Dissertations / Theses: 'Audit independence'

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Bugeja, Martin. "Independent Expert Reports and Takeovers." University of Sydney. School of Business, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/648.

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Target firms in Australian takeovers are required to obtain an independent assessment of the offer price in situations where the Corporations Law considers the bidder has a superior bargaining position. The intention of this requirement is to protect target shareholders from being offered a lower takeover premium. The only empirical study of expert reports, Eddey (1993), is consistent with expert reports achieving their purpose, as the results indicate no difference in target firm premiums in offers with and without an expert report. Eddey also reports that a revision in offer price is more likely where an expert indicates the bid is �not fair and reasonable.� Using all takeovers from 1990 to 2000, this thesis aims to re-examine and substantially extend the findings in Eddey. As the sample includes all bids, irrespective of the form of payment consideration, the thesis will assess whether the results in Eddey can be extrapolated from cash-based bids to all takeover bids. In addition, the analysis will extend Eddey�s results by investigating whether expert reports result in a higher probability of a revision in offer price relative to takeovers without an expert report. This study also investigates the impact of the expert report on bidder announcement abnormal returns and examines the returns to both bidders and targets when the expert report is released. This will add to the limited current knowledge on the impact of expert reports on the capital market. This thesis also tests the validity of public criticisms of expert independence. Firstly, experts have been publicly criticised on the basis that they are not independent from the target firm. It has been suggested that such experts will be more likely to provide an opinion that agrees with the recommendation of target directors. Secondly, it has been alleged that experts who are also the target auditor provide their reports at a lower fee by cross-subsidising the reports� preparation from other fees received from the client. The concern with this practice is that these reports may be of lower quality. This criticism is tested by developing an expert fee model. This fee model is then used to assess whether, similar to evidence in the auditing field, �quality� experts earn a fee premium. The results indicate that the need for an expert report does not affect bidder abnormal returns at either the announcement of the takeover or release of the expert report. On the other hand, target shareholders earn significantly lower abnormal returns at the announcement of a bid where an expert report is required. This result is inconsistent with Eddey (1993) and raises doubt over whether experts prevent bidders from using their superior bargaining position to offer target shareholders a lower premium. Consistent with Eddey, the probability of an alteration in offer price is greater where an adverse expert opinion is given. The results also show that the presence of an expert increases the likelihood of a bid revision relative to takeovers in general. Target abnormal returns on the release of an expert report are positive and significant, irrespective of the type of expert opinion. This result however, is sensitive to any association between the author of the report and the target. In the case that an expert discloses any prior or current business dealings with the target, abnormal returns are insignificant. The conclusion from this finding is that the market perceives expert reports prepared by an associate of the target as lacking credibility. In light of this lack of information content it is recommended corporate regulators review those experts permitted to prepare reports. Contrary to the published criticisms, experts who have business dealings with the target are just as likely as other experts to provide an opinion that agrees with the recommendation of directors. The tests of a fee reduction by experts associated to the target indicate significant lower fees where the expert is the target auditor. Further analysis shows this result is only significant where the auditor is also a non-Big 6/5 firm. These auditors are also found to provide reports that are significantly shorter than other experts, suggesting the cut in fee is achieved by reducing the amount of effort. The results also find that the top two experts, Grant Samuels and Associates and Price Waterhouse Coopers, earn a fee premium over other experts. The finding of a fee premium for a large accounting firm indicates that such firms may receive a premium for both auditing and non-audit services.

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Sharma, Vineeta Divesh, and N/A. "The Effects of Independent Audit Committee Member Characteristics and Auditor Independence on Financial Restatements." Griffith University. Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071108.143642.

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The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) continues to reform the corporate governance mechanisms in order to improve the quality of financial reporting and thus, enhance the confidence of investors in the stock market and in the accounting profession. Despite the efforts of the SEC, financial reporting scandals continue with record numbers of financial restatements documented by the General Accounting Office. A financial restatement is a correction of a previously misstated financial statement. There is a small volume of literature examining the effects of corporate governance mechanisms on financial restatements. The results of these studies however, are mixed and possibly explained by their narrow focus and omitted variables that could influence the effectiveness of audit committees. Consequently, this study examines the effects of independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence on financial restatements. Specifically, this study investigates the relationship between the likelihood of financial restatements and: (1) the expertise of the independent audit committee members, (2) the expertise and diligence of the independent audit committee members, (3) the reputation of the independent audit committee members, (4) the interaction effect of expertise, diligence and reputation, (5) the tenure of the independent audit committee members, and (6) the cash compensation paid to independent audit committee members. Prior studies have not investigated some of these variables or the interaction effects of independent audit committee member characteristics on financial restatements. This study also investigates the association between auditor independence and financial restatements. The SEC alleges that an increasing number of audit failures are due to the lack of auditor independence. One of the major sources of the lack of auditor independence is the auditors economic dependency on the client. The provision of non-audit services increases the financial reliance of the auditor on the client. As a result, the auditor may become reluctant to raise issues with the preparation of the financial statements at the risk of foregoing the lucrative non-audit services fees. The SEC believes that longer audit firm tenure can also impair auditor independence and Section 203 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act suggests periodic audit firm rotation. Therefore, auditor independence was measured as: (1) fees paid to the auditor, and (2) audit firm tenure. Finally, this study extends the prior literature by studying the interaction effects of independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence on financial restatements. This interaction effect is important because the external auditor and the audit committee are regarded vital governance mechanisms that interact and exchange dialogue in the performance of their respective oversight of the financial reporting process. Prior research has not investigated this important interaction effect. The sample of the study comprises 69 U.S. publicly listed companies that announced their restatement from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2002. These companies were matched with 69 non-restatement companies based on industry and size. The data for the study is derived from SEC filings such as Form 10-K and DEF 14A, and Compustat. The univariate results show that compared to restatement firms, non-restatement firms generally have effective audit committee characteristics. The audit committees of non-restatement firms have members who are experts, diligent, reputable and appropriately compensated. They also pay lower non-audit services and total fees, and have audit firms with longer tenure. The multivariate results show that after controlling for other governance structures and firm specific non-governance variables, the likelihood of financial restatements is related to independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence. Specifically, the likelihood of financial restatements decreases when independent audit committee members are: (1) experts, (2) experts and diligent, (3) reputable, (4) experts, diligent and reputable, and (5) appropriately compensated. The audit committee member tenure variable is insignificant. In relation to the auditor independence variables, the multivariate results show that the likelihood of financial restatements increases when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher. On the other hand, the likelihood of financial restatements decreases when audit firm tenure is longer. The empirical results of this study suggest that independent audit committees are more effective overseers of the corporate financial reporting and auditing processes when: they comprise majority experts, they meet regularly, their members are reputable, and audit committee members are appropriately compensated. On the other hand, external auditors are not deemed to be effective overseers of the corporate financial reporting process when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher but are effective when audit firm tenure is long. The results support the SECs concerns regarding the provision of non-audit services impairing auditor independence. The results also support the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which under Section 201 prohibits external auditors from providing certain non-audit services to its audit client. Overall, these results support the regulatory efforts to increase the quality of financial reporting by enhancing the corporate governance process related to audit committees and auditor independence. However, the results do not support calls to limit the tenure of the auditor. The results of the multivariate interaction effects suggest that, after controlling for other governance structures and firm specific non-governance variables, when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher, the likelihood of financial restatements increases under conditions when the audit committee is not effective (a non expert audit committee, an audit committee that does not meet regularly, an audit committee whose members are not reputable or an audit committee that is not appropriately compensated). The implication of this result is that it provides evidence of conditions under which restatements take place. Knowledge of such conditions could aid regulators further improve the financial reporting process and corporate governance. This knowledge will support regulators in revising policies that ensure audit committee members are not only independent but also comprise other critical qualities. These improvements to the audit committee coupled with the existing regulations on the provision of non-audit services suggest a companys governance will be more effective. Overall, the results extend current knowledge in the sparse but growing literature related to financial restatements and corporate governance, and extend our understanding of the effectiveness and interaction of governance mechanisms in reducing financial restatements.

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Krauß, Patrick. "Audit services, non-audit services, and audit firm tenure." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-124185.

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The faith in financial reporting quality and the corresponding auditing process has suffered a lot within the last decade, due to significant accounting scandals (e.g. Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat, etc.). As an answer to these accounting scandals, the law-makers in Germany and the European Union, respectively, have strengthened audit regulations in order to improve the quality of the conducted audits. The aim of this cumulative dissertation is to provide empirical evidence on the effects of intended and already implemented regulative audit requirements in Germany. ln order to consider the wide range of different audit requirements, the dissertation is based on four different study manuscripts, highlighting various perspectives with regard to the appointment, duration, and remuneration of a statutory auditor in the German audit environment. Besides the empirical evidence for separate auditing issues, this dissertation is also aimed to provide a solid theoretical background and critical suggestions for future research.

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Hsu, Kevin. "The Impact of Independence-Related AAERs on the Provision of Non-Audit Services." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2004.

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This study examines the differences in the provision of non-audit services (NAS) for audit offices that receive SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs). While prior research examines the links between the provision of non-audit services and impaired auditor independence, less attention has been paid to the contagion effects of independence violations. However, I do not find any evidence of a significant difference in the amount of NAS provided by offices that receive an independence-related AAER, relative to offices that receive other auditor-related AAERs. Broadly, my findings suggest that clients do not differentiate between independence violations and other audit-related violations and that no contagion effect exists for independence violations.

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Cicovic, Tatjana, and Samandeep Dhanoa. "Audit firm rotation : Could the concept enhance an auditor’s independence?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298324.

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As a result of crisis and scandals, a lot of criticism has been emphasized against an auditor’sindependence and profession. In order to re-establish confidence in financial statements, theEuropean Commission introduced a Green Paper that above all included a proposal of mandatoryaudit firm rotation aiming to enhance an auditor's independence. The aim of this thesis istherefore to describe whether an auditor’s independence may be affected by the new lawregarding Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation, by contributing with more information regarding auditfirm rotation based on Swedish companies from the Swedish market. The study is based on a quantitative approach using a multivariate logistic regression in order tocompile and analyze the results. Six hypotheses have been tested in order to determine whetherchosen variables may affect an auditor's independence and their statements. Based on our results,we accepted four hypotheses, showing that four variables have an influence on qualified opinion,with rotation as a reference variable. The four variables are leverage, size, specialist and losswhich showed a statistically significance using a 5% significance level. The results imply thataudit firm rotation may enhance an auditor's independence.

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Kusman, Jadin T. "An Economic and Psychological Analysis of Auditor Independence." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/309.

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This paper compares and contrasts economic and psychological explanations for auditor bias and independence violations in accordance with the structure of the Auditing profession. The study illustrates that external auditor bias is more appropriately attributed to unintentional biases, such as the self-serving bias, rather than economic forces.

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Marx, B., and D. Lubbe. "The role of the audit committee in supporting the external auditor's independence and effectiveness." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 8, Issue 3: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/571.

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Published Article
This article discusses the developments and factors that impact on the external audit function, and analyses the role that an effectively functioning audit committee can play in supporting the external auditor's independence and effectiveness. This is done through a literature review of external audit and audit committee developments, and is supported by empirical evidence obtained from assessing the annual reports and from questionnaires sent to the audit committee chairs of the Top 40 listed companies in South Africa. The main findings of the study are that audit committees at the largest listed companies in South Africa are taking responsibility for overseeing the external audit function, but that the disclosure thereof in annual reports was found to be lacking. These findings are of significance as they provide support for the recommendations of King III (effective from 1 March 2010) that all companies should form audit committees and that external audit should be given oversight responsibilities in this regard.

