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Academic literature on the topic 'Auditory Signal Encoding Schemes'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Auditory Signal Encoding Schemes"

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BUSCHERMÖHLE, MICHAEL, ULRIKE FEUDEL, GEORG M. KLUMP, MARK A. BEE, and JAN A. FREUND. "SIGNAL DETECTION ENHANCED BY COMODULATED NOISE." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 06, no. 04 (December 2006): L339—L347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477506003483.

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Signal detection in fluctuating background noise is a common problem in diverse fields of research and technology. It has been shown in hearing research that the detection of signals in noise that is correlated in amplitude across the frequency spectrum (comodulated) can be improved compared to uncorrelated background noise. We show that the mechanism leading to this effect is a general phenomenon which may be utilized in other areas where signal detection in comodulated noise needs to be done with a limited frequency resolution. Our model is based on neurophysiological experiments. The proposed signal detection scheme evaluates a fluctuating envelope, the statistics of which depend on the correlation structure across the spectrum of the noise. In our model, signal detection does not require a sophisticated neuronal network but can be accomplished through the encoding of the compressed stimulus envelope in the firing rate of neurons in the auditory system.
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Schafer, Phillip B., and Dezhe Z. Jin. "Noise-Robust Speech Recognition Through Auditory Feature Detection and Spike Sequence Decoding." Neural Computation 26, no. 3 (March 2014): 523–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00557.

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Speech recognition in noisy conditions is a major challenge for computer systems, but the human brain performs it routinely and accurately. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems that are inspired by neuroscience can potentially bridge the performance gap between humans and machines. We present a system for noise-robust isolated word recognition that works by decoding sequences of spikes from a population of simulated auditory feature-detecting neurons. Each neuron is trained to respond selectively to a brief spectrotemporal pattern, or feature, drawn from the simulated auditory nerve response to speech. The neural population conveys the time-dependent structure of a sound by its sequence of spikes. We compare two methods for decoding the spike sequences—one using a hidden Markov model–based recognizer, the other using a novel template-based recognition scheme. In the latter case, words are recognized by comparing their spike sequences to template sequences obtained from clean training data, using a similarity measure based on the length of the longest common sub-sequence. Using isolated spoken digits from the AURORA-2 database, we show that our combined system outperforms a state-of-the-art robust speech recognizer at low signal-to-noise ratios. Both the spike-based encoding scheme and the template-based decoding offer gains in noise robustness over traditional speech recognition methods. Our system highlights potential advantages of spike-based acoustic coding and provides a biologically motivated framework for robust ASR development.
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Lee, Yong, Chung-Heon Lee, and Jun Dong Cho. "3D Sound Coding Color for the Visually Impaired." Electronics 10, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091037.

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Contemporary art is evolving beyond simply looking at works, and the development of various sensory technologies has had a great influence on culture and art. Accordingly, opportunities for the visually impaired to appreciate visual artworks through various senses such as auditory and tactile senses are expanding. However, insufficient sound expression and lack of portability make it less understandable and accessible. This paper attempts to convey a color and depth coding scheme to the visually impaired, based on alternative sensory modalities, such as hearing (by encoding the color and depth information with 3D sounds of audio description) and touch (to be used for interface-triggering information such as color and depth). The proposed color-coding scheme represents light, saturated, and dark colors for red, orange, yellow, yellow-green, green, blue-green, blue, and purple. The paper’s proposed system can be used for both mobile platforms and 2.5D (relief) models.
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Guo, Yitong, Ping Zhou, Zhao Yao, and Jun Ma. "Biophysical mechanism of signal encoding in an auditory neuron." Nonlinear Dynamics 105, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 3603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-021-06770-z.

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Gururaj, Bharathi, and G. N. Sadashivappa. "Channel encoding system for transmitting image over wireless network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 4655. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp4655-4662.

