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1
Drew, Trafton 1980. "Electrophysiological measures of attentional tracking and working memory." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10198.
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xiii, 155 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.In the multiple object tracking (MOT) task, observers are presented with multiple identical objects, some of which are temporarily identified as targets. After a selection period, all objects move randomly and independently for several seconds. At the end the motion period, all objects stop and observers must identify the target objects again. This task has been used to study a variety of important cognitive questions from object-based attention to cognitive development, divided attention and the development of expertise. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie the ability to track multiple targets independently. Although a number of researchers have used fMRI (functional magnetic imaging) to examine what areas are active during MOT, the current set of studies is the first to employ ERPs (event-related potentials) to examine the neural mechanisms of MOT. With excellent temporal resolution, the ERP methodology allows researchers to delineate the time course of different phases of a single task with millisecond precision, something not possible with fMRI. In Chapter II, we manipulated the number of targets and difficulty of tracking and observed a lateralized contralateral negativity that was sensitive to the number of targets but not difficulty of tracking. Chapter III examined the effect of irrelevant white probes flashed briefly throughout the trial while observers tracked. We observed modulations of early visual components that indicated that during tracking, spatial attention focused on targets but did not differentiate between distractors and empty space. Finally, in Chapter IV, we examined the relationship between visual working memory (VWM) and MOT by manipulating the presence or absence of task relevant motion. We found that the waveforms evoked by an MOT task in the absence of task-relevant motion were nearly identical to waveforms evoked by the VWM task, suggesting that VWM is an important part of the typical MOT task. This thesis includes previously published and unpublished material.
Committee in Charge: Edward Vogel, Chairperson, Psychology; Edward Awh, Member, Psychology; Ulrich Mayr, Member, Psychology; Paul van Donkelaar, Outside Member, Human Physiology
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Valcheff, Danielle. "RESILIENCE AND ATTENTIONAL BIASES: WHAT YOU SEE MAY BE WHAT YOU GET." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2014. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2143.
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Research suggests that, during stress, resilient individuals use positive emotion regulation
strategies and experience a greater number of positive emotions than those who are less resilient.
Therefore, differences could be expected in attentional biases towards emotional stimuli based
on resilience. The current study investigated attentional biases towards neutral, negative and
positive images in response to varying levels of resilence and mood induction conditions
(neutral, negative and positive). Sixty participants viewed a series of pre and post-mood
induction slides in order to measure attentional biases to emotional stimuli. The study provided
evidence for the presence of trait and state congruent attentional biases. More resilient
individuals demonstrated an initial bias towards positive stimuli and once emotion was aroused,
the bias was away from negative stimuli. Additionally, mood congruent attentional biases were
observed for participants induced into positive and negative mood states. Implications as they
apply to research and clinical practice are discussed.
3
Mullen, Mairead. "Attentional bias in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder : an eye-tracking methodology." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709841.
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The P300 in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis The P300 event-related potential (ERP) component has potential utility as a neurological marker of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Currently there is no reliable consensus relating to the direction and magnitude of P300 waveform differences between OCD and healthy control samples. We sought to combine previous research which documented P300 amplitude and latency data within OCD and healthy control groups using the Auditory Oddball (AO) task. A systematic search was conducted for studies reporting P300 amplitude and latency data of target trials in the AO task in patient (OCD) and control groups. Pooled effect sizes were calculated. Individuals with OCD demonstrated significantly reduced P300 latencies during target trials compared to healthy controls. Differences in the magnitude of P300 amplitude between individuals with OCD and healthy controls were non-significant. Attentional Bias in Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Methodology Attentional biases are implicated in theoretical models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, however they are not consistently detected using conventional reaction time paradigms. Eye-tracking methods enable greater precision in revealing patterns of attentional bias. Participants with OCD (n=16) were compared with a healthy control sample (n=16). Measures of vigilance, disengagement and maintenance bias were investigated by recording eye-movements during a free-gaze task in which pairs of neutral- and OCD, or neutral- and aversive images were presented. The OCD group demonstrated no evidence of vigilance or delayed disengagement biases. However there were significant group differences in measures of maintenance attentional bias. Evidence of hypervigilant orienting to all stimuli was observed during early visual processing.
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Qwillbard, Tony. "Less information, more thinking : How attentional behavior predicts learning in mathematics." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100999.
