Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Auditory Brain Responses'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Auditory Brain Responses.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 22 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Auditory Brain Responses.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Harkrider, Ashley Whicker. "The acute effects of nicotine on physiological responses from the auditory systems of non-smokers /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
2
Hart, Heledd. "Characterisation of responses of human auditory cortex to basic sound properties, as measured using fMRI." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272359.
Full text
3
Souto, Carlos Filipe da Silva [Verfasser], Birger [Akademischer Betreuer] Kollmeier, and Jesko L. [Akademischer Betreuer] Verhey. "Speech-related brain responses as a basis for auditory brain-computer interfaces / Carlos Filipe da Silva Souto ; Birger Kollmeier, Jesko L. Verhey." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201481325/34.
Full text
4
Zhang, Yan. "The impact of midbrain cauterize size on auditory and visual responses' distribution." unrestricted, 2009. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04202009-145923/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from file title page. Yu-Sheng Hsu, committee chair; Xu Zhang, Sarah. L. Pallas, committee members. Description based on contents viewed June 12, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 37). Appendix A: SAS code: p. 38-53.
5
Sams, Mikko. "Electrical and magnetic responses of the humain brain to auditory pitch changes : reflections of automatic and controlled information processing /." Helsinki : Suomalainen tiedeakatemia, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34885954k.
Full text
6
Sams, Mikko. "Electrical and magnetic responses of the human brain to auditory pitch changes reflections of automatic and controlled information processing /." Hki : Suomalainen tiedeakatemia : Akateeminen kirjakauppa [distr.], 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/58505576.html.
Full text
7
Lecaignard, Françoise. "Predictive coding in auditory processing : insights from advanced modeling of EEG and MEG mismatch responses." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1160/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse porte sur le codage prédictif comme principe général pour la perception et vise à en étayer les mécanismes computationnels et neurophysiologiques dans la modalité auditive. Ce codage repose sur des erreurs de prédictions se propageant dans une hiérarchie, et qui pourraient se refléter dans des réponses cérébrales au changement (ou déviance) telles que la Négativité de discordance (mismatch negativity, MMN). Nous avons manipulé la prédictibilité de sons déviants et utilisé des approches de modélisation computationnelle et dynamique causale (DCM) appliquées à des enregistrements électrophysiologiques (EEG, MEG) simultanés.Une modulation des réponses à la déviance par la prédictibilité a été observée, permettant d'établir un lien avec les erreurs de prédictions. Cet effet implique un apprentissage implicite des régularités acoustiques, dont l'influence sur le traitement auditif a pu être caractérisée par notre approche de modélisation. Sur le plan computationnel, un apprentissage a été mis en évidence au cours de ce traitement auditif, reposant sur une fenêtre d'intégration temporelle dont la taille varie avec la prédictibilité des déviants. Cet effet pourrait également moduler la connectivité synaptique sous-tendant le traitement auditif, comme le suggère l'analyse DCM.Nos résultats mettent en évidence la mise en œuvre d'un apprentissage perceptif au sein d'une hiérarchie auditive soumis à une modulation par la prédictibilité du contexte acoustique, conformément aux prédictions du codage prédictif. Ils soulignent également l'intérêt de ce cadre théorique pour émettre et tester expérimentalement des hypothèses mécanistiques précisesThis thesis aims at testing the predictive coding account of auditory perception. This framework rests on precision-weighted prediction errors elicited by unexpected sounds that propagate along a hierarchical organization in order to maintain the brain adapted to a varying acoustic environment. Using the mismatch negativity (MMN), a brain response to unexpected stimuli (deviants) that could reflect such errors, we could address the computational and neurophysiological underpinnings of predictive coding. Precisely, we manipulated the predictability of deviants and applied computational learning models and dynamic causal models (DCM) to electrophysiological responses (EEG, MEG) measured simultaneously. Deviant predictability was found to modulate deviance responses, a result supporting their interpretation as prediction errors. Such effect might involve the (high-level) implicit learning of sound sequence regularities that would in turn influence auditory processing in lower hierarchical levels. Computational modeling revealed the perceptual learning of sounds, resting on temporal integration exhibiting differences induced by our predictability manipulation. In addition, DCM analysis indicated predictability changes in the synaptic connectivity established by deviance processing. These results conform predictive coding predictions regarding both deviance processing and its modulation by deviant predictability and strongly support perceptual learning of auditory regularities achieved within an auditory hierarchy. Our findings also highlight the power of this mechanistic framework to elaborate and test new hypothesis enabling to improve our understanding of auditory processing
8
Stephenson, Mark Ray. "Human auditory brainstem response to dichotic click stimuli /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487267546983858.
