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1
Simon, T., and K. Barnes. "Olfaction and prey search in the carnivorous leech Haemopis marmorata." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 2041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.9.2041.
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Haemopis marmorata, the green horse leech, is carnivorous and readily eats earthworms. Using a Y-maze with flowing water, we show that specimens of H. marmorata are attracted to live earthworms. Ablating the dorsal lip, the presumed site of the chemoreceptors that this species uses in prey search, disrupts the ability of the leeches to find the earthworms in the Y-maze. Earthworm wash, a preparation of the collagen coating of earthworm skin, shock-induced earthworm secretion, mammalian blood and a salt­arginine mixture are not attractive to the green horse leech. The tails of freshly killed earthworms are attractive to the leeches, but tails from worms killed 8­12 h previously and stored cold are not. Our conclusion is that the earthworms produce a metabolite that attracts the leeches.
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Tierney, Keith B., Matthew Kereliuk, Yogesh Kumar Katare, Alexander P. Scott, Stephen J. Loeb, and Barbara Zielinski. "Invasive male round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) release pheromones in their urine to attract females." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 3 (March 2013): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0246.
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The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is an invasive fish in the Laurentian Great Lakes and beyond. Pheromones appear to be important for their reproductive success, as females are attracted to water in which reproductive males have resided (“conditioned water”). Previous investigation has shown conjugated and unconjugated forms of 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstane-11,17-dione (11-oxo-etiocholanolone; 11-O-ETIO) are released in the urine of these males. The goal of this study was to determine if the urine of reproductive males and fractionated extracts attract females. We found that reproductively active females were attracted to male urine and to isolates of male-conditioned water that contained conjugated 11-O-ETIO. The fractionated preparation that corresponded to unconjugated 11-O-ETIO (i.e., “free” steroid released via the gills of males) was not attractive to reproductive females, but curiously, it was attractive to nonreproductive females. Olfactory sensory deprivation confirmed that the behavioural responses were mediated by olfaction. These findings take us closer towards identifying the pheromone(s) that attract female gobies and, therefore, closer to having a method to limit this species' damaging invasion.
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Li, Qian, and Stephen D. Liberles. "Aversion and Attraction through Olfaction." Current Biology 25, no. 3 (February 2015): R120—R129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.044.
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Amsler, S., J. Filledier, and R. Millogo. "Attractivité pour les Tabanidae de différents pièges à glossines avec ou sans attractifs olfactifs. Résultats préliminaires obtenus au Burkina Faso." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9134.
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Trois expériences ont été menées en saison sèche au Burkina Faso en zone de savane sub-humide, pour comparer l'efficacité de 5 types de pièges à glossines vis-à-vis des Tabanidae et évaluer l'intérêt de deux attractifs olfactifs. Les pièges NG-2G, F3 et l'écran-piège se sont révélés significativement plus efficaces que les pièges biconique et monoconique classiques avec des captures multipliées par 1,7 à 8,7. Parmi les attractifs olfactifs utilisés, le méta-crésol pur augmente en moyenne les captures de 1,5 fois et l'association méta-crésol/octénol (dans le rapport de 3 pour 1) de 2,5 fois par rapport au piège sans attractifs.
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Kumar, Sarita, Aarti Sharma, Roopa Rani Samal, Manoj Kumar, Vaishali Verma, Ravinder Kumar Sagar, ShriPati Singh, and Kamaraju Raghavendra. "Attractive Sugar Bait Formulation for Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait for Control of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (June 18, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2977454.
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Background. Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB), based on “attract and kill” approach, is a novel and promising strategy for mosquito control. Formulation of an attractive sugar bait (ASB) solution by selecting an efficient olfaction stimulant and preparation of an optimized sugar-attractant dosage is a significant component for the success of the approach. Methods. Current study evaluated relative potential of nine ASBs, formulated by combination of sugar and fresh fruit juices (guava, mango, muskmelon, orange, papaya, pineapple, plum, sweet lemon, and watermelon) in attracting Aedes aegypti adults. Freshly extracted and 48-hour-fermented juices were combined with 10% sucrose solution (w/v) in 1 : 1 ratio. Cage bioassays were conducted against two laboratory strains (susceptible: AND-Aedes aegypti; deltamethrin-selected: AND-Aedes aegypti-DL10) and two field-collected strains (Shahdara strain of Aedes aegypti: SHD-Delhi; Govindpuri strain of Aedes aegypti: GVD-Delhi). Each of the nine ASBs was assayed, individually or in groups of three, for its attraction potential based on the relative number of mosquito landings. The data were analysed for statistical significance using PASW (SPSS) software 19.0 program. Results. The prescreening bioassay with individual ASB revealed significantly higher efficacy of ASB containing guava/plum/mango juice than that containing six other juices ( p < 0.05 ) against both the laboratory and field strains. The bioassay with three ASBs kept in one cage, one of the effective ASBs and two others randomly selected ASBs, also showed good attractancy of the guava/plum/mango juice-ASB ( p < 0.05 ). The postscreening assays with these three ASBs revealed maximum attractant potential of guava juice-sucrose combination for all the four strains of Ae. aegypti. Conclusion. Guava juice-ASB showed the highest attractancy against both laboratory and field-collected strains of Ae. aegypti and can be used to formulate ATSB by combining with a toxicant. The field studies with these formulations will ascertain their efficacy and possible use in mosquito management programs.
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Vosshall, Leslie B. "Olfaction: Attracting Both Sperm and the Nose." Current Biology 14, no. 21 (November 2004): R918—R920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.013.
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Amsler, S., and J. Filledier. "Attractivité pour les Tabanidae de l'association méta-crésol/octénol : Résultats obtenus au Burkina Faso." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9139.
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Au Burkina Faso, trois types de pièges, appâtés ou non avec un mélange d'attractifs olfactifs (méta-crésol/octénol), ont été comparés dans deux séries d'expérience durant la saison sèche pour leur efficacité envers les Tabanidae. Les pièges munis d'attractifs olfactifs multiplient les captures par 1,5 à 3, avec des variations selon les pièges. Le piège NG-2G et l'écran-piège sont équivalents en efficacité et significativement plus attractifs que le piège F3, sans modification avec l'avancée de la saison sèche. On note également une évaluation inverse des quantités capturées, probablement par suite d'un effet de piègeage.
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Ravaux, Juliette, Julia Machon, Bruce Shillito, Dominique Barthélémy, Louis Amand, Mélanie Cabral, Elise Delcour, and Magali Zbinden. "Do Hydrothermal Shrimp Smell Vents?" Insects 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12111043.
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Deep-sea species endemic to hydrothermal vents face the critical challenge of detecting active sites in a vast environment devoid of sunlight. This certainly requires specific sensory abilities, among which olfaction could be a relevant sensory modality, since chemical compounds in hydrothermal fluids or food odors could potentially serve as orientation cues. The temperature of the vent fluid might also be used for locating vent sites. The objective of this study is to observe the following key behaviors of olfaction in hydrothermal shrimp, which could provide an insight into their olfactory capacities: (1) grooming behavior; (2) attraction to environmental cues (food odors and fluid markers). We designed experiments at both deep-sea and atmospheric pressure to assess the behavior of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and Mirocaris fortunata, as well as of the coastal species Palaemon elegans and Palaemon serratus for comparison. Here, we show that hydrothermal shrimp groom their sensory appendages similarly to other crustaceans, but this does not clean the dense bacterial biofilm that covers the olfactory structures. These shrimp have previously been shown to possess functional sensory structures, and to detect the environmental olfactory signals tested, but we do not observe significant attraction behavior here. Only temperature, as a signature of vent fluids, clearly attracts vent shrimp and thus is confirmed to be a relevant signal for orientation in their environment.
