Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Attribution des événements extrêmes'
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Ginesta, Fernandez Mireia. "Impact of climate change on severe storms in Europe : attribution and projection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ009.
Full textGlobal warming is altering the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, floods, and cyclones. These events have immediate, observable impacts, such as economic losses or loss of life. Extreme event attribution, initially conceived as a tool for assessing liability for damages, has rapidly evolved into various approaches aimed at quantifying the influence of climate change on the dynamics, hazards, and impacts of such extreme events. For some extremes, particularly those predominantly influenced by dynamics such as extratropical storms, confidence in attribution and future projections remains low.In this thesis, we assess changes in observed severe extratropical storms and their meteorological hazards across Western Europe in a warmer climate. Some of the storms analyzed are Alex, in October 2020, Xynthia, in February 2010, and Eunice, in February 2022. Each of them exhibits unique characteristics, yet we can identify similar patterns for comparative analysis. Hence, we explore the concept of weather analogues, which represent recurrent patterns of atmospheric circulation. We identify analogues of severe extratropical storms in two different climates, characterized by weak and strong human influence on climate, in both reanalysis and climate models. We found an increase in precipitation and wind speed associated with these storms in a warmer world, with the drivers of such changes varying from case to case.While analyzing average large-scale patterns in storms across the North Atlantic is fundamental for understanding general trends in dynamics and hazards in various locations, focusing on specific storms, as conducted in this thesis, can offer additional perspectives. Specific storms result from a combination of complex processes that might not be fully captured in large-scale trends; thus, they can serve as case studies for investigating the influence of climate change on their behavior. By examining specific patterns and their analogues, we acknowledge the chaotic nature of the atmosphere, and by providing localized assessments, we consider the specificities of the area.The tools presented here can be applied to other extratropical storms worldwide to enhance our comprehension and provide local assessments. Our research combines meteorological knowledge with climate science, aiming to understand the evolving nature of severe storms and the hazards of climate change
Jézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055/document.
Full textExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Jézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055.
Full textExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Pillet, Valentin. "Détection et attribution des changements morphologiques côtiers récents en milieu insulaire tropical (Polynésie française, Caraïbe)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS019.
Full textLow-lying reef islands and coastal areas of tropical mountainous islands are highly vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones and the expected effects of climate change. However, while the French metropolitan coasts have benefited from a significant effort to assess their long-term changes, French overseas islands are the least documented areas in French Territory. Based on this observation, this thesis examines the respective contribution of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the past evolution of reef islands (French Polynesia) and mountainous island beaches (Northern Lesser Antilles). This study relies on a combined approach between geomatic and fieldwork. From a multi-scalar (spatial and temporal) analysis, we detect and attribute the planimetric changes experienced by the sedimentary systems of the studied islands. Results on reef islands are comparable to those of previous studies which established that most of the islands have been stable or in expansion over the last decades. They allow to suggest conceptual models of long-term trajectories and examine the respective contribution of the drivers considered in this study. On mountainous island beaches, this study shows that local settings explain the high longitudinal variability detected in various climatic situations. In addition, this study contributes to the global samples of studied islands and to move forward on the understanding of past coastal changes in French overseas islands
Bassene, Aladji. "Contribution à la modélisation spatiale des événements extrêmes." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30039/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we investigate nonparametric modeling of spatial extremes. Our resultsare based on the main result of the theory of extreme values, thereby encompass Paretolaws. This framework allows today to extend the study of extreme events in the spatialcase provided if the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators satisfy the standardconditions of the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) in addition to the local conditions on thedata structure themselves. In the literature, there exists a vast panorama of extreme events models, which are adapted to the structures of the data of interest. However, in the case ofextreme spatial data, except max-stables models, little or almost no models are interestedin non-parametric estimation of the tail index and/or extreme quantiles. Therefore, weextend existing works on estimating the tail index and quantile under independent ortime-dependent data. The specificity of the methods studied resides in the fact that theasymptotic results of the proposed estimators take into account the spatial dependence structure of the relevant data, which is far from trivial. This thesis is then written in thecontext of spatial statistics of extremes. She makes three main contributions.• In the first contribution of this thesis, we propose a new approach of the estimatorof the tail index of a heavy-tailed distribution within the framework of spatial data. This approach relies on the estimator of Hill (1975). The asymptotic properties of the estimator introduced are established when the spatial process is adequately approximated by aspatial M−dependent process, spatial linear causal process or when the process satisfies a strong mixing condition.• In practice, it is often useful to link the variable of interest Y with covariate X. Inthis situation, the tail index depends on the observed value x of the covariate X and theunknown fonction (.) will be called conditional tail index. In most applications, the tailindexof an extreme value is not the main attraction, but it is used to estimate for instance extreme quantiles. The contribution of this chapter is to adapt the estimator of the tail index introduced in the first part in the conditional framework and use it to propose an estimator of conditional extreme quantiles. We examine the models called "fixed design"which corresponds to the situation where the explanatory variable is deterministic. To tackle the covariate, since it is deterministic, we use the window moving approach. Westudy the asymptotic behavior of the estimators proposed and some numerical resultsusing simulated data with the software "R".• In the third part of this thesis, we extend the work of the second part of the framemodels called "random design" for which the data are spatial observations of a pair (Y,X) of real random variables . In this last model, we propose an estimator of heavy tail-indexusing the kernel method to tackle the covariate. We use an estimator of the conditional tail index belonging to the family of the estimators introduced by Goegebeur et al. (2014b)
Rimoldi, Cristina. "Événements extrêmes dans des cavités optiques non linéaires étendues." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4095/document.
