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Journal articles on the topic 'Audio Amplifiers'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Kharis, Muhamad, Dhidik Prastiyanto, and Suryono Suryono. "Perbandingan Efisiensi Daya Penguat Audio Kelas AB dengan Penguat Audio Kelas D untuk Keperluan Sound System Lapangan." Jurnal Teknik Elektro 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jte.v10i2.11183.

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Class AB audio amplifiers are commonly used but the efficiency is 50%. While the efficiency of class D audio amplifiers is 90% but are rarely used. The purpose of this research is to know how much the power efficiency of field sound system between 1000 watts class AB amplifier and 900 watts class D amplifier. This study is a comparative study that compares different variables with the same sample. The results of power efficiency are obtained from the percentage comparison between the output power and the input power of each audio amplifier. The power efficiency of class D audio amplifiers with IRS D900 type larger than class AB audio amplifiers with Apex B500 type. The efficiency value of class D audio amplifiers at the highest output power reaches 87% while class AB audio amplifiers are only 73%.

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2

Murtianta, Budihardja, and Erlina Sari. "Penguat Jembatan dengan Untai Pembalik Fase." Elektrika 14, no. 2 (October 22, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/elektrika.v14i2.5329.

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The maximum output voltage of the audio amplifier is limited to the magnitude of the power supply voltage of the power transistor or the operational amplifier on the final amplifier. This limits the maximum power of the audio amplifier output. The way to enlarge the output power of the audio amplifier without increasing the voltage is the bridge method or bridged modes. With this method a bridge amplifier will be generated. This Bridge Amplifier is also known as Bridge-Tied Load (BTL) or Bridged Transformerless. The principle of Bridge Amplifiers is to use a pair of final amplifiers whose outputs have opposite phase each other. There are 3 ways to make a pair of power amplifiers have opposing phases: with internal modification, with an audio transformer (phase splitting audio input transformer) and with a simple active phase reversal splitter circuit). This paper will discuss Bridge Amplifiers with simple phase inverting circuits. A pair of audio power amplifiers using two TDA2050 chips which are operated at ± 19 Volt supply voltage. The phase inverting circuit using IC TL072. Sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 200 mVp and a frequency of 1 KHz is used as an input signal. The results to be observed and measured are gain, input, output and bandwidth of the bridged amplifier compared to the usual amplifier

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3

Mei, Shangming, Yihua Hu, Hui Xu, and Huiqing Wen. "The Class D Audio Power Amplifier: A Review." Electronics 11, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193244.

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Class D power amplifiers, one of the most critical devices for application in sound systems, face severe challenges due to the increasing requirement of smartphones, digital television, digital sound, and other terminals. The audio power amplifier has developed from a transistor amplifier to a field-effect tube amplifier, and digital amplifiers have made significant progress in circuit technology, components, and ideological understanding. The stumbling blocks for a successful power amplifier are low power efficiency and a high distortion rate. Therefore, Class D audio amplifiers are becoming necessary for smartphones and terminals due to their power efficiency. However, the switching nature and intrinsic worst linearity of Class D amplifiers compared to linear amplifiers make it hard to dominate the market for high-quality speakers. The breakthrough arrived with the GaN device, which is appropriate for fast-switching and high-power-density power electronics switching elements compared with traditional Si devices, thus, reducing power electronic systems’ weight, power consumption, and cost. GaN devices allow Class D audio amplifiers to have high fidelity and efficiency. This paper analyzes and discusses the topological structure and characteristics and makes a judgment that Class D amplifiers based on GaN amplifiers are the future development direction of audio amplifiers.

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4

Ahmad, Abdul Malik, Nor Azlili Hassan, Suhaila Ahmad Zaki, and Jeevamalar Kumarasamy. "Perceptions and Distinctions: Differentiating Modern and Vintage Amplifiers Among Audio Enthusiasts in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 8, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): e002327. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i5.2327.

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Audio enthusiasts nowadays listen to or stream their music through digital devices which makes their listening more towards digital consumption. The sound appreciation towards digital consumption has simplified the listening experience in the context of the sound values and managing the digital playback devices. The digital appreciation integrates microchips to replicate vintage sound appreciation in the context of the amplifier to make it more compact and streamline the vintage sound listening experience. Therefore, this study aims to examine the perceptions and distinctions between modern and vintage amplifiers among audio enthusiasts in Malaysia. This study used a qualitative approach using self-administered questionnaires involving a total of 21 Malaysian audio enthusiasts aged between 25 to 70 years old, with a focus on a single question aimed at capturing their perspectives on amplifier differentiation. The collected data was analyzed to identify common themes and patterns regarding the distinctions between modern and vintage amplifiers. The results show that there are perceptions and distinctions of audio enthusiasts in Malaysia in terms of sound, aesthetic and design, functionality as well as price. Ironically, this study will redound to society’s benefit especially to the audio enthusiast in Malaysia, including academia, researchers and hi-fi audio manufacturer due to the findings that have practical implications for manufacturers and audio enthusiasts seeking to understand the nuanced differences between modern and vintage amplifiers.

