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Journal articles on the topic 'Austemperd Ductile Iron'

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Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Lim, Bokkyu, and Young Woo Choi. "Effect of Semi Austempering Treatment on the Fatigue Properties of Ductile Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.295.

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Single phase bainite structure which is obtained by the conventional austempering treatment reduces the ductility of ductile cast iron. Because of the reduction of ductility it is possible to worsen the fatigue properties. Therefore, semi austempered ductile iron which is treated from +ϒ is prepared to investigate the static strength and fatigue properties in comparison with fully austempered ductile iron (is treated from ϒ). In spite of semi austempered ductile iron shows the 86% increase of ductility. Also, semi austempered ductile iron shows the higher fatigue limit and lower fatigue crack growth rate as compared with fully austempered ductile iron. By the fractographical analysis, it is revealed that the ferrite obtained by semi austempering process brings about the plastic deformation(ductile striation) of crack tip and gives the prior path of crack propagation. The relatively low crack growth rate in semi austempered specimen is caused by above fractographical reasons

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2

Silawong, Prapaporn, Apichart Panitchagul, Sudsakorn Inthidech, Narong Akkarapattanagoon, and Usanee Kitkamthorn. "Improvement of Abrasion Wear Resistance of Ductile Iron by Two-Step Austempering." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.58.

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Abrasion wear rates of conventional and two-step austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) were investigated. Conventional austempering and two-step austempering processes were carried out at 280, 300, and 320°C. Microstructures revealed that higher austemperig temperature resulted in coarser ausferrite and higher volume fractions of blocky retained austenite. The ausferrite in two-step austempered ADI was slightly coarser comparing to the coventional ADI since the temperature was raised by 30°C during austempering. Two-body abrasion wear rates of ADIs were studied using a Suga abrasion wear tester. It was found wear rates of the two-step ADI become significantly lower than those of the conventional ADI, especially when the austempering was carried out at low temperature, i.e. 280°C. Such behavior was due to the strong influence of high carbon concentration in retained austenite eventhough the ausferrite matrix was coarser.

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3

Březina, R., J. Filípek, and J. Šenberger. "Application of ductile iron in the manufacture of ploughshares." Research in Agricultural Engineering 50, No. 2 (February 8, 2012): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4930-rae.

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The service life and reliability of machines for basic soil cultivation is mainly affected by abrasive wear. The working tools of these machines are mostly made of steel. The paper deals with the possibility of manufacturing ploughshares and reversible points of austempered ductile iron (ADI). The authors examine the abrasion resistance of ADI working tools and compare it with that of the material applied by a leading world manufacturer of ploughshares. Using an appropriate mode of the heat treatment of ADI, abrasion resistance comparable to that of the original tools can be obtained.

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4

Nawrocki, P., A. Kochański, and D. Myszka. "Statistical Assessment of the Impact of Elevated Contents of Cu and Ni on the Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 2147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0342.

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Abstract The article presents a statistical analysis of data collected from the observation of the production of austempered ductile iron. The impact assessment of the chemical composition, i.e. high contents of Cu and Ni on the properties of ductile iron isothermal tempered is critical to find the right chemical composition of austempered ductile iron. Based on the analyses range of the percentage of Cu and Ni which were selected in the cast iron to obtain material with high strength properties.

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5

Pilc, Jozef, Michal Šajgalík, Jozef Holubják, Marianna Piešová, Lucia Zaušková, Ondrej Babík, Viktor Kuždák, and Jozef Rákoci. "Austempered Ductile Iron Machining." Technological Engineering 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teen-2015-0002.

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Abstract This article deals with the machining of cast iron. In industrial practice, Austempered Ductile Iron began to be used relatively recently. ADI is ductile iron that has gone through austempering to get improved properties, among which we can include strength, wear resistance or noise damping. This specific material is defined also by other properties, such as high elasticity, ductility and endurance against tenigue, which are the properties, that considerably make the tooling characteristic worse.

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6

Kochański, A., A. Krzyńska, and T. Radziszewski. "Highsilicone Austempered Ductile Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0013.