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It has been shown in experiments that a method of teaching where students are encouraged to create their own solution methods to mathematical problems (creative mathematically founded reasoning, CMR) results in better learning and proficiency than one where students are provided with solution methods for them to practice by repetition (algorithmic reasoning, AR). The present study investigated whether students in an AR practice condition pay less attention to information relevant for mathematical problem solving than students in a CMR condition. To test this, attentional behavior during practice was measured using eye-tracking equipment. These measurements were then associated with task proficiency in a follow-up test one week after the practice session. The findings support the theory and confirm previous studies in that CMR leads to better task performance in the follow-up test. The findings also suggest that students within the CMR condition whom focus less on extraneous information perform better.Experiment har visat att en undervisningsmetod i vilken elever uppmuntras att själva komma på lösningsmetoder till matematiska problem (creative mathematically founded reasoning, CMR) resulterar i bättre inlärning och färdighet än en metod i vilken eleverna ges en färdig en lösningsmetod att öva på genom repetition (algorithmic reasoning, AR). Denna studie undersöker om elever under en AR-träningsbetingelse ägnar mindre uppmärksamhet åt information som är relevant för matematisk problemlösning än vad elever under en CMR-träningsbetingelse gör. För att testa detta mättes elevernas uppmärksamhetsbeteende under träning med hjälp av ögonrörelsekamera. Måtten ställdes sedan i relation till uppgiftsfärdighet i ett uppföljningstest en vecka efter träningssessionen. Resultaten stödjer teorin och bekräftar tidigare studier som visat att CMR leder till bättre prestation i uppföljningstestet. Resultaten tyder även på att de elever under CMR-betingelsen som fokuserar minst på ovidkommande information presterar bättre.
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Amar, Kaur. "Attentional biases associated with health threat, and their modification." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12678.
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This thesis has two related aims: (i) to investigate whether situational health threat influences individuals’ pattern of attentional bias; and (ii) to examine the causal contribution of attentional biases to anxiety vulnerability following health threat, by modifying these biases. Results suggest that health threat, as compared to health reassurance, is associated with a greater bias towards all negative words; both in terms of the initial orienting of eye-gaze and the bias indices on an attentional probe task that presented stimuli for 500 ms. Although eye-tracking data do not indicate group differences in the maintenance of attention, bias indices following 1500 ms stimulus presentations were specific to negative health-related stimuli, suggesting that bias may become concern-specific between 500 and 1500 ms. Group differences were not found on an emotional Stroop task. In both attentional bias modification (ABM) studies, training tasks were not effective in modifying attention; therefore, conclusions regarding the effects of bias modification cannot be made. Nevertheless, those who completed a task designed to train attention towards negative health-related words displayed a greater increase in skin conductance following health threat, relative to those who completed a task designed to train attention towards neutral words. Groups did not differ on heart rate response or self-report outcome measures. A task designed to train attention towards negative general words did not lead to group differences in outcome measures as compared to a task designed to train attention towards neutral words. In line with theoretical models, health-related feedback appears to trigger attentional bias. However, further research examining the role of attentional biases in the context of health threat and health anxiety is warranted, as is ABM research that explores the mechanisms of change, and individual differences that may influence the effects of ABM.
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Mallon, Peadar. "An experimental manipulation of attentional bias to alcohol related stimuli : an eye tracking study." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675852.
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A Comparison of Measures of Attentional Bias to Alcohol in Social Drinkers: A Systematic Review. Research focusing on implicit cognitive processes, over the past two decades, has highlighted the role of Attentional Bias (AB) in addiction. No review has systematically addressed the question of how consistently AB is found in the social drinking population nor have they compared the use of the main paradigms in social drinkers. This review aimed to further understanding of the development of addiction and provide future directions for research. 15 studies were identified for inclusion in this review. Results indicated that AB to alcohol was inconsistently found and that methodological issues within and between paradigms may contribute to this. These findings raise questions with regards the robustness of conclusions which are drawn from previous studies using social drinkers as I comparison groups. Methodological considerations have been identified and attempts made to address these and provide direction for future research in this area. An experimental manipulation of Attentional Bias (AB) to alcohol related stimuli: An Eye Tracking (ET) Study. The study used ET technology and a Visual Probe Task (VPT) to measure the effects of an attentional training exercise on AB towards alcohol and subjective levels of craving. The training exercise used a modified version of the VPT with 45 heavy social drinkers were randomly allocated to one of three groups; Alcohol-Attend (attention trained to alcohol stimuli), Alcohol-Avoid (attention trained away from alcohol stimuli), and Control (attention not manipulated). AB and subjective levels of craving were recorded pre- and post-training exercise. The Attend-Alcohol group had significantly increased; fixations times to alcohol stimuli, and increased craving. Findings highlight the benefits of more technologically advanced and direct measures of AB. They support future research in a clinical population to examine the potential of AB training exercises in problem drinkers.