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5

Williamson, Robert C., and James J. Croft. "Audio frequency power amplifiers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98, no. 5 (November 1995): 2399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.414401.

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6

Dadić, Martin. "Modelling of Non–Linear Distortion in Vacuum Triodes Using Trans–Characteristics Inverse and Newton’s Method." Journal of Electrical Engineering 64, no. 4 (June 1, 2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2013-0035.

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The increased interest in vacuum tube audio amplifiers led to an increased interest in mathematical modelling of such kind of amplifiers. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a novel global numerical approach in calculation of the harmonic distortion (HD) and intermodulation distortion (IM) of vacuum-triode audio amplifiers, suitable for applications using brute-force of modern computers. Since the 3/2 power law gives only the transcharacteristic inverse of a vacuum triode amplifier, unknown plate currents are determined in this paper iteratively using Newton’s method. Using the resulting input/output pairs, harmonic distortions and intermodulations are calculated using discrete Fourier transform and three different analytical methods.

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7

Santoso, Budi, and Zainal Abidin. "KARAKTERISTIK AMPLIFIER CLASS D MENGGUNAKAN FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FET) TYPE IRF9530 DAN IRF630." Jurnal Teknika 12, no. 2 (September 20, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jt.v13i2.470.

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In the development of power amplifiers, MOSFETs are widely used in the composition of the manufacture. As is known, MOSFETs have a longer on-off time loss compared to IGBT. The loss on the on-off time has an impact on the heat generated by the MOSFET. Class D Audio Amplifier is basically a Switching-Amplifier or Pulse Width Modulation-Amplifier. High efficiency means that it will produce low power dissipation, thus the power wasted is relatively lower when compared to class A, B or AB amplifiers. Because the class D audio amplifier can be said to be more economical because it does not require a large heatsink and a large power supply. The manufacture of the Class D power amplifier system uses a voltage of 28.5 volts DC on the final transistor IRF9530 AND IRF630 measuring the input transistors of 3.3 volts DC, 28.5 volts DC. In the test using an oscilloscope type LS 8050, 50 MHz frequency, the position of the audio input off of the amplifier has sound defects. Testing of the power amplifier is carried out when the treble on the input tone control is full db in the defective amplifier wave.

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8

V, Vimal Raj, Aravindan S, Agnishwar Jayaprakash, Harith M, Manivannan R, and Bhuvaneshwaran G. "Comparative Study of Audio Amplifiers." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 12, no. 01 (January 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-1201013236.

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9

Kuta, Stanisław, Witold Machowski, Wojciech Kołodziejski, and Łukasz Chlastawa. "Filterless, Digital Class-BD Audio Amplifiers with Constant Common Mode Output Voltage." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 7014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217014.

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This paper presents new and original architectures and implementations of two filterless, open-loop digital Class-BD audio amplifiers with constant common mode (CM) output voltage. The first, low-power amplifier consists of four ultrahigh-current EL7158 pin drivers, the OUT pins of which form the H bridge. The drivers are controlled from the extended LBDD PWM modulator and have appropriately set voltage levels on the VL and VH pins. The second proposed amplifier consists of two cooperating H-bridge power stages (HBS) implemented on complementary MOSFET pairs and powered by two different voltages. Both HBSs are driven by four EL7158 pin drivers having appropriately adjusted voltage levels on the VL and VH pins and controlled by an extended LBDD PWM modulator. The hybrid 9 bit DPWM modulator uses a linearized Class-BD double-sided modulation scheme with pre-compensation, enabling the most faithful emulation of natural NBDD PWM and, thus, providing attractive spectral characteristics at the DM output. Basic SPICE simulations and experimental results of the proposed digital Class-BD amplifiers were compared with the conventional digital Class-BD amplifiers. The elimination of CM signals significantly contributes to the reduction in electromagnetic interference (EMI), particularly those produced on the cables connecting the loudspeaker to the HBS terminal. Proposed Class-BD amplifiers with original and new topologies, due to their simple design and easy control (no galvanic isolation of control signals and no floating bias power supplies), which generate no CM voltage and feature excellent DM performance, similar to conventional Class-BD amplifiers, are very attractive solutions for filterless Class-BD amplifiers.

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10

Liang, Ji Xiu, and Shou Kui Li. "Audio Power Amplifier Design and Debugging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 2269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.2269.

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The modern demands for hearing level is getting higher and higher, so the authenticity of stereo sound quality demand is higher and higher, the stereo power amplifier is integrated circuit TDA2030A primarily composed of stereo power amplifier, it USES the typical power amplification circuit, with less distortion, peripheral components, high stability, wide frequency response range, high fidelity, the advantages of large power, at the same time adopt SiYun put GL324A of input audio signal processing and high, bass, and thus more output sound of quality guarantee. Articles of amplifiers made simple introduction, and give the detailed design and debug program.