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Abstract Ductile iron casts with a higher silicone content were produced. The austempering process of high silicone ductile iron involving different austempering times was studied and the results presented. The results of metallographical observations and tensile strength tests were offered. The obtained results point to the fact that the silicone content which is considered as acceptable in the literature may in fact be exceeded. The issue is viewed as requiring further research

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7

Wervey, Brandon. "Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron." International Journal of Metalcasting 9, no. 1 (January 2015): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03355605.

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8

Březina, Roman, Josef Filípek, and Jaroslav Šenberger. "The abrasion of austempered cast iron in laboratory and work conditions." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 4 (2005): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553040015.

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Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is nowadays used for machine parts, which used to be made of steel. It is suitable for abrasive conditions and cast irons exhibit sufficient strength and toughness. The paper deals with the possibility of manufacturing machine parts working in soil of austempered ductile iron. The authors find out the influence of heat treatment mode of ADI on wear resistance and compare it with formed steel.

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9

Detwal, Sudhanshu, and Deivanathan R. "Properties investigation of austempered ductile iron." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/137.

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This work concerns microstructural and mechanical properties of an austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). The ductile iron material was produced by the sand mould casting technique. Afterwards, austempering heat treatment was applied to the specimens at two different temperatures of 250°C and 350°C. Austempered Ductile Irons (ADIs) were produced successfully by different two-stage heat treatments, to obtain favorable microstructure and hardness. The microstructure and hardness obtained by such variable heat treatments were compared. The austempering temperature and time were found to be decisive parameters in obtaining a desired ADI microstructure.

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10

Abdullah, Bulan, Siti Khadijah Alias, Ahmed Jaffar, Farisol Abd Rahim, and Abdullah Ramli. "Investigating the Mechanical Properties of 0.5% Copper and 0.5% Nickel Austempered Ductile Iron with Different Austempering Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3313.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of Ni-Cu alloyed Austempered Ductile Iron before and after austempering process. Specimens of ductile iron and 0.5% Cu-Ni ductile iron were produced through conventional CO2 sand casting method. The specimens were then austenitized at 9000C before austempered at 3500C at three different holding times which were 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours subsequently. The corrosion characteristics of newly developed material were obtained by means of polarization test and the mechanical testing involved tensile test (TS 138 EN1002-1), Rockwell hardness test and Charpy Impact test (ASTM E23). Density test as well as microstructure and SEM observations were also done to ductile iron and Cu-Ni alloyed ductile iron samples. All the testing was done to both as cast and austempered specimens. Addition of copper and Nickel was found to slightly increased the mechanical properties due to solid strengthening effect of Copper and Nickel. The results also indicated that austempering process at 1 hour gives the optimum mechanical properties in term of tensile strength and impact properties compared to other specimens. Increasing the austempering holding times to 2 hours and 3 hours, in contrast had resulted in decrement of the mechanical properties. There are however only slight improvement in hardness properties and no significant effect on density properties of the specimens.

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11

Abedi, Amir, S. P. H. Marashi, K. Sohrabi, M. Marvastian, and S. M. H. Mirbagheri. "The Effect of Heat Treatment Parameters on Microstructure and Toughness of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.409.

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In this investigation, the effect of heat treatment parameters on the microstructure and impact energy as a measure of toughness of the austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) was studied. Yblocks were casted from ductile cast iron with following composition: 3.2% C, 2.5% Si, 1.09% Ni, 0.87% Cu, 0.5% Mo and 0.16%Mn. Charpy specimens (un-notched) were machined from the straight part of Y-blocks. All of specimens were heat treated with different conditions. Some of them were austenitized at 900°C for 60 min and then austempered at 250, 300, 350 and 400°C for various durations. Then, hardness test, impact test, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed on the heat treated ductile iron samples. The results reveal the highest impact energy (105 J) for the sample austenitized at 900°C and austempered at 350°C for 150 min. The microstructure of this sample consisted of 28% austenite and broad ferrite needles.