Full text
9
Sallinen, Mikael. "Event-related brain potentials to changes in the acoustic environment during sleep and sleepiness." Jyväskylä : University of Jyväskylä, 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39009942.html.
Full text
10
Turkstra, Lyn Siobhan. "Autonomic response to auditory and visual stimulation in severely brain-injured adults." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186485.
Full textAbstract:
The clinical utility of electrodermal response measures as a predictor of outcome from traumatic vegetative state was investigated. Electrodermal potential data were obtained from five subjects in acute vegetative state at 1 to 3 months post-trauma (Acute group), five subjects in persistent vegetative state at more than 1 year post-trauma (PVS group), five subjects who were more than 1 year post-trauma and had recovered from vegetative state (RVS group), and 10 normal subjects (Control group). Measures included startle response amplitude, baseline lability, habituation and orientation to tones, responses to famous faces and written commands, and total number of skin potential responses. In addition, subjects in the Acute group were reassessed with respect to clinical outcome at 6 months post-trauma. Results revealed significant group differences between the Control group and each of the brain-injured groups in startle response amplitude, baseline lability, and total number of responses. The RVS group had significantly larger startle response amplitudes than the PVS group. Some subjects in the PVS group and all subjects in the Acute group exhibited no startle response on one or more days of testing. Significant group differences also were found for habituation and orientation. Habituation was present in 80% of the Control and RVS subjects, 20% of the Acute subjects and 0% of the PVS subjects, and orientation was present in 80% of the Control subjects, 20% of the Acute and RVS subjects and 0% of the PVS subjects. Group variance in startle response amplitude, baseline lability and total number of responses was significantly greater in the Control group compared with the brain-injured subject groups. In the Acute group, a larger startle response amplitude, greater baseline lability, a greater total number of electrodermal responses, and habituation and orientation were associated with a positive outcome at 6 months post-trauma. These results indicate electrodermal responsiveness is generally reduced following traumatic brain injury, even in subjects with a relatively good recovery from vegetative state. Greater electrodermal activity in early vegetative state may be associated with better potential for recovery.
11
Chen, Wenxiong. "Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia long-term neurophysiological and neurodevelopmental outcomes /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37489380.
Full text
12
Chen, Wenxiong, and 陈文雄. "Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: long-term neurophysiological and neurodevelopmental outcomes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37489380.
Full text
13
O'Neill, Barry Vincent. "The pharmacology of the loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP)." Swinburne Research Bank, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/47108.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Brain Sciences Institute, 2008.A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology - 2008. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-133)
14
Costa, Faidella Jordi. "Regularity encoding in the auditory brain as revealed by human evoked potentials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78918.
Full textAbstract:
Acoustic regularity encoding has been associated with a decrease of the neural response to repeated stimulation underlying the representation of auditory objects in the brain. The present thesis encloses two studies that sought to assess the neural correlates of acoustic regularity encoding in the human auditory system, by means of analyzing auditory evoked potentials.
Study I was conducted at the Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, at the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Barcelona (Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain), under the direct supervision of Dr. Carles Escera. This study aimed to explore the dynamics of adaptation of the auditory evoked potentials to probabilistic stimuli embedded in a complex sequence of sounds. The main outcome of this study was the demonstration that the amplitude of auditory evoked potentials adapts to the complex history of stimulation with different time constants concurrently: it adapts faster to local and slower to global probabilities of stimulation. This study also showed that auditory evoked potential amplitudes correlate with stimulus expectancy as defined by a combination of local and global stimulus probabilities.