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11

Hu, Yipeng. "Improving noise levels based on amplifier structure analysis." Theoretical and Natural Science 14, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/14/20240912.

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As the core component of electronic circuits, amplifiers play a pivotal role in fields such as communications, medical care, audio processing, instrumentation, scientific research and military technology. However, the noise problem of the amplifier has a direct impact on the reliability and accuracy of the system, how to reduce the impact of noise is crucial. This paper aims to study and solve noise problems in amplifier design. The first part focuses on the design of operational amplifiers. By adjusting the circuit structure and introducing current mirrors, the noise of the input and output stages is successfully reduced and the amplifier performance is improved. The second part focuses on the design of instrumentation amplifiers, introducing kT/C noise elimination technology, chopper modulation structure solves the noise and aliasing problems in switched capacitor instrumentation amplifiers and improve performance.

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12

Al-Oudat, Naeem. "IoT-based sound-level control for audio amplifiers: mosques as a case study." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp859-867.

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<p><span>When using audio-amplifiers in the open, uneven distribution of sound makes people unpleasant because it is loud or unheared. This unfortunate situation arises because audio-amplifiers volumes are set according to the guess of sound technicians. Mosques, as an example, are distributed inside wide areas and fire Azan five times a day. Due to the relatively long distances between them, speed and direction of the wind impose setting sound levels prior to each Azan such that all the area is covered and the overlap is minimized. In this paper, we propose a system based on internet of things (IoT) model to control the sound level of each mosque in the community. An IoT device (one in a mosque) sets the level of sound fired by the audio-amplifier. To do that, a synchronized series of tones is fired from each node. Once a node hears these tones, the process of sound level control starts to indicate the distances to heared nodes. As the approximate distances between nodes are known, each node can calculate its suitable sound level. Results showed that the proposed system is effective in setting sound levels for mosques audio amplifiers.</span></p>

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13

Marchiori Visintin, Rafael, Roni Henrique Cardoso Ferreira, Vinícius De Castro Martins dos Santos, and Carlos Alberto De Francisco. "A design methodology for audio amplifiers with no global negative feedback: proposal and validation." Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas 43, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2022v43n2p105.

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This paper proposes a structured methodology for the design of high-performance audio amplifiers without the use of global negative feedback. This type of amplifier is being suggested in order to minimize supposed deleterious effects on audio quality. The proposed methodology uses a minimum number of stages with local negative feedback operating in a high voltage range in order to minimize harmonic distortion without the need to use global feedback. As an example of applying the methodology, a 50W power amplifier is designed and built. In this design example, three stages are used with field effect transistors operating with a symmetrical voltage of }90V in the voltage gain stages and }45V in the output stage. The practical results obtained satisfied the design requirements, such as: Slew Rate above 3.6V/μs (14V/μs), Upper Cutoff Frequency above 40kHz (125kHz), THD+N below 0.5% (0.2%). Also, to ensure that the designed amplifier has a good linearity, the IMD intermodulation distortion was measured. The value of −62.5dB was obtained. In this way, the effectiveness of the proposed method for the design of audio amplifiers without global negative feedback was proven.

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14

Sirakov, E., and G. Evstatiev. "Мгновенное рассеивание мощности в усилителях класса АВ и класса В." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 1, no. 399 (March 15, 2022): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2022-1-399-137-140.

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This paper presents analysis of class AB and class B amplifiers dissipation calculated by equals (1) and (2) with MathCad. The figure shows works of push-pull audio power amplifier computer simulations with PSpice Student Version.

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15

Farrimond, T. "Subjective Evaluation of Audio Equipment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1079–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1079.

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A typical domestic quality tape-recorder was used to provide a sound which could act as an acoustic reference. The sound of music played by this tape-recorder was recorded acoustically to provide a signal source which could then be used for further tests. This recording was played back through the two amplifiers under test, first A (solid state) and then B (tube). 22 subjects compared the sound of the standard with the sound via A and B. This was repeated reversing the order to B, A, until six alternate paired presentations had been given. Subjects were not told which amplifier they were hearing except that it was A or B. Of the subjects 63% considered that the tube amplifier produced a sound closer to the original, even though its laboratory specification was inferior to that of the solid state amplifier. This finding is regarded as predictable in terms of Békésy's inhibitory theory.

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16

Zaucha, David Edward. "Automute Detection In Digital Audio Amplifiers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 3 (2011): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3573311.

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17

Kołodziejski, Wojciech, Stanisław Kuta, and Jacek Jasielski. "Open-Loop Class-BD Audio Amplifiers with Balanced Common-Mode Output." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121381.

