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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Juita, Dewi Nawar Sri, and Baiq L. S. W. Wardhani. "Bantuan Australia kepada Kiribati melalui Program Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI)." Insignia: Journal of International Relations 8, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2021.8.1.3486.

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Kiribati merupakan salah satu negara yang terletak di Kepulauan Pasifik yang rentan dengan banjir karena kenaikan permukaan air laut dan diperkirakan akan tenggelam pada tahun 2050. Selain itu, Kiribati juga dihadapkan oleh permasalahan domestik, seperti pengangguran dan kemiskinan. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pemerintah Kiribati berupaya untuk membentuk kebijakan yang dikenal dengan “migration with dignity” dengan meningkatkan program pendidikan dan keterampilan. Untuk mendukung kebijakan tersebut, pemerintah Australia sebagai negara tetangga Kiribati, memberikan bantuan berupa beasiswa kepada masyarakat Kiribati dalam bentuk program beasiswa pendidikan geratis di bidang keperawatan dan memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat Kiribati yang telah lulus program tersebut untuk bekerja langsung di Australia. Bantuan beasiswa ini dikenal dengan Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). Penelitian ini menjawab pertanyaan faktor-faktor yang menjadi motif Australia dalam membantu Kiribati. Penelitian ini berupa studi kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, mengumpulkan data dari buku, internet, dan artikel ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KANI merupakan program beasiswa yang tidak saja menguntungkan Kiribati sebagai negara penerima, tetapi juga menguntungkan Australia sebagai negara pemberi bantuan luar negeri. Self-interest Australia yang dominan dalam program KANI adalah kebutuhannya pada kekurangan tenaga kerja pada sektor kesehatan akibat terbatasnya sumber daya manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, sekaligus untuk memenuhi tugas regional Australia sebagai ‘big brother’ di Pasifik. Kata kunci: Australia, bantuan luar negeri, KANI, Kiribati Kiribati is a nation in the Pacific Island that is exposed to flooding due to rising sea levels and is expected to sink by 2050. In addition, Kiribati is also faced domestic problems such as unemployment and poverty. To solve the problems, Kiribati government seeks to establish a policy known as "migration with dignity" by improving education and skills programs. To support this policy, Australian government as a neighboring country of Kiribati, provides scholarship assistance to the Kiribati community in the form of free education scholarship programs in the field of nursing and provides opportunities for kiribati citizen who have passed the program to work directly in Australia. This scholarship assistance is known as Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). This study answers the question of Australia's motive in helping Kiribati. This research is in the form of literature studies using qualitative methods, collecting data from books, the internet, journals and scientific articles. The result showed that KANI is a scholarship program that not only benefits Kiribati as a receiving country, but also benefits Australa as a foreign aid provider. Australia's dominant self-interest in KANI program is its need for workforce shortages in the health sector due to limited human resources in meeting those needs, as well as to fulfill Australia's regional duty as a 'big brother' in the Pacific. Keywords: Australia, foreign aid, KANI, Kiribati
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2

Pham, Hoa. "We are Vietnamese. A Reflection on Being Vietnamese-Australian." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 15, no. 1-2 (June 26, 2018): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v15i1-2.5733.

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We are Vietnamese - A reflection on being Vietnamese-Australian is a creative non fiction piece concerning being a Vietnamese-Australian author in the present day. It explores Hoa’s meeting with Pham Thi Hoai, a Vietnamese author in exile in Berlin, and her encounters with Thich Nhat Hanh the Vietnamese Zen Master. It also interrogates the cultural perceptions of Vietnam in Australia and Hoa’s own subject position as a published Asian Australian author. We are Vietnamese - A reflection on being Vietnamese-Australian est un essais sur ce que signifie être un auteur australo-vietnamien aujourd’hui. Il explore deux rencontres marquantes de l’auteure : l’une avec Pham Thi Hoai, une écrivaine vietnamienne en exile à Berlin, et l’autre avec Thich Nhat Hanh, le grand maître zen vietnamien. Il remet aussi en question les perceptions culturelles du Vietnam en Australie et la propre situation de Hoa en tant qu’auteure autralo-vietnamienne.
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3

Ochyra, Ryszard, and Heinar †. Streimann. "Studies on austral Amblystegiaceae: I. Australian taxa." Nova Hedwigia 73, no. 3-4 (December 3, 2001): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/73/2001/453.

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4

van Rensch, Peter, and Wenju Cai. "Indo-Pacific–Induced Wave Trains during Austral Autumn and Their Effect on Australian Rainfall." Journal of Climate 27, no. 9 (April 23, 2014): 3208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00611.1.