Full textExtreme events are phenomena, often considered as catastrophic, that occur in the tail of a distribution usually deviating from an expected, exponential decay. In optics, these events were first studied in the context of fibers, where they have been extensively analyzed, as optical rogue waves, in light of the well known analogy between optics and hydrodynamics, through the nonlinear Schroedinger equation. With the development and the broadening of the field, extreme events have been also studied in dissipative optical systems with or without spatial degrees of freedom. In this Thesis we focused on the study of extreme events in three different active and dissipative optical systems, each presenting one or two spatial degrees of freedom, either in the transverse plane, perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light, or in the propagation direction. Localized structures of different nature represent an important possible solution in each one of the systems here studied, hence their interaction and the role played in the formation of extreme events have been also investigated into details. In the first system, a monolithic broad-area semiconductor laser (VCSEL) with an intracavity saturable absorber, we report on the occurrence of extreme events in the 2D transverse plane of the electric field intensity. In particular we highlight the connection between these objects and cavity solitons, both stationary and oscillatory, also present in the system. In the second system, a highly multimode laser with optical injection spatially extended along the propagation direction, we analyze the interaction and merging of phase solitons, localized structures propagating along the cavity carrying a 2π phase rotation. Extreme events have been investigated in two configurations: a first one where they emerge from the collision of phase solitons with other transient structures carrying a negative chiral charge, and a second one where high-peak events emerge from an unstable roll regime where phase solitons are not a stable solution. In both these systems we investigate the role of chirality in the extreme event formation. In the third system, a broad-area semiconductor laser (VCSEL) with optical injection, we study into details the interaction of cavity solitons in the transverse plane, described as two particles subjected to an interaction potential exponentially decreasing with the distance between the two objects: a possible analogy with hydrophobic materials is here suggested. Some preliminary results showing spatiotemporal extreme events in this system are also given
Penot, David. "Cartographie des événements hydrologiques extrêmes et estimation SCHADEX en sites non jaugés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU022/document.
Full textSince 2006, at EDF, extreme flood estimations are computed with the SCHADEX method (Climatic-hydrological simulation of extreme floods). This method relies on a MEWP probabilistic model (seasonal rainfall distribution using a weather pattern concept) and on a stochastic simulation to cross rainy events hazard and catchment saturation states. Simulation approaches, as SCHADEX, have shown good performances to estimate extreme flood distributions. However, the use of SCHADEX method without data for a considered catchment (rain, temperature, runoff) remains a main issue. This thesis suggests an adaptation of the method in ungauged context, trying to keep the key points of the SCHADEX method: - spatial and probabilistic structure of rainfall conditioned by weather patterns. - a cross of rainfall and catchment saturation hazards by stochastic simulation. This work is limited to a daily step to address the issue of regionalization with a maximum of data. The approach is then structured around four main points: - regionalize punctual daily extreme precipitations and construct maps of return period rainfalls. Evaluate the contribution of a weather type classification for the regionalization of extreme rainfall distributions and qualify the SPAZM interpolator for the estimation of extreme rainfall. - wonder about the construction of an areal rainfall and in particular about the impact of its construction choices on the estimation of extreme precipitations. - develop a regional stochastic simulation method to estimate a distribution of daily runoffs which crosses rainy events and catchment saturation hazards. - study the transposition from a daily runoff distribution to a peak flow distribution. The main contributions of this thesis are: - taking into account the weather types improves the description of spatial patterns of extreme precipitations. - information provided by the SPAZM rainfall interpolator proves to be valuable for the estimation of extreme rainfall in ungauged site. - a sensitivity analysis of the calculation of the areal rainfall based on the number of stations used (comparison SPAZM and Thiessen areal rainfalls) gives an indication of the estimation bias. - the SAMPO rainfall generator used to study the areal reduction factor of extreme precipitation and implement a correction model for high quantiles of SPAZM areal rainfall. - a simplified method of stochastic simulation similar to SCHADEX method (cross between a rainfall hazard and a catchment saturation hazard) is developed to produce a distribution of daily flows in ungauged site. - finally, preliminary work provides a way for the transition to the peak flow distribution using a hydrograph generator adapted to the sequence of daily simulated runoffs. All these developments and conclusions are detailed and justified in the thesis.STAR
Goubanova, Katerina. "Une étude des événements climatiques extrêmes sur l'Europe et le bassin Méditerranéen et de leur évolution future." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066610.