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Shihao, Tang, and Shen Shen. "Commercialization and Audit quality : Evidence from Chinese audit market." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20040.

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In recent years, the commercialization of the audit market has become more and more apparent, which is an inevitable trend. After the Enron scandal broke out, researches about commercialization and audit professions, audit quality have arisen. Most of these studies are focus on western audit firms. The purpose of this study is to look at the impact of commercialization of the Chinese audit industry from the auditor perspective. This paper is based on 109 responses to a survey distributed to Chinese auditors, including Big 4 firms and non-Big 4 firms. This study use market orientation, customer orientation and process orientation as indicators of commercialization. Auditor independence and auditor competence as two main cornerstones of audit quality. The data were analyzed by multiple statistics test. Our finding indicates that all three indicators of commercialization of audit market have a positive relation with auditor independence and competence. We are thus concluding that commercialization of the audit market has a positive relation to audit quality. Also, we find that auditors in Big 4 and non-Big 4 audit farm are not much difference. This may be because the Big 4 in the Chinese market do not have the same dominance as in the Western market.

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Ziegler, Max, and Heidrun Schlaich. "Client Employment of previous Auditors : Banks' Views on Auditor Independence." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-32751.

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Through the audit of annual reports, auditors contribute to the credibility of financial information. To ensure trustworthiness, the auditor has to be independent from the audited company. Auditors’ independence has been a very broadly discussed topic for many years. The most discussed threat to auditors’ independence is the provision of non-audit services by audit firms. But there are other threats to auditors’ independence besides the provision of non-audit services, which are not that frequently discussed so far. There is a tendency that companies hire employees of their current audit firm, which can imply a threat to auditors’ independence. This threat is addressed in the present research paper. The purpose of this paper is to examine if banks, as important capital providers, are aware of the threat to auditors’ independence through the client employment of previous auditors. This study uses qualitative data, collected by a web-based self-completion questionnaire with open questions. This questionnaire was sent out to corporate account officers in German banks via email. The analysis of these results shows that banks perceive the client employment of previous auditors as a threat to auditors’ independence. But even though banks perceive this as a threat, most of the respondents do not see any possibility to counteract the dangers posed by such a move. The main reason is the missing capability to gather knowledge about the employment behavior of a company. Hence, the client employment of previous auditors often stays undetected. Such a move may affect the mind-set of the bankers in a theoretical way, but has no influence regarding their daily business with the customer firms. Different measures exist to counteract the threat to auditors’ independence as well as the negative impacts caused by the client employment of previous auditors. These countermeasures refer to all three parties – (I) the company, (II) the audit service providers and (III) the bank. Especially regulation, both of the audit and the bank, but as well voluntary acting can be consulted. Further research needs to be done in order to proof the results of this study preferably in a quantitative way. An extension to how banks act instead on looking how they perceive the client employment would be interesting in order to draw more conclusions and develop further countermeasures.

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Chia-ah, Etienne, and Joel Karlsson. "The impact of extended audit tenure on auditor independence : Auditors perspective." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34641.

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With the wave of crises in the early 2000 notably Enron, auditor independence was put in the spotlight which has continually threatened the integrity of the entire auditing profession. Connected to these accounting scandals, it could be realized that most of the auditors involved in the audits of these corporations had long standing relationship with these clients. In other words, the auditors had extended audit tenures. This puts the issue of audit tenure into the open that is as to how long should auditors serve a client?

The general purpose of this study is to examine whether extended audit tenures can lead to the emergence of threats to auditor independence which may impair the auditor independence. Our study is quantitative, using a self-administered web-survey to collect our data. The study provides results from a cross sectional design to examine the impact of extended audit tenures on auditor independence. This impact is compared across short and extended (long) tenures on the basis of the threats to auditor independence. Using paired samples t-test in SPSS for our sample of authorized or approved Swedish auditors; we find that extended audit tenures impact self-interest, self-review and intimidation threats that affects auditor independence. Our findings did not reveal any relationship between the advocacy and familiarity threats and the impact extended audit tenures have on them, hence we rejected the hypotheses relating to these threats. However, though the relationship was still not strong, the results for self-interest, self-review and intimidation threats proved significant and this prompted us to accept the respective hypotheses. In conclusion, our results show that there is an association of auditor independence to extended audit tenures.

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Al-Eissa, Abdulaziz Ibraheim. "Non-Audit Services and Auditor Independence : the Case of Saudi Arabia." full-text, 2009. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/2008/1/Abdulazia.pdf.

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The nature of the client-auditor relationship is a critical issue for stakeholders and other users of the audited financial statements. This type of relationship is predicated on trust; however, it is susceptible to differing motives, conflict of interest, and information asymmetries. An external auditor’s independence is crucial to users of audited financial statements. A number of factors may impact the independence of the external auditor. This study investigates stakeholders’ perceptions of NAS on auditor independence in Saudi Arabia, where NAS is banned except tax and zakat service. This study adopted the framework developed by the Independence Standard Board (ISB) Statement of Independence Concepts: A Conceptual Framework for Auditor Independence, which identified five types of threats, four of which occurs when auditors provides NAS for their audit clients. A mail questionnaire method was used to collect the data. Participants were divided into six groups: major audit firms; minor audit firms; loan officers; financial analysts; financial directors; and academics. Non-parametric statistical tests were used in this study, including the Kruskal-Wallis Test and the Mann-Whitney Test, to draw inferential conclusions regarding the data collected. Findings show that participant categories differ in their views on legalising NAS for Saudi auditor clients. While minor audit firms, financial directors, and academics supported the joint provision of audit and NAS, the other three categories did not. This result was supported by the second hypothesis, where the minor audit firms viewed that auditor independence with NAS can be maintained. In addition, all participant categories agreed that the joint provision enhances audit quality. Furthermore, participant categories were divided about the effectiveness of the total ban of NAS. However, all groups agreed that certain procedures can be undertaken to enhance auditor independence. These procedures are: separation of personnel; disclosure of fees; and limiting recruiting services. The familiarity threat was selected by the academic group as the greatest risk to auditor independence while the self-interest threat was selected by the other five categories. Conclusions of this study are that NAS could be extended in Saudi Arabia, with the exception of NAS with proven risk to auditor independence. The nature of the NAS relationship should be clear and pre-approved by the client, and NAS fees published. Further, audit firm personnel undertaking NAS must be separated from the firm’s auditors at all times during the procedures.

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Zerni, M. (Mikko). "Essays on audit quality." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514292927.

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Abstract The only observable outcome of the audit process is normally the issued audit report, which, at least in its standard form, does not contain much information about audit quality (Balsam et al. 2003). Auditor quality is multidimensional and inherently unobservable, and there is no single auditor characteristic that can be used as a proxy for it. In the absence of direct measures for quality, audit consumers must assess the quality by using quality surrogates, or the overall reputation of an auditor (e.g. Shapiro 1983, Riley 2001). The purpose of this dissertation is to enhance our understanding of the determinants and implications of quality-differentiated audits through four inter-related essays. The findings of the essays shed light on the various ways in which client firms strive to signal high audit and consequent earnings quality. From the supply-side perspective, the essays of this dissertation provide evidence how some (individual) auditors have been able to establish a reputation higher than the generic reputation. Importantly, this dissertation adds to the ongoing debate about the regulator changes and initiatives in the European Union and the U.S.A. requiring disclosure of engagement partner identity. The rationale behind such a requirement is that it could bring within investors’ reach greater transparency and accountability in the auditing process thereby helping to restore investor confidence in the capital markets. Consistent with this rationale, the results of this dissertation support the view that audit markets (and/or firm insiders) infer audit quality, at least to some extent, from the characteristics of the individual audit partner in charge.

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Ekström, Simon, and Tim Ainemo. "Does audit independence have an impact on issued sanctions? : A quantitative study of listed companies in the Swedish setting." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43825.

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This study investigated the relationship between audit independence and audit quality, which is measured by sanctions issued by Nasdaq Stockholm Exchange. Sanctions as a tool to measure audit quality is uncommon, this study is one of the first studies using this approach in Europe. The investigation was based on a sample size of 49 company-years, and a total of 16 unique companies that are or were listed on either Nasdaq Stockholm or Nasdaq First North between the years of 2008-2018. The study used a logistic regression model to investigate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables since the dependent variable was classified as a binary variable. Three different proxy variables were used to measure audit independence, Audit Tenure, Client Importance and Non-Audit Services. The study found indications about a negative relationship with each proxy variable, however the findings were not strong enough to be statistically significant, which led to the conclusion that this study did not find any association between sanctions and the chosen variables.

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Siddiqui, Javed. "Regulation of auditor independence and the joint provision of audit and non-audit services in the UK 2000-2007." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.632813.

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The thesis uses NIE and NIS perspectives to analyse the post-Enron response of the UK companies and auditors with regards to joint provision of audit and non-audit services (NAS). Three potential behaviours are investigated: NAS purchase behaviour of the UK companies; NAS disclosure behaviour of the UK companies; and responses of the auditors to draft APB ethical standards (2004a). Using the NIE-NIS framework, it is acknowledged that such responses could be driven by varying degrees of legitimacy, and economic dependence. The thesis uses multi-strategy research methods to investigate the behaviours of UK companies and auditors. Using a sample of 147 FTSE 250 companies, the thesis provides evidence of changes in NAS purchase behaviour post-Enron. Also, it is found that NAS purchase behaviour varies with varying threats of legitimacy. OLS and 2SLS regression results identify audit fees, company size, and legitimacy threat as important determinants of NAS fees in the UK. With regards to NAS disclosure behaviour, the results indicate that UK companies significantly increased NAS related disclosures in their annual reports, irrespective of varying levels of institutional pressures. Use of a disclosure index facilitates this thesis in identifying the determinants of NAS disclosures of the UK companies. Company size, governance, and registration with the SEC are found to be important determinants of disclosure levels. A qualitative analysis of the auditors' response letters to the draft APB ethical standards reveals that the responses of different groups of auditors varied with the varying threats of legitimacy. Also, it is found that the auditors' responses were driven by economic reasons. Overall, the findings of this thesis suggest that behaviour in the UK was significantly affected by the events in the US and that UK companies followed strategies both of voluntarily reducing NAS purchase and providing greater NAS disclosure to help maintain confidence in UK financial reporting and auditing. Also, the strategies adopted by auditors varied in accordance with their legitimacy threat exposure, and economic dependence. 6

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Peter, Okah Okah. "Relationship Between Non-Audit Services and Auditors´ Independence : Evidence from Earnings Management Perspective." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-68960.

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Recent financial crises and accounting scandals resulting from perceived audit failures have given rise to increase criticism in the manner which accountants and auditors respect their professional code of ethics. As a consequence, the SEC rules in 2000 limits the services auditors are allowed to provide to their clients and also set limits on fees for internal audit services. In addition to this, they called upon all firms to disclose all fees paid to auditors for both audit and non-audit services. This thesis investigates whether the provision of Non-Audit Services is associated with auditor’s independence evidence from the earnings management perspective proxy by discretionary accruals. I began this study by examining the relevant textbooks and related articles of accounting and auditing. Furthermore, the hypotheses and research model are proposed based upon related accounting and auditing theories. The data for this thesis were manually collected from the NASDAQ OMX website from the annual financial reports of 107 Swedish public listed firms in the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The selection of these companies was based on their capitalization i.e., Large, Medium and Small size firms. In this study, quantitative research method has been used to explore the relationship between provision of NAS and auditor’s independence with the help of statistical soft wares (SPSS and Excel) for data analysis. My research outcome provides evidence that the amount of non-audit services rendered by a firm’s external auditors is not associated with earnings management; therefore, the auditor’s independence is not compromised for providing NAS to their clients. This no association is an indication that, the auditor’s independence is strengthened during the provision of non-audit services a result consistent with that of prior researches (e.g., DeFond et al. (2002); Crabtree et al. (2004); Chung & Kallapur (2003)). I also found out that, the provision of audit services is not associated with earnings management, an indication of no management discretionary accruals. Therefore, the auditor’s independence is not compromised when providing a joint audit and non-audit services. These results provide an insight concerning the perceptions of auditor independence and also afford empirical evidence regarding the role that non-audit and audit services fees plays in establishing confidence among the users of firms’ annual financial report.