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Abstract During austral winter and spring, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), individually or in combination, induce equivalent-barotropic Rossby wave trains, affecting midlatitude Australian rainfall. In autumn, ENSO is at its annual minimum, and the IOD has usually not developed. However, there is still a strong equivalent-barotropic Rossby wave train associated with tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability, with a pressure anomaly to the south of Australia. This wave train is similar in position, but opposite in sign, to the IOD-induced wave train in winter and spring and has little effect on Australian rainfall. This study shows that the SST in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) displays a high variance during austral autumn, with a strong influence on southeast and eastern Australian rainfall. However, this influence is slightly weaker than that associated with SST to the north of Australia, which shares fluctuations with SST in the SETIO region. The SST north of Australia is coherent with a convective dipole in the tropical Pacific Ocean, which is the source of a wave train to the east of Australia influencing rainfall in eastern Australia. ENSO Modoki is a contributor to the convective dipole and as a result it exerts a weak influence on eastern Australian rainfall through the connecting north Australian SST relationship. Thus, SST to the north of Australia acts as the main agent for delivering the impact of tropical Indo-Pacific variability to eastern Australia.
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5

Lambkin, KJ. "Revision of the Australian scorpion-fly genus Harpobittacus (Mecoptera : Bittacidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 8, no. 4 (1994): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9940767.

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Harpobittacus Gerstaecker is the largest of the six genera of Australian Bittacidae. Adults occur in eastern, south-eastern and south-western Australian eucalypt woodland and coastal heathland during spring and summer and sometimes autumn. The genus contains 11 species, which are diagnosed in the present revision: H. australis (Klug) [= australis rubripes Riek, syn. nov., = corethrarius (Rambur), = intermedius (Selys-Longchamps)] (south-east Australia, including Tasmania); H. albatus Riek, stat. nov. (= limnaeus Smithers, syn. nov.) (coastal eastern Australia); H. christine, sp. nov. (inland south-east Queensland); H. tillyardi Esben-Petersen ( = nigratus Navás) (coastal eastern Australia); H. rubricatus Riek (inland south-east Australia); H. scheibeli Esben-Petersen (= brewerae Smithers, syn. nov.) (inland and coastal eastern Australia); H. septentrionis, sp. nov. (coastal north Queensland); H. nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps) (mainland south-east Australia); H. similis Esben-Petersen, H. quasisimilis, sp. nov., and H. phaeoscius Riek (all south-west Western Australia). Cladistic analysis has produced the following hypothesis of relationships: (((australis (albatus christine)) (tillyardi rubricatus)) ((similis quasisimilis) ((scheibeli septentrionis) (nigriceps phaeoscius))). Immediate sister-species show little or no overlap in their geographic distributions.
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6

Yang, Xingchuan, Chuanfeng Zhao, Yikun Yang, and Hao Fan. "Long-term multi-source data analysis about the characteristics of aerosol optical properties and types over Australia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 3803–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3803-2021.

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Abstract. The spatiotemporal distributions of aerosol optical properties and major aerosol types, along with the vertical distribution of major aerosol types over Australia, are investigated based on multi-year Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations at nine sites, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), and back-trajectory analysis from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT). During the observation period from 2001–2020, the annual aerosol optical depth (AOD) at most sites showed increasing trends (0.002–0.029 yr−1), except for that at three sites, Canberra, Jabiru, and Lake Argyle, which showed decreasing trends (−0.004 to −0.014 yr−1). In contrast, the annual Ångström exponent (AE) showed decreasing tendencies at most sites (−0.045 to −0.005 yr−1). The results showed strong seasonal variations in AOD, with high values in the austral spring and summer and relatively low values in the austral fall and winter, and weak seasonal variations in AE, with the highest mean values in the austral spring at most sites. Monthly average AOD increases from August to December or the following January and decreases during March–July. Spatially, the MODIS AOD showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, with high values appearing over the Australian tropical savanna regions, Lake Eyre Basin, and southeastern regions of Australia, while low values appeared over the arid regions in western Australia. MERRA-2 showed that carbonaceous aerosol over northern Australia, dust over central Australia, sulfate over densely populated northwestern and southeastern Australia, and sea salt over Australian coastal regions are the major types of atmospheric aerosols. The nine ground-based AERONET sites over Australia showed that the mixed type of aerosols (biomass burning and dust) is dominant in all seasons. Moreover, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) showed that polluted dust is the dominant aerosol type detected at heights 0.5–5 km over the Australian continent during all seasons. The results suggested that Australian aerosol has similar source characteristics due to the regional transport over Australia, especially for biomass burning and dust aerosols. However, the dust-prone characteristic of aerosol is more prominent over central Australia, while the biomass-burning-prone characteristic of aerosol is more prominent in northern Australia.
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7

Barrett, Russell L. "A review of Planchonia (Lecythidaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 19, no. 2 (2006): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb05008.