Full textBouillon, Marie. "Températures atmosphériques homogènes dérivées des observations satellitaires IASI : restitution, variations spatio-temporelles et événements extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS317.pdf.
Full textThe IASI instruments, launched in 2006, 2012 and 2018, observe radiance spectra from the Earth-atmosphere system, allowing us to retrieve atmospheric temperatures. The EUropean organisation for the exploitation of METeorological SATellites (EUMETSAT) computes surface and atmospheric temperatures from IASI observations since 2007. To improve the quality of the retrieved temperatures, EUMETSAT has performed several updates on the temperature processing algorithm. In this work, we show how the EUMETSAT temperature record is inhomogeneous and therefore not adapted to the study of temperatures on the long term. Therefore, a new atmospheric temperature product was computed from IASI spectra with an artificial neural network, using IASI radiances as input and ERA5 reanalysis temperatures as output. The temperatures retrieved with the neural network were validated against ERA5 temperatures and radiosounding temperatures. The validation showed good agreement between the three datasets from 750 to 7 hPa. At 2 hPa, the quality of the temperature products decreases because of the low amount of information on temperature within the IASI spectra at this altitude. This new homogeneous temperature record was then used to study extreme events, in particular Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSW). This work studies several SSWs that have happened since 2007, and shows that IASI is perfectly suited to study both temperature and ozone changes during these events. The temperatures were also used to observe the cold and heat waves that happened in the past few years. Finally, the temperatures were used to compute trends over the 2008-2020 period. The troposphere is warming, especially in the upper equatorial troposphere and in the Arctic. The stratosphere north of 50°S is also warming due to the slow ozone hole recovery. In the rest of the stratosphere, the temperatures are decreasing. This thesis presents an homogenous and independent temperature data record from IASI. The methods developed can and will be applied to the rest of the IASI mission and to its successor, the IASI-New Generation mission, which will launch in 2024
Biard, Romain. "Dépendance et événements extrêmes en théorie de la ruine : étude univariée et multivariée, problèmes d'allocation optimale." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539886.
Full textHallegatte, Stéphane. "Interactions d'échelles en économie : application à l'évaluation des dommages économiques du changement climatique et des événements extrêmes." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0048.
Full textSo far, climate change damage assessments are based on long term growth models, which neglect disequilibrium processes, that are assumed to be transient over short period. This thesis highlights, from a set of modelling exercises, how important the short-term transients and the endogenous economic variability are in the estimation of extreme events and climate change damages. It thus suggests the impossibility to evaluate the damages independently of a precise representation of economic growth and dynamics : damages are as sensitive to the nature and amount of impacts than to the dynamics of the economy they are applied on. Thus, uncertainty on future damages comes both from our incomplete scientific knowledge and from the uncertainty on the future organisation of our economies
Colin, Jeanne. "Étude des événements précipitants intenses en Méditerranée : approche par la modélisation climatique régionale." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1357/.