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Various encoding schemes have been introduced till date focusing on an effective image transmission scheme in presence of error-prone artifacts in wireless communication channel. Review of existing schemes of channel encoding systems infer that they are mostly inclined on compression scheme and less over problems of superior retention of signal retention as they lacks an essential consideration of network states. Therefore, the proposed manuscript introduces a cost effective lossless encoding scheme which ensures resilient transmission of different forms of images. Adopting an analytical research methodology, the modeling has been carried out to ensure that a novel series of encoding operation be performed over an image followed by an effective indexing mechanism. The study outcome confirms that proposed system outshines existing encoding schemes in every respect.
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Smotherman, M. S., and P. M. Narins. "Hair cells, hearing and hopping: a field guide to hair cell physiology in the frog." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 2237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.15.2237.

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For more than four decades, hearing in frogs has been an important source of information for those interested in auditory neuroscience, neuroethology and the evolution of hearing. Individual features of the frog auditory system can be found represented in one or many of the other vertebrate classes, but collectively the frog inner ear represents a cornucopia of evolutionary experiments in acoustic signal processing. The mechano-sensitive hair cell, as the focal point of transduction, figures critically in the encoding of acoustic information in the afferent auditory nerve. In this review, we provide a short description of how auditory signals are encoded by the specialized anatomy and physiology of the frog inner ear and examine the role of hair cell physiology and its influence on the encoding of sound in the frog auditory nerve. We hope to demonstrate that acoustic signal processing in frogs may offer insights into the evolution and biology of hearing not only in amphibians but also in reptiles, birds and mammals, including man.
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Rupp, Kyle, Jasmine L. Hect, Madison Remick, Avniel Ghuman, Bharath Chandrasekaran, Lori L. Holt, and Taylor J. Abel. "Neural responses in human superior temporal cortex support coding of voice representations." PLOS Biology 20, no. 7 (July 28, 2022): e3001675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001675.

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The ability to recognize abstract features of voice during auditory perception is an intricate feat of human audition. For the listener, this occurs in near-automatic fashion to seamlessly extract complex cues from a highly variable auditory signal. Voice perception depends on specialized regions of auditory cortex, including superior temporal gyrus (STG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS). However, the nature of voice encoding at the cortical level remains poorly understood. We leverage intracerebral recordings across human auditory cortex during presentation of voice and nonvoice acoustic stimuli to examine voice encoding at the cortical level in 8 patient-participants undergoing epilepsy surgery evaluation. We show that voice selectivity increases along the auditory hierarchy from supratemporal plane (STP) to the STG and STS. Results show accurate decoding of vocalizations from human auditory cortical activity even in the complete absence of linguistic content. These findings show an early, less-selective temporal window of neural activity in the STG and STS followed by a sustained, strongly voice-selective window. Encoding models demonstrate divergence in the encoding of acoustic features along the auditory hierarchy, wherein STG/STS responses are best explained by voice category and acoustics, as opposed to acoustic features of voice stimuli alone. This is in contrast to neural activity recorded from STP, in which responses were accounted for by acoustic features. These findings support a model of voice perception that engages categorical encoding mechanisms within STG and STS to facilitate feature extraction.
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Suruliandi, A., and S. P. Raja. "Empirical evaluation of EZW and other encoding techniques in the wavelet-based image compression domain." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 13, no. 02 (March 2015): 1550012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691315500125.

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This paper discusses about embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) and other wavelet-based encoding techniques employed in lossy image compression. The objective of this paper is two fold. Primarily wavelet-based encoding techniques such as EZW, set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT), wavelet difference reduction (WDR), adaptively scanned wavelet difference reduction (ASWDR), set partitioned embedded block (SPECK), compression with reversible embedded wavelet (CREW) and space frequency quantization (SFQ) are implemented and their performance is analyzed. Second, wavelet-based compression schemes such as Haar, Daubechies and Biorthogonal are used to evaluate the performance of encoding techniques. The performance parameters such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error (MSE) are used for evaluation purpose. From the results it is observed that the performance of SPIHT encoding technique is providing better results when compared to other encoding schemes.
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Tajima, Satohiro, Hiromasa Takemura, Ikuya Murakami, and Masato Okada. "Neuronal Population Decoding Explains the Change in Signal Detection Sensitivity Caused by Task-Irrelevant Perceptual Bias." Neural Computation 22, no. 10 (October 2010): 2586–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00019.