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Hansson, Emil, and Fredrik Löfvendal. "Increased use of marketing in the audit industry : Effect on independence price and quality." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131075.

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Background: The concept of marketing is quite new to the audit industry, prior to 1978 all marketing of audit services were strictly forbidden. In 2010, the statutory audit was abolished in Sweden forcing auditors to market their services to convince their clients that they still should hire an auditor. This increased use of marketing adds a new dimension to the profession and might affect the pricing of audit, the quality of audit and might threaten the auditors‟ independency. Purpose: This paper focuses on how the increased use of marketing affects the auditing firms‟ services, more specifically how it affects auditor independence, audit quality and audit pricing. It is obvious that it is a fine line between auditors marketing their services and keeping their independence. It is clear that it has had implications on the business and after reading the disciplinary case it is clear that the rules are not defined in a way so that all the players in the industry interpret them in same way. Our purpose is to investigate how auditors in Sweden use marketing and how they make sure that they are still independent. We also want to investigate if the use of marketing has any effect on the quality of the audit and also the price of auditing. Completion: The study is based on qualitative approach focusing on interviews with auditors active in Sweden. A statistical survey to determine any potential changes in price is also added to add on to the credibility of our study. Conclusions are drawn based on the result of the survey and based on the interviews with our auditors. Conclusion: The increased use of marketing has changed the audit profession, the auditors need to market their services and cannot only focus on conducting audits. It has had implications on the audit quality and the auditors struggle with the balance between marketing themselves and keeping their independence.

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Lovisa, Kristensson, and Khan Waqas. "What affect the auditor independence in appearance? : from the perspective of the clients." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20973.

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It is important for an auditor to be independent both in mind and in appearance. The independence of the auditor is important for the trustworthiness of the auditor. Independence in appearance is the focus of this study and is how independent the auditor appears to be from the perspective of other stakeholders. This will be studied from the perspective of clients. The audit does not only have to be useful for the owners, but also for the client who pay for the audit. The aim of this study is to explain what factors that are affecting how clients perceive the auditor independence in Sweden. The study also wants to investigate if the client firm size affects the relationship between independence in appearance and factors affecting independence in appearance. To answer this, a questionnaire was sent via email to small and large limited companies in Sweden. This study found that audit tenure and auditor-client relationship partly have an influence on independence in appearance. How long the client has had the same audit firm is positively related to independence in appearance and how often the client has contact with the auditor is negatively related to independence in appearance. Client firm size couldn’t be used as a moderating variable since too few responses was received.

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Baah, George Kwadwo. "THE INTERSECTION OF AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE, OBJECTIVITY, AND INTEGRITY IN HIGH-RISK AUDIT CONDITIONS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1465427254.

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Karmanova, Kristina. "Internal audit in Lithuanian commercial banks : an important part of corporate governance or just another department?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202533.

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Purpose: the purpose of the thesis is to find out how Lithuanian commercial banks position their internal audit function within their organizational structure to overcome the tension of working with the management and keeping the distance to be able to report on them at the same time; and is internal audit function considered as one of the cornerstones of corporate governance. Moreover, comparison of banks is made to inspect any patterns, differences and similarities concerning the origin of the capital. Method: to answer the research question a qualitative approach was chosen: analysis of audited financial reports in the period of 2008-2011, organizational statutes and all available public information in 7 Lithuanian commercial banks is performed. Moreover email-interviews were held with all chief internal auditors. Findings: the internal audit function in Lithuanian commercial banks is not considered as one of the cornerstones of corporate governance – the function only participates in the corporate governance through the audit committee. Threats for independence are mitigated by giving the responsibility to the audit committee to appoint and dismiss the chief internal auditor and to approve the annual audit plan; and by composing the audit committee with at least one financial expert. Moreover, there is no clear pattern or distinction between internal audit positioning in foreign-capital and Lithuanian- capital banks. Concluding remarks: the need for improved controls is a very important issue in the public debate. The position that internal auditors are put in nowadays is very challenging – internal auditors are expected to provide both assurance and consulting services and maintain their independence at the same time – and organizations handle it differently.

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Bermudez, Cuevas Jonatan, Anastasia Mörtsjö, and Victor Änilane. "The Process of Internal Audit’s Involvement with Enterprise Risk Management : The Influence on Internal Audit’s Objectivity and Independence." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256290.

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In 2004, the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) issued a paper that defined internal auditors’ role in Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) as a role that relates to measuring and monitoring performance. The present study examines how high internal audit involvement in ERM-related activities and a strong relationship between internal auditors and senior management influence internal auditors’ objectivity and independence. The present study replicates the experimental design used by de Zwaan, Stewart and Subramaniam (2011) with the manipulation of the variables of (i) internal audit’s involvement in ERM and (ii) the strength of the relationship between internal audit and senior management. Similarly to de Zwaan et al. (2011), objectivity and independence are measured by examining internal audit’s willingness to report a breakdown in risk procedures to the audit committee. The results show that internal auditors are somewhat influenced by a high involvement in ERM-related activities when reporting a breakdown in risk procedures and that internal auditors consider the guidelines issued by the IIA important to follow. Further, the results do not indicate that a strong relationship between internal auditors and senior management influences internal audit’s willingness to report a breakdown in risk procedures.

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Larsson, Daniel, and David Arevärn. "Fattar företagsägare ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut med att slopa revisorn? : En kvantitativ studie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90545.

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Revisionsplikten i Sverige avskaffades för några år sedan för de minsta aktiebolagen och idag är det ett omdiskuterat ämne. Det är dock först nu som effekterna börjar visa sig. Idag är det cirka 80 procent av de minsta bolagen som inte anlitar en revisor. Studien har utförts ur företagens perspektiv och syftet med vår studie har varit att undersöka om bolag som inte anlitar en revisor har fattat ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut. För att genomföra studien har vi använt oss av kvantitativ metod med deduktiv ansats som utgått från positivistisk kunskapssyn. Vi har bland annat undersökt om ett antal nyckeltal skiljer sig mellan reviderade och oreviderade bolag. Nyckeltalen som vi har undersökt är “avkastning på eget kapital”, skuldsättningsgrad samt två olika nyckeltal för räntenivåer. Det kan finnas många skäl till varför nyckeltalen skiljer sig åt mellan grupperna därför har vi även tagit ett antal förklaringsvariabler i beaktande. Exempel på sådana förklaringsvariabler är omsättning och bransch. Till vår hjälp har vi laddat ner data från företagens årsredovisningar från cirka 70 000 bolag genom en databas. Vi har även undersökt om företagsägarna anser att nyttan med revision överväger kostnaderna samt om utbildningsnivån inom redovisning skiljer sig mellan bolag som anlitar och inte anlitar revisor. Vi undersökte också hur rationellt företagsägarna agerar samt ett av studiens delsyften var att undersöka om oreviderade bolag köper mer hjälp med bokföringen än reviderade bolag. Urvalsramen bestod av företag som inte omfattas av revisionsplikt. För att genomföra studien har vi skickat ut en enkät via sms till 2 000 små onoterade aktiebolag. Totalt formades sju nollhypoteser varav fyra fick förkastas. Slutsatserna av studien visade att bolag inte fattar ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut med att inte anlita en revisor om de är i stort behov av extern finansiering. Anledningen är att dessa bolag betalar högre räntor som vid en hög belåning kan skillnaden i ränta mellan reviderade o oreviderade företag vara högre än revisionsarvodet. För övriga bolag som inte har stora skulder finner studien bevis för att företagsägarna fattar ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut med att inte anlita en revisor eftersom de inte påverkas av räntenivåerna. Studien visade också att bolag utan revisor har lägre omsättning och lönsamhet samt har en lägre skuldsättningsgrad. Från enkäten kom vi fram till att företagsägare som inte anlitar en revisor har en högre utbildningsnivå inom redovisning/bokföring. Vi fann däremot inga bevis för att oreviderade företag köper mer konsultation inom redovisning än reviderade bolag.

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Ananthanarayanan, Umapathy. "The association between auditors' fees and earnings management in New Zealand." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/460.

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This study provides evidence between auditors' fees and earnings management in New Zealand. The fee measures used in this study are audit fees, non-audit fees and total fees paid by a client to the audit firm. For each of the three fee measures, I derive client importance fee measures that reflect a client’s economic importance to the auditor relative to other clients of the auditor at the city office and national levels. This study employs both performance adjusted discretionary accruals and current accruals as proxies for earnings management. Using a sample of 224 firm-years comprising firms listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) in fiscal years 2004 and 2005, the results of multivariate tests indicate an adverse association between non-audit fees and earnings management. In other words, non-audit fees paid by a client relative to fees paid by other clients, at the office and national levels, appear to impair the auditor’s independence because clients generating relatively more non-audit fees report greater discretionary and current accruals. Such evidence is more pronounced for income increasing accrual proxies for earnings management. The results also show that audit fee is not related to earnings management. As the results in this study are consistent across both discretionary and current accruals, the validity of the results is strengthened. This study contributes to the literature by providing insight into how auditors’ fee metrics indicating client importance affect earnings management in a legal and institutional environment of a small economy, and where the audit market is largely saturated with little room for growth. This study raises implications for relevant regulatory bodies in New Zealand pertaining to future developments of auditor independence and financial reporting regulations.

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Sori, Zulkarnain Muhamad. "An investigation into perceptions of auditor independence, non-audit services and corporate governance issues in Malaysia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440164.

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Matassino, Chris. "The effect of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 on the audit industry and auditor independence /." Staten Island, N.Y. : [s.n.], 2004. http://library.wagner.edu/theses/business/2004/thesis_bus_2004_matas_effec.pdf.

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Abdel, Nour Joseph. "The effect of employee ownership on audit fees, auditor independence and earnings management : evidence from France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200407_ABDELNOUR_601e813hbqqyh297jdc660bt_TH.pdf.