Full textThe climatic variability of intense rainfall events in the Mediterranean is studied using the limited area climate model ALADIN-Climate, whose ability to simulate these events in South-East France is explored. Several sensitivity studies are conducted to assess the impact of various configuration parameters on the model's skill to downscale such extreme events : coupling with a Mediterranean sea model, use of the spectral nudging technique, size of the domain of integration and horizontal resolution. These studies are either performed within the so-called Big-Brother Experiment framework or through hindcast simulations driven by the ERA-40 reanalysis. The increase of resolution (from 50 to 12. 5 km) is found to be the only parameter affecting the modeling of extreme precipitation. The added value of the higher resolution on the way ALADIN-Climate simulates High Precipitation Events (HPE) in South-East France is carefully studied. Comparisons of ALADIN-Climate's skills to those of two State-of-the-art statistical methods of downscaling and detection of these events -- DSCLIM (Boé et al. , 2006) and "CYPRIM" (Nuissier et al. , 2011) -- show that with a resolution of 12. 5 km, the model offers better results than the first method and appears to be at least as good as the second one, therefore it constitutes an appropriate numerical tool to explore the climatic variability of the HPE. A climate change scenario (A1B) is then performed with this tool for the end of the XXe century and we assess the simulated changes affecting HPE in future climate. Several methods are proposed to analyse and display the results, suggesting an increase of both the frequency and intensity of the HPE
Harader, Elizabeth. "L'impact du changement climatique sur les événements hydrologiques extrêmes des petits bassins versants méditerranéens : le cas du bassin versant du Lez." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30010/document.
Full textThe Mediterranean region of southern France experiences extreme autumn rainfall, sometimes leading to violent flash floods. The evolution of these floods under the influence of climate change is a key question for the Mediterranean region, where a rapidly growing population puts human lives at stake. The difference in scale between the resolution of climate model outputs and hydrological impacts is a challenge for the study of flash floods in a future climate. The goal of this doctoral thesis is to propose a methodology adapted to the study of climate change impacts on flash floods in the small Mediterranean catchments of southern France. The Lez catchment near Montpellier was selected for a case study. Early results suggest that the intensity of flash floods may increase in the Lez catchment in a future climate. However these results are heavily dependent on the choice of the climate model used to simulate changes in precipitation and the evolution of future soil conditions, which were not taken into account in this study
Sabatier, Pierre. "Reconstitution des événements climatiques extrêmes (crues et tempêtes) au cours de l'holocène dans le golfe d’Aigues-Mortes (Sud de la France)." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20111.
Full textThe effects of climate change on extreme events are difficult to assess because extremes present large variability and consequently, it is difficult to identify significant trends in relation to the lack of instrumental long time series. Here we present a record of these extreme storm events in the French Mediterrannean coast over the past 7000 years based on a long sediment core from lagoonal environment in Gulf of Lions. Using a high resolution multiproxies approach on core associating grain size, faunal to reconstruct Mid to Late Holocene history of backbarrier deposits in relation to landfalling activity. Even if change in lagoon geomorphological setting over the Holocene does not allow to compare storm events in terms of intensity trough time, we have recorded six periods of increase in storm activity at 6200, 5500, 4400, 3200, 1500 yr cal B. P. And over the LIA (450 and 100 yr cal B. P. ). These evidences of changes in coastal hydrodynamic, inversely correlated to periods of aridification in Western Mediterranean region, are in phase with those observed over the North Atlantic and correspond to Holocene cooling events. This increase in storm activity during Holocene cold events over Mediterranean region was probably due to thermal gradient increase leading to enhanced lower tropospheric baroclinicity over a large Central Atlantic-European domain. This study demonstrates that temperatures in North Atlantic region influence the severe storm activity and therefore the Mediterranean climate at Holocene timescale
Salameh, Tamara. "Modelisation multi-echelles de la circulation atmospherique sur le bassin mediterraneen." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005357.
Full textSanabria, Janeet Margarita. "Variabilité interannuelle du régime des pluies et des événements extrêmes ENSO le long du versant Pacifique Péruvien : mécanismes de contrôle à grande échelle." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30143.
Full textFour strong El Niño events took place within the last five decades (1972/1973, 1982/1983, 1997/1998 and 2015/2016) recorded as strong in the Niño 3.4 region. They can exhibit significant differences in their evolution associated with a distinct rainfall anomaly evolution along the PPB (Peruvian Pacific Basin), which illustrates the strong nonlinearity of the ENSO teleconnection on the rainfall in this area. These extreme rainfalls have harmful impacts on the population and productive sectors due to floods and landslides which are trigged by them. Yet the key climatic circulation pattern for their different evolution and magnitude are still unknown. Here we show that different rainfall patterns during these events are associated with moisture transport originated from different large-scale moisture sources. For example, in the 1983 -1998 (2016) events appear as related with strong (weak to moderate) moisture coming from the Pacific warming (also coming from Atlantic Ocean through the Amazon basin). Characteristic of these moisture transports is due to an atmospheric response opposite between the 1983-1998 events (that are similar) and 2016 event experiencing out-of-phase moisture transport patterns. Although these rainfalls are linked to the moisture arrival from those sources, the moisture amount entering the PPB can be also influenced by regional atmospheric circulation of upper level winds (100 to 300 hPa) leading to different enhanced moisture transport associated with different rainfall anomalies in the North-Centre PPB. The interplay of large-scale and regional circulation and Pacific moisture transport explains the Ep mode associated with rainfall in the north-Centre PPB. The high dispersion of rainfall in highlands (Cp mode) during the moderate (extremes) El Niño appears as linked to low-middle (high level) moisture transport from the Amazon (Pacific) reaching highlands
Arnoux, Florian. "Caractérisation statistique des événements de submersion sur le Côte Basque." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3032.