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Rytwinski, Nina Katherine. "Do people with symptoms of depression exhibit a negative attentional bias or depressive evenhandedness?" Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1276562437.
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Sedall, Stephanie Nicole Sedall. "Aging and Emotion Recognition: An Examination of Stimulus and Attentional Mechanisms." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1463498266.
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Monem, Ramey G. "ATTENTIONAL BIAS TO ALCOHOL IN AN IN VIVO SETTING." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/146.
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The phenomenon of attentional bias to alcohol, where drinkers demonstrate a preference in allocating visual attention towards alcohol-related stimuli rather than neutral stimuli, is well-established. Studies detecting this phenomenon typically utilize computer-administered stimulus presentation tasks such as the visual dot probe task. Despite their frequency of use, these tasks do not represent the ways in which individuals typically encounter alcohol outside of the laboratory. Typical environments where alcohol is present allow individuals to move about freely and encounter alcohol while also being exposed to many other stimuli. This dissertation sought to implement a novel approach to assessing attentional bias in vivo, and identify how alcohol consumption might influence such in vivo attentional bias. This two-study dissertation utilized an in vivo task where participants looked freely around a room representing a recreational setting containing numerous objects while portable eye-tracking glasses monitored what an individual looked at and for how long. Target items of alcohol and neutral beverages were placed throughout the environment and fixation time spent on these objects was recorded. The first study of this dissertation examined attentional bias to alcohol-related objects across two identical testing sessions to understand the impact of novelty on allocation of in vivo attention. The second study tested individuals using the same in vivo assessment following a 0.30 g/kg dose of alcohol, a 0.65 g/kg dose of alcohol and a placebo. Participants also completed the visual dot probe task in order to measure and compare their attentional bias in a more traditionally implemented task to the novel in vivo approach. Results from the first study indicate that as the novelty of stimuli begins to wane and habituation to neutral stimuli occurs, attentional bias to alcohol-related objects emerges. This attentional bias was shown to be related to drinking habits, where heavier drinkers demonstrated increased attentional bias. The second study in this research found no discernible effect of alcohol consumption on in vivo attentional bias, but did identify a satiating effect of consumption on bias as measured by the visual dot probe task. Additional visual dot probe findings suggest the specificity of the effect of alcohol consumption on attentional bias. Together, these findings help inform whether there is benefit in utilizing an ecological model of measuring attentional bias and how the phenomenon might be measured in laboratory settings in the future.
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Correa, John Bernard. "An Experimental Evaluation of the Relationship Between In-Vivo Stimuli and Attentional Bias to Smoking and Food Cues Among Female Smokers." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5670.
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Background: Cross-sectional and experimental research has shown that female smokers more frequently report using cigarettes to control negative affect, manage dietary restraint, and suppress body image dissatisfaction. However, there has been little research to identify cognitive mechanisms that may underlie these effects. Cross-stimulus attentional bias is one such mechanism.
Aims and Hypotheses: We hypothesized that, when compared to neutral stimuli, in-vivo appetitive stimuli would enhance motivation to obtain a particular substance. More specifically, in-vivo smoking stimuli would increase attentional bias to smoking-related pictorial cues, whereas in-vivo food stimuli would increase attention to smoking-related and food-related pictorial cues. We also hypothesized that environmental tobacco smoke exposure history, negative affect, dietary restraint, body image dissatisfaction, and perceived appetite suppression of smoking would influence these attentional biases, such that higher levels of these characteristics would produce greater attentional biases.
