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Journal articles on the topic 'Attosecond'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Jordan, Inga, Martin Huppert, Dominik Rattenbacher, Michael Peper, Denis Jelovina, Conaill Perry, Aaron von Conta, Axel Schild, and Hans Jakob Wörner. "Attosecond spectroscopy of liquid water." Science 369, no. 6506 (August 20, 2020): 974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0979.

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Electronic dynamics in liquids are of fundamental importance, but time-resolved experiments have so far remained limited to the femtosecond time scale. We report the extension of attosecond spectroscopy to the liquid phase. We measured time delays of 50 to 70 attoseconds between the photoemission from liquid water and that from gaseous water at photon energies of 21.7 to 31.0 electron volts. These photoemission delays can be decomposed into a photoionization delay sensitive to the local environment and a delay originating from electron transport. In our experiments, the latter contribution is shown to be negligible. By referencing liquid water to gaseous water, we isolated the effect of solvation on the attosecond photoionization dynamics of water molecules. Our methods define an approach to separating bound and unbound electron dynamics from the structural response of the solvent.

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2

Wikmark, Hampus, Chen Guo, Jan Vogelsang, Peter W. Smorenburg, Hélène Coudert-Alteirac, Jan Lahl, Jasper Peschel, et al. "Spatiotemporal coupling of attosecond pulses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (March 1, 2019): 4779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817626116.

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The shortest light pulses produced to date are of the order of a few tens of attoseconds, with central frequencies in the extreme UV range and bandwidths exceeding tens of electronvolts. They are often produced as a train of pulses separated by half the driving laser period, leading in the frequency domain to a spectrum of high, odd-order harmonics. As light pulses become shorter and more spectrally wide, the widely used approximation consisting of writing the optical waveform as a product of temporal and spatial amplitudes does not apply anymore. Here, we investigate the interplay of temporal and spatial properties of attosecond pulses. We show that the divergence and focus position of the generated harmonics often strongly depend on their frequency, leading to strong chromatic aberrations of the broadband attosecond pulses. Our argument uses a simple analytical model based on Gaussian optics, numerical propagation calculations, and experimental harmonic divergence measurements. This effect needs to be considered for future applications requiring high-quality focusing while retaining the broadband/ultrashort characteristics of the radiation.

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3

Tao, Zhensheng, Cong Chen, Tibor Szilvási, Mark Keller, Manos Mavrikakis, Henry Kapteyn, and Margaret Murnane. "Direct time-domain observation of attosecond final-state lifetimes in photoemission from solids." Science 353, no. 6294 (June 2, 2016): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6793.

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Attosecond spectroscopic techniques have made it possible to measure differences in transport times for photoelectrons from localized core levels and delocalized valence bands in solids. We report the application of attosecond pulse trains to directly and unambiguously measure the difference in lifetimes between photoelectrons born into free electron–like states and those excited into unoccupied excited states in the band structure of nickel (111). An enormous increase in lifetime of 212 ± 30 attoseconds occurs when the final state coincides with a short-lived excited state. Moreover, a strong dependence of this lifetime on emission angle is directly related to the final-state band dispersion as a function of electron transverse momentum. This finding underscores the importance of the material band structure in determining photoelectron lifetimes and corresponding electron escape depths.

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4

Huang, Yindong, Jing Zhao, Zheng Shu, Yalei Zhu, Jinlei Liu, Wenpu Dong, Xiaowei Wang, et al. "Ultrafast Hole Deformation Revealed by Molecular Attosecond Interferometry." Ultrafast Science 2021 (July 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9837107.