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12

Bixler, Christopher A., Kathy L. Hayrynen, John Keough, George Pfaffmann, and Scott Gledhill. "Locally Austempered Ductile Iron (LADI)." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2010): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0652.

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13

Soliman, M., H. Palkowski, and A. Nofal. "Multiphase Ausformed Austempered Ductile Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0231.

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AbstractDuctile iron was subjected to a total true strain (φt) of 0.3 either by applying φtin the austenite region or by apportioning it through applying a true strain of 0.2 in the austenite region before quenching to austempering temperature (TA) of 375°C, where a true strain of 0.1 is applied (ausforming). Additionally, two types of matrices were produced in the ductile iron, namely ausferritic and ferritic-ausferritic matrices. The ferrite is introduced to the matrix by intercritical annealing after austenitization. Dilatometric measurements as well as microstructure examination showed a fast ausferrite transformation directly after applying φAand that the introduction of ferrite to the matrix resulted in a remarkable acceleration of the ausferrite formation. The transformation kinetics, microstructure evolution, hardness and compression properties are studied.

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14

Myszka, D. "New Possibilities of Shaping the Surface Properties in Austempered Ductile Iron Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0020.

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Abstract The paper presents recent developments concerning the formation of surface layer in austempered ductile iron castings. It was found that the traditional methods used to change the properties of the surface layer, i.e. the effect of protective atmosphere during austenitising or shot peening, are not fully satisfactory to meet the demands of commercial applications. Therefore, new ways to shape the surface layer and the surface properties of austempered ductile iron castings are searched for, to mention only detonation spraying, carbonitriding, CVD methods, etc.

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15

Nofal, Adel, Amal S. I. Ahmed, Wafaa A. Ghanem, W. A. Hussein, and Nanis K. Mohamed. "Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Different Grades of Cast Iron Insodium Chloride Solutions." Key Engineering Materials 835 (March 2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.223.

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In this work, the corrosion behavior of different grades of cast iron in 3.5% and 5% of NaClsolution was evaluated. The samples used in this work are; Grey cast iron (GI), ductile cast iron(DI), austempered ductile cast iron (ADI), intercritically austempered cast iron (IADI) and Ni-Resist cast iron. The study was carried out using the Open- Circuit technique (OPC),Potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)measurements and complemented by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energydispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The results obtained showed that the austempering heattreatment and nickel addition improves the corrosion resistance of cast iron. The order ofcorrosion resistance in NaCl solution is as follows: Ni-Resist > ADI > IADI > DI > GI.

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16

Harding, R. A. "Austempered ductile irons-gears." Materials & Design 6, no. 4 (August 1985): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(85)90040-8.

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17

Savkovic, Borislav, Pavel Kovac, Branislav Dudic, Michal Gregus, Dragan Rodic, Branko Strbac, and Nedeljko Ducic. "Comparative Characteristics of Ductile Iron and Austempered Ductile Iron Modeled by Neural Network." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182864.

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Experimental research of cutting force components during dry face milling operations are presented in the paper. The study was provided when milling of ductile cast iron alloyed with copper and its austempered ductile iron after the proper austempering process. In the study, virtual instrumentation designed for cutting forces components monitoring was used. During the research, orthogonal cutting forces components versus time were monitored and relationship of cutting forces components versus speed, feed and depth of cut were determined by artificial neural network and response surface methodology. An analysis was made regarding the consistency of the measured cutting forces and the values obtained from the model supported by an artificial neural network for the investigated interval of the cutting regime. Based on the results, an analysis of the feasibility of the application of austempered ductile iron in the industrial sector with the aspect of machinability as well as the application of the models based on artificial intelligence, was given. At the end of the presentation, the influence of the aforementioned cutting regimes on cutting force components is presented as well.

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18

SCHIFINO, A. R. M., F. R. SANTANNA, and A. P. TRINDADE. "AUSTEMPERING HEAT TREATMENT STUDY OF CAST DUCTILE IRON: ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES, ACCORDING TO THE A897M STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON CASTINGS." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 29 (January 20, 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n29.2018.64_periodico29_pgs_64_74.pdf.