Full textBecause of global warming and demographic growth, storms and flooding events affecting coastlines tend to have more severe consequences than before. The aim of this work was to investigate whether oceanic conditions during storms could be used to predict the occurrence of damages on the coasts. The study was restricted to the French Basque country during 1949-2015 time period.The first contribution of thiswork was to identify the most relevant oceanic variables to characterize the intensity of a storm event. An inventory of the available data sources and a reanalysis work allowed us to build complete and reliable wave and water level time series for the 1949-2015 period. In a second phase, an historical research was carried out in order to identify all storm and flooding events which caused damages to the French Basque coast during the 1949-2015 period. The research focused on two locations : the "Grande Plage" of Biarritz and the Saint-Jean-de-Luz Artha dike. This led to a list of 30 events additionally described by a damage index and a flooding index.The final objective was to link wave and water level time series with historical damage data and resulted in the creation of a damage function predicting if a flooding event will cause damages or not. This damage function allowed us to emphasize the exceptional character of the 2013-2014 winter, among other things, by computing return periods
Rojo, Maxence. "Impacts des événements météorologiques extrêmes et du changement climatique sur les régions arctiques et subarctiques : Perspectives croisées en climatologie et en sciences humaines et sociales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV075.
Full textThe perception of the climate is culturally and socially constructed. For this reason, we have studied some weather events integrating the cultural, political and historical contexts in which they occur.In a first part, we analyzed the impact of Polar Lows, intense mesocyclones that develop over ice-free Arctic seas during winter time, on coastal regions of Norway. The passage of PL can provoke dangerous sea conditions with strong waves, sudden snowfall and blizzard. This phenomenon may represent a risk to maritime and coastal activities in the region, particularly for shipping, fishing and oil and gas offshore platforms.In a second part we studied the impacts of climate change and severe weather events in the Republic of Tuva. Tuva is a very southern subarctic region. Its climate is extremely continental and precipitation tend to be low due to the low moisture content in the cold air. During the twentieth century, the region has experienced major socio-economic changes, sometimes brutal, including the transition from a communist and planned economy to a market economy in the early 1990. Despite these recent changes, pastoralists in western Tuva (horses, cows, yaks, sheep, camels) and reindeer herders in eastern Tuva, still live in close contact with the natural environment. Indigenous peoples of Tuva are facing global changes caused by certain contemporary regional and national policies, including the expansion of the mining industry and the development of mega projects. They offer different points of view, describing environmental changes and their impact on their daily activities
Francois, Bastien. "Multivariate statistical approaches for bias adjustment of climate simulations and compound events analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ018.
Full textClimate is a complex system resulting from various interactions between its different components and its multiple variables. This thesis aims to assess whether and how the use of multivariate statistical approaches for the study of climate simulations can contribute to a deeper understanding of climate change and high-impact climate events. To answer these questions, I propose and apply new multivariate statistical tools for, on the one hand, bias correction of climate simulations, and on the other hand, the investigation of changes in the probabilities of compound climate events. The work conducted pursues three main objectives: (i) to intercompare existing multivariate bias correction (MBC) methods, (ii) to develop a new MBC method for adjusting spatial dependencies of climate simulations, (iii) to assess the time of emergence of compound events probabilities, as well as to quantify the contribution of marginal and dependence properties to these changes of probabilities.The intercomparison of multivariate bias correction methods allowed, first, to better inform end-users of their advantages and disadvantages and, also, to identify avenues for the development of new methods. A new method, based on a Machine Learning technique named cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGAN), has been developed. It gives satisfactory results, thus showing the potential of Machine Learning techniques for multivariate bias correction. Assessing the time of emergence of compound events probabilities and quantifying the contribution of univariate and multivariate properties to these changes has proved to be relevant to better investigate compound events. It is found that non-stationarity in inter-variable dependence structures under climate change can play a significant role in future probabilities of compound events.The work carried out in this thesis opens up relevant perspectives in terms of methodology but also contributes to an improved understanding of the climate and its evolution. It provides new statistical tools that are adapted to the intrinsically multivariate nature of the climate system
Mallet, Paul-Etienne. "Polar lows dans l'hémisphère Nord : influence de l'environnement de grande échelle, de sa variabilité et de ses modifications avec le changement climatique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00932363.