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Understanding the evolution of molecular electronic structures is the key to explore and control photochemical reactions and photobiological processes. Subjected to strong laser fields, electronic holes are formed upon ionization and evolve in the attosecond timescale. It is crucial to probe the electronic dynamics in real time with attosecond-temporal and atomic-spatial precision. Here, we present molecular attosecond interferometry that enables the in situ manipulation of holes in carbon dioxide molecules via the interferometry of the phase-locked electrons (propagating in opposite directions) of a laser-triggered rotational wave packet. The joint measurement on high-harmonic and terahertz spectroscopy (HATS) provides a unique tool for understanding electron dynamics from picoseconds to attoseconds. The optimum phases of two-color pulses for controlling the electron wave packet are precisely determined owing to the robust reference provided with the terahertz pulse generation. It is noteworthy that the contribution of HOMO-1 and HOMO-2 increases reflecting the deformation of the hole as the harmonic order increases. Our method can be applied to study hole dynamics of complex molecules and electron correlations during the strong-field process. The threefold control through molecular alignment, laser polarization, and the two-color pulse phase delay allows the precise manipulation of the transient hole paving the way for new advances in attochemistry.

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5

Leone, Stephen R., and Daniel M. Neumark. "Attosecond science in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics." Faraday Discussions 194 (2016): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00174b.

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Attosecond science represents a new frontier in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics, enabling one to probe the exceedingly fast dynamics associated with purely electronic dynamics in a wide range of systems. This paper presents a brief discussion of the technology required to generate attosecond light pulses and gives representative examples of attosecond science carried out in several laboratories. Attosecond transient absorption, a very powerful method in attosecond science, is then reviewed and several examples of gas phase and condensed phase experiments that have been carried out in the Leone/Neumark laboratories are described.

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6

Hammond, T. J., Graham G. Brown, Kyung Taec Kim, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum. "Attosecond pulses measured from the attosecond lighthouse." Nature Photonics 10, no. 3 (January 18, 2016): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.271.

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7

Lara-Astiaso, Manuel, David Ayuso, Ivano Tavernelli, Piero Decleva, Alicia Palacios, and Fernando Martín. "Decoherence, control and attosecond probing of XUV-induced charge migration in biomolecules. A theoretical outlook." Faraday Discussions 194 (2016): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00074f.

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The sudden ionization of a molecule by an attosecond pulse is followed by charge redistribution on a time scale from a few femtoseconds down to hundreds of attoseconds. This ultrafast redistribution is the result of the coherent superposition of electronic continua associated with the ionization thresholds that are reached by the broadband attosecond pulse. Thus, a correct theoretical description of the time evolution of the ensuing wave packet requires the knowledge of the actual ionization amplitudes associated with all open ionization channels, a real challenge for large and medium-size molecules. Recently, the first calculation of this kind has come to light, allowing for interpretation of ultrafast electron dynamics observed in attosecond pump–probe experiments performed on the amino acid phenylalanine [Calegari et al., Science 2014, 346, 336]. However, as in most previous theoretical works, the interpretation was based on various simplifying assumptions, namely, the ionized electron was not included in the description of the cation dynamics, the nuclei were fixed at their initial position during the hole migration process, and the effect of the IR probe pulse was ignored. Here we go a step further and discuss the consequences of including these effects in the photoionization of the glycine molecule. We show that (i) the ionized electron does not affect hole dynamics beyond the first femtosecond, and (ii) nuclear dynamics has only a significant effect after approximately 8 fs, but does not destroy the coherent motion of the electronic wave packet during at least few additional tens of fs. As a first step towards understanding the role of the probe pulse, we have considered an XUV probe pulse, instead of a strong IR one, and show that such an XUV probe does not introduce significant distortions in the pump-induced dynamics, suggesting that pump–probe strategies are suitable for imaging and manipulating charge migration in complex molecules. Furthermore, we show that hole dynamics can be changed by shaping the attosecond pump pulse, thus opening the door to the control of charge dynamics in biomolecules.

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8

Morimoto, Yuya, and Peter Baum. "Microscopy and diffraction with attosecond electron pulse trains." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920508008.

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Attosecond imaging with electron beams can access optical-field-driven electron dynamics in space and time. Here we report first diffraction and microscopy experiments with attosecond electron pulses. We study attosecond-level timing of Bragg-spot emission and visualize light-wave propagation in space and time.

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9

Georgescu, Iulia. "Attosecond beacons." Nature Physics 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2522.

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10

Vrakking, Marc J. J. "Attosecond imaging." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, no. 7 (2014): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53659a.