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L’Actionnariat Salarié (AS) est une composante de rémunération qui permet de relier le patrimoine personnel du salarié à celui de l’entreprise. Il assure leur représentation dans le conseil d’administration, ce qui génère des effets sur plusieurs niveaux : individuel, organisationnel et macroéconomique. Ce travail doctoral examine les effets de l’AS sur les pratiques de comptabilité et audit en France, pays où l’AS est le plus développé en Europe. Le premier chapitre introduit les plans d’AS et les autres plans de participation des salariés en France et dans le monde. Le second chapitre étudie les coûts d’agence et les honoraires d’audit. Il montre une relation en U inversé entre l’AS et ces deux variables, indiquant que l’AS a un double effet : l’alignement des intérêts et l’enracinement des dirigeants. Le troisième chapitre montre que l’AS rassure les parties prenantes sur l’indépendance de l’auditeur. Il permet notamment aux dirigeants de profiter des bénéfices liés à un double engagement (audit et non-audit) et d’acquérir plus de services non-audits. Le quatrième chapitre révèle que la gestion des résultats par les managers en France, à travers les accruals discrétionnaires, est plutôt utilisée de manière opportuniste. L’étude démontre aussi que l’AS réduit la manipulation opportuniste des résultats et le taux d’opportunisme des accruals. Le dernier chapitre présente une conclusion de la thèse et synthétise les résultats, les contributions et les limites de la recherche. Cette thèse de doctorat contribue à la littérature sur la gouvernance d’entreprise, en examinant l’effet de l’AS sur les coûts d’agence à travers divers prismes
Employee Share Ownership (ESO) refers to a compensation practice through which an employee’s wealth is directly tied to their companies’. It provides their representation in the board of directors and has several effects on the individual, corporate and macroeconomic levels. This doctoral thesis discusses the effects of employee ownership on accounting and audit practices in France, the country that has the most developed ESO in Europe. The first chapter provides a general introduction to ESO schemes and other shared capitalism arrangements in France and in the world. The second chapter focuses on agency costs and audit fees, and finds a negative U-shaped relationship between ESO and both variables. It indicates that ESO aligns the interests of employees with those of shareholders, but also acts as a managerial entrenchment mechanism. The third chapter finds that ESO reassures the company’s stakeholders about the auditor’s independence and allows managers to benefit from their auditor’s joint-engagement benefits by purchasing more non-audit services. The fourth chapter studies earnings management through discretionary accruals and reveals that earnings management in France is rather used opportunistically by managers. It also finds that ESO helps decreasing the manipulation of earnings and reduces the opportunism of the discretionary accruals. The final chapter summarizes the thesis’ results and presents its contributions and limitations. This doctorate dissertation contributes to research on corporate governance by studying ESO’s effect on agency costs from several perspectives

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Adelopo, Ismail. "The impact of corporate governance on auditor independence : a study of audit committess in UK listed companies." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/3836.

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The thesis explores the relationship between Audit Committees and External Auditors’ fees of a sample of FTSE 350 companies in the UK for the period of 2005-2006. This is achieved by providing answers to three main research questions. First, what are the determinants of Audit Committee activity? Second, what is the relationship between Audit Committee activity and external auditors’ fees? Third, what is the relationship between audit and non-audit fees and how does the Audit Committee affect these? Starting out with an Agency Theoretical background, the study found evidence consistent with the views that a higher proportion of Independent Non-Executive Directors on the board enhances Audit Committees’ activity, but the presence of financial expertise on the committee was not found to be statistically significant in explaining its activity. The thesis also documented evidence that shows that Audit Committee activity is inversely related to managerial ownership of shares in companies. In line with the economic theory of auditing, the researcher used fees paid to the external auditor to proxy for the level of economic bonding between auditors and their clients. Higher fees are interpreted to indicate compromised independence. Five alternative measures of economic bonding were used. The researcher found a stable and statistically significant positive relationship between measures of economic bonding and Audit Committee activity. This finding is consistent with the view that Audit Committees buy more services from the auditors in order to enhance auditing and reporting quality. Strong positive relationships between audit and non-audit services and vice versa were found using a single equation fees model but these relationships were not consistent when the researcher controlled for endogeneity between audit and non audit fees using Simultaneous Equation Models (SEM). Audit Committee activity was not statistically important in these relationships. This evidence taken together supports the proposition that economies of scope exist in the joint provision of both audit and non-auditing services to the same client. Finally the thesis also documents evidence that suggests that knowledge spill-over flows from non-audit services to auditing services and that auditor do not use audit as a loss leader.

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Harber, Michael. "Exploring a South African solution to an international concern over auditor independence: The South African audit profession's opinions with regard to mandatory audit firm rotation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22838.

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The provision of assurance services, most notably the audit function, is an activity of public protection that requires a high degree of independence between the auditor and the audit client to ensure audit quality is achieved. Internationally, especially in the European Union, there is a legislated move towards mandatory audit firm rotation (MAFR) to ensure auditor independence. South Africa is currently faced with the decision of whether to change legislation and follow suit. Using a qualitative and descriptive methodology, through the use of semi-structured and open interviews with experienced South African audit partners, the direct and indirect effects of mandatory firm rotation on the audit profession was explored. This study will therefore present the opinions of the regulator and a small group of experienced audit partners, most being regional or national managing partners, from audit firms that perform public interest entity audits. Of particular interest will be the opinions of the respondents around (1) the state of independence in South Africa, (2) whether mandatory audit firm rotation will increase audit quality, (3) whether there are better alternatives to mandatory audit firm rotation, and (4) what the perceived direct and indirect effects of mandatory rotation will be within the South African legal and regulatory context. A particular emphasis is also placed on the argument from the national audit regulator that mandatory audit firm rotation, in addition to strengthening independence, will also reduce market concentration (promote competition) in the South African audit industry, as well as promote black economic transformation. The results show significant disagreement by the audit practitioners against the arguments in favour of mandatory audit firm rotation, with most claiming that it will not achieve an increase in audit quality and will produce many unintended consequences that will in their opinion actually reduce audit quality. There is a significant amount of agreement amongst the audit partners on the key issues and no partner interviewed is fully in favour of changing legislation to require MAFR. A number of alternative means for improving audit quality are suggested, which in the opinion of many of the partners, will be less damaging to audit quality and the audit profession.

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Garefelt, Linus, and Marcus Persson. "Korta vs. långa revisionsuppdrag : Hur ser skillnader ut i termer av revisionsprocesser, oberoende och revisionskvalitet?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160576.

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Sammanfattning Revision är ett än mer aktuellt ämne nu än på flera decennier då det debatteras vitt och brett kring vad en revisor skall eller bör göra. I och med de tidigare införda byrårotationskraven begränsar det företag av allmänt intresse att inte under mer än maximalt tio år använda samma revisionsbyrå, med chans till förlängning. Vi har därför valt att undersöka hur längden på revisionsuppdragen kan inverka på stora onoterade bolag i en mindre geografisk zon, i vårt fall Umeå kommun med omnejd genom att intervjua tre revisorer och deras klienter. Baserat på problemdiskussionen har vi bestämt följande problemformulering för studien. Hur upplever revisionsbyråerna och deras klienter att oberoendet samt revisionskvalitet samspelar med revisionsprocessen vid korta respektive långa revisionsuppdrag? Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur förhållandet mellan klient och revisor upplevs ha en samverkan med kvaliteten i revisionen samt på revisorernas oberoende till deras klienter över tid. Detta kan ligga till grund för framtida diskussioner gällande byrårotation för huruvida oberoende och revisionskvalitet utvecklas över tid under revisionsuppdraget. Med en kvalitativ ansats har vi genomfört nio intervjuer med tre revisorer samt sex klienter. Klientförhållandena till respektive revisor är ett långvarigt revisionsuppdrag (fler än fem år) och ett kortvarigt revisionsuppdrag (mindre än 5 år sedan övertagandet). Denna unika inblick i revisor-klientförhållandet kopplas till flertalet faktorer samt teorier vilka kan ha en samverkan och förklaring till förändringen i oberoendet samt revisionskvaliteten. Vi kommer i vår studie fram till att revisionsprocessen ser väldigt lik ut vid korta samt långa revisionsuppdrag där första året är speciellt omfattande, men år 2 och framåt vanligtvis är lika omfattande år efter år. Vad gäller oberoende finner vi att desto längre relation som skapas mellan klient och revisionsbyrå desto mer omfattande blir rådgivningen till klienten vilket kan påverka revisionsbyråns oberoende mot klienten rent finansiellt. Vidare är revisionskvalitet en term som definieras olika, men i teorin hävdar flertalet att detta kan speglas av oberoendet till klienten. I vår studie har definitionen uppfattats olika mellan revisor och klient vilket visar på ett förväntningsgap mellan de båda. Enligt respondenterna är revisionskvalitet något som skulle kunna förbättras av byrårotation när flera anser att långa revisionsuppdrag kan bli för rutinmässiga och att det skulle vara bra om nya individer kommer in och tittar på uppdraget från ett nytt perspektiv. Förslag till vidare forskning skulle till exempel vara en enkätundersökning med ett mer omfattande geografiskt område där fler företag av större storlek innefattas av populationen för att kunna jämställa dessa med de företag som redan omfattas av reglerna om obligatorisk byrårotation. Nyckelord: Audit, big four, big seven, audit quality, audit independence, audit firm rotation, auditor rotation, expectation gap, evidential matter, audit procedures och audit tenure.

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Lehtinen, Anna, and Linus Kvist. "GENDER, INDEPENDENCE AND RISK PREFERENCE : A quantitative study of listed Swedish companies." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149363.

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Internal auditing is the auditing performed by companies themselves. Previous research has put forth the idea that female chairmen in audit committees increase the internal auditing. In this study, we examine how levels of risk preference within internal auditing are influenced by the gender of the chairman in an audit committee. We also examine how the independence of a chairman affect internal auditing. We propose two hypothesizes, where the first one considers if the risk preference is affected by the gender of an audit committee chairman. The second hypothesis is stated to further question if the risk preference is affected by the independence of an audit committee chairman. The study is based on 697 observations retrieved from financial reports between the years of 2005-2013. Risk preference is measured as the proportion of audit fees that are under the direct control of an audit committee. Gender is measured through binary variables based on legal gender. Our moderating variable Independence is binary based on full independence. By using regression analysis, we find an association between gender and internal auditing, but we find a weak positive association between lower ratio of non-audit costs and independence. This act as an indication that an independent chairmen lead to an increased internal auditing.

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Afrem, Rani. "Does the European Commission require more independence than investors? : A study of replies made to the Green Paper." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18339.

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Background In 2008 a global financial crisis erupted. Even though auditors were not to blame for the financial crisis the public questioned how auditors could issue a clean bill of health despite the serious weaknesses. This made the Commission release the 2010 Green Paper on audit policy: Lessons from the Crisis. The Green Paper is a consultation paper which received around 700 replies from various stakeholders. In 2011, the Commission presented their proposal on reform of the audit market, in which many of the key elements had been discussed in the Green Paper. The 2011 proposal seeks to enhance auditor independence and introduce a more dynamic audit market. The proposed reforms are very strict and if the proposal is passed in its current form it would imply a major change of the audit market. This thesis has studied the replies made by investors to the Green Paper; investors are the primary stakeholders and those who should be most concerned with auditor independence. It is therefore important and interesting to study their viewpoints to the Green Paper. Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand and explain investors’ standpoints on the proposals mentioned in the Green Paper to enhance auditor independence, and to examine whether the European Commission, as indicted by the 2011 proposal, require more independence than investors as indicted by the replies made to the Green Paper. Method This study has taken a qualitative approach where the data has been analyzed in-depth. The Green Paper consists of 38 questions; four of these have been studied as they strongly relate to auditor independence. Furthermore this thesis has studied the replies made by investors; investors are the primary stakeholders and those who should be most concerned with auditor independence. It is therefore important and interesting to study their viewpoints to the Green Paper. Conclusion The majority of the respondents’ are negative to the ideas presented in the Green Paper but that does not imply that the Commission requires more independence than investors. Both the Commission and investors argue that status quo is not an option and that auditor independence must be strengthened. What separates their views is how to strengthen auditor independence. The Commission seeks to impose strict regulations while investors prefer good corporate governance as an alternative approach to strengthen auditor independence.