Method: Thirty-five female smokers were exposed to visual stimuli containing two independent pictorial cues: smoking/neutral, smoking/food, neutral/food, or neutral/neutral. Twenty images were presented in 3 counter-balanced, within-subjects sets differentiated by smoking (cigarette pack), food (snack) and neutral (jewelry) in-vivo stimuli. Attentional bias was measured using eye-tracking technology. Dietary restraint, body image dissatisfaction, negative affect, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure were assessed with self-report measures before the manipulations.
Results: Effects counter to the hypotheses were observed, as in-vivo cigarettes and snack foods did not cause participants to differentially attend to pictorial smoking or food stimuli. Initial and maintained attention to smoking pictorial cues was greater than attention to food and neutral cues only when participants were administered a non-appetitive in-vivo stimulus. None of the theoretically hypothesized personality characteristics served as predictors or moderators of attentional bias.
Discussion: Findings with the neutral in-vivo stimulus replicate and extend previous research identifying attentional bias for smoking cues among smokers. Results also enhance understanding of how attentional bias may change when smokers encounter other types of appetitive stimuli. These findings encourage further theoretical and clinical exploration of how the relationship between motivation and attentional bias can be conceptualized and translated from the laboratory to the natural environment.
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Mullen, Jillian. "Attentional biases in addictive behaviours : an investigation employing the flicker induced change blindness paradigm and eye tracking." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22649.
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Past research and theory has suggested that biased attention to substance related stimuli may be an important factor in the development, maintenance and relapse of addictive behaviours and therefore may be a fruitful target for interventions. The current understanding of the extent and roles of substance related attentional biases in addictive behaviours however remains limited primarily as a result of methodological limitations. This thesis examines the extent and roles of substance related attentional bias in social use and dependent use by employing the flicker change blindness paradigm whilst utilising eye tracking and further examines the validity of this methodological approach. Experiment 1a explored alcohol related attentional biases in social users of alcohol. Results demonstrated that a bias in the initial orienting of attention was associated with levels of subjective craving. Additionally analysis indicated that such biases were only evident over multiple trials and when real world scene stimuli were viewed. Experiment 1b examined smoking related attentional biases in dependent smokers and non-smokers and showed that dependent smokers compared to nonsmokers demonstrated a smoking related attentional bias in both grid and real world scene stimuli. However when dependent smokers were analysed by themselves, only a relationship between maintained attention on smoking related stimuli and levels of cigarette use was implicated. Again this later finding was only demonstrated over multiple trials when viewing real world scenes. Whilst experiments 1a and 1b provide evidence demonstrating that sub-components of substance related attentional biases may play differing roles in substance use, they also highlighted the impact of the types of stimuli and number of trials employed when utilising such methodology. Experiments 2a and 2b based on Gilchrist and Harvey (2006) went on to explore the possibility that when using the flicker change blindness paradigm the structure of the stimuli may encourage strategic scanning and so limit the validity of the paradigm as a measure of attentional bias. The results of experiment 2a and 2b demonstrated that when employing the flicker change blindness paradigm, participants display a strategic component in their scan paths from the very first trial, irrespective of the structure of the stimuli. Furthermore, over multiple trials the extent of strategic scanning of both social users of alcohol (experiment 2a) and smokers (experiment 2b) was strongest when viewing the most spatially structured stimuli. However the results were limited in their ability to fully evaluate the relationship between the degree of structure of the stimuli, the extent of strategic scanning and the attentional biases evidenced, possibly as a result of the stimuli composition. Experiments 3a and 3b therefore reanalysed experiments 1a and 1b in order to examine the extent of strategic scanning between perfectly structured grids and complex real world scenes. The results clearly demonstrated that even when real world scene stimuli are utilised when employing the flicker ICB participants still employ strategic scanning, however both experiments demonstrated that it was to a lesser degree than when viewing perfectly structured stimuli. The results of experiments 2a-3b and with the consideration of the pattern of attentional bias results in experiments 1a and 1b outline the effects of the stimuli type on the validity of the flicker ICB task to measure attentional biases and as a result have important implications for future research.
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Griesmer, Allison E. "The Utilization of Eyetracking to Understand Attention Switching in Socially Anxious and Depressed Individuals." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1495320053409078.
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Giffi, Aryn. "A Test of the Impaired Attentional Disengagement Hypothesis in Social Anxiety." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1529397374604791.