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11

Ivanov, M. Yu, R. Kienberger, A. Scrinzi, and D. M. Villeneuve. "Attosecond physics." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 39, no. 1 (December 7, 2005): R1—R37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/39/1/r01.

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12

Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Attosecond resolution." Nature Photonics 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0210-8.

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13

Corkum, P. B., and Ferenc Krausz. "Attosecond science." Nature Physics 3, no. 6 (June 2007): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys620.

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14

Anscombe, Nadya. "Attosecond analysis." Nature Photonics 2, no. 9 (September 2008): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.177.

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15

Krausz, Ferenc, and Misha Ivanov. "Attosecond physics." Reviews of Modern Physics 81, no. 1 (February 2, 2009): 163–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.81.163.

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16

Hentschel, M., R. Kienberger, Ch Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz. "Attosecond metrology." Nature 414, no. 6863 (November 2001): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35107000.

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17

Villeneuve, D. M. "Attosecond science." Contemporary Physics 59, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2017.1407093.

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18

Itatani, Jiro, Hiromichi Niikura, and Paul B. Corkum. "Attosecond Science." Physica Scripta 110 (2004): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1238/physica.topical.110a00112.

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19

Vampa, Giulio, Hanieh Fattahi, Jelena Vučković, and Ferenc Krausz. "Attosecond nanophotonics." Nature Photonics 11, no. 4 (April 2017): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.41.

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20

Smirnova, Olga, and Oliver Gessner. "Attosecond spectroscopy." Chemical Physics 414 (March 2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.12.023.

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21

Loriot, V., A. Marciniak, S. Nandi, G. Karras, M. Hervé, E. Constant, E. Plésiat, A. Palacios, F. Martin, and F. Lépine. "Attosecond Interferometry Using a HHG-2 Scheme." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Physica 65, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphys.2020.05.

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"We present an interferometric HHG-2 scheme and compare it to the usual XUV-IR RABBIT method that is widely used in attosecond science. Both methods are able to reconstruct the properties of an attosecond pulse train and can be used to measure attosecond ionization time delays in atoms and molecules. While they have several similarities, they also have conceptual differences. Here, we present some particularities of the HHG-2 method and its advantages and drawbacks, which would help to define situations where it can provide information inaccessible by other technics. Keywords: Attosecond, Photoionization, RABBIT "

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22

Takahashi, Eiji J., Pengfei Lan, Oliver D. Mucke, Yasuo Nabekawa, and Katsumi Midorikawa. "Nonlinear Attosecond Metrology by Intense Isolated Attosecond Pulses." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 21, no. 5 (September 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2015.2405899.

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23

Hammond, TJ, Emeric Balogh, and Kyung Taec Kim. "Isolation of attosecond pulses from the attosecond lighthouse." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 50, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 014006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/50/1/014006.

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24

Bandrauk, André D., and Hong Shon Nguyen. "Attosecond molecular spectroscopy The one-electron H2+ system." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-080.

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Numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a 1-D model non-BornOppenheimer H2+ are used to illustrate the nonlinear, nonperturbative response of molecules to intense (I ≥ 1013 W/cm2), ultrashort (t < 10 fs) laser pulses. Molecular high-order harmonic generation (MHOHG) is shown to be an example of such response, and the resulting nonlinear photon emission spectrum is shown to lead to the synthesis of single attosecond (1018 s) pulses. Application of such ultrashort pulses to the H2+ system results in localized electron wave packets whose motion can be detected by asymmetry in the photoelectron spectrum generated by a subsequent probe attosecond pulse, thus leading to measurement of electron motion in molecules on an attosecond time scale. Key words: attosecond spectroscopy, attosecond photoionization.

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25

Guggenmos, Alexander, Yang Cui, Stephan Heinrich, and Ulf Kleineberg. "Attosecond Pulse Shaping by Multilayer Mirrors." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122503.