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Curto, Ana Cláudia Ferreira. "Independência na aparência : a perspetiva dos auditores e dos utentes do relatório de auditoria." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13161.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo analisa as diferenças na interpretação do conceito de "independência na aparência" entre auditores e os destinatários dos relatórios de auditoria, em Portugal, com o objetivo de avaliar em que medida o auditor está à altura das expectativas dos utentes da informação. Primeiramente foi feito um breve enquadramento sobre o conceito de independência, a evolução da auditoria no decorrer dos tempos, e alguns tópicos inerentes ao tema. De modo a efetuar o estudo, foram respondidos 205 questionários, das quais 169 respostas são de Revisores Oficiais de Contas (ROCs) e 36 são docentes, representando este último uma amostra da população de destinatários dos relatórios de auditoria. Os resultados sugerem que ambos têm uma visão da independência semelhante, contudo encontraram-se algumas diferenças de interpretação entre comportamentos pelos auditores e docentes. Conclui-se, portanto, que apesar de não haver uma diferença significativa na interpretação do conceito de "independência na aparência" entre os auditores e os destinatários dos relatórios financeiros, há diferenças que é importante o auditor ter em consideração.
The current study analyzes the diferences that exist in the interpretation of the concept of "independence in appearance" between auditors and the receivers of audit reports in Portugal, with the prupose of evaluate in what extent the auditor meets the expectations of the users information. Firstly, it was made a brief backgrounder on the concept of independence, the development of audit in the course of time, and some topics relating to the theme. To meet this purpose, 205 questionnaires were answered, witch 169 answers are from Chartered Accountants and 36 from Professors, the last ones representing a sample of the population of receivers of audit reports. The results suggest that both of them have a similar vision about the independence, therefore some differences in interpretation of their behavior were found. Although there isn 't a significant difference in the interpretation of the concept "independence in appearance" between auditors and receives of financial reports, we can conclude that some differences must be analyzed.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Bengtsson, Christoffer, and Oscar Thorell. "Tvingande byrårotations påverkan på total revisionskvalitet : En studie av såväl faktiska som synbara aspekter i Sverige." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-66275.

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Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Härlett ur finansiella skandaler har revisorns oberoende i allmänhet ifrågasatts och som åtgärd har EU-kommissionen via ett revisionspaket påfört regler om tvingande byrårotation för företag av allmänt intresse. Den relationella uppdragstiden mellan revisionsbyråer och klienten har således tidsbegränsats. Härav följer diskussioner såväl inom revisionsbranschen som inom litteraturen kring huruvida en sådan tidsbegränsning kommer påverka revisionskvaliteten. I samma diskussioner förekommer inte bara uttalanden om revisorns faktiska och synbara oberoende då även revisorns kompetens diskuteras som beroende faktorer till revisionskvaliteten. Uppsatsen kommer därmed beakta såväl faktiska som synbara aspekter kring begränsade uppdragstiders påverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att komplettera redan befintliga diskussioner inom det vetenskapliga forskningsområdet som berör uppdragstiders påverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Syftet uppfylls genom att på byrånivå studera hur begränsade uppdragstider påverkar revisionskvaliteten ur såväl faktiska som synbara aspekter. Metod: Multipel logistisk regression kommer analysera insamlad data från årsredovisningar och revisionsberättelser mot faktisk revisionskvalitet. Samtidigt har en enkät utformats, vilken avser att studera tredje parts uppfattning kring synbar revisionskvalitet. Teorikapitlet kommer ligga till grund för såväl definitioner som analyser. Slutsatser: Via analysen av uppsatsens resultat för såväl den faktiska revisionskvaliteten som för den synbara revisionskvaliteten tillåts en samlad slutsats kring total revisionskvalitet. Vad avser faktisk revisionskvalitet ses inte uppdragstidens längd på byrånivå ha någon signifikant påverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Därav förmodas inte revisorns oberoende eller kompetens beröras nämnvärt av lagändringen. Dock diskuteras en indirekt påverkan på revisorns faktiska oberoende varför faktisk revisionskvalitet ändock torde anses positivt påverkad. Tredje part medger att lagändringen upplevs få en positiv effekt på synbar revisionskvalitet trots att revisorn upplevs göra avkall på sin kompetens till förmån för ett stärkt oberoende. Således förväntas den totala revisionskvaliteten bli stärkt av begränsade uppdragstider i relationen mellan revisionsbyråer och klienter.
Abstract Background: Derived from financial scandals the independence of the auditor has publicly been questioned and as a result the EU Commission regulated mandatory audit-firm rotation for public companies. Thus, the audit firm and client relationship has been limited. Hence, discussions within the accountancy profession as well as within the literature surrounding the possible effects the change in regulation might have on audit quality. Not only statements surrounding the auditors’ independence of mind and independence in appearance occur in these discussions but also the competence of the auditor as a dependent factor to audit quality. The paper will hereby consider quality aspects in fact as well as in appearance related to mandatory audit-firm rotation and its impact on audit quality. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to complement existing discussions within the scientific area concerning the effects mandatory audit-firm rotation have on audit quality. The purpose is met while a study on firm-level is conducted combining aspects in fact with aspects in appearance related to a limitation in the length of the firm-client relationship. Method: A multiple logistic regression will be used to analyze data from annual reports and audit opinions against audit quality in fact. A survey has been designed, which intends to study external third parties’ perception of audit quality in appearance. The literature chapter will form the basis for definitions as well as analyzes. Conclusions: Through an analysis of the papers result for both audit quality in fact and audit quality in appearance, a comprehensive conclusion of total audit quality can be made. In regard to audit quality in fact, our result show no significant effect between the length of the firm-client relationship and audit quality. Hence, neither the auditor’s independence nor competence are assumed to be substantially affected by the change in regulation. However, an indirect impact on the auditor’s independence in fact is discussed, which is why audit quality in fact might still be considered to be positively affected. Third parties perceive that the change in regulation positively affects audit quality in appearance despite the fact that the auditor is seemed to sacrifice competence in favour of improved independence in appearance. Thus, the total audit quality is expected to be improved by the mandatory audit-firm rotation.

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Menezes, Joana Condesso e. "O expectation gap e a independência em auditoria." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14475.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
A elaboração deste Trabalho Final de Mestrado procurou estudar a aparência de independência dos auditores em contexto nacional. Para o efeito foram inquiridos três grupos de profissionais do setor financeiro. A independência dos auditores é tida como um pilar fundamental para o correto exercício da função de auditoria, fiscalização e controlo da gestão, bem como na transmissão de informação fidedigna e objetiva aos diversos stakeholders. Partindo desta ideia, de acordo com a literatura, foi-nos possível categorizar cinco ameaças à independência dos auditores e, através delas, perceber quais são os fatores que mais contribuem para que a perceção do desempenho objetivo da função seja questionado. Para o efeito foi difundido um questionário do qual obtivemos 320 respostas. As respostas obtidas foram alvo de análise através da ferramenta de software IBM SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi-nos possível concluir que existe consenso nos grupos inquiridos de que, os destinatários das informações financeiras não consentem com relações de familiaridade entre auditores e titulares de cargos de elevada importância na empresa auditada, especialmente quando daí emirjam relações e interesses pessoais, colocando em risco a imparcialidade, a qualidade da informação disponibilizada e, em último caso, pressões e intimações. Mais, é consensual entre os grupos que a prestação simultânea de serviços de auditoria e consultoria leva a que se questione a aparência de independência, especialmente quando o relevo dos honorários recebidos pela auditoria é menor do que os de consultoria.
This paper aims to better understand the concepts of auditor independence and audit expectation gap and to which extent can those influence the role of auditing and its stakeholders. The auditor's independence is, after all, of foremost importance in the corporate world, especially when it takes to supervision and management control, as well as the communication of reliable and objective information to the several stakeholders. The literature suggests a number of factors affecting the independence of an auditor. Given the relevance to understand which factors are biasing auditor independence and challenging the audit expectation gap. This data was collected through a survey, which was answered by 320 professionals in the financial sector. Data collected was analyzed by software IBM SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. According to the results of this study, a close relationship between an auditor and a company's manager(s) are not well perceived by any receiver of financial reports produced by the former targeting the manager(s)'s company. The respondents strongly believe that this kind of relationship could jeopardize the impartiality and quality of auditor's work. Furthermore, the receivers of financial reports argue that personal intimacy can revert in cronyism, intimation/pressure - or both - in the practice of an audit. On the other hand, results show that the less dependent is the auditor upon non-audit fees (while also auditing the targeted firm) towards a given client, the more prone are audit results to be biased.
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Doxey, Marcus M. "THE EFFECT OF INCREASED AUDIT DISCLOSURE ON INVESTORS' PERCEPTIONS OF MANAGEMENT, AUDITORS, AND FINANCIAL REPORTING: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/accountancy_etds/2.

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Standard setters recently proposed increasing audit disclosures and reporting. Two experiments examine the effects of auditor-provided disclosures on financial statement users’ perceptions of auditor independence, management credibility, reporting quality, materiality, and investment decisions. In the first experiment, I manipulate auditor agreement with management’s estimates and whether the estimates are incentive-consistent for management. I find that users view auditors as more (less) independent when they agree (disagree) with management, given an unqualified opinion. I also find that users are able to identify management bias using audit disclosures, and that the disclosures are value-relevant. In the second experiment, I provide users with either an explicit or implicit materiality disclosure and elicit users’ materiality judgments either before or after the disclosure. I find that users’ materiality judgments are closer to the auditor’s when elicited after an explicit materiality disclosure. Path analysis demonstrates that users’ materiality judgments affect subsequent investment and audit-related judgments but do not affect important decisions related to auditor liability and investment. The findings provide empirical support for the argument that additional audit disclosures would increase the transparency and value-relevance of the audit report.

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Oliveira, Francisco Miguel Murta Brás de. "Os efeitos dos serviços distintos da auditoria na independência do auditor." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21057.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Os Serviços Distintos da Auditoria (non audit services - NAS) são um dos principais fatores que poderão condicionar a independência do auditor. De facto, a literatura aponta para a inexistência de um consenso sobre o tema. Se por um lado, os estudos baseados nas perceções demonstram um impacto negativo dos NAS na independência do auditor, os trabalhos baseados em outputs concluem que os NAS não afetam a independência e permitem obter níveis de qualidade de auditoria superiores. O presente estudo investiga o impacto dos NAS na independência dos auditores através de uma abordagem baseada nas perceções. Neste caso, é estudada a perceção que diferentes grupos têm sobre a independência do auditor. Deste modo, foram inquiridos dois grupos distintos (ROCs e stakeholders) de modo a testar se o tipo de NAS influencia a independência do auditor em graus diferentes e se as respostas são semelhantes entre grupos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que existem tipos de NAS que são percecionados como mais prejudiciais à independência do auditor, indicando que os serviços de Controlo Interno e Consultoria são os que comprometem de forma mais forte a independência do auditor. Ademais, os resultados indicam que as perceções entre os dois grupos são iguais na maioria das ameaças analisadas, sugerindo que ambos os grupos vêm a situação da mesma forma. Para além disso, os resultados mostram que o peso dos honorários dos NAS no total dos honorários cobrados pelo auditor a um cliente é um fator considerado como indutor das ameaças à independência do auditor.
Non-Audit Services (NAS) are one of the main factors that influences the auditor's independence. Several studies have been done over time, but it still is not possible to reach a consensus on this matter. If, on the one hand, studies based on perceptions demonstrate a negative impact on the auditor's independence, studies based on outputs conclude that this type of services doesn't affect independence and even allows to obtain higher levels of audit quality. Thus, this study will investigate the impact that NAS through a perception-based approach. In this case, we study the perceptions different groups have on the auditor's independence. Two different groups (ROCs and stakeholders) were surveyed, with 78 responses being obtained, to test whether the type of NAS influences the auditor's independence to different degrees and whether the responses are similar between groups. The results obtained by this study show that there are, in fact, types of NAS that are perceived as more harmful to the auditor's independence, which indicates that the Internal Control and Consulting services are the ones that most compromise the auditor's independence. Furthermore, the results indicated that the perceptions between the two groups are equal, suggesting that both groups perceive the same services in the same way and that there is no evidence of the expectation gap. In addition, the results show that the weight of NAS fees in the total fees charged by the auditor to a client is a factor that was considered to induce threats to the auditor's independence.
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Ivarsson, Sandra. "Rådgivningstjänster och revisorns oberoende : en europeisk litteraturstudie." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19881.