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Sperling, Ingmar, Sabrina Baldofski, Patrick Lüthold, and Anja Hilbert. "Cognitive Food Processing in Binge-Eating Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study." MDPI, 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33741.
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Studies indicate an attentional bias towards food in binge-eating disorder (BED), however, more evidence on attentional engagement and disengagement and processing of multiple attention-competing stimuli is needed. This study aimed to examine visual attention to food and non-food stimuli in BED. In n = 23 participants with full-syndrome and subsyndromal BED and n = 23 individually matched healthy controls, eye-tracking was used to assess attention to food and non-food stimuli during a free exploration paradigm and a visual search task. In the free exploration paradigm, groups did not differ in initial fixation position. While both groups fixated non-food stimuli significantly longer than food stimuli, the BED group allocated significantly more attention towards food than controls. In the visual search task, groups did not differ in detection times. However, a significant detection bias for food was found in full-syndrome BED, but not in controls. An increased initial attention towards food was related to greater BED symptomatology and lower body mass index (BMI) only in full-syndrome BED, while greater maintained attention to food was associated with lower BMI in controls. The results suggest food-biased visual attentional processing in adults with BED. Further studies should clarify the implications of attentional processes for the etiology and maintenance of BED.
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Vine, Samuel James. "Anxiety, attention and performance variability in visuo-motor skills." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/118107.
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The aims of the current program of research were to examine the impact of anxiety on performance and attentional control during the execution of two far aiming tasks, and to examine the efficacy of gaze training interventions in mediating these effects. Attentional control theory (ACT), which suggests that anxious individuals have impaired goal-directed attentional control, was adopted as a theoretical framework, and the Quiet Eye, characterised by long final fixations on relevant locations, was adopted as an objective measure of overt attentional control. In Studies 1 and 2 increased pressure impaired goal directed attentional control (QE) at the expense of stimulus-driven control (more fixations of shorter duration to various targets). The aim of studies 3 and 4 was therefore to examine the efficacy of an intervention designed to train effective visual attentional control (QE training) for novices, and determine whether such training protected against attentional disruptions associated with performing under pressure. In both studies the QE trained group maintained more effective visual attentional control and performed significantly better in a subsequent pressure test compared to the Control group, providing support for the efficacy of attentional training for visuo-motor skills. The aim of study 5 was to examine the effectiveness of a brief QE training intervention for elite golfers and to examine if potential benefits shown for novices in studies 3 and 4 transferred to competitive play. The QE-trained group maintained their optimal QE and performance under pressure conditions, whereas the control group experienced reductions in QE and performance. Importantly, these advantages transferred to the golf course, where QE-trained golfers reduced their putts per round by 1.9 putts, compared to pre-training, whereas the control group showed no change in their putting statistics. This series of studies has therefore implicated the role of attention in the breakdown of performance under pressure, but has also suggested that visual attentional training regimes may be a useful technique for alleviating this problem.
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Krupnik, Viktoria, Ingo Nietzold, Bengt Bartsch, and Beate Rassler. "The effect of motor-respiratory coordination on the precision of tracking movements." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-192035.
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Purpose: We investigated motor-respiratory coordination (MRC) in visually guided forearm tracking movements focusing on two main questions: (1) Does attentional demand, training or complexity of the tracking task have an effect on the degree of MRC? (2) Does MRC impair the precision of those movements? We hypothesized that (1) enhanced attention to the tracking task and training increase the degree of MRC while higher task complexity would reduce it, and (2) MRC impairs tracking precision.
Methods: Thirty-five volunteers performed eight tracking trials with several conditions: positive (direct) signal–response relation (SRR), negative (inverse) SRR to increase task complexity, specific instruction for enhanced attention to maximize tracking precision (“strict” instruction), and specific instruction that tracking precision would not be evaluated (“relaxed” instruction). The trials with positive and negative SRR were performed three times each to study training effects.
Results: While the degree of MRC remained in the same range throughout all experimental conditions, a switch in phase-coupling pattern was observed. In conditions with positive SRR or with relaxed instruction, we found one preferred phase-relationship per period. With higher task complexity (negative SRR) or increased attentional demand (strict instruction), a tighter coupling pattern with two preferred phase-relationships per period was adopted. Our main result was that MRC improved tracking precision in all conditions except for that with relaxed instruction. Reduction of amplitude errors mainly contributed to this precision improvement.