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This paper presents new architectures and implementations of original open-loop Class-BD audio amplifiers with balanced Common-Mode output. The output stage of each proposed amplifier includes the typical H-bridge with four MOSFETs and four additional MOSFET switches that balance and keep the Common-Mode output constant. The presented amplifiers employ the extended NBDD PWM or PSC PWM modulation scheme. When the output stage is built only on NMOSFET transistors, gate drivers require a floating power supply, using a self-boost charge pump with capacitive isolation of the control signal. The use of complementary MOSFETs in the output stage greatly simplifies gate control systems. The proposed amplifiers were compared to the typical Class-BD configuration, using the optimal NBDD modulation with respect to audio performance of the Differential-Mode (DM) and Common-Mode (CM) outputs. Basic SPICE simulations and experimental studies have shown that the proposed Class-BD amplifiers have similar audio performance to the prototype with the optimal NBDD modulation scheme, while at the same time having a balanced constant voltage CM output, thus eliminating the main contributor to radiation emission. As a result, the filtering of the DM output signals can be greatly simplified, while the filtering of the CM output signals can be theoretically eliminated. Practically, due to the timing errors added by the gate drivers, spikes are generated at the CM output, which are very easy to filter out by the reduced LC output filter, even at very low L.

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18

Wright, Alec, Eero-Pekka Damskägg, Lauri Juvela, and Vesa Välimäki. "Real-Time Guitar Amplifier Emulation with Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030766.

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This article investigates the use of deep neural networks for black-box modelling of audio distortion circuits, such as guitar amplifiers and distortion pedals. Both a feedforward network, based on the WaveNet model, and a recurrent neural network model are compared. To determine a suitable hyperparameter configuration for the WaveNet, models of three popular audio distortion pedals were created: the Ibanez Tube Screamer, the Boss DS-1, and the Electro-Harmonix Big Muff Pi. It is also shown that three minutes of audio data is sufficient for training the neural network models. Real-time implementations of the neural networks were used to measure their computational load. To further validate the results, models of two valve amplifiers, the Blackstar HT-5 Metal and the Mesa Boogie 5:50 Plus, were created, and subjective tests were conducted. The listening test results show that the models of the first amplifier could be identified as different from the reference, but the sound quality of the best models was judged to be excellent. In the case of the second guitar amplifier, many listeners were unable to hear the difference between the reference signal and the signals produced with the two largest neural network models. This study demonstrates that the neural network models can convincingly emulate highly nonlinear audio distortion circuits, whilst running in real-time, with some models requiring only a relatively small amount of processing power to run on a modern desktop computer.

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19

Paś, Jacek. "Diagnosis of technical parameters of amplifiers used in sound warning systems." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 66, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5394.

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The article presents a method of diagnosing the technical conditions of a power amplifier which is used in a sound warning system (SWS). Fire Alarm Systems (FAS) and SWSs are electronic safety systems designed to protect life and health. The FAS is used for effective fire detection, while life-threatening SWSs provide efficient communication of emergency information and evacuation routes via voice. The article presents the problem of diagnosing the technical condition of power amplifiers, which are the essential elements of SWSs. Power amplifiers provide a certain level of undistorted audio (alarm messages) to the speaker set that is arranged in a building supervised by FAS. Keywords: amplifier, audible warning system, working parameters

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20

Berkhout, Marco, and Lutsen Dooper. "Class-D Audio Amplifiers in Mobile Applications." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 57, no. 5 (May 2010): 992–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2046200.

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21

Cox, Stephen M., and Bruce H. Candy. "Class-D Audio Amplifiers with Negative Feedback." SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 66, no. 2 (January 2005): 468–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/040617467.

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22

Nagari, Angelo. "Tutorial review: audio amplifiers in mobile platforms." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 72, no. 3 (August 6, 2011): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-011-9732-4.

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23

LIN, CHUN-WEI, and BING-SHIUN HSIEH. "THE MULTILEVEL TECHNIQUE FOR IMPROVING FILTERLESS CLASS-D AUDIO AMPLIFIERS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 04 (April 2014): 1450047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500479.

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Class-D amplifier features very high efficiency on power delivery because its switching operation consumes tiny static power on very low on-resistance. In this work, a multilevel technique is presented to improve total-harmonic-distortion (THD) and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of pulse-width-modulation (PWM) filterless class-D amplifiers. The proposed method consists of a multilevel converter and a time division adder (TDA) followed by PWM modulator. The PWM-modulated signal is arranged into several time divisions and then integrated and encoded to a set of parallel control signals for multilevel converter. Instead of the two-level PWM signal, the output signal of a multilevel converter is as stairway with less transient variation. The performance of THD and SNR are therefore improved because the instantaneous variation of signal is greatly reduced. To demonstrate the proposed method, a filterless audio amplifier was implemented by TSMC 5 V–0.35 μm CMOS technology. With 8 Ω speaker and 550 mW maximum power, experiment results show that the THD, SNR and power efficiency can be achieved over 0.02%, 85 dB and 85%, respectively.