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The objective of this work was to develop heat treatment parameters of an austempered cast iron alloy ASTM 897 / A 897M - 1400/1100/1, aiming at the production of a truck spring support. The austempered nodular cast iron, known by the acronym ADI - Austempered Ductile Iron - is a class of nodular cast iron that, after austempered thermal treatment, increases significantly its mechanical properties and tenacity (Machado, 2007). Mechanical and metallographic tests demonstrated the great influence that the level of microshrinkage has on the elongation and mechanical resistance of the material. Generally, tensile tests demonstrate high elongation due to minimal presence of microshrinkage and segregations in the metallic matrix of the material, as well as to the presence of austenite with high carbon retained in the ADI matrix. Analyzes were performed to determine if the mechanical properties required by ASTM 897 / A897M were achieved. Within this standard, four degrees can be obtained. The degree of interest in this study was 1400/1100/1, which is the grade requested by the company, so that the truck spring support can be put into service. Tensile, Charpy and optical microscopy tests were carried out.

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19

Groche, P. Prof, P. Stein, M. Steitz, J. Scheil, and C. Prof Müller. "Maschinelle Werkzeugoberflächenbearbeitung von ADI*/Mechanical treatment of ADI tools - Smoothing and hardening of austempered ductile iron." wt Werkstattstechnik online 106, no. 10 (2016): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2016-10-45.

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Hochfeste Tiefziehstähle und kurze Produktzyklen erfordern immer kürzere Amortisationszeiten der Werkzeuge. Daher wurden in den letzten Jahren neue Technologien zur automatisierten Oberflächenbearbeitung entwickelt. In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde das Optimierungspotenzial einer Kombination aus automatisierter Oberflächenbearbeitung und lastangepasstem Werkstoff, sogenanntem Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI), ermittelt.   High-strength steel for deep-drawn products as well as brief product cycles require short time-to-values of tools. Thus, new technologies for automated surface treatments have been developed in the last years. Within the scope of the presented investigations, the potential for optimization of a combination of automated surface treatment and load-adjusted materials such as Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is examined.

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20

Myszka, D., and A. Wieczorek. "An Assessment of the Applicability of Austempered Ductile Iron Containing Mo and Ni for Mining Machines Parts." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0108.

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Abstract The research described in this article is a fragment in the series of published works trying to determine the applicability of new materials for parts of the mining machinery. Tests were carried out on the - very popular in mining applications - 36HMN steel and three types of the austempered ductile iron, using special stand for the controlled abrasion testing of samples subjected to the effect of loose abrasive. Tests carried out with the use of corundum showed the competitive properties of cast iron as compared with the examined steel. Microscopic evaluation, hardness measurements and magnetic tests showed that the surface layer of austempered ductile iron undergoes a strong work hardening, resulting in abrasion wear indices superior to those of the steel for heavy-duty use.

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21

Shi, Zhiwen, Mengjie Dong, Yufu Sun, Jiangtao Ma, Xueshan Du, and Jingyu Zhao. "Effects of austempering time on the microstructure and properties of austempered ductile iron." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 1 (2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022011.

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The effects of austempering time on the structure and properties of high-strength austempered ductile iron were studied by using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the matrix structure of austempered ductile iron (ADI) consists of acicular ferrite and retained austenite. With the increase of austempering time, the content of acicular ferrite increases and the content of retained austenite first increases and then decreases, which results in tensile strength, elongation and impact toughness increase whereas hardness and wear resistance decreases. The fracture characteristics of the ADI specimens change from brittle fracture to ductile fracture with the increase of austempering time. ADI has excellent comprehensive mechanical properties after austenitizing at 900 °C for 90 min and then austempering at 250 °C for 120 min.

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22

Santos, H., A. Duarte, and J. Seabra. "Austempered ductile iron with tempered martensite." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 15, no. 2 (September 2002): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2002.11819470.