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Bakgrund: Rådgivningstjänster utgör idag en betydande del för många revisionsbyråers verksamhet. Revisionsbyråer har på grund av sin revision en kunskapsbas som konkurrenterna ofta inte har, och ett förtroende som revisorer som ger en fördel i rådgivningsbranschen. Dock är det detta förtroende, eller oberoende, som många är rädda för ska åsidosättas när revisorn utför rådgivningstjänster. Studien tar stöd av olika ekonomiska teorier, med fokus på agentteorin. Syfte: Studien syfte är att granska forskning avseende förhållandet mellan rådgivningstjänster och revisorns oberoende. Metod: Studien har utförs genom en litteraturstudie. Fem stycken tidigare publicerade vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats. Samtliga utvalda artiklar behandlar ett land som är medlem i EU. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att rådgivningstjänster påverkar revisorns synbara oberoende, men hittar inga starka bevis för att det påverkar revisorns faktiska oberoende. Olika länder i EU förhåller sig olika till revision och rådgivningstjänster. Studien visar även att intressenterna i regel upplever revisorn som mer oberoende om rådgivningstjänster utförs av en annan avdelning/personal på revisionsbyrån än den som utför revisionen. Den relativa nivån mellan rådgivning- och revisionsavgifter spelar också roll, samt om man köper rådgivningen från en Big-4 byrå eller inte. Diskussion: IFACs etiska regler som EU följer nämner att revisorn måste vara synbart oberoende för sakkunniga intressenter. Vilka dessa intressenter är och huruvida de är sakkunniga eller ej diskuteras i studien, samt eventuell diskrepans mellan de analyserade artiklarnas resultat och intressenters faktiska åsikter och konkreta agerande. Studien väger företagens efterfrågan av rådgivning mot intressenters negativa syn på rådgivning och oberoende.
Background: Non-auditing services is a big part of the revenue of auditing firms. Because of auditing, auditing firms aquire a knowledge about their clients that their competitors do not, along with a trust as auditors which gives them a competitive advantage in the non-auditing services industry. However it is this trust, or independence, that is of concern. There is a fear of an auditor compromising their independence when the auditor also supplies non-auditing services to the same client. This study is supported by different economic theories and models, focusing primarily on the agency-theory. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to peruse research concerning the relationship between non-auditing services and auditor independence. Method: The study is performed through a literature review. Five previously published articles have been analyzed. All the selected articles base their research on a specific country, being a member of the EU. Results: The results of this study show that non-auditing services influences auditor independence in appearance, but find no strong evidence for influence on independence in fact. Different member states in the EU approach auditing and non-auditing services differently. The study shows that interested parties sometimes experience the auditor as more independent if the non-auditing services are performed by another division or personnel than the same auditor performing the audit itself. The relative level between non-auditing fees and auditing fees matter to some extent, as well as if the non-auditing services are bought from a Big-4 firm or not. Discussion: The EU follows IFAC’s ethical guidelines, which mentions that auditors must be both independent in fact and independent in appearance to their interested parties, which are deemed to be outside experts. The study further discusses if these interested parties are experts or not, and if there is a discrepancy between the results of the analyzed articles and the actual opinions and actions of the interested parties. The study also weighs the demand for non-auditing services by the business management against the interested parties’ reported negative opinion towards non-auditing services and independence.

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Adolfsson, Angelica, Merve Anter, and Fasla Anter. "Revision - hur uppnås god kvalitet i små revisionsbyråer?" Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6576.

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Syfte: Syftet med studien är att belysa och analysera hur revisorn arbetar för att eliminera risken för att göra väsentliga fel i årsredovisningen. Studien ska även beskriva och skapa förståelse för Revisorsnämndens och små revisionsbyråers arbete och ställningstagande till kvalitetssäkring.

Metod: Utifrån ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och med en kvalitativ metod utfördes personliga intervjuer med tre små revisionsbyråer och Revisorsnämnden. Vid val av informanter tillämpades ett strategiskt urval. I studien har en abduktiv ansats använts.

Slutsatser: Åtaganden för att god kvalitet ska uppnås i revisionen är revisionsprocessen, rotation på revisionsuppdrag vart sjunde år, tillämpning av analysmodell och etiska normer, FAR SRS:s kvalitetskontroller, internt kontrollsystem och kvalitetssäkring från RN.

Revisionskvalitet, kvalitetssäkring, etik, moral, trovärdighet, självständighet, oberoende, objektivitet, opartiskhet

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Thörnfeldt, Jonas, and Peter Axblom. "Revisorers oberoende : Analysmodellens påverkan på revisorers oberoende." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-257179.

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Kallsäby, Sofia, and Rebecca Hollstrand. "Förväntningsgapet mellan revisor och klient : En kvalitativ studie om dess orsaker och betydelse för revisorns oberoende." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69783.

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Det finns klienter som har vissa förväntningar på revisionen men det är inte alltid dessa förväntningar stämmer överens med revisorns. Den här skillnaden kallas för förväntningsgap. Revisorns granskning ska genomföras enligt väsentlighet och risk samtidigt som revisorn ska vara oberoende i förhållande till klienten. Syftet med denna studie är att få insikt i hur förväntningsgapet mellan revisorer och deras klienter uppfattas av auktoriserade revisorer och varför fenomenet uppkommer. Vidare syftar även studien till att förklara om revisorns oberoende ställning påverkas av förväntningsgapet. I studien används en kvalitativ metod där författarna genomför fyra stycken intervjuer med auktoriserade revisorer från två olika revisionsbyråer. Resultatet visar på att det går att identifiera olika typer av förväntningsgap och att det finns fler än en anledning till att gapen uppkommer. Den främsta anledningen till varför fenomenet uppkommer är bristen på kommunikation mellan revisor och klient. Det här gäller åt båda håll. Det framgår dessutom att de framtagna förväntningsgapen inte har någon direkt påverkan på revisorns oberoende. Ett indirekt samband skulle dock kunna existera mellan vänskapshotet och förväntningsgapet.
There are clients who have different expectations of the audit, but it is not always as theseexpectations are consistent with the auditor’s. This difference is called expectation gap. Theauditor’s review shall be conducted according to materiality and risk while the auditor should be independent of the client. The purpose of this study is to gain insight into how the expectation gap between auditors and their clients is perceived by authorized auditors and why thephenomenon arises. Furthermore, the study also aims at explaining whether the auditor’sindependent position is affected by the expectation gap. The study uses a qualitative method in which the authors conduct four interviews with authorized auditors from two different audit firms. The result shows that it is possible to identify diverse types of expectations gap and that there is more than one reason for the gaps to arise. The main reason why the phenomenon arises is the lack of communication between the accountant and the client. This applies in both directions. It is also apparent that the expected expectations have no direct impact on theauditor’s independence. However, an indirect relationship could exist between the threat of friendship and the expectation gap.

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Faraj, Shamsaddeen. "An empirical investigation of the Libyan audit market : Perceptions of auditor independence and perceived reliabilty of audited financial statements." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526851.

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Islam, Md Shahidul. "Impact of non-audit services and tenure regulations on auditor independence and financial reporting quality : evidence from the UK." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/90752/.

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In response to the spectacular financial reporting failures in Western economies in the early 21st century, the UK has undergone a series of regulatory reforms and the Ethical Standards (ES) by the Auditing Practices Board (APB) are among the most prominent. While the issues of joint provision of audit and non-audit services (NAS) and long audit firm tenure died down following the enactment of ES in 2004, they attracted comments from regulators and policymakers in the wake of the 2007-09 financial crisis. This makes such joint provision and extended tenure long-standing, potentially unresolved issues even in a changed regulatory setting. In this context, the current study has been motivated to investigate the impact of NAS and audit firm tenure regulations on de facto auditor independence and financial reporting quality (FRQ) of FTSE350 companies. Using estimates of discretionary accruals and measures for auditors‟ economic dependence, the study finds little support against popular arguments that NAS fees and long audit firm tenure erode FRQ. Out of two measures of auditors‟ economic dependence, „total fees to auditors‟ is documented to be significantly negatively associated with discretionary accruals during the post-APB ES period. The „differencein- differences‟ method provides some evidence at a marginally significant level for ES‟s causal impact in improving FRQ during post-APB ES period, ceteris paribus. Tests of association between audit firm tenure and FRQ suggest, with a caveat of marginally significant results, that audits conducted during the post-APB ES period have a mitigating effect on discretionary accruals and that longer audit firm tenure does not compromise auditor independence but in fact helps to improve FRQ in the form of lower discretionary accruals. These empirical findings have weak support for policymakers‟ views that an outright prohibition on supplying NAS for audit clients and mandating more frequent rotation of auditors would help to improve FRQ. Results from the final set of tests suggest a marginally significant negative association between audit firm tenure and discretionary accruals for companies audited by Big4 auditors but not for those audited by their non-Big4 counterparts. This provides insight to the most recent regulatory concerns about the concentrated audit market with Big4 domination. The study, therefore, makes important empirical contributions with policy implications.

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Aamir, Suhaib, and Umar Farooq. "Auditor client relationship and audit Quality : The effects of long-term auditor client relationship on audit quality in SMEs." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-45172.

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Different scandals around the globe during the past, in specific during the last decade, have intrigued the stakeholders to question the roles of both auditors and management. But most of the fingers since then have been raised on the role of auditors, because it is the auditors who are entrusted with the responsibility to detect any errors or frauds in the financial reports of the client-firm. Apart from this, the long-term auditor client relationship has been the center of attention in most of the discussions and debates as well. Numerous studies have been conducted by the academic researchers, financial and professional analysts, regulatory authorities and governing bodies, and in some cases by the auditors and the firms as well regarding the effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on audit quality, equity risk premium, financial reports quality, audit pricing etc. These studies provide us with different results, both with the positive and negative associations and effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on the basis of different factors and contexts. For long, auditing has been discussed in different studies and research areas but mostly in association with publicly listed companies. Less attention has been paid to the relationship of auditors and clients as far as clients in SMEs are concerned. In any country around the globe, SMEs are of major contribution in terms of backing the economy, giving it both the boost and the stability, as they collectively form the major chunk of the economy. If we specify our study to the SMEs in Sweden, then 99% of the enterprises in Sweden represent the SME sector; in addition they employ around 60% of the manpower. Based on these facts, and due to less attention given to auditor-client relationship in terms of SMEs, instead of; we have directed our concerns towards the study of effects of auditor-client relationship on audit quality in SMEs in this particular research study. In this study, we have opted for qualitative research with semi-structured interviews to be used as the tool for data collection. Interviews were conducted with two different groups of interviewees, one group representing the auditors and the other group representing the client-firms (SMEs). A total of seven interviews were conducted in order to strengthen and validate the results for our research question. Due to the limitations of this study, mostly in terms of cost and time, samples were selected from Umeå, Sweden. The data interview structure, data analysis and discussion, and conclusions were all made based on existing theories summarized in the theoretical review of this study. The results of this study suggests that (1) long-term audit tenure is beneficial for the audit quality if certain risk factors like risk of auditor independence and risk of developing complacency are controlled; and (2) factors such as NAS, industry specialization, knowledge and experience of the auditor, internal control in the client-firm, professional ethics, proper audit plan, providence of unbiased information by the client, and appointment of the auditor by the client-firm itself enhances the audit quality.