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The genus Planchonia Blume is reviewed for Australia with two species recognised. Planchonia rupestris R.L. Barrett is described as a new species apparently endemic to the sandstone plateaux of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Lectotypes are designated for Cumbia australis Britten, Planchonia crenata Miers and Planchonia arborea var. australis Benth., each of which are synonyms of Planchonia careya (F.Muell.) Kunth. Illustrations, distribution maps and a key to the Australian species are presented.
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8

LÖCKER, BIRGIT, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, and GEOFF M. GURR. "Taxonomic revision of the Australian Eucarpiini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) with the description of nine new species." Zootaxa 2425, no. 1 (April 13, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2425.1.1.

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The Australian planthopper tribe Eucarpiini is revised taxonomically. Five genera are recognised in the Australia fauna: Bajauana Distant 1907, Dilacreon Fennah, 1980, Kirbyana Distant, 1906, Neocarpia Tsaur & Hsu, 2003 and Nesochlamys Kirkaldy, 1907. Except for Bajauana all of these represent new records for Australia. Eucarpia Walker, 1857 is declared absent from Australia. Twelve species, nine of which are new, are recognised in the Australian fauna: Bajauana acuminata, sp. nov., Dilacreon akethe, sp. nov., D. ispi, sp. nov., Neocarpia rhizophorae, sp. nov., Nesochlamys capensis, sp. nov., N. contrarius, sp. nov., N. jubatus, sp. nov., N. pandikros, sp. nov. and N. yiralli, sp. nov. Except for Bajauana austrina (Kirkaldy, 1907) and D. (D.) granulinervis, all species are endemic to Australia. Lectotypes are designated for Australoma austrina Kirkaldy, 1907, Ptoleria australis Muir, 1913 and P. granulinervis Muir, 1913. New combinations proposed are: Dilacreon (Dilacreon) granulinervis (Muir, 1913) comb. nov. (from Eucarpia), Kirbyana australis (Muir, 1913) comb. nov. (from Eucarpia) and Leptolamia praetextata comb. nov. (from Bajauana, transfer from Eucarpiini to Cixiini). All Australian species of Eucarpiini are described and illustrated and identification keys to genera and species are provided.
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9

Yan, Mi, Bin Wang, Jian Liu, Axing Zhu, Liang Ning, and Jian Cao. "Understanding the Australian Monsoon change during the Last Glacial Maximum with a multi-model ensemble." Climate of the Past 14, no. 12 (December 20, 2018): 2037–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-2037-2018.

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Abstract. The response of the Australian monsoon to external forcings and related mechanisms during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are investigated by multi-model experiments in CMIP5–PMIP3. Although the annual mean precipitation over the Australian monsoon region decreases, the annual range, or the monsoonality, is enhanced. The precipitation increases in early austral summer and decreases in austral winter, resulting in the amplified annual range, but the main contribution comes from the decreased precipitation in austral winter. The decreased winter precipitation is primarily caused by weakened upward motion, although reduced water vapor also has a moderate contribution. The weakened upward motion is induced by the enhanced land–sea thermal contrast, which intensifies the divergence over northern Australia. The increased Australian monsoon rainfall in early summer, however, is an integrated result of the positive effect of local dynamic processes (enhanced moisture convergence) and the negative effect of thermodynamics (reduced moisture content). The enhanced moisture convergence is caused by two factors: the strengthened northwest–southeast thermal contrast between the cooler Indochina–western Indonesia and the warmer northeastern Australia, and the east–west sea surface temperature gradients between the warmer western Pacific and cooler eastern Indian Ocean, both due to the alteration of land–sea configuration arising from the sea level drop. The enhanced Australian monsoonality in the LGM is not associated with global-scale circulation change such as the shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone; rather, it is mainly due to the change of regional circulations around Australia arising from the changes in land–sea contrast and the east–west SST gradients over the Indian and western Pacific oceans. This finding should be taken into account when investigating its future change under global warming. Our findings may also explain why proxy records indicate different changes in Australian monsoon precipitation during the LGM.
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10

Stewart, J., W. D. Robbins, K. Rowling, A. Hegarty, and A. Gould. "A multifaceted approach to modelling growth of the Australian bonito, Sarda australis (Family Scombridae), with some observations on its reproductive biology." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 7 (2013): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12249.

