and even smell are to become elements of a narrative, in which the history of military aviation will be presented as one element of the 20th century and tradition will be linked to the modern age.
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Thomas G, Weiss. "Part IV Activities of Organizations, Ch.14 Humanitarian Action." In The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199672202.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter begins by defining some key terms, including humanitarian action, humanitarianism, humanitarian space, and humanitarian intervention. It then examines the history of humanitarian action in wars through the lenses of three historical periods: the 19th century until World War I; the early 20th century through the end of the Cold War; and the last quarter-century. Next, it describes the entities that exert influence on the ground from outside a war zone: international NGOs, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the UN system, bilateral aid agencies, external military forces, for-profit firms, and the media. Operating alongside, and sometimes in opposition to, external agents in a particular war zone are local actors, which include NGOs and businesses as well as the armed belligerents. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the coordination of the various moving parts of the international humanitarian system.
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Avidzba, Regina L. "«Memories of a Caucasian Officer», the main work of Fjodor Tornau." In Abkhazia in Russian Literature of the 19th — 20th Centuries: in 3 vols. Vol. 1, 143–60. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/arl-2021-1-143-160.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides an overview of Fjodor Tornau in the context of studying the Caucasus in the 19th century. Special attention is paid to the main book of the writer — “Memories of a Caucasian Officer”, created on the basis of the author’s own experience as a scout. The history of the publication of “Memories ...” testifies to the genuine interest of readers in the exciting story of Fjodor Tornau’s stay among the mountaineers in captivity and several escapes from capture. However, the storyline is far from the main advantage of the book, which has become a tabletop for several generations of Caucasian scholars. Fjodor Tornau managed to collect extremely rare material. Russian ethnography, historiography, physical geography and related branches of knowledge were significantly enriched by unique materials compiled on the basis of personal observations by Fjodor Tornau, with numerous details of military operations in the Caucasus; individual observations of the scout writer have no analogues in the science of the Caucasus. Fjodor Tornau’s undoubted literary talent and natural artistic talent manifested itself in his stylistic manner, which attracts the most sophisticated connoisseurs of the word.
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew Cliff. "Oceania:War Epidemics in South Pacific Islands." In War Epidemics. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233640.003.0022.
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So far, the geographical foci of our regional–thematic examination of the linkages between war and disease have been the great continental land masses of the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. We now turn our attention to a different stage for the geographical spread of war epidemics—oceanic islands. As well as the particular interest which attaches to islands as natural laboratories for the study of epidemiological processes (Cliff et al., 1981, 2000), island epidemics also hold a special place in war history. For example, we saw in Chapter 2 how the islands of the Caribbean became staging posts for the spread of wave upon wave of Old World ‘eruptive fevers’ (especially measles, plague, smallpox, and typhus) brought by the Spanish conquistadores to the Americas during the sixteenth century. Much later, the mysterious fever that broke out on the island of Walcheren in 1809 ranks as one of the greatest medical disasters to have befallen the British Army. In this chapter, we examine the theme of island epidemics with special reference to the military engagements of Australia, New Zealand, and the neighbouring islands of the South Pacific since 1850. Figure 11.1 serves as a location map for the discussion, while sample conflicts—exclusive of tribal feuds, skirmishes, and other minor events for which little or no documentary evidence exists—are listed in Table 11.1. Our analysis begins in Section 11.2. There we provide a brief review of the initial introduction and spread of some of the Old World diseases which occurred in association with South Pacific colonization and conflicts during the last half of the nineteenth century. In Sections 11.3 and 11.4, we move on to the twentieth century. In the Great War, Australia and New Zealand made a relatively larger contribution to military manpower than any other allied country. At the end of the conflict, the return of many tens of thousands of antipodean troops from the battlefields of Europe fuelled the extension of the 1918–19 ‘Spanish’ influenza pandemic into the South Pacific region (Cumpston, 1919). In Section 11.3, we examine the spread of influenza on board returning troopships and subsequently within Australia, New Zealand, and the neighbouring islands of the region.
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Peters, Enrique Dussel. "Mexico–United States–China." In China, The United States, and the Future of Latin America, edited by David B. H. Denoon. NYU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479899289.003.0005.
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Mexico and the United States share a long history of political, military, social, immigration, cultural and economic relations. Mexico has been among the three main trading partners of the US in recent decades, while the US has been the top trading partner of Mexico since statistics have been available. This chapter examines the “new triangular relationship” between the US, Mexico, and China, particularly from a Mexican perspective. With the global reemergence of China since the last decade of the 20th century, the relationship between Mexico and the US has substantially shifted in a variety of ways. The analysis first focuses on the general socioeconomic triangular relationship of Mexico with the US and China, based on a literature review; issues involving Chinese trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), are highlighted, as well as the overall relationship of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with China. The next section discusses topics concerning this triangular relationship that are currently being analyzed in Mexico, particularly regarding China. The final part of the analysis concentrates on the main characteristics of this “new triangular relationship,” policy questions, and future research issues.
Conference papers on the topic "Australia History, Military 20th century"
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Kurguzov, Pavel. "From the History of the Quartering of the 20th Eastern Siberian Region in Troitskosavsk in 1908." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.10.
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Based on archival and data of Russian historiography, the article analyzes the course and main results of the cantonment of the 20th East Siberian Regiment of the 2nd Army Corps of the Russian Imperial Army in Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta) in 1908–1909, XX century. The main problems associated with the deployment of this military unit, the consequences of this event for the economy of Troitskosavsk and the county of the same name are analyzed. For the first time, data on the number of rank-and-file and regiment officers placed at the time of the study (1908–1909) in Troitskosavsk are being put into scientific circulation.
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Gubskaya, Olga, and Olga Jilevich. "FACT AND ALLEGORY: TWO POLES IN THE REPRESENTATION OF WAR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF “WAR’S UNWOMANLY FACE” BY S. ALEXIEVICH AND “THE CURSED AND THE SLAIN” BY V. ASTAFIEV)." In Aktuální problémy výuky ruského jazyka XIV. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9781-2020-19.
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The military actions of the 20th century (Revolutions, the First and Second World Wars, the Cold War, the war in Kosovo, Chechnya, Iraq) left a terrifying mark on the history. The article discusses traditional and innovative forms of recreating the military context in the Russian and Russophone Belarusian military prose on the example of V. Astafiev and S. Alexievich’s works.