Full textLagnoux, Agnès. "Analyse des modeles de branchement avec duplication des trajectoires pour l'étude des événements rares." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30231.
Full textThis thesis deals with the splitting method first introduced in rare event analysis in order to speed-up simulation. In this technique, the sample paths are split into R multiple copies at various stages during the simulation. Given the cost, the optimization of the algorithm suggests to take the transition probabilities between stages equal to some constant and to resample the inverse of that constant subtrials, which may be non-integer and even unknown but estimated. First, we study the sensitivity of the relative error between the probability of interest P(A) and its estimator depending on the strategy that makes the resampling numbers integers. Then, since in practice the transition probabilities are generally unknown (and so the optimal resampling umbers), we propose a two-steps algorithm to face that problem. Several numerical applications and comparisons with other models are proposed
De, Santiago Gonzalez InakiCamus. "L'impact des tempêtes sur les plages de poche aménagée." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3051/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to understand the response of engineered pocket beaches to storms. To that end, a series of video images, field topographical measurements and depth-averaged (2DH) process-based model have been used. The beach of Zarautz was chosen as a study site due to its wave climate characteristics and beach configuration. It is an embayed beach composed by two well defined regions, a dune system and an engineered section. The offshore wave climate is characterised by a low directional variability. The 95 % of the cases ranges from W to N directions. The high energetic events are seasonally variable. Most of the storms take place during winter and autumn. The wave climate at the beach of Zarautz is almost unidirectional and it presents certain alongshore variability. The temporal and spatial variability of nearshore sandbars, using daily video observations over 2 years was carried out. In general the beach acts as an open beach like circulatory system but it may present cellular and transitional circulation during high energy events. The nearshore sandbars evolution covers a wide range of temporal and spatial variability. Interestingly, the western engineered and more sheltered section of the beach sometimes exhibits a different beach state to that of the eastern section. To study the response of the beach to high energy events, systemically designed topographic surveys were undertaken before and after storm events. The location of the rip currents seems to play a role on the beach erosion. Static and persistent rips during moderate high energy conditions may erode locally the beach intertidal zone. During high energetic conditions and spring tides the beach backshore and dune area is eroded. Dune and backshore sections become important as they act as a buffer, preventing the foreshore erosion. On other hand, during high energetic conditions coinciding with neap tides, the evolution of the foreshore, backshore and dunes might be sensitive to the wave characteristics rather than to the tidal range. The findings obtained from the video images and field measurements were completed by means of the XBeach process based model. Due to the lack of a pre-storm bathymetry the XBeach-Beach Wizard model was used in order to infer the surfzone features. The possibility to force the model with non-uniform alongshore wave conditions was implemented. Results show that this new implementation improves the model skills. The XBeach calibration tests reveal that the results can vary considerably depending on the set of parameters chosen to run the model. Parameters such as short wave run-up, γ, γua, eps and hmin seem to be relevant for the model calibration. A series of storm impact simulations were performed. A chain transport mechanism was found in which the sand is transported from the dunes to the intertidal zone, and never in the other way around. The erosion of the different sections of the beach is highly related to the tidal level rather that to the wave power. The main differences in the beach response between the natural and engineered sections are related to the sand budget. The complete loss of the backshore sand makes the intertidal zone weak to the storms (the chain transport is interrupted). This scenario is only likely to happen at the engineered sector due to the narrow backshore and the absence of a dune system. Some tests were performed in order to relate the 'storm magnitude' to a certain value of beach erosion. These findings point out that, in general, the higher the storm power is, the larger is the beach erosion. However, the wave characteristics that define a given storm play an important role. Furthermore, in some cases a low power storm with high Hs and Tp can produce larger changes on the beach than a large storm with low Hs and Tp
Guggiola, Alberto. "Une approche physique-statistique à différents problèmes dans la théorie des réseaux." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0034/document.