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The emerging research field of attosecond science allows for the temporal investigation of one of the fastest dynamics in nature: electron dynamics in matter. These dynamics are responsible for chemical and biological processes, and the ability to understand and control them opens a new door of fundamental science, with the possibility to influence all lives if medical issues can thereby be addressed. Multilayer optics are key elements in attosecond experiments; they are used to tailor attosecond pulses with well-defined characteristics to facilitate detailed and accurate insight into processes, e.g., photoemission, Auger decay, or (core-) excitons. Based on the investigations and research efforts from the past several years, multilayer mirrors today are routinely used optical elements in attosecond beamlines. As a consequence, the generation of ultrashort pulses, combined with their dispersion control, has proceeded from the femtosecond range in the visible/infrared spectra to the attosecond range, covering the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray photon range up to the water window. This article reviews our work on multilayer optics over the past several years, as well as the impact from other research groups, to reflect on the scientific background of their nowadays routine use in attosecond physics.

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26

Varró, S., and Gy Farkas. "Attosecond electron pulses from interference of above-threshold de Broglie waves." Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 1 (March 2008): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034608000037.

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AbstractIt is shown that the above-threshold electron de Broglie waves, generated by an intense laser pulse at a metal surface are interfering to yield attosecond electron pulses. This interference of the de Broglie waves is an analog on of the superposition of high harmonics generated from rare gas atoms, resulting in trains of attosecond light pulses. Our model is based on the Floquet analysis of the inelastic electron scattering on the oscillating double-layer potential, generated by the incoming laser field of long duration at the metal surface. Owing to the inherent kinematic dispersion, the propagation of attosecond de Broglie waves in vacuum is very different from that of attosecond light pulses, which propagate without changing shape. The clean attosecond structure of the current at the immediate vicinity of the metal surface is largely degraded due to the propagation, but it partially recovers at certain distances from the surface. Accordingly, above the metal surface, there exist “collapse bands,” where the electron current is erratic or noise-like, and there exist “revival layers,” where the electron current consist of ultrashort pulses of about 250 attosecond durations in the parameter range we considered. The maximum value of the current densities of such ultrashort electron pulses has been estimated to be on order of couple of tenth of mA/cm2. The attosecond structure of the electron photocurrent can perhaps be used for monitoring ultrafast relaxation processes in single atoms or in condensed matter.

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27

Mikaelsson, Sara, Jan Vogelsang, Chen Guo, Ivan Sytcevich, Anne-Lise Viotti, Fabian Langer, Yu-Chen Cheng, et al. "A high-repetition rate attosecond light source for time-resolved coincidence spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0424.

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AbstractAttosecond pulses, produced through high-order harmonic generation in gases, have been successfully used for observing ultrafast, subfemtosecond electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solid state systems. Today’s typical attosecond sources, however, are often impaired by their low repetition rate and the resulting insufficient statistics, especially when the number of detectable events per shot is limited. This is the case for experiments, where several reaction products must be detected in coincidence, and for surface science applications where space charge effects compromise spectral and spatial resolution. In this work, we present an attosecond light source operating at 200 kHz, which opens up the exploration of phenomena previously inaccessible to attosecond interferometric and spectroscopic techniques. Key to our approach is the combination of a high-repetition rate, few-cycle laser source, a specially designed gas target for efficient high harmonic generation, a passively and actively stabilized pump-probe interferometer and an advanced 3D photoelectron/ion momentum detector. While most experiments in the field of attosecond science so far have been performed with either single attosecond pulses or long trains of pulses, we explore the hitherto mostly overlooked intermediate regime with short trains consisting of only a few attosecond pulses. We also present the first coincidence measurement of single-photon double-ionization of helium with full angular resolution, using an attosecond source. This opens up for future studies of the dynamic evolution of strongly correlated electrons.

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28

Kumar, Sandeep, Heung-Sik Kang, and Dong-Eon Kim. "For the generation of an intense isolated pulse in hard X-ray region using X-ray free electron laser." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 3 (June 7, 2012): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000237.