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Spatiotemporal context in sensory stimulus has profound effects on neural responses and perception, and it sometimes affects task difficulty. Recently reported experimental data suggest that human detection sensitivity to motion in a target stimulus can be enhanced by adding a slow surrounding motion in an orthogonal direction, even though the illusory motion component caused by the surround is not relevant to the task. It is not computationally clear how the task-irrelevant component of motion modulates the subject's sensitivity to motion detection. In this study, we investigated the effects of encoding biases on detection performance by modeling the stochastic neural population activities. We modeled two types of modulation on the population activity profiles caused by a contextual stimulus: one type is identical to the activity evoked by a physical change in the stimulus, and the other is expressed more simply in terms of response gain modulation. For both encoding schemes, the motion detection performance of the ideal observer is enhanced by a task-irrelevant, additive motion component, replicating the properties observed for real subjects. The success of these models suggests that human detection sensitivity can be characterized by a noisy neural encoding that limits the resolution of information transmission in the cortical visual processing pathway. On the other hand, analyses of the neuronal contributions to the task predict that the effective cell populations differ between the two encoding schemes, posing a question concerning the decoding schemes that the nervous system used during illusory states.
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Levy, Deborah F., and Stephen M. Wilson. "Categorical Encoding of Vowels in Primary Auditory Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz112.

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AbstractSpeech perception involves mapping from a continuous and variable acoustic speech signal to discrete, linguistically meaningful units. However, it is unclear where in the auditory processing stream speech sound representations cease to be veridical (faithfully encoding precise acoustic properties) and become categorical (encoding sounds as linguistic categories). In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate pattern analysis to determine whether tonotopic primary auditory cortex (PAC), defined as tonotopic voxels falling within Heschl’s gyrus, represents one class of speech sounds—vowels—veridically or categorically. For each of 15 participants, 4 individualized synthetic vowel stimuli were generated such that the vowels were equidistant in acoustic space, yet straddled a categorical boundary (with the first 2 vowels perceived as [i] and the last 2 perceived as [i]). Each participant’s 4 vowels were then presented in a block design with an irrelevant but attention-demanding level change detection task. We found that in PAC bilaterally, neural discrimination between pairs of vowels that crossed the categorical boundary was more accurate than neural discrimination between equivalently spaced vowel pairs that fell within a category. These findings suggest that PAC does not represent vowel sounds veridically, but that encoding of vowels is shaped by linguistically relevant phonemic categories.
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Book chapters on the topic "Auditory Signal Encoding Schemes"

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Heinz, Michael G., Danilo Scepanovic, John Issa, Murray B. Sachs, and Eric D. Young. "Normal and impaired level encoding: Effects of noise-induced hearing loss on auditory-nerve responses." In Auditory Signal Processing, 40–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27045-0_6.

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Rees, A., and A. Sarbaz. "The Influence of Intrinsic Oscillations on the Encoding of Amplitude Modulation by Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus." In Acoustical Signal Processing in the Central Auditory System, 239–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8712-9_22.

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Yolcu, Cem, Magnus Herberthson, Carl-Fredrik Westin, and Evren Özarslan. "Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Effective Confinement Anisotropy with Orientationally-Averaged Single and Double Diffusion Encoding." In Mathematics and Visualization, 203–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56215-1_10.