Full textStatistical physics, originally developed to describe thermodynamic systems, has been playing for the last decades a central role in modelling an incredibly large and heterogeneous set of different phenomena taking for instance place on social, economical or biological systems. Such a vast field of possible applications has been found also for networks, as a huge variety of systems can be described in terms of interconnected elements. After an introductory part introducing these themes as well as the role of abstract modelling in science, in this dissertation it will be discussed how a statistical physics approach can lead to new insights as regards three problems of interest in network theory: how some quantity can be optimally spread on a graph, how to explore it and how to reconstruct it from partial information. Some final remarks on the importance such themes will likely preserve in the coming years conclude the work
Taillardat, Maxime. "Méthodes Non-Paramétriques de Post-Traitement des Prévisions d'Ensemble." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV072/document.
Full textIn numerical weather prediction, ensemble forecasts systems have become an essential tool to quantifyforecast uncertainty and to provide probabilistic forecasts. Unfortunately, these models are not perfect and a simultaneouscorrection of their bias and their dispersion is needed.This thesis presents new statistical post-processing methods for ensemble forecasting. These are based onrandom forests algorithms, which are non-parametric.Contrary to state of the art procedures, random forests can take into account non-linear features of atmospheric states. They easily allowthe addition of covariables (such as other weather variables, seasonal or geographic predictors) by a self-selection of the mostuseful predictors for the regression. Moreover, we do not make assumptions on the distribution of the variable of interest. This new approachoutperforms the existing methods for variables such as surface temperature and wind speed.For variables well-known to be tricky to calibrate, such as six-hours accumulated rainfall, hybrid versions of our techniqueshave been created. We show that these versions (and our original methods) are better than existing ones. Especially, they provideadded value for extreme precipitations.The last part of this thesis deals with the verification of ensemble forecasts for extreme events. We have shown several properties ofthe Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) for extreme values. We have also defined a new index combining the CRPS and the extremevalue theory, whose consistency is investigated on both simulations and real cases.The contributions of this work are intended to be inserted into the forecasting and verification chain at Météo-France
Shao, Jun. "Calcul de probabilités d'événements rares liés aux maxima en horizon fini de processus stochastiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22771/document.
Full textInitiated within the framework of an ANR project (the MODNAT project) targeted on the stochastic modeling of natural hazards and the probabilistic quantification of their dynamic effects on mechanical and structural systems, this thesis aims at the calculation of probabilities of rare events related to the maxima of stochastic processes over a finite time interval, taking into account the following four constraints : (1) the set of considered processes must contain the four main categories of processes encountered in random dynamics, namely stationary Gaussian, non-stationary Gaussian, stationary non-Gaussian and non-stationary non-Gaussian ones ; (2) these processes can be either described by their distributions, or functions of processes described by their distributions, or solutions of stochastic differential equations, or solutions of stochastic differential inclusions ; (3) the events in question are crossings of high thresholds by the maxima of the considered processes over finite time intervals and these events are of very weak occurrence, hence of very small probability, due to the high size of thresholds ; and finally (4) the use of a Monte Carlo approach to perform this type of calculation must be proscribed because it is too time-consuming given the above constraints. To solve such a problem, whose field of interest extends well beyond probabilistic mechanics and structural reliability (it is found in all scientific domains in connection with the extreme values theory, such as financial mathematics or economical sciences), an innovative method is proposed, whose main idea emerged from the analysis of the results of a large-scale statistical study carried out within the MODNAT project. This study, which focuses on analyzing the behavior of the extreme values of elements of a large set of processes, has indeed revealed two germ functions explicitly related to the target probability (the first directly related, the second indirectly via a conditional auxiliary probability which itself depend on the target probability) which possess remarkable and recurring regularity properties for all the processes of the database, and the method is based on the joint exploitation of these properties and a "low level approximation-high level extrapolation" principle. Two versions of this method are first proposed, which are distinguished by the choice of the germ function and in each of which the latter is approximated by a polynomial. A third version has also been developed. It is based on the formalism of the second version but which uses as germ function an approximation of "Pareto survival function" type. The numerous presented numerical results attest to the remarkable effectiveness of the first two versions. They also show that they are of comparable precision. The third version, slightly less efficient than the first two, presents the interest of establishing a direct link with the extreme values theory. In each of its three versions, the proposed method is clearly an improvement compared to current methods dedicated to this type of problem. Thanks to its structure, it also offers the advantage of remaining operational in industrial context
Taillardat, Maxime. "Méthodes Non-Paramétriques de Post-Traitement des Prévisions d'Ensemble." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV072.