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23

Dakre, Vinayak S., D. R. Peshwe, S. U. Pathak, and A. A. Likhite. "Characterization of Austempered Ferritic Ductile Iron." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 346 (April 2018): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/346/1/012019.

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24

Fernandino, D. O., and R. E. Boeri. "Fractographic analysis of austempered ductile iron." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 39, no. 5 (December 23, 2015): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12380.

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25

Nofal, A. A., H. Nasr El-din, and M. M. Ibrahim. "Thermomechanical treatment of austempered ductile iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 20, no. 2 (April 2007): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404607x216613.

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26

Seah, K. H. W., and S. C. Sharma. "Machinability of alloyed austempered ductile iron." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 35, no. 10 (October 1995): 1475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(94)00121-y.

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27

Carreño-Morelli, E., M. Diao, and R. Schaller. "Mechanical spectroscopy of austempered ductile iron." Scripta Materialia 38, no. 2 (December 1997): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(97)00474-0.

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28

Olawale, J. O., and K. M. Oluwasegun. "Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI): A Review." Materials Performance and Characterization 5, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 20160053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20160053.

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29

Voigt, R. C. "Austempered Ductile Iron—Processing and Properties." Cast Metals 2, no. 2 (April 1989): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1989.11818986.

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30

Ahmadabadi, M. Nili, S. Nategh, and P. Davami. "Wear Behaviour of Austempered Ductile Iron." Cast Metals 4, no. 4 (October 1991): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1991.11819079.

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31

Zhou, Wu-Sheng, Qing-De Zhou, and Shou-Kang Meng. "Abrasion Resistance of Austempered Ductile Iron." Cast Metals 6, no. 2 (July 1993): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1993.11819129.

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32

Hermida, J. D. "Stacking faults in austempered ductile iron." Scripta Materialia 34, no. 11 (June 1996): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6462(96)00056-5.

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33

Abdullah, Bulan, Siti Khadijah Alias, Ahmed Jaffar, Rashiddy Wong Freddawati, and A. Ramli. "Hardness and Impact Toughness of Niobium Alloyed Austempered Ductile Iron." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1768.

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The effect of different austempering holding times on the hardness and impact toughness of 0.254% niobium alloyed austempered ductile iron was investigated in this study. Molten ductile iron was prepared in an induction furnace with capacity of 60kg. Samples with dimension of 300m x Ø25mm in form of Y block double cylinder was constituted and solidified samples were then machined in accordance to ASTM E23 for impact test specimens. Samples were ground and polished before Rockwell hardness test was conducted. Austempering heat treatment process with austenitizing temperature of 900°C for 1 hour and austempering temperature of 350°C for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hour holding times were then carried out. The results from this research indicated that austempering the sample for 1 hour resulted in significant improvement of the impact toughness values but increasing the austempering holding time deficiently reduced the values. On the contrary, the hardness of niobium alloyed austempered ductile iron continues to increase with respect to longer austempering holding times.

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34

Batra, Uma, S. Ray, and S. R. Prabhakar. "Austempering and Austempered Ductile Iron Microstructure in Copper Alloyed Ductile Iron." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 12, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994903770342962.

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35

Chantarach, Janthira, and Rungsinee Canyook. "The Effects of Austempering Temperature and Time on Mechanical Properties of Ductile Cast Iron Grade FCD450." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.92.

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The purpose of the study was to inspect microstructure, mechanical properties and impact toughness of ductile cast iron grade FCD450 produced by austempering process. The study focused on austempering parameter, which effected impact toughness of material at low temperature. The FCD450 was initially temperature austenized at 885°C (1625˚F) for 2 hours. Austempering was carried out at three different temperatures of 271°C (520˚F), 313°C (560˚F) and 357°C (675˚F). The austempering temperature were varied at 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 hours. X-ray diffraction was showed that the austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) microstructure consists of austenite and ferrite. The results showed that when austempered at 357°C (675˚F) for 2.5 hours has highest hardness and impact energy at low temperature. The dimple ductile fracture of ADI fracture surfaces was revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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36

Terngu, Akor, and Gundu David Terfa. "Investigation of jatropha seed oil as austempering quenchant for ductile cast iron." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i3.1391.