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Guest, Emma E., Brittany F. Stamps, Nevin D. Durish, Amanda M. Hale, Cris D. Hein, Brogan P. Morton, Sara P. Weaver, and Sarah R. Fritts. "An Updated Review of Hypotheses Regarding Bat Attraction to Wind Turbines." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030343.
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Patterns of bat activity and mortalities at wind energy facilities suggest that bats are attracted to wind turbines based on bat behavioral responses to wind turbines. For example, current monitoring efforts suggest that bat activity increases post-wind turbine construction, with bats making multiple passes near wind turbines. We separated the attraction hypothesis into five previously proposed explanations of bat interactions at or near wind turbines, including attraction based on noise, roost sites, foraging and water, mating behavior, and lights, and one new hypothesis regarding olfaction, and provide a state of the knowledge in 2022. Our review indicates that future research should prioritize attraction based on social behaviors, such as mating and scent-marking, as this aspect of the attraction hypothesis has many postulates and remains the most unclear. Relatively more data regarding attraction to wind turbines based on lighting and noise emission exist, and these data indicate that these are unlikely attractants. Analyzing attraction at the species-level should be prioritized because of differences in foraging, flight, and social behavior among bat species. Lastly, research assessing bat attraction at various scales, such as the turbine or facility scale, is lacking, which could provide important insights for both wind turbine siting decisions and bat mortality minimization strategies. Identifying the causes of bat interactions with wind turbines is critical for developing effective impact minimization strategies.
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Hamer, Rowena, Francis L. Lemckert, and Peter B. Banks. "Adult frogs are sensitive to the predation risks of olfactory communication." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (January 12, 2011): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1127.
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Olfaction is a common sensory mode of communication in much of the Vertebrata, although its use by adult frogs remains poorly studied. Being part of an open signalling system, odour cues can be exploited by ‘eavesdropping’ predators that hunt by smell, making association with odour a high-risk behaviour for prey. Here, we show that adult great barred frogs ( Mixophes fasciolatus ) are highly attracted to odour cues of conspecifics and those of sympatric striped marsh frogs ( Limnodynastes peronii ). This attraction decreased significantly with the addition of odours of a scent-hunting predator, the red-bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ), indicating that frogs perceived predation risks from associating with frog odours. Male frogs, however, maintained some attraction to unfamiliar conspecific scents even with predator odours present, suggesting that they perceived benefits of odour communication despite the risk. Our results indicate that adult frogs can identify species and individuals from their odours and assess the associated predation risk, revealing a complexity in olfactory communication previously unknown in adult anurans.
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Soni, Neeraj, J. Sebastian Chahda, and John R. Carlson. "Odor coding in the antenna of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 28 (June 20, 2019): 14300–14308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907075116.
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Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomiasis to humans and livestock across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse are attracted by olfactory cues emanating from their hosts. However, remarkably little is known about the cellular basis of olfaction in tsetse. We have carried out a systematic physiological analysis of theGlossina morsitansantenna. We identify 7 functional classes of olfactory sensilla that respond to human or animal odorants, CO2, sex and alarm pheromones, or other odorants known to attract or repel tsetse. Sensilla differ in their response spectra, show both excitatory and inhibitory responses, and exhibit different response dynamics to different odor stimuli. We find striking differences between the functional organization of the tsetse fly antenna and that of the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster. One morphological type of sensilla has a different function in the 2 species: Trichoid sensilla respond to pheromones inDrosophilabut respond to a wide diversity of compounds inG. morsitans.In contrast toDrosophila, all testedG. morsitanssensilla that show excitatory responses are excited by one odorant, 1-octen-3-ol, which is contained in host emanations. The response profiles of some classes of sensilla are distinct but strongly correlated, unlike the organization described in theDrosophilaantenna. Taken together, this study defines elements that likely mediate the attraction of tsetse to its hosts and that might be manipulated as a means of controlling the fly and the diseases it transmits.
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George, Justin, Stephen L. Lapointe, Larry T. Markle, Joseph M. Patt, Sandra A. Allan, Mamoudou Setamou, Monique J. Rivera, Jawwad A. Qureshi, and Lukasz L. Stelinski. "A Multimodal Attract-and-Kill Device for the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)." Insects 11, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120870.
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Phytophagous insects, including Asian citrus psyllids (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), use multiple sensory modalities (vision, olfaction, and gustation,) to locate and accept host plants. We explored incorporation of several sensory cues into a multi-modal attract-and-kill device (AK device) using a three-dimensional shape to increase visibility, as well as elements of color, attractant, phagostimulant, UV reflectant, and toxicant. Attraction of adult D. citri to the device was mediated by a combination of a highly reflective yellow cylinder, a UV reflectant compound (magnesium oxide), and an odorant blend as a short-range attractant. The device surface was coated with a slow-release wax matrix (SPLAT™) augmented with a phagostimulant consisting of a 3-component blend (formic acid, acetic acid, and para-cymene) and an insecticide (β-cyfluthrin). Psyllids landing on the device attempted to feed from the wax matrix, became intoxicated, died, and fell from the device. The device remained fully active over a period of 12 weeks partly because dead psyllids or nontargets did not adhere to the surface as occurs on adhesive yellow sticky cards, the industry standard. Laboratory and field assays showed that the device attracted and killed significantly more adult D. citri than ordinary yellow sticky cards. This device or a future iteration based on the design elements of this device is expected to contribute to sustainable and environmentally appropriate management of D. citri by exploiting the psyllid’s innate behavioral responses to visual, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli.
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Hirsch, Morris W. "Mathematics of Hebbian attractors." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 4 (December 1995): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00040243.
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AbstractThe concept of an attractor in a mathematical dynamical system is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the distinction between a cell assembly, the corresponding attractor, and the attractor dynamics. The biological significance of these entities is discussed, especially the question of whether the representation of the stimulus requires the full attractor dynamics, or merely the cell assembly as a set of reverberating neurons. Comparison is made to Freeman's study of dynamic patterns in olfaction.
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Martin, Clément, Damien Minchilli, Frédéric Francis, and François Verheggen. "Behavioral and Electrophysiological Responses of the Fringed Larder Beetle Dermestes frischii to the Smell of a Cadaver at Different Decomposition Stages." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040238.
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A cadaver is colonized by a wide diversity of necrophagous insects. It is well documented that Dipterans are attracted by the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by a corpse during the first minutes following death. Coleopterans are known to be attracted by highly decomposed cadavers, but have received less attention regarding the olfaction-based mechanisms underlying these interactions. In the present study, we impregnated gauzes with VOCs collected from each decomposition stage of dead rats: fresh, bloated, active, and advanced decay. We collected the VOCs released by the gauze and confirmed what was previously know from the literature: the decomposition stages are associated with contrasting chemical profiles. We exposed Dermestes frischii Kugelann (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) male and female antennae to the same gauzes and found that stronger electrical responses were recorded when using the smell of the advanced decay stage. Finally, we performed two choices behavioral assays. Females showed no preference for the four decomposition stages, while males were attracted by the smell associated with active and advanced decay stages. These results suggest that specific VOCs released by a decaying body guide necrophagous coleopterans to their feeding site. Whether D. frischii males release pheromones to attract females remains to be tested.