Conclusion: These results suggest that attention devoted to a precision movement intensifies its phase-coupling with breathing and enhances MRC-related improvement of tracking precision.
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Silva, Gustavo Ramos. "Attentional control and biases towards threat : theoretical foundations and adaptation of experimental tasks." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/8089.
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A aten??o ? um construto multifacetado, que esteve historicamente por diversas vezes no centro de discuss?es filos?ficas e psicol?gicas. O car?ter influente da aten??o sobre diversos outros processos psicol?gicos (e.g., consci?ncia, mem?ria, tomada de decis?o) salienta sua import?ncia, e logicamente resulta em uma dificuldade na segrega??o de suas fronteiras te?ricas e na defini??o clara desse fen?meno. Em um campo de pesquisa emp?rica atual sobre aten??o, vieses da orienta??o atencional para est?mulos amea?adores s?o investigados. Por?m, falta aos modelos embasados em 10 achados emp?ricos nesse campo a sustenta??o em modelos te?ricos bem estabelecidos de aten??o, e existe confus?o nos estudos experimentais publicados. Al?m disso, tarefas experimentais para avaliar vieses da aten??o para a amea?a necessitam de integra??o com novas tecnologias e estrat?gias de an?lise, as quais podem gerar mais sensibilidade, validade e confiabilidade, como o rastreamento ocular e o novo ?ndice de variabilidade do vi?s atencional (ABV). Esta disserta??o est? inclu?da na sub?rea de n?mero 7.07.02.03-9 do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Psicologia Experimental (Processos Cognitivos e Atencionais) ? a qual integra a grande ?rea de Psicologia. Dois estudos s?o apresentados para suprir a necessidade de avan?o no estudo sobre aten??o, controle atencional (AC) e vi?s atencional em rela??o ? amea?a (ABT). Em primeiro lugar, um estudo te?rico fornece uma vis?o hist?rica da pesquisa psicol?gica da aten??o, desde os fundadores da Psicologia moderna at? a pesquisa neuropsicol?gica integrativa atual e os modelos orientados empiricamente. Esta revis?o busca esclarecer conceitos da aten??o e diferenciar esses conceitos dos de outros dom?nios psicol?gicos. Em vez de segregar ?reas de pesquisa, ? prov?vel que essa estrat?gia promova um di?logo entre campos que pesquisam o mesmo fen?meno - mas o medem de forma diferente e atribuem-lhe nomes diferentes. Na sequ?ncia dessa revis?o te?rica, ? apresentado um estudo emp?rico, que prop?e duas adapta??es de tarefas experimentais cl?ssicas para medir o ABT: a Tarefa Dot-Probe (DPT) e a Tarefa Stroop Emocional (EST). Na EST, o desenho da tarefa foi alterado para levar em conta considera??es te?ricas importantes e para melhor adaptar a tarefa ? medida de ABV. Na DPT, uma integra??o surpreendentemente rara de tempos de rea??o e medidas de rastreamento ocular ? estabelecida, e novos ?ndices para calcular o ABT e o ABV s?o propostos. A confiabilidade e validade dos ?ndices em ambas as 11 tarefas foi investigada com estudantes universit?rios e atrav?s da diferencia??o dos mesmos ?ndices entre grupos de sintomas altos vs. baixos de ansiedade e estresse p?straum?tico. A import?ncia de progressivamente melhorar as qualidades psicom?tricas dessas tarefas experimentais ? discutida em profundidade levando em conta os achados do estudo, incluindo recomenda??es para futuras adapta??es dessas tarefas
Attention is a multifaceted construct, one that has been at the center of discussions across several moments in the history of philosophy and psychology. The characteristic of attention to influence and regulate many other psychological process (e.g., consciousness, memory, decision-making) stresses its importance, and logically results in a hardship in segregating its theoretical boundaries and clearly defining this phenomenon. In a current empirical field of research on attention, biases of attentional orientation to threatening stimuli are investigated. However, models generated from empirical findings lack sustentation on well-established theoretical models of attention, and confusion exists across published experimental studies. Furthermore, experimental tasks to assess biases towards threat require integration with new operationalization and analysis strategies, which can provide better sensitivity, validity and measurement reliability, such as eye tracking and the novel index of attentional bias variability (ABV). This dissertation is included in the subarea number 7.07.02.03-9 of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Experimental Psychology (Attentional and Cognitive Processes) ? which integrates the broader area of Psychology. Two studies are presented to answer to the need of advancing research about attention, attentional control (AC) and attentional bias relative to threat (ABT). Firstly, a theoretical study provides a historical overview of psychological research on attention, from the founders of modern Psychology to current neuropsychological integrative research and empirically-oriented models. This review is expected to clarify constructs of attention and to differentiate these constructs from those of other Psychological domains. Instead of segregating research fields, this is likely to promote a 9 dialogue between fields that research the same phenomena ? but measure