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Austempering is a multi-step process that includes austenitizing, followed by cooling rapidly enough to avoid the formation of pearlite to a temperature above the martensite start (Ms) and then holding until the desired microstructure is formed. It is an isothermal heat treatment process that, when applied to cast iron, produces components that, in many cases, have properties superior to those process by conventional heat treatment. Salt bath has been recognized as the conventional quenching medium for austempering. This study investigates the suitability of jatropha seed oil as quenching medium for asaustempering ductile cast iron. Test samples were austenitized at 9500C; socked for 1hr; austempered for varying periods of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5hrs. The result showed significant increase in tensile strength and impact energy apart from achieving an appreciable increase in hardness. It also tally with recommended values of ductile cast iron austempered in salt bath, implying that jatropha oil can be used as hot bath for the austempering of ductile cast iron. Keywords: Ausferrite, Austempering, Austenitized, Matrix So, Cked.

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37

Fuller, A. G. "Austempered ductile irons—Present applications." Materials & Design 6, no. 3 (June 1985): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(85)90056-1.

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38

Prem Kumar, R., S. S. Mohamed Nazirudeen, and J. Anburaj. "Effect of Chills on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.192.

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Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI) is a recent addition to the Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) family. The effect of chills on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CADI was investigated after Austempering. Three samples of chromium alloyed CADI, the first sample without chill, the second sample with bottom chill and the third sample with bottom and side chills were produced in order to evaluate the effect of chills on its mechanical properties. The samples were austenised for 2 hours at 925° C and then austempered at 325° C for 2 hours in a salt bath furnace. The microstructural features of the as-cast and the austempered CADI samples were analysed using Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties of the CADI samples (as-cast and austempered) were evaluated for hardness, impact and wear. By austempering at 325° C for 2 hours a typical microstructure of bainite was produced in all the three samples. Hardness and wear resistance of austempered samples produced using bottom and side chills were considerably higher than the corresponding values in samples produced without using any chill and also by using only bottom chill. This enhanced mechanical property in the bottom and side chill sample is attributed to the presence of bainite, carbides and more of uniform fine graphite nodules.

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39

Labbe, Eric, Florin Serban, Mircea Nicoară, and Alain Lodini. "Evaluation of the Residual Stresses and Determination of the Proportion of Residual Austenite in an Austempered Ductile Iron Having Undergone Thermo Mechanical Treatments." Materials Science Forum 571-572 (March 2008): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.571-572.95.

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The constant reduction of production costs and the development of materials during recent years are favoured the development of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) because of favourable combination of technological and structural properties. The process of forging on ADI makes it possible to obtain final parts with good dimensions. Moreover, Austempered Ductile Iron has a remarkable workability. ADI has many advantages, including the possibility of modifying and of improving the mechanical characteristics by thermo mechanical treatments while preserving a relatively low production cost, thus competing with many categories of steels. The study presented relates to the influence of the parameters of the thermo mechanical treatments on the proportion of residual austenite allowing modification of the mechanical characteristics of the material and on the evaluation of the residual stresses.

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Myszka, D., L. Cybula, and A. Wieczorek. "Influence of Heat Treatment Conditions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron After Dynamic Deformation Test." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0204.

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Abstract In this article, an attempt was made to determine the effect of dynamic load on the austempered ductile iron resistance obtained under different conditions of heat treatment. Tests were carried out on six types of cylindrical ductile iron samples austempered at 320, 370 and 400oC for 30 and 180 minutes. For each type of material, two samples were collected. As a next step in the investigations, the samples were subjected to a Taylor impact test. The samples after striking a non-deformable, rigid target were deformed on their front face. After Taylor test, a series of material tests was performed on these samples, noting a significant increase of hardness in the deformed part. This was particularly well visible in the ductile iron isothermally quenched at higher temperatures of 370 and 400oC. Inthezone of sample deformation, an increase in the content of ferromagnetic phase was also reported, thus indicating the occurrence of martensitic transformation in the microstructure containing mechanically unstable austenite. A significant amount of deformed graphite was also observed, which was a symptom of the deformation process taking place in samples. The ductile iron was characterized by high toughness and high resistance to the effect of dynamic loads, especially as regards the grade treated at a temperature of 370oC.