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24

Williamson, Robert C. "Audio frequency power amplifiers with actively damped filter." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 6 (1997): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.420270.

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25

Burrow, S., and D. Grant. "Efficiency of low power audio amplifiers and loudspeakers." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 47, no. 3 (2001): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.964155.

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26

Williamson, Robert C. "Audio frequency power amplifiers with actively damped filter." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 3 (March 1998): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.423174.

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27

Edelman, Rachel C., Brian E. Anderson, Samuel D. Bellows, and Timothy W. Leishman. "Measured high-resolution directivities of guitar amplifiers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010961.

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Guitar amplifiers comprise specialized powered loudspeakers with distinct configurations and directivity characteristics. Recently, the authors measured the directivities of six guitar amplifiers using a new measurement system. The system employs a rotating semicircular microphone array in an anechoic chamber, with 2522 unique microphone positions over a surrounding sphere (i.e., 5-deg resolution in both the polar and azimuthal angles). This presentation will describe the measurement and processing procedures and compare the measured results to those produced by theoretical directivity models. An online archival database provides easy access to the guitar amplifier data and other directivity data from the human voice, played musical instruments, and other sound sources. The data are available in several commonly used file formats and should provide valuable information for many applications, including spatial audio, architectural acoustics modeling, and microphone placement.

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Murtianta, Budihardja. "PENGUAT KELAS D DENGAN METODE SUMMING INTEGRATOR." Elektrika 11, no. 2 (October 8, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/elektrika.v11i2.1693.

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A class D amplifier is one in which the output transistors are operated as switches. When a transistor is off, the current through it is zero and when it is on, the voltage across it is small, ideally zero. Thus the power dissipation is very low, so it requires a smaller heat sink for the amplifier. Class D amplifier operation is based on analog principles and there is no digital encoding of the signal. Before the emergence of class D amplifiers, the standard classes were class A, class AB, class B, and class C. The classic method for generating signals driving a transistor MOSFET is to use a comparator. One input is driven by an incoming audio signal, and the other by a triangle wave or a sawtooth wave at the required switching frequency. The frequency of a triangular or sawtooth wave must be higher than the audio input. MOSFET transistors work in a complementary manner that operates as a switch. Triangle waves are usually generated by square waves fed to the integrator circuit. So the main part of processing audio signals into PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is the integrator and comparator. In this paper, we will discuss the work of a class D amplifier system using the summing integrator method as its main part.

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Зотин, Виталий, Vitaliy Zotin, Александр Власов, Aleksandr Vlasov, Леонид Потапов, and Leonid Potapov. "Automation of testing analog chips." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22947.

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Possible options for automated testing of analog chips with universal testers «Formula 2K» and PXI hardware company «National Instruments», as well as through a dedicated tester TR9574 Hungarian company «EMG». Described by authors developed automated testers: ATIKOU (test chip comparators and operational amplifiers) and ATIAUDIO (test chip audio amplifiers).

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30

Shu, Wei, and Joseph S. Chang. "Power Supply Noise in Analog Audio Class D Amplifiers." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 56, no. 1 (January 2009): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2008.921055.

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31

Rojas-Gonzalez, Miguel Angel, and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio. "Low-Power High-Efficiency Class D Audio Power Amplifiers." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 44, no. 12 (December 2009): 3272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2032729.

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32

Pillonnet, G., N. Abouchi, M. Chiollaz, and P. Marguery. "High-performance simulator for digital audio class D amplifiers." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 4, no. 1 (2010): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2008.0348.

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33

Zhao, Sihan. "Design and implementation of a preset operational amplifier based on basic digital and analog hybrid circuit." Applied and Computational Engineering 38, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/38/20230539.

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In the vast landscape of electronic engineering, the indispensable roles of both analog and digital circuits are unequivocally recognized. Analog circuits, with their foundational principles, are extensively harnessed in areas encompassing audio, video, power systems, and particularly, amplifiers. Conversely, digital circuits, integral to modern-day technological advancements, are dominantly present in computing platforms, telecommunication systems, control mechanisms, and data storage infrastructures. Amplifiers, a cornerstone in analog circuit designs, principally focus on magnifying the amplitude of input signals, whether it be in terms of voltage or current. This amplification process hinges on the strategic configuration of electronic elements such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. This paper endeavors to marry the attributes of digital and analog circuits. Through the adept utilization of fundamental electronic components, an innovative amplifier design capable of preset amplification ratios is birthed. The practicality and efficacy of this amplifier are rigorously validated via its hands-on assembly and experimental testing in a laboratory setting. Results consistently underscore the amplifiers adeptness in delivering precise signal amplification, conforming to its predetermined ratios. Such a design, rooted in its simplicity yet offering profound versatility, beckons further exploration. It stands as a beacon for potential future adaptions, tailored to suit a gamut of applications, and is poised to seamlessly dovetail into more sophisticated circuit systems.