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Johnsson, Christoffer, and Nicklas Persson. "Auditing in times of change: A qualitative study on how Covid-19 will affect audit quality." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447623.

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Purpose - This study explores how Covid-19 may affect audit quality and provide early insights if the pandemic has already affected audit quality in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach - This paper uses qualitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews with eight Swedish authorized auditors within Big Four to explore possible impacts on three key aspects for audit quality. These include Going-concern assessments, Auditor-client relationship, and Auditor-independence. Findings - Even though the Covid-19 pandemic is not over, it has had fewer effects on audit quality than experts and researchers predicted. Even though the pandemic has changed the communication and the relationship between the auditor and client, the findings state no significant effect on audit quality within the auditor-client relationship. The same goes for auditor-independence. However, the findings of this study indicate that making accurate going-concern assessments has and will be more complex and thus threaten audit quality. Practical contribution – We anticipate that auditors need to provide a greater focus on GC assessments as stakeholders require greater disclosure. Further, auditors and clients should gain on the increased use of digital communication by using it as a complement to physical meetings in the future. Originality/Value - This study is, to the best of our knowledge, one of the first studies that explore the potential impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on audit quality with empirical evidence. Since this study is conducted in the middle of the pandemic (Spring 2021), the results can be seen as indications for future researchers that beyond the pandemic seek to explain how the Covid-19 pandemic affected audit quality as it is crucial for the audit community to follow the consequences of the pandemic.

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Fransson, Oliver, and Simon Sleman. "The absolution of non-audit services – unravelling a nexus of research : A quantitative study of non-audit services’ impact on financial reporting quality among private firms in Sweden." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48577.

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Non-audit services provided by audit firms have been a popular scientific topic within the fields of audit and accounting research over the past decades. Numerous researchers have attempted to provide a theoretical contribution by examining different ways of measuring the concepts of audit quality and financial reporting quality. The resulting consequences are mixed results and a lack of consensus among researchers from both research fields. The two, in other situations, rather distinctive research fields of audit quality and financial reporting quality, have, in several cases, been confounded without analytical reflection regarding their differences. In parallel to the scientific progress, regulatory bodies have noticed the increasing trend of non-audit services and how they constitute larger portions of the audit firm’s annual revenues. Their responses have been legal restrictions, both in the US and Europe, in order to cease the trend. The purpose of this thesis is to make a pronounced investigation regarding the relationship between non-audit services and financial reporting quality in Swedish private firms. Furthermore, it will also be of interest to examine if this proposed relationship is moderated by the presence of the four global market-leading audit firms or not. The study is based on a deductive approach and a quantitative research strategy, to collect and analyze data from annual reports. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the data is analyzed by conducting binary and multinomial logistic regression tests. The results suggest that there is an association between certain types of non-audit services and financial reporting quality. Specifically, services that are unrelated to tax have proven to be statistically significant positively correlated with financial reporting quality. No evidence was found supporting a moderating effect by the characteristics of audit firms, suggesting that the choice of an audit firm is irrelevant for attaining high financial reporting quality when purchasing non-audit services. The study’s theoretical contribution is the novelty arising from the combination of studying non-audit services’ impact on financial reporting quality within a Swedish setting on private firms. The study also provides empirical contribution by using a proxy for financial reporting quality rarely used in previous research. The findings are of practical importance since they suggest that firms potentially benefit in their financial reporting by purchasing these kinds of services, which contradicts past actions made by regulatory bodies.

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Abidin, Shamharir. "Audit market concentration and auditor choice in the UK." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/119.

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Auditing has an important role in the corporate governance process and is essential in ensuring confidence in the reliability of financial information. It is important to understand the reasons why, given the costs involved, companies change their auditor and choose a particular level of audit assurance. To date, however, only a limited number of studies on auditor choice issues are available, especially in the UK setting. Further, since the downfall of Andersen, the audit market environment has changed significantly, creating a new audit environment to be researched. In light of these recent developments, the objectives of this thesis are to address both concentration and auditor choice issues. It is divided into two separate but interrelated parts. The first part of this thesis provides evidence on audit market concentration in the UK domestic listed company market from 1998 to 2003. The effect of Andersen’s demise on both audit market concentration and audit fees is examined. Using four different size measures (number of audits, audit fees, clients’ total assets and sales), three measures of concentration are calculated. Results show that the UK audit market has now clearly surpassed the tight oligopoly threshold and, despite auditing significantly fewer clients in 2003 than in 1998, the B5/4 managed to increase their fee dominance. In particular, the decline in B5/4 ‘number of clients’ market share was mainly due to their lower share of the newly-listed companies audit market. On the other hand, the slight increase in B5/4 audit fee market share was due to the net impact of leavers concentrating the B5/4 share and joiners diluting it. Voluntary switches to/from the B5/4 had a relatively small impact on B5/4 market share for both measures. Following Andersen’s acquisition by Deloitte & Touche, market levels of audit fee and audit fee rate (audit fee scaled by total assets) have increased markedly, suggesting that more audit effort is being expended as a way to restore confidence about audit quality after the damage caused by Andersen’s alleged misconduct. The acquisition has also contributed to a further increase in ‘audit fee’ market concentration for the 4-firm concentration ratio (CR4) and in the overall Hirschman-Herfindahl Index measure. Although, Deloitte & Touche gained significant market share in terms of both audit fees and number of audits through its acquisition of Andersen, it is PricewaterhouseCoopers that continues to hold the largest market share. Deloitte & Touche retained 93 former Andersen clients (74%), 21 (17%) moved to another B5/4 auditor and 11 (9%) chose a non-B5/4 firm. While former Andersen clients paid higher audit fees, in aggregate, the increase was, perhaps surprisingly, less than for the market as a whole. At the industry level, the B4 firms dominated all sectors, the highest non-B5/4 market share in any industry being just 8%. In 2003, PricewaterhouseCoopers was the leader in 18 out of 34 sectors. The second part of the thesis is divided into two separate studies – auditor change determinants and new auditor selection determinants. These studies use a sample of non financial auditor change companies to test logistic regression models of the determinants of auditor change and new auditor selection. The determinant variables include auditee, auditor and audit characteristics. This part also examines the sensitivity of results to alternative functional forms of the basic model specification. Two definitions of auditor quality – brand name auditor and specialism, are employed. Internal governance issues such as audit committee independence, the duality of chairman/CEO as well as the size/quality of the incumbent auditor were found to be significant determinants of auditor change. Expected future growth in the company, rather than past growth, and audit fee reduction were positively related to audit change probability. Result also suggests that companies changed auditor to improve the perception of auditor independence. By contrast, in the new auditor selection models, corporate governance variables did not appear to be important in determining a different quality (brand-name) auditor. Only the chairman/CEO duality variable was weakly and negatively significant, suggesting that duality is associated with a change to a lower quality auditor. Growing companies are more likely to change to a brand name auditor, consistent with the inability of smaller firms to provide services across an international market. Contrary to agency theory predictions, the results show that a company experiencing increased leverage is less likely to choose a B5/4 auditor, suggesting that B5/4 auditors are being selective in avoiding risky clients. Higher audit fees are paid to new auditors by companies that changed from non-B5/4 to B5/4, reflecting a B5/4 fee premium. However, the higher NAS fee result is contrary to initial expectations. Typically, far fewer variables were significant in the models with audit quality proxied by industry specialism. For the specialism models based on audit fee market share, there is counter-intuitive evidence that a company with a large number of subsidiaries is less likely to move to a specialist auditor from a non-specialist. New specialist auditors were more likely to be preferred when a company experienced an increase in current accruals or a reduction in leverage. In general, the results for these models were less strong and were dependent upon the specialist definition adopted. Finally, the thesis provides evidence that the choice of time variant model (ex-ante, contemporaneous or ex-post) made no significant difference to the overall results. The one exception concerns the ‘growth’ variable, where companies are found to change auditor in anticipation of future growth, rather than as a response to past growth. Further, the use of alternative proxy variables does not greatly influence the regression results. One important exception to this general observation concerns the brand name proxy. When brand name was defined as tier12 (to include Grant Thornton and BDO) the significance level was improved in all models. This suggests that, to some degree, Grant Thornton and BDO are viewed as quality service providers closer in quality to B5/4 than to other smaller audit firms.

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Karlsson, Elsa, and Anna Svensson. "Revisorns oberoende : Tre olika perspektiv." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-307.

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Revisorns oberoende är ett ämne som det har diskuterats mycket kring det senaste årtiondet och efter de senaste årens redovisningsskandaler har äm-net aktualiserats igen. Det är ett svårgripbart ämne och det är upp till revisorn själv att avgöra om han/hon är oberoende och när detta är hotat. Revisorns huvudsakliga uppgift är att granska företagens årsredovisning, bokföring samt dess förvaltning. Det här ska genomföras självständigt och oberoende från företaget och andra intressenter. Revisorns roll har utvecklats från att endast vara en renodlad kontrollant till att idag även agera som konsult, vilket medfört att revisorns oberoende ställning ifrågasatts allt oftare. För att förhindra det här har Revisorslagen (2001:883) utökats med analysmodellen som både prövar och kan säkerställa revisorns oberoende.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva vilka uppfattningar som föreligger vad avser revisorns oberoende och analysmodellen i små revisionsbyråer bland godkända revisorer, kreditgivare och Skatteverket samt förklara vad eventuella skillnader i uppfattningarna beror på.

Vi har valt att göra en kvalitativ undersökning där vi undersökt hur revisorerna själva samt hur olika intressenter förhåller sig till oberoendeproblematiken och analysmodellen. Personliga intervjuer har genomförts med två godkända revisorer, två kreditgivare och en representant från Skatteverket.

Studien visar på att oberoendeproblematiken inte är ett så stort problem som media uppmålar. Revisorerna anser sig själva som mycket oberoende, vilket även kreditgivarna och Skatteverket gör. Intressenterna har stort förtroende för revisorerna.

Revisorerna anser att analysmodellen är ett hjälpmedel för att säkerställa oberoendet. När de tillämpar modellen upptäcker de lättare olika omständigheter som kan hota oberoendet och kan då i ett tidigt stadie vidta motåt-gärder för att eliminera hoten så att revisorerna kan ta sig an uppdragen. Dock är övriga respondenter inte direkt medvetna och analysmodellen och dess effekter, vilket troligen beror på att modellen är ett internt verktyg för revisorsyrket. Revisorerna upprätthåller sitt oberoende genom att inte sätta sig i beslutande ställning, d.v.s. agera rådgivare i samband med granskningen. Det är enligt alla respondenter viktigt att skilja på revisionsrådgivning och fristående rådgivning för att revisorn inte ska få ett inflytande och beroendeförhållande till sina klienter.

Auditor independence is a subject that has been discussed a lot the last ten years and after the last years accounting scandals the subject is up for discussion again. It is a subject that is very difficult to grasp and it has been up to the auditor to judge when he/she is independent and when it is threatened. The auditor’s primary task is to control a company’s annual statement, book-keeping and how the company is managed and the auditor is supposed to do this independently. The role of auditing has developed from being a controlling function to a more consultant function and the results of this have been that the independence of the auditor has been questioned. To prevent this, a new Auditor Act (Revisorslagen 2001:883) has been added with the Analysis model. The auditor should test every new audit commission according to the model before accepting the mission.