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AbstractFor a real, meaningful pump-probe experiment with attosecond temporal resolution, an intense isolated attosecond pulse is in demand. For that purpose we report the generation of an intense isolated attosecond pulse, especially in X-ray region using a current-enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission in a free electron laser (FEL). We use a few cycle laser pulse to manipulate the electron-bunch inside a two-period planar wiggler. In our study, we employ the electron beam parameters of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)-XFEL. The RF phase effect of accelerator columns on the longitudinal energy distribution profile and current profile of electron-bunch is also studied, aiming that these results can be experimentally realized in PAL-XFEL. We show indeed that the manipulation of electron-energy bunch profile may lead to the generation of an isolated attosecond hard X-ray pulse: 150 attosecond radiation pulse at 0.1 nm wavelength can be generated.

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29

Liu, Y., F. Y. Li, M. Zeng, M. Chen, and Z. M. Sheng. "Ultra-intense attosecond pulses emitted from laser wakefields in non-uniform plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000220.

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AbstractA scheme of generating ultra-intense attosecond pulses in ultra-relativistic laser interaction with under-dense plasmas is proposed. The attosecond pulse emission is caused by an oscillating transverse current sheet formed by an electron density spike composed of trapped electrons in the laser wakefield and the residual transverse momentum of electrons left behind the laser pulse when its front is strongly modulated. As soon as the attosecond pulse emerges, it tends to feed back to further enhance the transverse electron momentum and the transverse current. Consequently, the attosecond pulse is enhanced and developed into a few cycles later until the density spike is depleted out due to the pump laser depletion. To control the formation of the transverse current sheet, a non-uniform plasma slab with an up-ramp density profile in front of a uniform region is adopted, which enables one to obtain attosecond pulses with higher amplitudes than that in a uniform plasma slab.

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30

Nandi, S., E. Plésiat, S. Zhong, A. Palacios, D. Busto, M. Isinger, L. Neoričić, et al. "Attosecond timing of electron emission from a molecular shape resonance." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eaba7762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7762.

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Shape resonances in physics and chemistry arise from the spatial confinement of a particle by a potential barrier. In molecular photoionization, these barriers prevent the electron from escaping instantaneously, so that nuclei may move and modify the potential, thereby affecting the ionization process. By using an attosecond two-color interferometric approach in combination with high spectral resolution, we have captured the changes induced by the nuclear motion on the centrifugal barrier that sustains the well-known shape resonance in valence-ionized N2. We show that despite the nuclear motion altering the bond length by only 2%, which leads to tiny changes in the potential barrier, the corresponding change in the ionization time can be as large as 200 attoseconds. This result poses limits to the concept of instantaneous electronic transitions in molecules, which is at the basis of the Franck-Condon principle of molecular spectroscopy.

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31

Okino, Tomoya, Yusuke Furukawa, Yasuo Nabekawa, Shungo Miyabe, A. Amani Eilanlou, Eiji J. Takahashi, Kaoru Yamanouchi, and Katsumi Midorikawa. "Direct observation of an attosecond electron wave packet in a nitrogen molecule." Science Advances 1, no. 8 (September 2015): e1500356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500356.

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Capturing electron motion in a molecule is the basis of understanding or steering chemical reactions. Nonlinear Fourier transform spectroscopy using an attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe technique is used to observe an attosecond electron wave packet in a nitrogen molecule in real time. The 500-as electronic motion between two bound electronic states in a nitrogen molecule is captured by measuring the fragment ions with the same kinetic energy generated in sequential two-photon dissociative ionization processes. The temporal evolution of electronic coherence originating from various electronic states is visualized via the fragment ions appearing after irradiation of the probe pulse. This observation of an attosecond molecular electron wave packet is a critical step in understanding coupled nuclear and electron motion in polyatomic and biological molecules to explore attochemistry.

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32

Chisuga, Yuta, Hiroki Mashiko, Katsuya Oguri, Ikufumi Katayama, Jun Takeda, and Hideki Gotoh. "Electric dipole oscillation in solids characterized by Fourier transform extreme ultraviolet attosecond spectroscopy." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920502015.

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We characterized electronic dipole oscillations in chromium doped sapphire (Cr:Al2O3) using Fourier transform extreme ultraviolet attosecond spectroscopy (FTXUV) combined with an isolated attosecond pulse, which reveals the electric band-structure and dephasing process in solids.

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33

Levesque, J., and P. B. Corkum. "Attosecond science and technology." Canadian Journal of Physics 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-068.