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Schnick, O., and W. Mathis. "Realisierung eines verzerrungsarmen Open-Loop Klasse-D Audio-Verstärkers mit SB-ZePoC." Advances in Radio Science 5 (June 13, 2007): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-5-225-2007.

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Abstract. In den letzten Jahren hat die Entwicklung von Klasse-D Verstärkern für Audio-Anwendungen ein vermehrtes Interesse auf sich gezogen. Eine Motivation hierfür liegt in der mit dieser Technik extrem hohen erzielbaren Effizienz von über 90%. Die Signale, die Klasse-D Verstärker steuern, sind binär. Immer mehr Audio-Signale werden entweder digital gespeichert (CD, DVD, MP3) oder digital übermittelt (Internet, DRM, DAB, DVB-T, DVB-S, GMS, UMTS), weshalb eine direkte Umsetzung dieser Daten in ein binäres Steuersignal ohne vorherige konventionelle D/A-Wandlung erstrebenswert erscheint. Die klassischen Pulsweitenmodulationsverfahren führen zu Aliasing-Komponenten im Audio-Basisband. Diese Verzerrungen können nur durch eine sehr hohe Schaltfrequenz auf ein akzeptables Maß reduziert werden. Durch das von der Forschungsgruppe um Prof. Mathis vorgestellte SB-ZePoC Verfahren (Zero Position Coding with Separated Baseband) wird diese Art der Signalverzerrung durch Generierung eines separierten Basisbands verhindert. Deshalb können auch niedrige Schaltfrequenzen gewählt werden. Dadurch werden nicht nur die Schaltverluste, sondern auch Timing-Verzerrungen verringert, die durch die nichtideale Schaltendstufe verursacht werden. Diese tragen einen großen Anteil zu den gesamten Verzerrungen eines Klasse-D Verstärkers bei. Mit dem SB-ZePoC Verfahren lassen sich verzerrungsarme Open-Loop Klasse-D Audio-Verstärker realisieren, die ohne aufwändige Gegenkopplungsschleifen auskommen. Class-D amplifiers are suiteble for amplification of audio signals. One argument is their high efficiency of 90% and more. Today most of the audio signals are stored or transmitted in digital form. A digitally controlled Class-D amplifier can be directly driven with coded (modulated) data. No separate D/A conversion is needed. Classical modulation schemes like Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) cause aliasing. So a very high switching rate is required to minimize the aliasing component within the signal band. This paper shows a first implementation of the new SB-ZePoC modulation scheme (Zero Position Coding with Separated Baseband), which allows the generation of a binary signal with separated baseband. Therefore Class-D amplifiers using SB-ZePoC can be run with very low switching rates. Some benefits and problems in the design process because of low switching rates will be discussed. Measurements of a realtime implementation will be presented.

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Башкиров, А. В., И. В. Свиридова, and Р. Н. Хорошайлов. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTIMAL CONTROL SCHEME FOR A D-CLASS HIGH-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, no. 5 (November 17, 2022): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.18.5.013.

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В аудиоусилителях с переключаемым режимом для улучшения качества звука усилителя использовались контуры управления. Поскольку в этих усилителях используется высокочастотная модуляция, необходимо внимательно проектировать контроллер. Кроме того, коэффициент качества выходного фильтра может оказать большое влияние на возможности контроллера по подавлению шума и отслеживанию аудиосигнала. Представлены методы проектирования современного управления высокочастотным усилителем класса D. Разработанный метод управления позволяет легко решить проблему проектирования высокопроизводительного контроллера, когда выходной фильтр имеет высокий коэффициент качества звука. Результаты показывают, что контроллер способен обеспечить явное улучшение общего уровня гармонических искажений с улучшением до 30 раз по сравнению с разомкнутым контуром при явном снижении шума, что позволяет добиться лучшего качества звука. Приведены принципы моделирования пространства состояний и то, как его можно использовать в сочетании с усилителями класса D. Современные методы теории управления будут применены для проектирования и моделирования интегрирующего контроллера с полной обратной связью по состоянию для использования с высокочастотным мостовым усилителем класса D In audio amplifiers with switchable mode, control loops were used to improve the sound quality of the amplifier. Since these amplifiers use high-frequency modulation, it is necessary to design the controller carefully. In addition, the quality factor of the output filter can have a big impact on the controller's ability to suppress noise and track the audio signal. This article presents design methods for modern management. The developed control method makes it easy to solve the problem of designing a high-performance controller when the output filter has a high-quality coefficient. The results show that the controller is able to provide a clear improvement in the overall level of harmonic distortion with an improvement of up to 30 times compared to an open loop with a clear reduction in noise, which allows for better sound quality. The principles of modeling the state space and how it can be used in combination with Class D amplifiers are given. Modern methods of control theory will be applied to design and simulate an integrating controller with full state feedback for use with a Class D high-frequency bridge amplifier

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Berkhout, M. "Integrated overcurrent protection system for class-D audio power amplifiers." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 40, no. 11 (November 2005): 2237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2005.857369.