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Growth of the Australian bonito, Sarda australis, is described for the first time using data from three different sources. Von Bertalanffy growth functions were fitted to: (1) size-at-age data derived from sectioned sagittal otoliths, (2) monthly length–frequency collections from a commercial line fishery, and (3) tag–recapture data from a long-term cooperative tagging study. Age estimates of S. australis were indirectly validated by examining the percentage of otoliths with opaque edges each month. The best-fitting growth functions for each data source yielded similar results, showing strong seasonal variations in growth rate. Maximum growth occurred during summer, with near cessation of growth apparent during winter. Early growth was very fast, with fish attaining ~30 cm fork length (FL) after 3–4 months. Growth of males and females was not significantly different. The oldest fish sampled was estimated to be 3+ years old, while the largest fish aged was 63.8 cm FL. Gonadosomatic indices indicated that S. australis has an austral spring/summer spawning period in eastern Australia. A preliminary estimate of the size at first sexual maturity was ~36 cm FL for both males and females, corresponding to an age of ~1 year.
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11

Cai, Wenju, Peter van Rensch, Tim Cowan, and Harry H. Hendon. "Teleconnection Pathways of ENSO and the IOD and the Mechanisms for Impacts on Australian Rainfall." Journal of Climate 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2011): 3910–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4129.1.

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Abstract Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) on Australian rainfall are diagnosed from the perspective of tropical and extratropical teleconnections triggered by tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variations. The tropical teleconnection is understood as the equatorially trapped, deep baroclinic response to the diabatic (convective) heating anomalies induced by the tropical SST anomalies. These diabatic heating anomalies also excite equivalent barotropic Rossby wave trains that propagate into the extratropics. The main direct tropical teleconnection during ENSO is the Southern Oscillation (SO), whose impact on Australian rainfall is argued to be mainly confined to near-tropical portions of eastern Australia. Rainfall is suppressed during El Niño because near-tropical eastern Australia directly experiences subsidence and higher surface pressure associated with the western pole of the SO. Impacts on extratropical Australian rainfall during El Niño are argued to stem primarily from the Rossby wave trains forced by convective variations in the Indian Ocean, for which the IOD is a primary source of variability. These equivalent-barotropic Rossby wave trains emanating from the Indian Ocean induce changes to the midlatitude westerlies across southern Australia, thereby affecting rainfall through changes in mean-state baroclinicity, west–east steering, and possibly orographic effects. Although the IOD does not mature until austral spring, its impact on Australian rainfall during winter is also ascribed to this mechanism. Because ENSO is largely unrelated to the IOD during austral winter, there is limited impact of ENSO on rainfall across southern latitudes of Australia in winter. A strong impact of ENSO on southern Australia rainfall in spring is ascribed to the strong covariation of ENSO and the IOD in this season. Implications of this pathway from the tropical Indian Ocean for impacts of both the IOD and ENSO on southern Australian climate are discussed with regard to the ability to make seasonal climate predictions and with regard to the role of trends in tropical SST for driving trends in Australian climate.
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12

Shamsi, S. "Morphometric and molecular descriptions of three new species of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) from Australian marine fish." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 5 (September 19, 2016): 613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000596.

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AbstractThree new species of Hysterothylacium Ward & Magath, 1917, including H. australe, H. kajikiae and H. brucei, from Australian marine fish are described and illustrated by light microscopy followed by genetic characterization of their first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2, respectively). This is the first study reporting ITS sequence data for adult Hysterothylacium spp. in Australia, which provides an insight into the identification of some of the Hysterothylacium larval types. Alignment of ITS sequences of these species with Hysterothylacium larval types previously reported in Australia showed that fourth-stage Hysterothylacium larval type XI from Seriola lalandi and third-stage Hysterothylacium larval type X from Sphyraene novae-hollandiae are identical with ITS sequences of H. australe, suggesting that these fish are natural intermediate/paratenic hosts of H. australe.
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13

Panetta, FD. "Isozyme Variation in Australian and South-African Populations of Emex australis Steinh." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 2 (1990): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900161.