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Chappuis, Charles J. F., Marilyn Cléroux, Corentin Descombes, Yannick Barth, and François Lefort. "Attraction of Frankliniella occidentalis Females towards the Aggregation Pheromone Neryl (S)-2-Methylbutanoate and Kairomones in a Y-Olfactometer." Insects 14, no. 6 (June 16, 2023): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14060562.
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An understanding of insect olfaction allows for more specific alternative methods of pest control. We evaluated the responses of the western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) in a Y-olfactometer to estimate gas-phase concentrations of the aggregation pheromone neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate and known kairomones such as methyl isonicotinate, (S)-(-)-verbenone, and p-anisaldehyde. The gas-phase concentrations of these compounds were obtained from the release rates measured in dynamic headspace cells. The compounds were collected from the headspace using dried solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and analyzed with a triple quadrupole GC-MS/MS. We observed that the aggregation pheromone significantly attracted WFT females at doses of 10 and 100 µg, whereas methyl isonicotinate and p-anisaldehyde significantly attracted WFT females at the highest dose. Verbenone did not produce any significant results. A completely different picture was obtained when the gas-phase concentrations were considered. The minimal gas-phase concentrations of the pheromone required to attract WFT females was 0.027 ng/mL, at least 100 times lower than that of the other two compounds. The relevance and implications of our results are discussed in light of the insect’s biology and pest management methods.
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Parolin, Lays C., Sandra B. Mikich, and Gledson V. Bianconi. "Olfaction in the fruit-eating bats Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata: an experimental analysis." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 4 (October 30, 2015): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140519.
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ABSTRACT Studies suggest that frugivorous bats search and select fruit mainly by olfaction so that they can be attracted by smell alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in captivity, the behavioural response (number of foraging attempts) of Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata offered essential oils extracted from ripe fruit of Ficus insipida (Moraceae) and Piper hispidum (Piperaceae) as well as intact fruit wrapped in gauze to attract bats with reduced visual stimuli. Based on previous reports, we hypothesized that A.lituratus would exhibit preference for Ficus fruits/oil while C. perspicillata would prefer Piper fruit/oil. Four arrangements of these attractants were tested in triplicate: P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida fruit, P.hispidum oil vs. F. insipida oil, P. hispidum oil vs. F. insipida fruit and P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida oil. As expected, in all tests, A. lituratus showed the highest number of foraging attempts in F. insipida while C. perspicillata in those of P. hispidum. Based on the number of foraging attempts both species exhibited a positive response to their favorite fruit genera, though the differences were not always statistically significant. The results confirm the importance of smell in fruit choice by these species.
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Eliasmith, Chris. "A Unified Approach to Building and Controlling Spiking Attractor Networks." Neural Computation 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1276–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0899766053630332.
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Extending work in Eliasmith and Anderson (2003), we employ a general framework to construct biologically plausible simulations of the three classes of attractor networks relevant for biological systems: static (point, line, ring, and plane) attractors, cyclic attractors, and chaotic attractors. We discuss these attractors in the context of the neural systems that they have been posited to help explain: eye control, working memory, and head direction; locomotion (specifically swimming); and olfaction, respectively. We then demonstrate how to introduce control into these models. The addition of control shows how attractor networks can be used as subsystems in larger neural systems, demonstrates how a much larger class of networks can be related to attractor networks, and makes it clear how attractor networks can be exploited for various information processing tasks in neurobiological systems.
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Gonzalez-Terrazas, Tania P., Carlos Martel, Paulo Milet-Pinheiro, Manfred Ayasse, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, and Marco Tschapka. "Finding flowers in the dark: nectar-feeding bats integrate olfaction and echolocation while foraging for nectar." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 8 (August 2016): 160199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160199.
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Nectar-feeding bats depend mainly on floral nectar to fulfil their energetic requirements. Chiropterophilous flowers generally present strong floral scents and provide conspicuous acoustic echoes to attract bats. While floral scents are assumed to attract bats over long distances, acoustic properties of flower structures may provide detailed information, thus supporting the localization of a flower at close ranges. So far, to our knowledge, there is no study trying to understand the relative importance as well as the combination of these generally coupled cues for detection (presence) and localization (exact position) of open flowers in nature. For a better comprehension of the significance of olfaction and echolocation in the foraging behaviour of nectar-feeding bats, we conducted two-choice experiments with Leptonycteris yerbabuenae . We tested the bats' behaviour in three experimental scenarios with different cues: (i) olfaction versus echolocation, (ii) echolocation versus echolocation and olfaction, and (iii) olfaction versus echolocation and olfaction. We used the floral scent of the bat-pollinated cactus Pachycereus pringlei as olfactory cue and an acrylic paraboloid as acoustic cue. Additionally, we recorded the echolocation behaviour of the bats and analysed the floral scent of P. pringlei . When decoupled cues were offered, bats displayed no preference in choice for any of the two cues. However, bats reacted first to and chose more often the coupled cues. All bats echolocated continuously and broadcast a long terminal group before a successful visit. The floral scent bouquet of P. pringlei is composed of 20 compounds, some of which (e.g. methyl benzoate) were already reported from chiropterophilous plants. Our investigation demonstrates for the first time to our knowledge, that nectar-feeding bats integrate over different sensory modes for detection and precise localization of open flowers. The combined information from olfactory and acoustic cues allows bats to forage more efficiently.
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Wahyuningtyas, Bhernadetta Pravita. "Aroma sebagai Komunikasi Artifaktual Pencetus Emosi Cinta: Studi Olfactics pada Memory Recall Peristiwa Romantis." Humaniora 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v6i1.3300.
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This study describes how scents can be a trigger for the memories about relationships. Scents inhaled do not only awaken a person's thoughts and feelings about the beautiful and fun memories in the past, but can trigger emotions also, especially the emotion of love ending up in miserable way, without power to strengthen it. Change is constant, as well as scent, its existence can always be a trigger of the emotional memories of love that is still tethered. Scents send specific messages of communication. They are associated with attraction and often trigger emotional romantic feelings. What can be triggered by scent or what sort of emotions that can be caused by a particular scent really depends on the experience, memories, and, to some extent, cultural background because every culture has various mapping on scent. Scent is closely linked to perception. In communications, scent is classified as artifactual communication or nonverbal communication. Olfactics or olfactory communication, or the study of scent is very important in a variety of communication situations. Olfactics in communications is to attract people's attention, to complement the flavors and tastes, to recall the events of emotional situations, and to form an image of one self and identity. Scents specifically trigger the memories of romantic feelings and affect a person’s feelings. This study analyzed the love relationships experienced by informants who have had romantic relationship for at least one year. The paradigm used in this study is positivism, with descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are in-depth interview and observation.
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Amsler, S., J. Filledier, and R. Millogo. "Attractifs olfactifs pour la capture de Glossina tachinoides et Glossina morsitans submorsitans (Diptera : Glossinidae) au Bukina Faso." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 47, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9093.