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Attosecond technology is a radical departure from all the optical (and collision) technology that preceded it. It merges optical and collision physics. The technology opens important problems in each area of science for study by previously unavailable methods. Underlying attosecond technology is a strong laser field. It extracts an electron from an atom or molecule near the crest of the field. The electron is pulled away from its parent ion, but is driven back after the field reverses. It can then recollide with its parent ion. Since the recolliding electron has a wavelength of about 1 Å, we can measure Angstrom spatial dimensions. Since the strong time-dependent field of the light pulse directs the electron with subcycle precision, we can control and measure attosecond phenomena. PACS Nos.: 33.15.Mt, 33.80.Rv, 39.90.+d, 42.50.Hz, 42.65.Ky

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34

Quéré, Fabien. "Attosecond plasma optics." Nature Physics 5, no. 2 (February 2009): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1191.

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35

Yakovlev, Vladislav S., Ferdinand Bammer, and Armin Scrinzi. "Attosecond streaking measurements." Journal of Modern Optics 52, no. 2-3 (January 20, 2005): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340412331283642.

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36

Orfanos, I., I. Makos, I. Liontos, E. Skantzakis, B. Förg, D. Charalambidis, and P. Tzallas. "Attosecond pulse metrology." APL Photonics 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 080901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5086773.

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37

Hellemans, Alexander. "Attosecond Laser Pulses." Scientific American 290, no. 5 (May 2004): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0504-38b.

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38

Pedatzur, O., G. Orenstein, V. Serbinenko, H. Soifer, B. D. Bruner, A. J. Uzan, D. S. Brambila, et al. "Attosecond tunnelling interferometry." Nature Physics 11, no. 10 (August 24, 2015): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3436.

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39

Ossiander, M., F. Siegrist, V. Shirvanyan, R. Pazourek, A. Sommer, T. Latka, A. Guggenmos, et al. "Attosecond correlation dynamics." Nature Physics 13, no. 3 (November 7, 2016): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3941.

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40

Eckle, Petrissa, Mathias Smolarski, Philip Schlup, Jens Biegert, André Staudte, Markus Schöffler, Harm G. Muller, Reinhard Dörner, and Ursula Keller. "Attosecond angular streaking." Nature Physics 4, no. 7 (May 30, 2008): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys982.

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41

Pfeifer, Thomas. "Easing attosecond generation." Nature Photonics 4, no. 7 (July 2010): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.154.

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42

Kling, Matthias F., and Marc J. J. Vrakking. "Attosecond Electron Dynamics." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 59, no. 1 (May 2008): 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093532.

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43

Mauritsson, Johan, Giulio Vampa, and Caterina Vozzi. "Emerging attosecond technologies." Journal of Optics 20, no. 11 (October 22, 2018): 110201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aae507.

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44

Laurent, G., W. Cao, I. Ben-Itzhak, and C. L. Cocke. "Attosecond pulse characterization." Optics Express 21, no. 14 (July 9, 2013): 16914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.016914.

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Paulus, Gerhard G., and Gernot Stania. "Attosecond Quantum Stroboscope." ChemPhysChem 10, no. 6 (April 14, 2009): 875–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200800673.

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Teng, Hao, Xin-Kui He, Kun Zhao, and Zhi-Yi Wei. "Attosecond laser station." Chinese Physics B 27, no. 7 (July 2018): 074203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/27/7/074203.

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Corkum, P. B., and Zenghu Chang. "The Attosecond Revolution." Optics and Photonics News 19, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.19.10.000024.

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Naumova, Natalia M., John A. Nees, and Gérard A. Mourou. "Relativistic attosecond physics." Physics of Plasmas 12, no. 5 (May 2005): 056707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1880032.

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Kling, Matthias, and Ferenc Krausz. "An attosecond stopwatch." Nature Physics 4, no. 7 (July 2008): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1005.

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Bandrauk, André D., Jörn Manz, and M. J. J. Vrakking. "Attosecond molecular dynamics." Chemical Physics 366, no. 1-3 (December 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2009.10.023.

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