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Hurtado-Delgado, Eduardo, Lizbeth Huerta-Larumbe, Argelia Miranda-Pérez, and Álvaro Aguirre-Sánchez. "Microcracks Reduction in Laser Hardened Layers of Ductile Iron." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030368.

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A study of surface hardening of Ductile Iron (DI) with and without austempering heat treatment was developed. The chemical composition of the material contains alloying elements such as Cu and Ni, that allow to obtain a Ductile Iron Grade 120-90-02, based on ASTM A536, which was heat treated to be transformed to Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI). Specimens of 10 × 10 × 5 mm3 were obtained for application of surface hardening by Nd:YAG UR laser of 150 W maximum power. The parameters used were advance speed of 0.2 and 0.3 mm/s and power at 105, 120, 135 and 144 W; the departure microstructures were fully pearlitic in the samples without heat treatment, and ausferrite for austempered samples. Microstructural characterization of hardened samples was performed were analyzed and martensite and undissolved carbides were identified in the pearlitic samples, while in ausferrite samples it was found finer martensite without carbides. The depth of hardened surface to different conditions and their respective microhardness were measured. The results indicate that the surface hardening via laser is a suitable method for improving wear resistance by means of hardness increment in critical areas without compromising the core ductility of DI components, but the surface ductility is enhanced when the DI is austempered before the laser hardening, by the reduction of surface microcracks.

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42

Adebayo, Abdullahi Olawale, Akinlabi Oyetunji, and Kenneth Kenayo Alaneme. "MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, MECHANICAL AND WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM-ALLOYED DUCTILE IRONS SUBJECTED TO TWO AUSTEMPERING PROCESSES." Acta Polytechnica 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0185.

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The effect of aluminium addition and austempering processes on the microstructures, mechanical and wear properties of rotary melting furnace processed ductile irons was investigated. Ductile irons containing 1−4 wt.% Al were produced and subjected to single and two-step austempering processes. Optical microscopy was used to characterize the graphite features and estimate the volume fraction of the matrix phases present, while the x-ray diffractogram was also carried out to analyse the samples. Mechanical and wear properties of the alloys were equally evaluated. From the results, it was observed that both the as-cast and austempered ductile iron microstructures contained nodular graphite, and the matrix structure for the as-cast ductile irons consisted predominantly of pearlite and ferrite, while that of the austempered grades, contained principally, ausferrite. The microstructure and intermetallic compound obtained played dominant role on the properties of the alloys. The aluminium addition and austempering processes had a significant influence on the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the alloys. The austempered ductile irons exhibited superior strength and wear resistance compared to the as-cast samples, albeit ductility values were lower in the composition group. Austempering increased the strength by over 100% while the addition of Al further enhanced the strength. The improved properties were linked to the refined microstructure, increased proportion of ausferrite phase and intermetallic compound formed. For all properties evaluated, the two-step austempering yielded better properties combination than the single step process. The rotary melting furnace processing adopted was found viable for ductile iron production.

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Soivio, Kaisu. "Austempering Experiments of Production Grade Silicon Solution Strengthened Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.239.

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Austempered ductile iron provides a feasible way to produce high strength components. However, in heat treatments resulting in highest strengths some of the ductility is lost due to formation of bainitic carbides. The role of silicon in inhibiting the formation of iron carbides in as-cast ductile irons as well as its solution strengthening effect is well known and acknowledged in industry. The effect of silicon on austemperability, resulting microstructures, and mechanical properties of austempered ductile irons with silicon contents with 3.4-3.8 w-% was researched. Quenching and austempering heat treatments were carried out for production grade silicon solution strengthened ductile irons EN GJS 500-14. Results indicate, that it is possible to manufacture a fully ausferritic structure into a silicon solution strengthened matrix and indeed good ductility can be achieved in combination with ultimate tensile strength of 1600 MPa. Segregation of silicon reduces the solubility of carbon into the matrix especially close to the graphite nodules which reduce the stability of carbon stabilized austenite and leads into compromised machinability.