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AbstractPorous or biological materials comprise a multitude of micro-domains containing water. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance measurements are sensitive to the anisotropy of the thermal motion of such water. This anisotropy can be due to the domain shape, as well as the (lack of) dispersion in their orientations. Averaging over measurements that span all orientations is a trick to suppress the latter, thereby untangling it from the influence of the domains’ anisotropy on the signal. Here, we consider domains whose anisotropy is modeled as being the result of a Hookean (spring) force, which has the advantage of having a Gaussian diffusion propagator while still confining the spatial range for the diffusing particles. In fact, this confinement model is the effective model of restricted diffusion when diffusion is encoded via gradients of long durations, making the model relevant to a broad range of studies aiming to characterize porous media with microscopic subdomains. In this study, analytical expressions for the powder-averaged signal under this assumption are given for so-called single and double diffusion encoding schemes, which sensitize the MR signal to the diffusive displacement of particles in, respectively, one or two consecutive time intervals. The signal for one-dimensional diffusion is shown to exhibit power-law dependence on the gradient strength while its coefficient bears signatures of restricted diffusion.
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Karampinos, Dimitrios C., Robert Dawe, Konstantinos Arfanakis, and John G. Georgiadis. "Optimal Diffusion Encoding Strategies for Fiber Mapping in Diffusion MRI." In Handbook of Research on Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Imaging and Biomedical Applications, 90–107. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-314-2.ch007.

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Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (diffusion MRI) can provide important information about tissue microstructure by probing the diffusion of water molecules in a biological tissue. Although originally proposed for the characterization of cerebral white matter connectivity and pathologies, its implementation has extended to many other areas of the human body. In a parallel development, a number of diffusion models have been proposed in order to extract the underlying tissue microstructural properties from the diffusion MRI signal. The present study reviews the basic considerations that have to be taken into account in the selection of the diffusion encoding parameters in diffusion MRI acquisition. Both diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and high-order schemes are reviewed. The selection of these parameters relies strongly on requirements of the adopted diffusion model and the diffusion characteristics of the tissue under study. The authors review several successful parameter selection strategies for the imaging of the human brain, and conclude with the basics of parameter optimization on promising applications of the technique on other tissues, such as the spinal cord, the myocardium, and the skeletal muscles.
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Conference papers on the topic "Auditory Signal Encoding Schemes"

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Chiu, Yu-Hsiang Bosco, Bhiksha Raj, and Richard M. Stern. "Learning-based auditory encoding for robust speech recognition." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2010.5495666.

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Chu, Hsiao-Chiu. "Power-Saving Encoding Schemes for Wireless ECG Signal Transmissions." In 2013 7th International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisis.2013.101.

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Raghunandan, C., K. S. Sainarayanan, and M. B. Srinivas. "Impact of process variations on bus-encoding schemes for delay minimization in VLSI interconnects." In 2007 IEEE Workshop on Signal Propagation on Interconnects. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spi.2007.4512262.

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Lin, Kuang Tsan. "Based on Binary Encoding Methods and Visual Cryptography Schemes to Hide Data." In 2012 Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iih-msp.2012.20.

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Liang Chen, Shijun Yan, Xiumin Shi, Ziyu Wu, Baiyu Wang, Wenjun Zhang, and Yunfeng Guan. "Flexible hardware encoding schemes for extended quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes." In 2007 9th International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications (ISSPA). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isspa.2007.4555571.

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Flesner, Jan-Hendrik, Stephan D. Ewert, Birger Kollmeier, and Rainer Huber. "Quality assessment of multi-channel audio processing schemes based on a binaural auditory model." In ICASSP 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6853815.

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Craig, Alan E., Richard D. Griffin, and John N. Lee. "Optical multiplexing schemes for encoding 2-D pixel fields." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.ml5.