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Deux expériences sont menées en saison sèche au Burkina Faso sur le site expérimental de la Comoé (zone soudano-guinéenne), afin d'étudier l'influence de la position du sachet diffuseur de produits olfactifs pour Glossina tachinoides et Glossina morsitans submorsitans. Cet essai compare les positions interne et externe du méta-crésol et de l'association méta-crésol/octénol (proportions 3/1) dans des pièges biconiques. La position du sachet n'apparaît pas comme un facteur fondamental d'efficacité des pièges et les résultats obtenus sont variables selon la saison et l'espèce de glossine considérée. Des différences selon le sexe sont également notées. Le rôle de la distance n'a pas été étudié.
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Dulovic, Alex, Mat Norman, Dorothee Harbecke, and Adrian Streit. "Chemotactic and temperature-dependent responses of the Strongyloidoidea superfamily of nematodes." Parasitology 149, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118202100161x.
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AbstractHost-seeking behaviour and how a parasite identifies the correct host to infect remains a poorly understood area of parasitology. What is currently known is that host sensation and seeking behaviour is formed from a complex mixture of chemo-, thermo- and mechanosensory behaviours, of which chemosensation is the best studied. Previous studies of olfaction in parasitic nematodes suggested that this behaviour appears to be more closely related to target host and infection mode than phylogeny. However, there has not yet been a study comparing the chemotactic and temperature-dependent behaviours of very closely related parasitic and non-parasitic nematodes. To this end, we examined the temperature-dependent and chemotactic responses of the Strongyloidoidea superfamily of nematodes. We found differences in temperature response between the different species and within infective larvae. Chemotactic responses were highly divergent, with different attraction profiles between all species studied. When examining direct stimulation with fur, we found that it was insufficient to cause an attractive response. Overall, our results support the notion that olfactory sensation is more closely related to lifestyle and host range than phylogeny, and that multiple cues are required to initiate host-seeking behaviour.
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Vanderplanck, Maryse, Benoît Lapeyre, Margot Brondani, Manon Opsommer, Mathilde Dufay, Martine Hossaert-McKey, and Magali Proffit. "Ozone Pollution Alters Olfaction and Behavior of Pollinators." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050636.
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Concentration of air pollutants, particularly ozone (O3), has dramatically increased since pre-industrial times in the troposphere. Due to the strong oxidative potential of O3, negative effects on both emission and lifetime in the atmosphere of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have already been highlighted. VOCs alteration by O3 may potentially affect the attraction of pollinators that rely on these chemical signals. Surprisingly, direct effects of O3 on the olfaction and the behavioral response of pollinators have not been investigated so far. We developed a comprehensive experiment under controlled conditions to assess O3 physiological and behavioral effects on two pollinator species, differing in their ecological traits. Using several realistic concentrations of O3 and various exposure times, we investigated the odor antennal detection and the attraction to VOCs present in the floral scents of their associated plants. Our results showed, in both species, a clear effect of exposure to high O3 concentrations on the ability to detect and react to the floral VOCs. These effects depend on the VOC tested and its concentration, and the O3 exposure (concentration and duration) on the pollinator species. Pollination systems may, therefore, be impaired in different ways by increased levels of O3, the effects of which will likely depend on whether the exposure is chronic or, as in this study, punctual, likely causing some pollination systems to be more vulnerable than others. While several studies have already shown the negative impact of O3 on VOCs emission and lifetime in the atmosphere, this study reveals, for the first time, that this impact alters the pollinator detection and behavior. These findings highlight the urgent need to consider air pollution when evaluating threats to pollinators.
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Diallo, Souleymane, Mohd Shahbaaz, JohnMark O. Makwatta, Jackson M. Muema, Daniel Masiga, Alan Christofells, and Merid N. Getahun. "Antennal Enriched Odorant Binding Proteins Are Required for Odor Communication in Glossina f. fuscipes." Biomolecules 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11040541.
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Olfaction is orchestrated at different stages and involves various proteins at each step. For example, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are soluble proteins found in sensillum lymph that might encounter odorants before reaching the odorant receptors. In tsetse flies, the function of OBPs in olfaction is less understood. Here, we investigated the role of OBPs in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes olfaction, the main vector of sleeping sickness, using multidisciplinary approaches. Our tissue expression study demonstrated that GffLush was conserved in legs and antenna in both sexes, whereas GffObp44 and GffObp69 were expressed in the legs but absent in the antenna. GffObp99 was absent in the female antenna but expressed in the male antenna. Short odorant exposure induced a fast alteration in the transcription of OBP genes. Furthermore, we successfully silenced a specific OBP expressed in the antenna via dsRNAi feeding to decipher its function. We found that silencing OBPs that interact with 1-octen-3-ol significantly abolished flies’ attraction to 1-octen-3-ol, a known attractant for tsetse fly. However, OBPs that demonstrated a weak interaction with 1-octen-3-ol did not affect the behavioral response, even though it was successfully silenced. Thus, OBPs’ selective interaction with ligands, their expression in the antenna and their significant impact on behavior when silenced demonstrated their direct involvement in olfaction.
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Zhou, Wen, and Denise Chen. "Sociochemosensory and Emotional Functions." Psychological Science 20, no. 9 (September 2009): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02413.x.
Full textAbstract:
Olfaction and emotion are distinctively different systems. Nevertheless, there are reasons to suspect that they influence each other on the social level. Functionally, olfactory chemosensory communication is used by a wide range of animals to convey individual and group identity, as well as attraction or repulsion. Anatomically, the olfactory brain overlaps with the socioemotional brain, and is believed to have contributed to the evolution of the latter. Little is known about how the functional and anatomical links are manifested in behavior, however. Using human olfaction as a model, we demonstrate that chemosensory recognition of individuals—one of the most ubiquitous forms of social communication—is interconnected with both the cognitive and the visual processing of emotion. Our results provide the first behavioral evidence for mechanisms being shared by a sensory system and emotion.
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Filledier, J., Gérard Duvallet, and P. Mérot. "Comparaison du pouvoir attractif des bovins Zébu et Baoulé pour <em>Glossina tachinoides</em> Westwood, 1850 et <em> Glossina morsitans submorsitans</em> Newstead, 1910 en savane soudanoguinéenne, Burkina Faso." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 41, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.8721.
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La différence, entre Zébu et Baoulé, d’attractivité olfactive pour les glossines, a été étudiée afin de savoir si cela pouvait être l’un des facteurs de la trypanotolérance. Si l’urine de Baoulé est plus attractive que celle de Zébu, le résultat est inverse avec l’odeur globale lorsque des poids identiques d’animaux sont utilisés. La faible différence observée (25 %) ne permet pas d’apporter de conclusion sur l’importance de ce facteur dans l’épidémiologie de la trypanosomose.
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Fatima, Rubab, Robert Briggs, and William A. Dew. "Avoidance of copper by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) requires an intact olfactory system." PeerJ 10 (September 26, 2022): e13988. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13988.
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Fish can detect and respond to a wide variety of cations in their environment, including copper. Most often fish will avoid copper during behavioural trials; however, fish may also show no response or an attraction response, depending on the concentration(s) used. While it may seem intuitive that the response to copper requires olfaction, there is little direct evidence to support this, and what evidence there is remains incomplete. In order to test if olfaction is required for avoidance of copper by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) copper-induced movement was compared between fish with an intact olfactory system and fish with induced anosmia. Fish in a control group or a mock-anosmic group avoided copper (approximately 10 µg/L or 62.7 nM copper sulphate) while anosmic fish did not. The evidence demonstrates that an intact olfactory system is required for copper sensing in fish.