Study II was conducted at the Institute of Child Health (ICH), at the University College of London (UCL; London, United Kingdom), under the direct supervision of Dr. Torsten Baldeweg. This study aimed to explore the influence of timing predictability in the neural adaptation to probabilistic stimuli. The main outcome of this study was the demonstration that timing predictability enhances the repetition-related modulation of the auditory evoked potentials amplitude, being essential for repetition effects at early stages of the auditory processing hierarchy.La codificació de regularitats acústiques està associada amb la reducció de la resposta neuronal a l’estimulació repetida, essent la base de la representació dels objectes auditius al cervell. La present tesi doctoral inclou dos estudis que exploren els correlats neuronals de la codificació de regularitats acústiques al sistema auditiu humà, mitjançant l’anàlisi dels potencials evocats auditius. L’objectiu del primer estudi, realitzat al Grup de Recerca en Neurociència Cognitiva de la Facultat de Psicologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (UB) i sota la supervisió directa del Dr. Carles Escera, va ser el d’explorar les dinàmiques d’adaptació dels potencials evocats auditius a estímuls probabilístics en una complexa seqüència de sons. El resultat principal d’aquest estudi va ser la demostració de que l’amplitud dels potencials evocats auditius s’adapta a la historia complexa d’estimulació amb diferents constants temporals simultàniament: s’adapta més ràpidament a probabilitats d’estimulació locals que globals. Aquest estudi també va mostrar que l’amplitud dels potencials evocats auditius correlaciona amb l’expectància d’un estímul definida com a una combinació de probabilitats locals i globals d’estimulació. L’objectiu del segon estudi, realitzat al Institute of Child Health (ICH), de l’University College of London (UCL), sota la supervision directa del Dr. Torsten Baldeweg, va ser el d’explorar la influència de la predictabilitat temporal en l’adaptació de l’activitat neuronal a estímuls probabilístics. El resultat principal d’aquest estudi va ser la demostració que la predictabilitat temporal intensifica la modulació de l’amplitud dels potencials evocats auditius a la repetició dels estímuls, essent esencial pels efectes que la repetició exerceix en etapes primerenques de la jerarquía de processament auditiu.
15
Škutková, Helena. "Akustický generátor pro buzení evokovaných potenciálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218222.
Full textAbstract:
Evoked potentials are electric brain response to external stimulus. They are important diagnostic no visual method in neurology. For their excitation use of different of kinds stimulation, most often: visual, auditory, somatosenzory, olfactory and gustatory. Evoked potentials are objective method for measurement sense perception. This master’s thesis is specialized to auditory evoked potentials and design acoustic generator for their stimulation. Auditory evoked potentials are primary used for objective audiometry, but they have another usage. In the first place, application is specialized on health sector. The aim of this master’s thesis is compact specified medical requirements with available technical resources.
16
Yousefi, Shahriar, and syousefi@swin edu au. "An investigation of the auditory brainstem response characteristics of people with Parkinson's disease." Swinburne University of Technology, 2004. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20050908.150124.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is the documentation for a Doctoral research program undertaken at the Industrial Research Institute of the Swinburne University of Technology (IRIS), in collaboration with the School of Biophysical Sciences and Electrical Engineering (BSEE), between the years of 2000 and 2004. The objective of the research work that was undertaken was to study the auditory brainstem response (ABR) characteristics of people with Parkinson�s Disease (PD) to determine whether or not these characteristics could form the basis of a tool for determining the presence of PD; the performance of medication, and disease progression.
Prior to the commencement of this research, the gold-standard for PD diagnostics was considered to be autopsy, and the only tools available for assessment of living patients were fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) / fluoroDopa (FDopa)-based positron emission tomography (PET) or conventional (subjective) clinical testing. The use of PET was costly and impractical for monitoring disease progression. Clinical testing approaches, on the other hand, had a degree of subjectivity, leading to potential misdiagnoses with inadequately trained clinicians. It was therefore postulated that a low-cost technique based on conventional ABR testing equipment, which was readily available within the medical environment, could provide considerable benefits.
In order to be useful as a tool, ABR would ultimately need to identify uniquely the presence of PD from other potential disorders, most notably multiple system atrophy (MSA) which was sometimes confused with PD. At the time this research was conducted, the prevailing method of differentiating PD from MSA was based upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This research was only concerned with the first stage of such a research process � that is, determining whether the ABR of PD patients was fundamentally different to that of a control group.
In undertaking the investigation, a significant component of the research involved drawing together research literature from a large number of sources in order to present a case that could present a reasonable research path for experimentation. The next stage of the research involved developing an experimentation program that could be used to compare the ABR characteristics of people with PD against a control group and, further, to compare the ABR characteristics of PD participants against their level of impairment, as measured on a conventional mobility test.