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Functions of two independent variables are often produced by manipulating, e.g., correlating, data fields or sequences. Two commonly encountered examples are the ambiguity function and the Wigner distribution. The amplitudes of such functions may be generated and displayed optically in a 2-D format. Extracting features from this format (e.g., peaks produced by preceding threshold or hard-clip operations) is a time-consuming task when attempted by serial access. Various optical encoding schemes can multiplex the pixel addresses of peak features into a number of parallel outputs or even into a single sequential signal. The nonlinear processing which generates and displays the pixels of interest is accomplished using a 2-D spatial light modulator. Light from these pixels is multiplied row by row by sets of orthogonal codes using an acoustooptic Bragg cell or a fixed mask along with appropriate anamorphic optics. Rows are then summed on a detector array to perform the multiplexing. Subsequent matched filtering of the detector array output identifies the active spatial light modulator sites.
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Wei-Ren Peng and Sien Chi. "Improving the transmission performance for an externally modulated baseband single sideband OFDM signal using nonlinear post-compensation and differential encoding schemes." In 33rd European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication - ECOC 2007. IEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20070468.

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Lembcke, J., C. Denz, T. H. Barnes, and T. Tschudi. "Multiple Image Storage Using Phase Encoding Latest Results." In Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices II. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pmed.1993.sac.2.

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1 Introduction In the context of optical information processing great interest is focused on the development of systems for optical data storage. Photorefractive materials are widely used in the schemes which have been proposed in this domain. They offer the possibility to easily obtain thick phase holograms with great diffraction efficiency. Volume holography allows the multiplexing of a great number of holograms within the medium by using the Bragg selectivity of the gratings to independently address the images. Several methods to realize multiplexing have been widely discussed during the last years: In the angular multiplexing technique the angle of the reference beam is varied from one image to the next, while in wavelength multiplexing the wavelength of the laser is the variable parameter to obtain independently addressable holographic gratings. The phase encoding method has been pro posed as a third possibility (Ref. 1): Here a set of reference beams are incident on the medium under a discrete angular spec trum as in the case of angular multiplexing, but the beams are not switched in suc cession but illuminate the medium conti- nouslV. The variable parameters which make up the address of a single image are the phase relations between the reference beams as we will describe in Chap. 2. Hence a phase modulator is needed which allows to adjust the relative phases of the set of ref erence waves. A sketch of a possible setup is shown in Fig. 1. An expanded beam is used in the signal arm of the holographic configuration Fig. 1 to create the respective image wave by illumination of a spatial light modulator or simply a series of diapositives. In the reference arm it is incident on a computer generated hologram to create a focus array in the Fourier plane. Here the p' ase modulator is placed which is a special purpose liquid crystal display, capable of independently inducing a phase shift.at each of the spots of the focus array. The beams are recombined in the medium where they interfere with the signal wave. In the our case the medium is a photorefractive BaTiO 3 crystal oriented for optimum holographic efficiency. With this setup alignmeit problems and speed limitations due to mechanical adjustment as occuring in the case of conventional angular multiplexing are overcome as well as technological complications associated with wavelength multiplexing.
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Knox, W. H., S. Tsuda, K. Svoboda, and W. Denk. "Functional imaging of neurons with two-photon confocal microscopy using a Saturable-Bragg Reflector-modelocked compact solid state laser." In Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1996.nwc.3.

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Two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) allows high resolution fluorescence imaging with minimal photodamage and photobleaching (for a review see [1]). TPLSM has recently been used to study, for example, information processing in dendritic spines, cell division in developing embryos, and calcium dynamics in auditory hair cells. TPLSM yields intrinsic submicron three-dimensional resolution (Fig. 1) and optical sectioning equivalent to one-photon confocal microscopy simply by spatial confinement of excitation. This eliminates counterproductive absorption outside the focal slice. In highly scattering samples, such as nervous tissue, the red or near-infrared light used for illumination in TPLSM leads to a much improved penetration depth and the absence of a detector pinhole permits ballistic and diffuse photons to contribute to the signal [1]. Because two-photon absorption depends on the square on the instantaneous light intensity, ultrashort pulses are essential for TPLSM to achieve efficient excitation while using low average power. The main impediment to a more widespread use of TPLSM have been the cost, utility, and space requirements for femtosecond modelocked lasers that are based on large-frame argon-ion pump sources. The use of passive modelocking schemes that directly produce pulses of < 100 fs duration is desirable to reduce overall complexity and optimize performance.
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