Full textIn numerical weather prediction, ensemble forecasts systems have become an essential tool to quantifyforecast uncertainty and to provide probabilistic forecasts. Unfortunately, these models are not perfect and a simultaneouscorrection of their bias and their dispersion is needed.This thesis presents new statistical post-processing methods for ensemble forecasting. These are based onrandom forests algorithms, which are non-parametric.Contrary to state of the art procedures, random forests can take into account non-linear features of atmospheric states. They easily allowthe addition of covariables (such as other weather variables, seasonal or geographic predictors) by a self-selection of the mostuseful predictors for the regression. Moreover, we do not make assumptions on the distribution of the variable of interest. This new approachoutperforms the existing methods for variables such as surface temperature and wind speed.For variables well-known to be tricky to calibrate, such as six-hours accumulated rainfall, hybrid versions of our techniqueshave been created. We show that these versions (and our original methods) are better than existing ones. Especially, they provideadded value for extreme precipitations.The last part of this thesis deals with the verification of ensemble forecasts for extreme events. We have shown several properties ofthe Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) for extreme values. We have also defined a new index combining the CRPS and the extremevalue theory, whose consistency is investigated on both simulations and real cases.The contributions of this work are intended to be inserted into the forecasting and verification chain at Météo-France
Wetzel, Benjamin. "Etudes expérimentales et numériques des instabilités non-linéaires et des vagues scélérates optiques." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002680.
Full textSanabria, Quispe Janeet Margarita. "Variabilité interannuelle du régime des pluies et des événements extrêmes ENSO le long du versant Pacifique Péruvien : mécanismes de contrôle à grande échelle." Thesis, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30143/document.
Full textFour strong El Niño events took place within the last five decades (1972/1973, 1982/1983, 1997/1998 and 2015/2016) recorded as strong in the Niño 3.4 region. They can exhibit significant differences in their evolution associated with a distinct rainfall anomaly evolution along the PPB (Peruvian Pacific Basin), which illustrates the strong nonlinearity of the ENSO teleconnection on the rainfall in this area. These extreme rainfalls have harmful impacts on the population and productive sectors due to floods and landslides which are trigged by them. Yet the key climatic circulation pattern for their different evolution and magnitude are still unknown. Here we show that different rainfall patterns during these events are associated with moisture transport originated from different large-scale moisture sources. For example, in the 1983 -1998 (2016) events appear as related with strong (weak to moderate) moisture coming from the Pacific warming (also coming from Atlantic Ocean through the Amazon basin). Characteristic of these moisture transports is due to an atmospheric response opposite between the 1983-1998 events (that are similar) and 2016 event experiencing out-of-phase moisture transport patterns. Although these rainfalls are linked to the moisture arrival from those sources, the moisture amount entering the PPB can be also influenced by regional atmospheric circulation of upper level winds (100 to 300 hPa) leading to different enhanced moisture transport associated with different rainfall anomalies in the North-Centre PPB. The interplay of large-scale and regional circulation and Pacific moisture transport explains the Ep mode associated with rainfall in the north-Centre PPB. The high dispersion of rainfall in highlands (Cp mode) during the moderate (extremes) El Niño appears as linked to low-middle (high level) moisture transport from the Amazon (Pacific) reaching highlands
Gasse, Alexandre. "Association entre la dépression et le biais d'attribution hostile chez les individus hostiles et non hostiles : une étude de potentiels reliés aux événements." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24394.
Full textBackground: Hostility and aggression have been found to be highly prevalent among depressed patients and are associated with higher comorbidity and illness severity levels. Although negative interpretation biases are a fundamental element of cognitive models of depression, few studies have examined the specific biases in information processing, mainly the hostile attribution bias, found in hostile individuals who present depressive symptoms. Method: Using pre-collected data from a sample of 72 (male=41,6%, female=58,3%) undergraduate and community-based hostile (n=26) and non-hostile (n=46) adult participants, the authors aimed to examine the association between depression and the hostile attribution bias by determining whether depression level scores were uniquely related to electrophysiological measures of the hostile attribution bias. Results: The hostile group showed higher measured levels of depression and reactive aggression, compared to the non-hostile group. Also, depression scores were significant predictors of the N400 effect in the non-hostile condition, while reactive aggression was not, whereas in the hostile condition, the overall model was significant, with depression and reactive aggression levels both showing strong trends towards significance. Limitations: A small sample size limited the scope of our conclusions. Also, sample selection prevented the authors from examining specific group differences regarding the hostile attribution bias in depressed and non-depressed groups. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of better understanding the perception mechanisms that are associated with depression and to consider the application of cognitive restructuring techniques to counter biased interpretation processes in settings where depression and aggression intersect. This study also suggests that alternatives to self-evaluative methodologies might be more useful when assessing automatic and implicit processes.