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Isozyme variation was surveyed at 25 loci in 65 Australian (colonial) and 21 South African (native) populations of Emex australis. Only one polymorphism, restricted in distribution to the eastern States, was observed in Australia. Three additional polymorphisms were detected in South African populations, but most (16) South African populations were indistinguishable from the Australian ones. Thus, the relative uniformity of colonial populations of E. australis reflects the low level of isozyme variation in many populations within its native range.
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14

Wannan, BS, and JT Waterhouse. "A taxonomic revision of the Australian species of Limnophila R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 4 (1985): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850367.

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In Australia five species of Limnophila are here recognized: L. arornatica, L. chinensis, L. fragrans, L. gratioloides and L. australis. L. gratioloides is an Australian native which has previously been considered conspecific with L. indica. L. australis sp. nov, is an Australian endemic related to L. gratioloides and to the exotic species L. heterophylla and L. aquatica. It has been confused with L. gratioloides and fragmentary material of underwater parts alone may in fact be indeterminable; nonetheless the two species are quite distinct on character-states of seed morphology, types of trichomes on aerial parts, occurrence of submerged cleistogamous flowers, floral morphology and occurrence of aroma in aerial leaves. L. fragrans and L. arornatica have been confused on herbarium specimens in Australia; they are, however, distinct.
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15

Renner, Matthew. "Flower size variation in Danhatchia (Orchidaceae)." Telopea 23 (2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea14437.

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Danhatchia novaehollandiae D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. and D. australis (Hatch) Garay & Christenson were separated at species rank due to differences in petal length and flower opening, with the Australian species having smaller, tardily opening flowers. From this, flower lengths for Australia and New Zealand are expected to be bi-modally distributed with peaks at c. 3 mm and c. 5 mm respectively. Flowers on all available herbarium specimens in AK, CANB, and NSW were measured, and flower length was found to be unimodal, with nearly identical ranges in Australian and New Zealand plants. Flower size variation in Australian and New Zealand Danhatchia specimens has two significant contributing components, inter-individual variation, and ontogenetic variation where flowers increase in size as they age. Dimensions previously recorded for the two species reflect upper and lower limits on the range of variation in flower size present in both New Zealand and Australia, respectively. Within herbarium material, 20% of flowers on New Zealand specimens, and 40% of flowers on Australian specimens exhibited signs of opening. There was no correlation between flower size and opening, as might be expected if the two species were both present in Australia and/or New Zealand. Neither the biogeographic context, pollination system, nor morphological evidence support Danhatchia australis and D. novaehollandiae as distinct species.
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16

Weller, Evan, Ming Feng, Harry Hendon, Jian Ma, Shang-Ping Xie, and Nick Caputi. "Interannual Variations of Wind Regimes off the Subtropical Western Australia Coast during Austral Winter and Spring." Journal of Climate 25, no. 16 (August 15, 2012): 5587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00324.1.

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Abstract Off the Western Australia coast, interannual variations of wind regime during the austral winter and spring are significantly correlated with the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and the southern annular mode (SAM) variability. Atmospheric general circulation model experiments forced by an idealized IOD sea surface temperature anomaly field suggest that the IOD-generated deep atmospheric convection anomalies trigger a Rossby wave train in the upper troposphere that propagates into the southern extratropics and induces positive geopotential height anomalies over southern Australia, independent of the SAM. The positive geopotential height anomalies extended from the upper troposphere to the surface, south of the Australian continent, resulting in easterly wind anomalies off the Western Australia coast and a reduction of the high-frequency synoptic storm events that deliver the majority of southwest Australia rainfall during austral winter and spring. In the marine environment, the wind anomalies and reduction of storm events may hamper the western rock lobster recruitment process.
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17

King, Rachael A., and Remko Leys. "The Australian freshwater amphipods Austrochiltonia australis and Austrochiltonia subtenuis (Amphipoda:Talitroidea:Chiltoniidae) confirmed and two new cryptic Tasmanian species revealed using a combined molecular and morphological approach." Invertebrate Systematics 25, no. 3 (2011): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is10035.

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Given the complex nature of freshwater catchment divides and emerging evidence of high levels of genetic diversity, there is great potential for cryptic species to exist among Australian freshwater amphipod groups. Among the chiltoniid amphipods, two congeneric species, Austrochiltonia australis (Sayce, 1901) and A. subtenuis (Sayce, 1902), have been widely recorded across southern Australia yet are poorly known and contentiously defined. A large fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was examined and morphological diversity among populations assessed across the reported geographic range of the two putative species. The results confirmed A. australis and A. subtenuis as morphological and molecular species. In addition, two previously undetected and cryptic species from Tasmania are recognised – sister species to A. subtenuis and A. australis. Working conclusions provide evidence towards a more comprehensive systematic revision of the Chiltoniidae and present species information relevant to conservation and management efforts of Australian river systems. A key is presented to the chiltoniid amphipods of southern Australia.
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18

Pepler, Acacia S. "Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (summer 2015-16): strong El Niño peaks and begins to weaken." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 66, no. 4 (2016): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es16023.