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Broberg, Cynthia L., John H. Borden, and Regine Gries. "Olfactory and feeding preferences of Cryptorhynchus lapathi among hosts and nonhosts." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 3 (June 2006): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-050.
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AbstractIn British Columbia, native willows (Salix spp.) (Salicaceae) and, to a lesser extent, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Salicaceae) are frequently attacked by the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) (Betulaceae), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) (Aceraceae) are not attacked. We studied olfaction and feeding preferences in the laboratory and feeding, oviposition, and emergence in the field. Female C. lapathi preferred Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.) over all other species by olfaction, but males did not discriminate between Scouler's willow and black cottonwood or trembling aspen. All species elicited at least some attraction in no-choice situations. Willow was generally preferred for feeding, but black cottonwood and red alder were also acceptable, unlike trembling aspen or bigleaf maple. In field caging experiments, adult weevils emerged from willow, black cottonwood, and red alder. We conclude that olfaction and feeding preferences are sufficiently powerful to mediate the frequent attack observed on native willows, the intermediate levels of attack on cottonwood, and the absence of attack on red alder. Successful development on red alder suggests that C. lapathi could expand its host range to include this species.
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Sandanayaka, W. R. M., J. G. Charles, and P. Ramankutty. "Role of olfaction in host selection by Pseudaphycus maculipennis (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae)." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4269.
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The volatile stimuli for host finding by Pseudaphycus maculipennis were examined in a Ytube olfactometer The responses of naïve female parasitoids (23 days old) to two mealybug species Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) and Pseudococcus longispinus (longtailed mealybug) on sprouting potato were measured The percentage of parasitoids to choose the odourladen arm compared to clean air was similar for both mealybug species on potato sprouts (80 to 825) When given a choice between mealybug species on potato sprouts the parasitoid preferred the obscure mealybug The parasitoids also responded to an excised sprout from an uninfested potato when compared with clean air Further choice tests showed that honeydew secreted by either mealybug species was similarly attractive while honeydew was more attractive than the ovisacs from obscure mealybug This work shows that P maculipennis exhibits a strong response to the plant of their host and prefer obscure mealybug to longtailed mealybug despite a similar response to honeydew from both species
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El Kazzy, Marielle, Jonathan S. Weerakkody, Charlotte Hurot, Raphaël Mathey, Arnaud Buhot, Natale Scaramozzino, and Yanxia Hou. "An Overview of Artificial Olfaction Systems with a Focus on Surface Plasmon Resonance for the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds." Biosensors 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11080244.
Full textAbstract:
The last three decades have witnessed an increasing demand for novel analytical tools for the analysis of gases including odorants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in various domains. Traditional techniques such as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, although very efficient, present several drawbacks. Such a context has incited the research and industrial communities to work on the development of alternative technologies such as artificial olfaction systems, including gas sensors, olfactory biosensors and electronic noses (eNs). A wide variety of these systems have been designed using chemiresistive, electrochemical, acoustic or optical transducers. Among optical transduction systems, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been extensively studied thanks to its attractive features (high sensitivity, label free, real-time measurements). In this paper, we present an overview of the advances in the development of artificial olfaction systems with a focus on their development based on propagating SPR with different coupling configurations, including prism coupler, wave guide, and grating.
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Liu, Feng, Huahua Sun, and Laurence J. Zwiebel. "Cup and Pan Behavioral Assays for AssessingAnopheles coluzziiLarval Volatile Responses." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 5 (November 29, 2022): pdb.prot108021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot108021.
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Larval stageAnopheles coluzziiare highly reliant on their olfactory system to locate food sources and to avoid predators and less advantageous microenvironments within their aqueous habitats. The major larval chemosensory appendage, the antenna, is a complex organ with multiple sensory components that is responsible for both gustation and olfaction, thereby facilitating the detection and of both soluble and volatile compounds of biological relevance. Such compounds include food sources, predators, and a range of environmental toxicants. Unlike other mosquitoes,Anopheles coluzziioften position themselves parallel and just under the surface of their aqueous habitats, where they can detect and respond to volatile stimuli. We describe two assays for assessing the behavioral responses of larval anophelines in response to volatile chemicals. The first is a dual-choice, water-surface, inverted-cup assay designed to behaviorally characterize the response valences (attraction, neutral, and repulsion) of anopheline larvae by monitoring and recording the distribution of larvae proximate to chemical volatiles relative to solvent controls. Second, an aqueous-based larval pan behavior assay is designed to assess the responses of mosquito larvae to soluble compounds (as well as potential headspace volatiles) that are released from a point source within larval water. Here, the response valence (attractive, neutral, and repulsive) of mosquito larvae is assessed by quantifying the numbers of larvae in predefined zones proximate to chemical sources.
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Di Natale, Corrado, Eugenio Martinelli, Gabriele Magna, Federica Mandoj, Donato Monti, Sara Nardis, Manuela Stefanelli, and Roberto Paolesse. "Porphyrins for olfaction mimic: The Rome Tor Vergata approach." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 21, no. 12 (December 2017): 769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424617300026.
Full textAbstract:
The impressive chemistry shown by porphyrins in natural systems is particularly attractive for exploitation in chemical sensors. In these devices the sensing mechanisms can mimic most of the porphyrin biological reactivity, such as reversible binding, activation of small molecules, redox activity, and photoactivated processes. The simultaneous presence of multiple binding mechanisms allows porphyrins to interact with a large variety of analytes. This feature reduces the selectivity, but prompts the development of sensor arrays, where the cross-selectivity of more sensors is used to classify and identify samples characterized by a complex composition. Since 1995 the Sensors Group of the University of Rome Tor Vergata has exploited these features to prepare sensor arrays based on different transducers and aimed at several applications. These kinds of devices have been reported as electronic noses (gaseous phase analytes) and electronic tongues (liquid phase analytes) to underline that their working mechanisms are tentatively similar to that of biological senses. We report here some of the results obtained.
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Fandino, Richard A., Alexander Haverkamp, Sonja Bisch-Knaden, Jin Zhang, Sascha Bucks, Tu Anh Thi Nguyen, Katrin Schröder, et al. "Mutagenesis of odorant coreceptor Orco fully disrupts foraging but not oviposition behaviors in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 31 (July 18, 2019): 15677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902089116.
Full textAbstract:
The hawkmoth Manduca sexta and one of its preferred hosts in the North American Southwest, Datura wrightii, share a model insect–plant relationship based on mutualistic and antagonistic life-history traits. D. wrightii is the innately preferred nectar source and oviposition host for M. sexta. Hence, the hawkmoth is an important pollinator while the M. sexta larvae are specialized herbivores of the plant. Olfactory detection of plant volatiles plays a crucial role in the behavior of the hawkmoth. In vivo, the odorant receptor coreceptor (Orco) is an obligatory component for the function of odorant receptors (ORs), a major receptor family involved in insect olfaction. We used CRISPR-Cas9 targeted mutagenesis to knock out (KO) the MsexOrco gene to test the consequences of a loss of OR-mediated olfaction in an insect–plant relationship. Neurophysiological characterization revealed severely reduced antennal and antennal lobe responses to representative odorants emitted by D. wrightii. In a wind-tunnel setting with a flowering plant, Orco KO hawkmoths showed disrupted flight orientation and an ablated proboscis extension response to the natural stimulus. The Orco KO gravid female displayed reduced attraction toward a nonflowering plant. However, more than half of hawkmoths were able to use characteristic odor-directed flight orientation and oviposit on the host plant. Overall, OR-mediated olfaction is essential for foraging and pollination behaviors, but plant-seeking and oviposition behaviors are sustained through additional OR-independent sensory cues.