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Paiva, Rafael C. D., Stefano D'Angelo, Jyri Pakarinen, and Vesa Valimaki. "Emulation of Operational Amplifiers and Diodes in Audio Distortion Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 59, no. 10 (October 2012): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2012.2213358.

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38

Cartasegna, Davide, Piero Malcovati, Lorenzo Crespi, Kyehyung Lee, and Andrea Baschirotto. "A design methodology for high-order class-D audio amplifiers." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 78, no. 3 (October 15, 2013): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-013-0203-y.

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39

Parolo, Giuseppe. "Properties of Nonlinear Distortions and Related Measures in Audio Amplifiers." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 72, no. 3 (March 7, 2024): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0125.

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40

Russo, Patrice, Firas Yengui, Gael Pillonnet, Sophie Taupin, and Nacer Abouchi. "Switching Optimization for Class-G Audio Amplifiers with Two Power Supplies." Circuits and Systems 03, no. 01 (2012): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cs.2012.31012.

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Ryu, Tae-Ha, Ji-Yeol Ryu, and Tae-Yong Doh. "Modeling and Analysis of Class D Audio Amplifiers using Control Theories." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2007.13.4.385.

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van der Zee, Ronan, and Fred Mostert. "Output Impedance Shaping for Frequency Compensation of MOS Audio Power Amplifiers." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 44, no. 3 (March 2009): 928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2012448.

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43

Auer, Mario, and Timuçin Karaca. "Spread spectrum techniques for Class-D audio amplifiers to reduce EMI." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 133, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-015-0384-4.

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44

Dan-Abia, Dan E., Akaninyene Obot, and Kufre M. Udofia. "Design and Analysis of a Multistage Common Emitter Amplifier for Low Frequency Applications." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1431.

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The design and analysis of the multistage common emitter (CE) amplifier for improved voltage gain over the single stage CE amplifier is presented in this paper. The design procedure started with the design of a single stage CE amplifier. The design specifications for the CE amplifier were specified. The design of the multistage CE amplifier was done using the designed single stage CE amplifier as the basic configuration. The designed single stage and multistage CE amplifiers were simulated in the linear technology simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (LT SPICE). The results obtained show that using analytical method a voltage gain of 45 dB was obtained for the single stage and 54 dB was obtained for the multistage respectively, the LT SPICE simulation software presented a result of 44 dB for the single stage and 54 dB for the multistage. The proposed amplifier may find suitable applications in devices operating in the low frequency such as audio signal applications. Furthermore, judging from these results coupling of more stages of the transistor amplifier to obtain greater voltage, current and power gains is recommended.

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Dan-Abia, Dan E., Akaninyene Obot, and Kufre M. Udofia. "Design and Analysis of a Multistage Common Emitter Amplifier for Low Frequency Applications." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.10.1431.

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The design and analysis of the multistage common emitter (CE) amplifier for improved voltage gain over the single stage CE amplifier is presented in this paper. The design procedure started with the design of a single stage CE amplifier. The design specifications for the CE amplifier were specified. The design of the multistage CE amplifier was done using the designed single stage CE amplifier as the basic configuration. The designed single stage and multistage CE amplifiers were simulated in the linear technology simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (LT SPICE). The results obtained show that using analytical method a voltage gain of 45 dB was obtained for the single stage and 54 dB was obtained for the multistage respectively, the LT SPICE simulation software presented a result of 44 dB for the single stage and 54 dB for the multistage. The proposed amplifier may find suitable applications in devices operating in the low frequency such as audio signal applications. Furthermore, judging from these results coupling of more stages of the transistor amplifier to obtain greater voltage, current and power gains is recommended.

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46

Ding, Xijie, Juan Huang, Zuoli Zhang, and Yisen Yu. "A Low Frequency Power Amplifier Design Based on Output CapacitorLess Circuit." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (May 21, 2024): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ne5xme81.

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This low-frequency power amplifier utilizes the AT89S51 microcontroller as the main control chip. The system can be divided into several modules: power amplification circuit module, pre-amplification module, band-stop filtering module, protection circuit module, volume control module, power supply voltage, AC voltage, and AC current testing module, A/D conversion module, power module, and single-chip microcomputer subsystem control module. We chose class AB audio power amplifiers. To ensure circuit stability and higher fidelity, we selected the TDA2030 integrated chip to build the OCL power amplifier circuit, preventing efficiency from being too low. Through the control of single-chip microcomputer subsystem, it can measure and display output power, the supply power of the DC power source, and overall efficiency. This system utilizes electronic switches connected with band-stop filters, with the band-stop frequency ranging from 40～60Hz.