In summary, the outcomes of the experimental process that was undertaken, and the statistical analysis of the outcomes, suggested that: (1)
People with mild manifestations of PD, who were in an unmedicated state, had marked abnormalities in the amplitude of Wave III of their ABR waveform.
(2) The amplitude of Wave III of the ABR waveform was sensitive to variations in PD medication levels.
(3) The amplitude of Wave V of the ABR waveform was, to a lesser extent than Wave III, affected by the presence of PD and medication levels.
(4) The latencies of Waves III and V of the ABR waveforms did not appear to be affected by the presence of PD or by variations in medication levels.
This thesis presents the results of the experimental study, together with a statistical analysis of the significance of the outcomes and an evaluation of the limitations of the work that was carried out. The recommendations arising from the research outcomes suggest ways for extending the work that has been completed in this program.
17
Schmulian, Dunay Liezel. "The prediction of hearing thresholds with dichotic multiple frequency state evoked potentials compared to an auditory brainstem response protocol." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172005-155041.
Full text
18
Chien, Shih-Cheng [Verfasser], Thomas R. [Akademischer Betreuer] Knösche, Jens [Gutachter] Haueisen, and Marc [Gutachter] Schönwiesner. "Brain network dynamics in deviance response and auditory perception / Shih-Cheng Chien ; Gutachter: Jens Haueisen, Marc Schönwiesner ; Betreuer: Thomas R. Knösche." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121759549X/34.
Full text
19
Turner, Kaitlyn Chelsea. "P300 Event-Related Potentials to a Phoneme Discrimination Task Requiring a Motor Response." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7382.
Full textAbstract:
Speech perception typically takes place within the auditory cortex as evidenced by data collected using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). The purpose of this study was to determine if motor responses influence speech perception. We examined P300 event-related potentials during oddball stimulus recognition tasks that either required or did not require a motor response. Based on a review of the literature, it was hypothesized that similar areas of the brain would be activated in both the motor response task and the same task without a motor response immediately following the button-push condition. Two syllables, /ba/ and /ga/, were presented to 20 native English speakers (10 females and 10 males) between the ages of 19 and 30 years. An oddball paradigm consisting of standard and deviant stimuli was presented in three trials: passive listening, mental counting, and button-push. Participants were randomly assigned an order to the trials for passive listening and mental count; however, the button-push response was completed second each time. Data from event-related potentials were recorded for each participant using qEEG and combined across participants to create grand averaged waveforms. Cortical regions of activation were identified and compared across conditions. Results showed that different cortical areas were activated when the mental counting and passive listening conditions were done before and after the motor response condition. Requiring a more complicated response than is typically used to discriminate phonemes, such as with the button push response, may alter speech perception based on the cortical regions activated as measured through source localization. Further research on latencies and amplitudes of the even-related potential (ERP) waveforms is needed to determine how speech perception changes.
20
Lidian, Adnan. "Time-related Aspects of Otoprotection : Experimental Studies in Rat." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Öron-, näs- och halssjukdomar, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198450.
Full textAbstract:
Intratympanic injection of various otoprotectants through the round window membrane (RWM) might become available in the near future as an alternative to the currently available medical and surgical methods used to treat several inner ear diseases. The most common outcome of such diseases is sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Two examples of these otoprotectants are Edaravone and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), both of which have already proved effective against noise-induced hair cell loss, barotrauma and ototoxicity caused by cisplatin. In four different studies we used two electrophysiological methods, auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), to study the effects of tobramycin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PaExoA) on the inner ears of 129 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In two investigations, not only the otoprotective effects of Edaravone on tobramycin-induced ABR threshold shifts and PaExoA-induced DPOAE threshold changes, were studied but even different application times, in order to establish in which interval it was still possible to achieve effective otoprotection.We found that Edaravone gave otoprotection from tobramycin when injected simultaneously or within 7 days, but it had only a limited effect on the changes in DPOAE thresholds caused by PaExoA when injected 1, 2, or 4 hours after the exotoxin. The effect of BDNF on PaExoA-induced ABR threshold shifts was investigated in two studies, where different doses of intratympanically injected PaExoA were used and where BDNF was applied simultaneously, 12 or 72 hours efter exotoxin instillation. We found that BDNF had an otoprotective effect on SNHL induced by different doses PaExoA when injected simultaneously or with no more than 12 hours delay.