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Feng, Guo, and Jiawei Lei. "The Effect of Odor Valence on Facial Attractiveness Judgment: A Preliminary Experiment." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050665.
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The role of social odors on human social interactions, including face evaluation, has been widely indicated. However, for nonsocial odors, there has not been a consistent conclusion. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the effect of suprathreshold nonsocial odors on facial attractiveness judgment when the visual input is ambiguous. We designed a 3 (odor valence: neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant) × 7 (continuous levels of morphed fuzziness of attractiveness: 37.5% to 62.5%) within-subject experiment. A total of 30 participants (18 females) completed the whole experiment simultaneously for three consecutive days. The results showed that faces presented with pleasant and neutral odors were judged as significantly more attractive than those with unpleasant odors. The intervention effect of odor valence on facial attractiveness differed by fuzzy attractiveness levels. Results also suggested that male faces were perceived as more attractive than female faces no matter the odor conditions. The results of this study provide evidence to support the cross-modal emotion integration effect of olfaction and vision. Follow-up studies need to be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism of odor valence on visual fact attractive judgment.
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Johansen, P. H. "Female pheromone and the behaviour of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in a temperature gradient." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-181.
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When the two sexes of the guppy are tested separately in a horizontal temperature gradient apparatus, males show a significantly lower temperature preference (23.5 °C) than females (27.4 °C). However, when the two sexes are tested together, males select the same location as the females. Infusion of female holding water, which contains sex pheromone, results in the attraction of males to the site of infusion, as does the infusion of a water mixture of estradiol-17β, but not estrone, estriol, or testosterone. Temporarily plugging the nares, thereby blocking olfaction, prevents the males from responding to the chemical cues.
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Rossi, Tullio, Ivan Nagelkerken, Stephen D. Simpson, Jennifer C. A. Pistevos, Sue-Ann Watson, Laurene Merillet, Peter Fraser, Philip L. Munday, and Sean D. Connell. "Ocean acidification boosts larval fish development but reduces the window of opportunity for successful settlement." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1821 (December 22, 2015): 20151954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1954.
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Locating appropriate settlement habitat is a crucial step in the life cycle of most benthic marine animals. In marine fish, this step involves the use of multiple senses, including audition, olfaction and vision. To date, most investigations of larval fish audition focus on the hearing thresholds to various frequencies of sounds without testing an ecological response to such sounds. Identifying responses to biologically relevant sounds at the development stage in which orientation is most relevant is fundamental. We tested for the existence of ontogenetic windows of reception to sounds that could act as orientation cues with a focus on vulnerability to alteration by human impacts. Here we show that larvae of a catadromous fish species (barramundi, Lates calcarifer ) were attracted towards sounds from settlement habitat during a surprisingly short ontogenetic window of approximately 3 days. Yet, this auditory preference was reversed in larvae reared under end-of-century levels of elevated CO 2 , such that larvae are repelled from cues of settlement habitat. These future conditions also reduced the swimming speeds and heightened the anxiety levels of barramundi. Unexpectedly, an acceleration of development and onset of metamorphosis caused by elevated CO 2 were not accompanied by the earlier onset of attraction towards habitat sounds. This mismatch between ontogenetic development and the timing of orientation behaviour may reduce the ability of larvae to locate habitat or lead to settlement in unsuitable habitats. The misinterpretation of key orientation cues can have implications for population replenishment, which are only exacerbated when ontogenetic development decouples from the specific behaviours required for location of settlement habitats.
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Keefe, MaryLouise, and Howard E. Winn. "Chemosensory Attraction to Home Stream Water and Conspecifics by Native Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, from two Southern New England Streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-110.
Full textAbstract:
Behavioral preference tests were used to determine whether native brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, from two distinct populations could chemically discriminate home stream water and stock-specific cues. Juveniles and adults from a local anadromous population demonstrated significant preferences for home stream water and conspecifics when these stimulants were paired with groundwater. However, these trout did not prefer home stream water when paired with water from an unfamiliar stream, nor chemical traces of sympatric juveniles when paired with those of allopatric juveniles. Juvenile brook trout from a freshwater resident population displayed the same chemosensory responses as the anadromous trout, although they demonstrated distinct seasonal differences in their behaviors. These landlocked juveniles also preferred home stream water when paired with water from an unfamiliar stream. Anosmic trout maintained significant preferences for home stream water and water conditioned by conspecifics over control water, indicating that olfaction is not necessary for these attractions. Gustation may have a role in the behavioral preferences of trout.
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DeVries, Zachary C., Ahmed M. Saveer, Russell Mick, and Coby Schal. "Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Attraction to Human Odors: Validation of a Two-Choice Olfactometer." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 2 (November 12, 2018): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy202.
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Abstract Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites, and, therefore, must locate suitable hosts to ensure survival and reproduction. Their largely nocturnal activity suggests that chemosensory and thermosensory cues would play critical roles in host location. Yet, the importance of olfaction in host attraction of bed bugs remains unclear. We developed and validated a Y-tube, two-choice olfactometer and tested its suitability for investigating attraction to human odors (from skin swabs). Olfactometer orientation significantly affected the percentage of bed bugs that were activated by human odors, with significantly more bed bugs responding when the olfactometer was oriented vertically (bug introduced at bottom of the olfactometer) compared with all other orientations. Starved (7–10 d) adult males, mated females, and nymphs responded (47–77% moved up the olfactometer and made a choice) when human odors were present in the olfactometer, while starved, unmated females did not respond. Skin swabs from all five human participants elicited high response rates (65–82%), and bed bugs from four different populations responded to skin swabs (40–82% response rate). However, in all assays including those resulting in relatively low response rates, bed bugs exhibited >90% preference for human odors over blank controls. These results provide strong evidence that bed bugs can respond and orient towards human odors, independently of all other host cues. Furthermore, the validated olfactometer should enable rapid and efficient evaluations of bed bug behavioral responses to semiochemicals.
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Sharma, R., A. K. Rana, V. K. Sharma, A. Mehrotra, H. Babu, S. Gupta, R. Singh, et al. "Clinical correlation and assessment of olfactory dysfunction with n-butanol in COVID-19 patients: our experience." Rhinology Online 5, no. 5 (March 15, 2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhinol/21.055.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Studies showed olfactory disturbances in COVID patients. This has attracted focus of clinicians as an easy clinical screening tool in suspected population. Material and methods: 70 mild and moderate category COVID-19 RT-PCR positive patients, more than 10 years of age were tested on day of admission for olfaction with serial dilution of n-butanol and asked to grade severity of their olfactory dysfunction according to visual analogue score from 1-10. Results: Fatigue 42 (93.33%), sore throat 37 (82.22%), fever 36 (80%) and dyspnea 23 (51.11%) were the most common symptoms in moderate patients. Diabetes, hypertension and allergy were the three prominent risk factors. At time of admission, n-butanol diagnosed 20 patients having olfactory dysfunction compared to 11 by VAS. Patients tend to grade their dysfunction higher on VAS whereas the n-butanol test classified their olfactory dysfunction lower. Viral load and high CRP were not found to be significantly related with olfactory dysfunction. d-Dimer and LDH levels were found statistically associated with higher grading of olfactory dysfunction detected by n-butanol. Conclusion: The majority of cases developed hyposmia before they were admitted to hospital even before they realized that they were having hyposmia as revealed by n-butanol testing. We should go for objective tests of olfaction.