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Southern hemisphere circulation patterns and associated anomalies for austral summer 2015-16 are reviewed, with an emphasis on the tropical Pacific as well as Australian rainfall and temperatures. Following the peak of El Niño in November 2015, summer 2015-16 featured continued near-record El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific but saw the emergence of cooler subsurface waters in the equatorial Pacific. A moderate Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) pulse and positive Southern Annular Mode (SAM) ontributed to average to above average rainfall across much of Australia, while the Maritime Continent and parts of far northern Australia saw continued below average rainfall.Sea surface temperatures during summer 2015-16 were the warmest on record for the southern hemisphere oceans, with very warm ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean and Australian region, including the warmest summer sea surface temperatures on record around Tasmania. Air temperatures were also warmer than normal across Australia throughout the season, with a significant heatwave in southeast Australia during December.
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19

Singor, Marcus. "Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo: A review of recent records from Western Australia and Australian external territories." Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38119123.

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All Australian records of the Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo are summarised. Before 2016, the only Australian records of the Eurasian Hobby were on external territories to the north-west of the mainland. Each year between 2016 and 2021 a single Eurasian Hobby was observed as an austral summer visitor to the Swan Coastal Plain in south-western Western Australia. These sightings involved an adult in 2016, 2019 and 2020, and single immature birds in 2017–2018. The age of the Hobby seen in 2020–2021 was undetermined. As it appears that multiple individuals have been recorded across years, it is likely that the species is now more than just an accidental vagrant to Australia.
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20

Baehr, M. "Revision of the Australian species of the genus Apotomus Illiger (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Apotominae)." Invertebrate Systematics 3, no. 5 (1989): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9890619.

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The Australian members of Apotomus Illiger are revised. A lectotype for A. australis is designated, and proof is furnished that the single specimen of A. novaehollandiae Castelnau in the MCSN (Genoa) is the holotype of this taxon. However, A. novaehollandiae Castelnau and A. mastersii Macleay are synonymised with A. australis by virtue of their male genitalia and the lack of any stable exterior distinguishing characters. A. minor, sp. nov. from northwestern Australia is newly described. Because A. australis and A. minor are rather distinctly related and their distribution patterns are strikingly different, a double immigration of Apotomus stocks into Australia on separate pathways and at different times is supposed, the A. minor lineage being the younger element.
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21

Christidis, L., and R. Schodde. "Relationships and Radiations in the Meliphagine Honeyeaters, Meliphaga, Lichenostomus and Xanthotis (Aves, Meliphagidae) - Protein Evidence and Its Integration With Morphology and Ecogeography." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 3 (1993): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930293.

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Protein electrophoresis was carried out on 32 of the c. 40 species of meliphagine honeyeaters and integrated with external morphology and ecogeography to clarify component lineages and their inter-relationships. Three primary lineages were identified, corroborating precisely the three controversial genera currently recognised in the Australo-Papuan region: (1) Lichenostomus with 20 species centred in Australian sclerophyllous habitats, (2) Meliphaga with 12 species in lowland New Guinean and Australian rainforests, and (3) Xanthotis with 3 species in Australo-Papuan rainforests. Except for the L. flavus-L. unicolor group, electrophoresis failed to corroborate consistently any of the morphologically based minor lineages in Lichenostomus and identified no consistent alternatives itself. Among the sibling species of Meliphaga, however, it distinguished two principal groups: the M. lewinii clade of two Australian ad one New Guinean species, and the M. analoga clade of seven New Guinean and one Australo-Papuan species and one Australian endemic, M. albilineata, hitherto of disputed position. Ecogeographic support for these groups is demonstrated. Affinities of peripheral taxa not screened electrophoretically are discussed. Evolutionary radiation among the major lineages is traced against the environmental oscillations of the Plio-Pleistocene in Australia and New Guinea.
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Yu, Yan, and Paul Ginoux. "Assessing the contribution of the ENSO and MJO to Australian dust activity based on satellite- and ground-based observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 8511–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8511-2021.