The purpose in this thesis is to describe conceptions regarding auditor’s in-dependence and the Analysis model within small firms of auditors, according to auditors themselves, credit granters and Tax department. We will also explain what possible differences in the conceptions depends on.

We have used a qualitative method where we have investigated how auditors themselves and different participants’ remain to the problematic within audit independence and the Analysis model. We have carried out personal interviews with two auditors, two credit granters and one person from the Tax department.

This research shows that the problematic with audit independence is not that huge as media says. The auditors’ see their self as independent and the credit grantors and the Tax department also agree.

The auditors consider the Analysis model as a support to remain their independence. The model helps them to see obstacles with different audit commissions, but the model also helps them to eliminate these obstacles so that they can accept the mission. The other respondents are not conscious about the model and its effects. We believe this depends on the fact that the model is an internal support for the auditor professions. The auditor maintains their independence by not being a deciding part for the company, i.e. act as a consultant in connection to the controlling function. It is important to distinguish between the consulting part within the auditing and the non-audit services, in order for the auditor to not reach dependency to their clients.

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Saed, Nadin, and Rehman Yara Abed El. "Revisorns upplevelse av hot mot oberoende : skillnader mellan byråstorlek." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19665.

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Revisorns oberoende har diskuterats och ifrågasatts flitigt under många år då det är väldigt viktigt att revisorn behåller sitt oberoende främst vid utförandet av konsulttjänster. Enligt många forskare tenderar en revisor att riskera sitt oberoende mer på mindre revisionsbyråer då mindre revisionsbyråer är mer beroende av sina klienter. Dessutom kan revisorer på små revisionsbyråer enklare än stora revisionsbyråer utveckla en vänskapsrelation med klienterna på grund av byråns storlek vilket påverkar revisorns oberoende negativt. Syftet med studien är att bidra till förståelse kring hur revisorer på små, medelstora och stora revisionsbyråer upplever hot mot oberoendet samt undersöka om det finns skillnader i de olika byråstorlekarna. Studien baseras på kvalitativ forskning och för att kunna tolka revisorns uppfattningar har sex intervjuer genomförts med revisorer som arbetar på små, medelstora samt stora revisionsbyråer. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna som studien kom fram till är att storleken inte är betydande för upplevelse av hot mot oberoendet. Revisorerna på de olika byråerna av olika storlek upplevde liknande hot. Resultatet av undersökningen tyder däremot på att andra faktorer som erfarenhet, ålder och storlek på staden där revisionsbyrån är verksam, kan påverka revisorernas upplevelse av oberoende.
The auditor’s independence has been widely discussed and questioned for many years, since it is very important that the auditor does not risk his independence for instance when he is providing consulting services. The auditors’ independence is more at risk in smaller companies according to many researchers as they consider that smaller companies are more dependent on their clients and that there is a higher riskto bond with their clients and develop a friendship because of their small size. The purpose of this study is to investigate how auditors experience and reflect on independence threats and if there is a difference between smaller, medium and bigger auditor firms. The study is based on qualitative research and in order to interpret the auditor's experience, six interviews have been conducted with auditors working at small, medium and large auditing firms. The findings indicate that the size does not affect their independence. Instead the experience, age and the size of the city does. Therefor our proposals for future research could be to do a similar qualitative study but to focus on these factors too.

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Hagström, Johan, and Jonas Ljunggren. "Klientidentifiering : En studie som utreder revisorns identifiering till sin klient." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21382.

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Sammanfattning Titel: Klientidentifiering - En studie som utreder revisorns identifiering till sin klient Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Johan Hagström och Jonas Ljunggren Handledare: Jan Svanberg Datum: 2016 – Mars Syfte: I tidigare forskning gjord av Bauer (2015) ges en förklaring till varför revisorer inte är medvetna om att de identifierar sig med sina klienter, vilket kan vara ett hot mot oberoendet. Studien har genomförts kring ämnet klientidentifiering då det inte finns mycket forskning kring om revisorer är medvetna om att de identifierar sig med sina klienter. Det har inte tidigare genomförts en liknande studie som klargör vilka metoder som revisorer använder sig av för att utföra en revision för att förhindra att objektivitet försämras till följd av identifikation till sin klient. Studiens forskningsfrågor är:  Vet revisorerna när de identifierar sig för mycket med en klient?  Vilka metoder använder sig revisorerna av för att hantera den risk som uppstår vid klientidentifiering? Metod: Studien utgörs av tio kvalitativa intervjuer av så kallade Big four revisorer och utfördes i en semistrukturerad form. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och det empiriska materialet analyserades under olika teman i empiriavsnittet. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att klientidentifiering förbises av revisorer, vilket tidigare forskningen bekräftar (Bauer, 2015). Bauer (2015) påpekar i sin studie att revisorer inte vet om de identifierar sig med sin klient och hur det då kan uppstå en risk mot oberoendet, vilket är något som den här studien bekräftar, att revisorernas vetskap kring klientidentifiering är låg. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till fortsatt forskning inom ämnet är att studera klientidentifiering med fokus på mindre och enskilda revisionsbyråer. Är klientidentifiering mer påtaglig på mindre revisionsbyråer? Är revisionsbyråerna mer beroende av sina kunder? Vilka metoder används för att minska riskerna för beroende? Uppsatsens bidrag: Föreliggande studie lämnar viktiga bidrag till redovisningslitteratur, praktiker och lagstiftare genom:  att få revisorers förståelse för och medvetenhet om risker vid klientidentifiering.  att kartlägga eventuella metoder vid sociala konflikter i samband med klientidentifiering.
Abstract Title: Client Identification - A study that investigates the auditor's identification with their clients Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Johan Hagstrom and Jonas Ljunggren Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2016 – March Aim: Earlier research done by Bauer (2015) explains how auditors are unaware that they identify with their clients, which could be a threat to independence. This essay is about client identification and there is not much previous research to find on the subject. There is no similar study that clarifies which methods on accountant use to prevent objectivity impaired as a result of identification. The study's research questions are:  Do the auditors know when they identify too much with a client?  What methods do the auditors use to deal with the risk that occurs from client identification? Method: The study is based on 10 qualitative interviews with auditors who work in the Big four accounting firms. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and the empirical material was analyzed under different themes in the empirical section. Result & Conclusions: The study shows that client identification is ignored by auditors which previous research also states (Bauer, 2015). Bauer (2015) point out in his study that the auditors don´t know if they identify with their clients and how that could lead to a risk to its independence, which is something this study confirms, that the auditor’s knowledge about client identification is low. Suggestions for future research: A proposal for further research of the subject is to do a similar study of client identification, but with a focus on smaller and individual accounting firms. Is client identification more pronounced at smaller accounting firms? Is accounting firms more dependent on their customers? What methods are used to reduce the risk of addiction? Contribution of the thesis: This study makes an important contribution to the accounting literature, practitioners and legislators:  to get the auditor's understanding and awareness of the hazards of client identification.  to identify potential methods of social conflicts related to client identification

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Fernandes, Amélia Pereira. "Auditoria interna, sua independência e impacto no controlo interno dos bancos comercias angolanos." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14968.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
A auditoria interna (AI) é, por natureza, uma função preventiva e transversal dentro das organizações. O presente estudo tem como principal propósito aprofundar conhecimentos teóricos relativos a auditoria interna, com destaque para a sua independência assim como controlo interno, e a forma como esses conceitos estão relacionados. O estudo prático focou-se na vertente das instituições bancárias Angolanas. Tendo em conta que os bancos são instituições cujo controlo interno é uma obrigatoriedade, é imprescindível a presença de um sistema de controlo interno pelo que a auditoria interna é fundamental para tais instituições. No decorrer do estudo aplicado às instituições bancárias angolanas, averigua-se que a auditoria interna acrescenta valor à governação, tendo em conta que é necessário existir informação financeira que seja verdadeira e de qualidade, contribui para que se tenha contolo interno eficaz, na concretização dos objetivos , e a nível de riscos aceites pela gestão, muito embora tradicionalmente não se pode indicar que o SCI, assegure bem a sobrevivência da empresa uma vez implementado. Ficou compravado que nestas instiuições onde o estudo foi aplicado, que à Auditoria Interna não é simplesmente uma função que se limita na investigação de erros ou fraude é de facto um função cujo objetivo principal consiste no apoio à gestão bem como criação de valores à toda organização. Em suma a função da auditoria interna tem, geralmente, atendido às expectativas das organizações nas quais é feito um relatório da atividade anual ao banco central de Angola.
Internal audit is by nature preventive and transversal role within the organizations. The main purpose of this research is to increase theoretical knowledge related to internal audit, especially its independence as well as the internal control and the way these concepts are related. The practical research has focused on the banking sector. Considering that banks are institutions whose internal control is an obligation, it is indispensable to have an internal control system, as far as the internal auditing is the key for such institutions. During the study applied to Angolan banks, it ascertains that the internal audit adds value to governance, considering that there must be financial information which is true and has quality. All in the internal audit function has generally responded the expectations of the organizations reporting on the annual activity to the central bank of Angola.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Maraghni, Inès. "Caractéristiques du comité d'audit, étendue du reporting sur le contrôle interne et honoraires d'audit." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA2001.

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La thèse explore la question de l’efficacité des comités d’audit en France : les comités d’audit jouent-ils effectivement leur rôle ? La problématique de l’efficacité de ces comités dans le processus d’évaluation du gouvernement d’entreprise demeure importante dans le contexte français, où les textes (notamment les recommandations de la 8ème directive) restent très imprécis. Une première partie expose les critères d’efficacité et le fonctionnement général des comités d’audit à partir d’un état de la littérature et d’une étude empirique sur des données secondaires. Nous examinons de façon approfondie les principaux déterminants de la diligence d’un comité d’audit. Ce problème est examiné dans le cadre d’une relation d’agence et d’asymétrie d’information. Ainsi, notre étude dépasse le cadre de la simple existence d’un comité d’audit (purement formel), pour s’intéresser de plus près à la capacité de ces comités à protéger effectivement les intérêts des parties prenantes et ceci en renfonçant la qualité du contrôle interne et celle du processus de l’audit externe
Corporate governance in France has developed considerably in recent years. The strengthening of governance procedures is illustrated by the creation of audit committees, which today exist in virtually all listed companies. However, the issue of the audit committee’s effectiveness in the corporate governance evaluation process remains significant in the French context, where the texts (particularly the recommendations of the 8th European Directive) continue to lack clarity. This thesis aims to contribute to our understanding of the “black box” of governance procedures by studying the way that the audit committee’s characteristics affect the extent of reporting on internal control and risk management procedures and on audit fees. It emphasizes that the mere existence of an audit committee is not sufficient; it also needs to be effective. To be effective it must have the necessary means (composition, diligence, and resources). This study therefore looks beyond the simple existence of the audit committee (purely formal) and focuses on attributes related to its composition, its diligence, and the diversity of its members in order to more closely examine the audit committee’s ability to protect stakeholder interests. To do this, we analyze 176 non-financial French listed companies during a period when establishing an audit committee was voluntary. The results obtained support previous works advocating that audit committees comply with best practice rules for expertise,independence, and diligence and be comprised of experienced and diverse members. Our results raise several questions on the scope of the transposition into French law of the 8th European Directive

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Audit independence'

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