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Jozet-Alves, Christelle, Solenn Percelay, and Valentine Bouet. "Olfactory Laterality Is Valence-Dependent in Mice." Symmetry 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091129.
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(1) Background: Although olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in rodents, studies focusing on lateralisation of olfactory processing remain scarce, and they are limited to the exploration of brain asymmetries. This study aimed to test whether outbred and inbred mice (NMRI and C57BL/6J mice strains) show nostril-use preference in processing olfactory stimuli differing in terms of emotional valence under unrestrained conditions. (2) Methods: Five odour stimuli were used in the study: vanilla, female urine, garlic, rat, distilled water. We measured the number of times mice used their left or right nostril for each testing session. (3) Results: We here showed that mice preferentially used their right nostril when sniffing attractive stimuli (female urine, vanilla), and their left nostril when sniffing aversive stimuli (rat odour). Results were consistent for both strains. (4) Conclusions: Surprisingly, the results obtained seem opposite to the valence theory assessing that the left and the right hemispheres are dominant in processing stimuli with a positive and a negative valence, respectively. It remains to be determined whether this valence-dependent pattern is specific or not to olfaction in mice. These new findings will be important to better understand how both hemispheres contribute to odour processing in rodents.
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Farnier, Kevin, Noel Davies, and Martin Steinbauer. "Not Led by the Nose: Volatiles from Undamaged Eucalyptus Hosts Do Not Influence Psyllid Orientation." Insects 9, no. 4 (November 17, 2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040166.
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Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are small sucking insects with high host plant specificity. Despite the primitive olfactory system of psyllids, some species have been suggested to rely on host plant volatiles (HPVs) for seasonal migration between summer deciduous hosts and winter coniferous hosts. Similarly, enhanced attraction of psyllid vectors has been observed as a result of the manipulation of host odors by plant pathogens. As yet, there are no studies of olfaction in psyllids that utilize evergreen eucalypt hosts. We investigated the behavioral responses of adults of four Eucalyptus-feeding psyllids—Ctenarytaina eucalypti, C. bipartita, Anoeconeossa bundoorensis and Glycaspis brimblecombei—to their respective HPVs in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. We also used existing physiological data for C. eucalypti to investigate potential olfactory tuning that may modulate the preference for morphologically juvenile leaves over morphologically adult leaves. Although adult C. eucalypti were consistently repelled by HPVs from damaged host leaves, none of the species exhibited positive chemotaxis to HPVs from undamaged leaves. Surprisingly, G. brimblecombei was repelled by HPVs from undamaged host leaves. Our findings provide little support for a significant role of olfaction in host location by Eucalyptus-feeding psyllids. We propose a number of ecological hypotheses to explain these unexpected findings.
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Schaal, Benoist, Tamsin K. Saxton, Hélène Loos, Robert Soussignan, and Karine Durand. "Olfaction scaffolds the developing human from neonate to adolescent and beyond." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0261.
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The impact of the olfactory sense is regularly apparent across development. The fetus is bathed in amniotic fluid (AF) that conveys the mother's chemical ecology. Transnatal olfactory continuity between the odours of AF and milk assists in the transition to nursing. At the same time, odours emanating from the mammary areas provoke appetitive responses in newborns. Odours experienced from the mother's diet during breastfeeding, and from practices such as pre-mastication, may assist in the dietary transition at weaning. In parallel, infants are attracted to and recognize their mother's odours; later, children are able to recognize other kin and peers based on their odours. Familiar odours, such as those of the mother, regulate the child's emotions, and scaffold perception and learning through non-olfactory senses. During juvenility and adolescence, individuals become more sensitive to some bodily odours, while the timing of adolescence itself has been speculated to draw from the chemical ecology of the family unit. Odours learnt early in life and within the family niche continue to influence preferences as mate choice becomes relevant. Olfaction thus appears significant in turning on, sustaining and, in cases when mother odour is altered, disturbing adaptive reciprocity between offspring and carer during the multiple transitions of development between birth and adolescence. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Min, Hyun Jin. "Pharmacologic therapy of olfaction disroders induced by COVID-19 upper respiratory infection." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 63, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2020.63.9.561.
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Postviral olfactory disorder refers to the sensorineural olfactory loss caused by upper respiratory tract infections. With the increasing awareness of olfactory or gustatory dysfunction as a potential early symptom of coronavirus disease 2019, postviral olfactory disorder has been attracting much attention. Postviral olfactory disorder is the most common type of olfactory disorder, especially among women aged over 50 years. Systemic or topical corticosteroids have commonly been used for treating this disorder, but the mechanism of corticosteroid action is unclear. Other medical treatment options such as alpha-lipoic acids and caroverine that stimulate nerve growth factor expression or prevent glutamatergic neurotoxicity have also been used. Although these drugs have been found to be useful in the treatment of postviral olfactory disorder in previous studies, the efficacy has not been statistically proven through a meta-analysis. Recently, olfactory training has been introduced in the treatment strategy for postviral olfactory disorder. It is a safe option without side effects that can be used for treating olfactory disorders caused by upper respiratory tract infections. Further rigorous studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the combination of drug treatment and olfactory training.
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Bhowmik, Biswanath, Udipta Chakraborti, Alivia Mandal, Bishwajeet Paul, and Kakali Bhadra. "Attraction of Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Host Plant Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) Volatiles." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112640.
Full textAbstract:
The volatiles extracted by the dynamic headspace collection system from the undamaged and conspecific damaged Cucurbita maxima were analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The olfactory responses of antennal chemosensilla by male and female A. foveicollis towards the plant volatiles were studied by electroantennography (EAG), while the behavioral responses were analyzed by olfactometer bioassay under laboratory conditions. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed the predominance of antennal olfactory sensilla of seven different types with four types of mechanosensilla. The antennae are sexually dimorphic, with differences in density of the chemosensillae present in the apical band region of segment IX, called the circumferential band, being higher in the females. Female antennae showed maximum peak amplitudes for 2-methyl phenol (at 10 mg/mL), followed by 1,4, dimethoxybenzene (at 5 mg/mL), while male antennae showed maximum amplitudes for heneicosane (at 5 mg/mL). Y-tube bioassays revealed maximum attractiveness towards 1,4, dimethoxy benzene that decreased progressively across heneicosane, pentacosane, tetradecane, ethyl benzene, D-limonene, nonadecane, eicosane, nonanal, decanal, α-pinene, phytol and benzaldehyde in females. However, male species were more responsive towards heneicosane, followed by 1,4 dimethoxybenzene, while the responses to pentacosane and tetradecane were equal, followed by equal responses to decanal, ethyl benzene and nonadecane, and thereafter, a progressively reducing response was observed towards α-pinene, eicosane, nonanal, D-limonene, phytol and benzaldehyde. The study assists in understanding the role of olfaction by A. foveicollis in the host plant Cucurbita maxima by listing compounds that act as potential kairomones for the beetle, and can be expected to facilitate development of an eco–friendly trap and/or by attracting the natural enemies for control of the pest.