21
Uchôa, Natacha Toniazzi. "Prevalência de perda auditiva em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/1812.
Full textAbstract:
Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de alterações auditivas em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e estudar as variáveis que possam estar relacionadas com as alterações da acui-dade auditiva. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal que incluiu todos os recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso admitidos na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre no período de 1o de setembro de 2001 a 31 de janeiro de 2002. To-dos os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de otoemissão acústica evocada por produto de distorção no momento da alta hospitalar. O exame foi repetido em 30 dias quando havia alte-ração no primeiro exame. Quando o paciente apresentava o exame de otoemissão acústica al-terada em duas ocasiões, era realizado o potencial auditivo evocado cerebral, considerado al-terado a partir de 35 dB NA. Resultados: foram estudados 96 recém-nascidos. Seis tiveram tanto o exame de otoemissão acústica quanto o potencial auditivo evocado cerebral alterados. A média da idade gestacional foi de 31,5 ± 2,6 semanas, o peso de nascimento variou de 640 a 1.500 g e 57,3% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. A idade gestacional e o índice de Apgar no 5o minuto foram inferiores no grupo otoemissão acústica e potencial auditivo evocado cerebral alterados em relação aos demais grupos, atingindo significância limítrofe. Conclusões: a prevalência de perda auditiva nos recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso da Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre foi de 6,3%, tendo sido observadas associações de significância limítrofe com idade gestacional e índice de Apgar no 5o minuto.Objectives: to evaluate the prevalence of hearing loss in very low birth weight patients in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and to study the variables that can be related to hearing loss. Methods: a transversal study was carried through including all very low birth weight neonates admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre during September 1, 2000 to January 31, 2002. All patients were undergone to the distortion evoked otoacoustic emission test in the hospital discharge. When the patient presented alteration in this test, it was repeated in 30 days. However, when the patient who presented pathologic otoacoustic emission on two ocasions was undergone to the auditory evoked brain response. This test was considered abnormal from 35 dB NA. Results: we studied 96 neonates. Six children presented alteration in the distortion evoked otoacoustic emission test as well in the auditory evoked brain response. The children age average was 31.5 ± 2.6 weeks, their birth weight was between 640 g and 1,500 g, and 57.3% of the patients were female. The gestational age and the Apgar score at 5 minutes were inferior in the otoacoustic emission and auditory evoked brain response abnormal group related to the other groups, reaching bordering significance. Conclusions: the hearing loss prevalence of the very low birth weight neonates from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the HCPA was 6.3%, and it was observed bordering significance associations related to gestational age and 5 minutes Apgar score.
22
Aiken, Steven James. "Human Brain Responses to Speech Sounds." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/11178.
Full textAbstract:
Electrophysiologic responses are used to estimate hearing thresholds and fit hearing aids in young infants, but these estimates are not exact. An objective test of speech encoding could be used to validate infant fittings by showing that speech has been registered in the central auditory system. Such a test could also show the effects of auditory processing problems on the neural representation of speech. This thesis describes techniques for recording electrophysiologic responses to natural speech stimuli from the brainstem and auditory cortex. The first technique uses a Fourier analyzer to measure steady-state brainstem responses to periodicities and envelope changes in vowels, and the second uses a windowed cross-correlation procedure to measure cortical responses to the envelopes of sentences.
Two studies were conducted with the Fourier analyzer. The first measured responses to natural vowels with steady and changing fundamentals, and changing formants. Significant responses to the fundamental were detected for all of the vowels, in all of the subjects, in 19 – 73 s (on average). The second study recorded responses to a vowel fundamental and harmonics. Vowels were presented in opposite polarities to distinguish envelope responses from responses to the spectrum. Significant envelope responses were detected in all subjects at the fundamental. Significant spectral responses were detected in most subjects at harmonics near formant peaks. The third study used cross-correlation to measure cortical responses to sentences. Significant envelope responses were detected to all sentences, at delays of roughly 180 ms. Responses were localized to the posterior auditory cortices. A model based on a series of overlapping transient responses to envelope changes could also account for the results, suggesting that the cortex either directly follows the speech envelope or consistently reacts to changes in this envelope. The strengths and weaknesses of both techniques are discussed in relation to their potential clinical applications.