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Abstract. Despite Australian dust's critical role in the regional climate and surrounding marine ecosystems, the controlling factors of the spatiotemporal variations of Australian dust are not fully understood. Here we assess the connections between observed spatiotemporal variations of Australian dust with key modes of large-scale climate variability, namely the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). Multiple dust observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), weather stations, and satellite instruments, namely the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), are examined. The assessed multiple dust observations consistently identify the natural and agricultural dust hotspots in Australia, including the Lake Eyre basin, Lake Torrens basin, Lake Frome basin, Simpson Desert, Barwon–Darling basin, Riverina, Barkly Tableland, and the lee side of the Great Dividing Range, as well as a country-wide, austral spring-to-summer peak in dust activity. Our regression analysis of observed dust optical depth (DOD) upon an ocean Niño index confirms previous model-based findings on the enhanced dust activity in southern and eastern Australia during the subsequent austral spring and summer dust season following the strengthening of austral wintertime El Niño. Our analysis further indicates the modulation of the ENSO–dust relationship with the MJO phases. During sequential MJO phases, the dust-active center moves from west to east, associated with the eastward propagation of MJO, with the maximum enhancement in dust activity at about 120, 130, and 140∘ E, corresponding to MJO phases 1–2, 3–4, and 5–6, respectively. MJO phases 3–6 are favorable for enhanced ENSO modulation of dust activity, especially the occurrence of extreme dust events, in southeastern Australia, currently hypothesized to be attributed to the interaction between MJO-induced anomalies in convection and wind and ENSO-induced anomalies in soil moisture and vegetation.
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Rotstayn, L. D., M. A. Collier, R. M. Mitchell, Y. Qin, S. K. Campbell, and S. M. Dravitzki. "Simulated enhancement of ENSO-related rainfall variability due to Australian dust." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 13 (July 12, 2011): 6575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6575-2011.

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Abstract. Australian dust emissions are highly episodic, and this may increase the importance of Australian dust as a climate feedback agent. We compare two 160-year coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations of modern-day climate using the CSIRO Mark 3.6 global climate model (GCM). The first run (DUST) includes an interactive treatment of mineral dust and its direct radiative effects. The second run (NODUST) is otherwise identical, but has the Australian dust source set to zero. We focus on the austral spring season, when the correlation between rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is strongest over Australia. The ENSO-rainfall relationship over eastern Australia is stronger in the DUST run: dry (El Niño) years tend to be drier, and wet (La Niña) years wetter. The amplification of ENSO-related rainfall variability over eastern Australia represents an improvement relative to observations. The effect is driven by ENSO-related anomalies in radiative forcing by Australian dust over the south-west Pacific Ocean; these anomalies increase (decrease) surface evaporation in La Niña (El Niño) years. Some of this moisture is advected towards eastern Australia, where increased (decreased) moisture convergence in La Niña (El Niño) years increases the amplitude of ENSO-related rainfall variability. The modulation of surface evaporation by dust over the south-west Pacific occurs via surface radiative forcing and dust-induced stabilisation of the boundary layer. The results suggest that (1) a realistic treatment of Australian dust may be necessary for accurate simulation of the ENSO-rainfall relationship over Australia, and (2) radiative feedbacks involving dust may be important for understanding natural rainfall variability over Australia.
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Campbell, R. A., and I. Beveridge. "The genus Acanthobothrium (Cestoda : Tetraphyllidea : Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian elasmobranch fishes." Invertebrate Systematics 16, no. 2 (2002): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it01004.