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Roh, Gwang-Hyun, Paul E. Kendra, and Dong H. Cha. "Preferential Attraction of Oviposition-Ready Oriental Fruit Flies to Host Fruit Odor over Protein Food Odor." Insects 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100909.
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Olfaction plays a key role in the location of food and oviposition resources by tephritid fruit flies. Adult females, including oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, can sustain egg production throughout their lives provided they obtain sufficient protein. Thus, preferential attraction to food or oviposition sites (host fruit) will depend on a fly’s particular physiological state. In this study, laboratory bioassays were conducted with mature, mated B. dorsalis (provisioned protein and sugar ad libitum) to evaluate attraction to traps baited with torula yeast versus six host fruit sources (guava, guava juice, mango, orange, Surinam cherry, or white sapote). Females that preferred fruit laid a significant number of eggs around the trap entrance (average 405 eggs/fly), while almost no eggs were laid by females that preferred yeast (0.5 and 1.3 eggs/fly on two occasions). Similar results were observed in a bioassay using headspace extracts of guava juice and torula yeast, supporting olfactory-mediated responses. When individual females were allowed to oviposit in guava juice traps 0–24 h after a choice test, 45.8% of females that chose guava juice laid eggs (average 14.7 eggs/fly), compared with 27.5% that chose yeast (average 6.5 eggs/fly). Dissections indicated that females with a preference for guava juice had an egg load 2.4 times greater than females that preferred yeast. These results suggest there is an olfactory-based behavioral switch in preference from protein to host odors when female B. dorsalis are oviposition-ready. We discuss the implications of our findings for practical behavioral management and detection programs for B. dorsalis.
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Paoli, Marco, and Giovanni C. Galizia. "Olfactory coding in honeybees." Cell and Tissue Research 383, no. 1 (January 2021): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03385-5.
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Abstract With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the olfactory circuit and the basis of olfactory perception and learning. Here, we review the most fundamental aspects of honeybee’s olfaction: first, we discuss which odorants dominate its environment, and how bees use them to communicate and regulate colony homeostasis; then, we describe the neuroanatomy and the neurophysiology of the olfactory circuit; finally, we explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to olfactory memory formation. The vastity of histological, neurophysiological, and behavioral data collected during the last century, together with new technological advancements, including genetic tools, confirm the honeybee as an attractive research model for understanding olfactory coding and learning.
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Brolund, Thea Marie, Lis Engdahl Nielsen, and Michael Arvedlund. "Do juvenile Amphiprion ocellaris (Pisces: Pomacentridae) recognize conspecifics by chemical or visual cues?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 5 (September 19, 2003): 1127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008385h.
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Juvenile anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris were tested in two behavioural laboratory set-ups for their ability to visually or chemically recognize conspecifics. Individuals of two other species of anemonefish, A. clarkii and Dascyllus aruanus, were also used as test specimens for recognition. The results indicate that juvenile A. ocellaris recognize conspecifics visually rather than by olfaction. This is contrary to their finding mechanism of their host anemone. However, the results also indicate that the juvenile A. ocellaris are neither attracted nor deterred by the presence of conspecifics. This is contrary to the settling mechanisms of the damselfish D. aruanus and D. reticulatus, and of the temperate herring Clupea harengus. Hence the results emphasize the variation of sensory abilities and behaviours in fish larvae and juveniles. It is not an area prone for generalizations.
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Bolding, Kevin A., and Kevin M. Franks. "Recurrent cortical circuits implement concentration-invariant odor coding." Science 361, no. 6407 (September 13, 2018): eaat6904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat6904.
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Animals rely on olfaction to find food, attract mates, and avoid predators. To support these behaviors, they must be able to identify odors across different odorant concentrations. The neural circuit operations that implement this concentration invariance remain unclear. We found that despite concentration-dependence in the olfactory bulb (OB), representations of odor identity were preserved downstream, in the piriform cortex (PCx). The OB cells responding earliest after inhalation drove robust responses in sparse subsets of PCx neurons. Recurrent collateral connections broadcast their activation across the PCx, recruiting global feedback inhibition that rapidly truncated and suppressed cortical activity for the remainder of the sniff, discounting the impact of slower, concentration-dependent OB inputs. Eliminating recurrent collateral output amplified PCx odor responses rendered the cortex steeply concentration-dependent and abolished concentration-invariant identity decoding.
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Amo, Luisa, and Irene Saavedra. "Attraction to Smelly Food in Birds: Insectivorous Birds Discriminate between the Pheromones of Their Prey and Those of Non-Prey Insects." Biology 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10101010.
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Natural selection has favored the evolution of different capabilities that allow animals to obtain food—e.g., the development of senses for improving prey/food detection. Among these senses, chemical sense is possibly the most ancient mechanism used by organisms for environmental assessment. Comparative studies suggest the prime role of foraging ecology in the evolution of the olfactory apparatus of vertebrates, including birds. Here, we review empirical studies that have shown birds’ abilities to detect prey/food via olfaction and report the results of a study aiming to analyze the specificity of eavesdropping on prey pheromones in insectivorous birds. In a field study, we placed artificial larvae and a dispenser with one of three treatments—prey (Operopthera brumata) pheromones, non-prey (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) pheromones, or a control unscented dispenser—on the branches of Pyrenean oak trees (Quercus pyrenaica). We then measured the predation rate of birds on artificial larvae. Our results show that more trees had larvae with signs of avian predation when they contained a prey pheromone dispenser than when they contained a non-prey pheromone dispenser or an unscented dispenser. Our results indicate that insectivorous birds can discriminate between the pheromones emitted by their prey and those emitted by non-prey insects and that they only exhibit attraction to prey pheromones. These results highlight the potential use of insectivorous birds in the biological control of insect pests.
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Bonadonna, Francesco, and Vincent Bretagnolle. "Smelling home: a good solution for burrow-finding in nocturnal petrels?" Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 16 (August 15, 2002): 2519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.16.2519.
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SUMMARY Many burrowing petrels are able to return to their nests in complete darkness. The well-developed anatomy of their olfactory system and the attraction that food-related odour cues have for some petrel species suggest that olfaction may be used to recognize the burrow. In contrast,surface-nesting petrels may rely on visual cues to recognise their nest. We performed experiments on nine species of petrel (with different nesting habits) rendered anosmic either by plugging the nostrils or by injecting zinc sulphate onto the nasal epithelium. Compared with shamtreated control birds,we found that anosmia impaired nest recognition only in species that nest in burrows and that return home in darkness. Therefore, petrels showing nocturnal activity on land may rely on their sense of smell to find their burrows, while petrels showing diurnal activity or surface nesters may disregard olfactory cues in favour of visual guidance.
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Callahan, Philip S., Thelma C. Carlysle, and Harold A. Denmark. "Mechanism of attraction of the lovebug, Plecia nearctica, to southern highways: further evidence for the IR-dielectric waveguide theory of insect olfaction." Applied Optics 24, no. 8 (April 15, 1985): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.001088.
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