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P, Ms Salma. "AUDIO AND TEXT TRANSMISSION USING LI-FI TECHNOLOGY." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (April 6, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem30185.

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The project "Audio and Text Transmission Using Li-Fi Technology" explores the innovative application of Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) for transmitting both audio and text data. Li-Fi employs light signals, typically from LEDs or lasers, for data transmission, and in this project, it is leveraged to achieve two distinct functionalities: audio and text transmission. For audio transmission, a dedicated Li-Fi system is implemented where an audio signal is modulated onto the light signal emitted by an LED or laser. At the receiver end, multiple amplifiers are employed to retrieve and reproduce the audio signal. This process allows for the wireless transmission of audio data using light waves, offering a unique and potentially efficient alternative to traditional audio communication methods. For text transmission, Li-Fi modules connected to Arduino boards are employed for both the transmitter and receiver. The Arduino-based system facilitates the encoding and decoding of text data into light signals, enabling the wireless transmission of textual information using Li-Fi technology. This dual-functional approach expands the versatility of Li-Fi in communication systems, showcasing its potential for transmitting both audio and text data wirelessly through light Keywords: Arduino, Li Fi Transmitter, Li Fi receiver, LCD

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Amin, Muhammad, Neni Mulyani, and Uswatun Hasanah. "PELATIHAN PERANCANGAN AMPLIFIER 12 VOLT PADA SMK NEGERI 5 KOTA TANJUNG BALAI." Jurdimas (Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat) Royal 1, no. 2 (July 5, 2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/jurdimas.v1i2.112.

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Abstract: The design of the 12 V amplifier module which was held at SMK Negeri 5 in the city of Tanjungbalai, received from 80 students whose dedication was conducted, more than 75 students successfully completed the 12 V amplifier assembly project and the category was successful, and 3 students were only able to reinforce the transfer project. but it can not be lit and 2 more students can not finish to the end. The 12 V amplifier module design training aims to increase the capacity to increase the skills in the practicum field, especially in the field of audio video engineering which is pursued according to the existing majors. The subject matter in service at SMK 5 Tanjungblai, discussing the 12 volt amplifier work system, schematic designer to PCB board, testing electronic components using digital multitester and testing amplifiers using input from the mobile jack and oscilloscope.Keywords: 12 Volt Amplifier, Service, SMK 5 TanjungbalaiAbstrak: Perancangan modul amplifier 12 Volt yang diadakan di SMK Negeri 5 kota tanjungbalai, mendapatai dari 80 siswa yang mengikuti pengabdian yang dilakukan, lebih dari 75 siswa berhasil menyelesikan project perakitan amplifier 12 V dan tergologn kategori berhasil, dan 3 siswa hanya mampu menyelesaikan project amplifier, tetapi tidak bisa menyala dan 2 siswa lagi tidak bisa menyelesaikan sampai akhir. Pelatihan perancangan modul amplifier 12 V, ini bertujuan untuk menambah kompetensi siswa untuk meningkatkan hardskill dibidang praktikum, khususnya dibidang produktif jurusan teknik audio video yang ditekuni sesuai jurusan yang diambil. Pokok bahasan dalam pengabdian di SMK Negeri 5 Tanjungblai, membahas tentang sistem kerja amplifier 12 volt, perancangan scematik ke board PCB , pengujian komponen elektronik dengan menggunakan multitester digital dan pengujian amplifier dengan menggunakan input dari jack handphone dan oscilloscope. Kata Kunci: Amplifier 12 Volt, Pengabdian, SMK Negeri 5 Tanjungbalai

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García-Meré, Juan R., Juan Rodríguez, Diego G. Lamar, and Javier Sebastián. "On the Use of Class D Switching-Mode Power Amplifiers in Visible Light Communication Transmitters." Sensors 22, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134858.

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Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit information. The most extended implementation of a VLC transmitter employs a DC-DC power converter that biases the High-Brightness LEDs (HB-LEDs), and a Linear Power Amplifier (LPA) that reproduces the communication signal. Unfortunately, the power efficiency of LPAs is very low, thus reducing the overall system efficiency and requiring huge cooling systems to extract the heat. In this work, the use of Class D Switching-Mode Power Amplifiers (SMPAs) is explored in order to overcome that limitation. It is important to note that this SMPA is widely used for different applications, such as audio and RF power amplifiers. Therefore, there are a lot of versions of a Class D SMPA depending on the topology used for the implementation and the modulation strategy used to control the switches. Hence, this work aims to identify, adapt and explain in detail the best approach for implementing a Class D SMPA for VLC. In order to validate the proposed idea, a power-efficient VLC transmitter intended for short-range and low-speed applications was built and evaluated.

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Kim, Eunhwan, Hyunsun Mo, and Daejeong Kim. "Analysis of switching frequency variation in self-oscillating class-D audio amplifiers." IEICE Electronics Express 11, no. 19 (2014): 20140779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.11.20140779.

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