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The onchobothriid tetraphyllidean cestode genus Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849, parasitic in the spiral intestine of elasmobranch fishes, was investigated in the Australian region. Thirty-three species are recognised, including 27 that are new. Diagnoses compare the morphological taxonomic characters of all congeners. New species are: Acanthobothrium adlardi; A. angelae; A. arlenae; A. bartonae; A. blairi; A. brayi; A. cannoni; A. chisholmae; A. clarkeae; A. cribbi; A. edmondsi; A. gasseri; A. gibsoni; A. gloveri; A. jonesi; A. lasti; A. laurenbrownae; A. martini; A. mooreae; A. ocallaghani; A. odonoghuei; A. pichelinae; A. robertsoni; A. rohdei; A. stevensi; A. thomasae; and A. walkeri. Additional morphological data are provided for A. australe Robinson, 1965, A. pearsoni Williams, 1962, A. heterodonti Drummond, 1937 and A. urolophi Schmidt, 1973, reported previously from Australia. Acanthobothrium rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1955 and A. semnovesiculum Verma, 1928 are reported from Australia for the first time and are redescribed. Additional morphological details are provided for A. ijimae Yoshida, 1917 and A. grandiceps Yamaguti, 1952. Acanthobothrium wedli Robinson, 1959 is redescribed from the type host from New Zealand waters and considered a sister species of A. blairi from Tasmania. Seven new host genera for Acanthobothrium are reported: Hypnos Duméril, 1852 (Hypnidae); Pristiophorus MÜller & Henle, 1837 (Pristiophoridae); Sutorectus Whitley, 1939 (Orectolobidae); Aptychotrema Norman, 1926 and Trygonorrhina MÜller & Henle, 1838 (Rhinobatidae); Parascyllium Gill, 1862 (Parascylliidae); and Aetomylaeus Garman, 1908 (Myliobatididae). Species of Acanthobothrium are reported from the families Hypnidae, Pristiophoridae and Parascylliidae for the first time. New host species for Acanthobothrium are: Pristiophorus cirratus (Latham, 1794); Parascyllium ferrugineum McCulloch, 1911; Sutorectus tentaculatus (Peters, 1865); Aptychotrema vincentiana (Haacke, 1885); Trygonorrhina fasciata MÜller & Henle, 1841; Raja whitleyi Iredale, 1938; Raja cerva Whitley, 1939; Hypnos monopterygium (Shaw & Nodder, 1795); Dasyatis annotata Last, 1987; Urolophus cruciatus (Lacépède, 1804); Urolophus expansus McCulloch, 1916; Urolophus lobatus McKay, 1966; Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon, 1969; Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886); Aetomylaeus nicofii (Schneider, 1801); and Myliobatis australis Macleay, 1881 (Myliobatididae). New host records for Australia include the above 16 elasmobranch species and the following three host species also known to harbour Acanthobothrium in other geographic localities: Rhynchobatis djiddensis (Forsskål, 1775) (Rhynchobatidae); Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775); and Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775) (Dasyatidae). Four additional records for hosts previously reported for Acanthobothrium from Australian waters are Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) (Squalidae), Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793) (Heterodontidae), Orectolobus maculatus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Orectolobidae) and Trygonoptera ‘testacea’ MÜller & Henle, 1841 (Urolophidae). An emended diagnosis of the genus, key to Australian species, host-parasite checklist, phylogenetic analysis of the Australian species and an updated world list of all species of Acanthobothrium are provided.
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25

International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 3 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 23, no. 1 (2002): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160203x00157.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 1 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 23, no. 1 (2002): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160203x00337.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 2 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 23, no. 1 (2002): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160203x00355.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 4 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 23, no. 1 (2002): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160203x00427.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 1 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 24, no. 1 (2003): 351–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160204x00381.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 1 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 25, no. 1 (2004): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160205x00227.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 3 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 25, no. 1 (2004): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160205x00236.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "Austral. 2 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 25, no. 1 (2004): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160205x00326.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 1." International Labour Law Reports Online 6, no. 1 (1985): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160286x00039.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL.2." International Labour Law Reports Online 6, no. 1 (1985): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160286x00408.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 3." International Labour Law Reports Online 6, no. 1 (1985): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160286x00453.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 3." International Labour Law Reports Online 6, no. 1 (1985): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160286x00552.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 1." International Labour Law Reports Online 7, no. 1 (1986): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160287x00551.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 2." International Labour Law Reports Online 7, no. 1 (1986): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160287x00650.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 3." International Labour Law Reports Online 7, no. 1 (1986): 626–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160287x00669.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 1." International Labour Law Reports Online 8, no. 1 (1987): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160288x00154.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 1." International Labour Law Reports Online 8, no. 1 (1987): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160288x00352.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 2." International Labour Law Reports Online 8, no. 1 (1987): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160288x00361.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 3." International Labour Law Reports Online 8, no. 1 (1987): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160288x00541.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL. 1." International Labour Law Reports Online 10, no. 1 (1989): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160290x00115.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRAL. 2 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 10, no. 1 (1989): 258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160290x00377.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRAL. 3 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 10, no. 1 (1989): 498–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160290x00656.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRAL. 4 AUSTRALIA." International Labour Law Reports Online 10, no. 1 (1989): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160290x00665.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA Austral.1." International Labour Law Reports Online 11, no. 1 (1990): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160291x00042.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL.2." International Labour Law Reports Online 11, no. 1 (1990): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160291x00376.

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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "AUSTRALIA AUSTRAL.3." International Labour Law Reports Online 11, no. 1 (1990): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160291x00402.

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