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Krzyńska, A., and A. Kochański. "Austenitization of FerriticDuctile Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0085.

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Abstract Austenitization is the first step of heat treatment preceding the isothermal quenching of ductile iron in austempered ductile iron (ADI) manufacturing. Usually, the starting material for the ADI production is ductile iron with more convenient pearlitic matrix. In this paper we present the results of research concerning the austenitizing of ductile iron with ferritic matrix, where all carbon dissolved in austenite must come from graphite nodules. The scope of research includedcarrying out the process of austenitization at 900° Cusing a variable times ranging from 5 to 240minutes,and then observations of the microstructure of the samples after different austenitizing times. These were supplemented with micro-hardness testing. The research showed that the process of saturating austenite with carbon is limited by the rate of dissolution of carbon from nodular graphite precipitates

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Krzyńska, A., and A. Kochański. "Properties and Structure of High-Silicone Austempered Ductile Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0043.

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Abstract The results presented in this paper are a continuation of the previously published studies. The results of hest treatment of ductile iron with content 3,66%Si and 3,80% Si were produced. The experimental castings were subjected to austempering process for time 30, 60 and 90 minutes at temperature 300°C. The mechanical properties of heat treated specimens were studied using tensile testing and hardness measurement, while microstructures were evaluated with conventional metallographic observations. It was again stated that austempering of high silicone ferritic matrix ductile iron allowed producing ADI-type cast iron with mechanical properties comparable with standard ADI.

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Schmidt, Ingo, and Andreas Schuchert. "Unlubricated Sliding Wear of Austempered Ductile Iron." International Journal of Materials Research 78, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1987-781208.

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47

Yang, Penghui, Rong Wang, Hanguang Fu, Rafik Absi, Rachid Bennacer, and A. Moumen Darcherif. "Current Status of Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron." E3S Web of Conferences 353 (2022): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235303005.

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Grinding balls in wet ball mill are important consumables in mine grinding equipment, which have poor wear resistance and large consumption. It is imperative to find excellent wear-resistant materials for the grinding balls. Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (referred to as CADI) was used as small and medium-sized wet ball mills. This grinding ball has the advantages of less wear, low crushing rate, power saving and low noise. However, the CADI grain boundaries are distributed with net-like eutectic carbides, which seriously damage the continuity of the matrix. In addition, the mechanism of corrosion wear and impact fatigue is lack of research due to complex phase composition and unclear mechanism of phase properties on improving performance. So CADI can’t be applied to the grinding balls in large wet ball mill. Based on the above problems, this paper first analyzed the heteronucleation mechanism and adsorption mechanism of M3C type carbides by using the first principle of microalloying elements, and then verified it by combining with experimental results. Then the thermodynamics and kinetics of austenite homogenization and isothermal transformation of ductile iron containing carbides were analyzed by means of modeling calculation and experiment. On this basis, a new type heat treatment process comprising super-high temperature pretreatment and austempering treatment (S&A treatment) was used to process CADI, which provides a new idea for further improving toughness of CADI. Finally, the CADI corrosion wear and impact fatigue failure mechanism were revealed by analyzing the change rule of the sample surface and cross section after corrosion wear and impact fatigue.

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48

Katuku, Kambuyi. "Regime features of austempered ductile iron cutting." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 83 (November 2022): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.09.004.

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Abu-Elfotouh, H., O. Abu-Zeid, B. Elsarnagawy, and A. Eleiche. "IMPACT TOUGHNESS OP AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE CAST IRON." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.1986.57076.

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Caballero, L., M. Elices, and R. N. Parkins. "Environment-Sensitive Fracture of Austempered Ductile Iron." CORROSION 61, no. 1 (January 2005): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3278160.

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