them differently and attribute to them different names. Following this theoretical review, an empirical study is presented, which proposes two adaptations of classical experimental tasks to measure ABT: the DotProbe Task (DPT) and the Emotional Stroop Task (EST). On the EST, task design is altered to account for important theoretical considerations and to better adapt the task to the measurement of ABV. On the DPT, a surprisingly rare integration of reaction times and eye tracking measures is established, and novel indices to calculate ABT and ABV are proposed. The reliability and validity of indices in both tasks is investigated with university students and through the differentiation of such indices between groups of high vs. low symptoms of anxiety and posttraumatic stress. The importance of pursuing the improvement of psychometric qualities of experimental tasks is discussed in depth upon the findings of the study, including recommendations to future experimental designs.
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Kelly, Lauren. "The effects of anxiety on visual attention for emotive stimuli in primary school children." Thesis, University of Derby, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/332742.
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Anxiety can be advantageous in terms of survival and well-being, yet atypically high levels may be maladaptive and result in the clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder. Several risk factors have been implicated in the manifestation of clinical anxiety, including cognitive biases. In recent years, a plethora of research has emerged demonstrating that anxious adults exhibit biases of attention for threatening stimuli, especially that which is biologically relevant (e.g., facial expressions). Specific components of attentional bias have also been identified, namely facilitated engagement, impaired disengagement, and avoidance. However, the majority of studies have focused on the spatial domain of attention. Furthermore, the area is under-researched in children, despite research demonstrating that symptoms relating to clinical and non-clinical anxiety follow a stable course from childhood through to adolescence and adulthood. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to investigate how anxiety affects children’s visual attention for emotive, particularly angry, faces. In order to provide a more comprehensive understanding, the current research involved examining the role of temporal and spatial attention utilising rapid serial visual presentation with the attentional blink, and the visual probe paradigm, respectively. The main hypothesis was that high state and/or trait anxiety would be associated with an attentional bias for angry, relative to positive or neutral faces in both the temporal and spatial domains. In relation to the temporal domain, key findings demonstrated that high levels of trait anxiety were associated with facilitated engagement towards both angry and neutral faces. It was further found that all children rapidly disengaged attention away from angry faces. Findings related to the processing of angry faces accorded with the main hypothesis stated in this thesis, as well as research and theory in the area. The finding that anxious children preferentially processed neutral faces in an attentional blink investigation was unexpected. This was argued to potentially reflect this stimulus type being interpreted as threatening. Key findings regarding the spatial domain were that high trait anxious children displayed an early covert bias of attention away from happy faces and a later, overt bias of attention away from angry faces. The finding that high trait anxiety was linked to an attentional bias away from happy faces in a visual probe task was also unexpected. This was argued to potentially reflect smiling faces being interpreted as signifying social dominance, thus resulting in the viewer experiencing feelings of subordination and becoming avoidant and/or submissive. To conclude, this thesis has enhanced current knowledge of attentional bias in both the temporal and spatial domains for emotive stimuli in anxious children. It has demonstrated that higher levels of trait anxiety moderate children’s allocation of attentional resources to different stimulus types, whether these are threatening, positive, or neutral. This has important implications for evaluating past research in adults and children, and for further developing theoretical models of attentional bias and anxiety. It also offers important clinical implications, since attending towards or away from specific stimuli may affect the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Recently, a treatment that aims to modify attentional bias in anxious individuals has begun to be developed. In light of the present findings, it may be necessary to review this treatment so that anxious children are re-trained in the specific biases of attention demonstrated here.
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Lydecker, Janet. "Visual Attention Bias and Body Dissatisfaction in Eating Disorders." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3158.
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Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, have profound negative effects on the quality of life of both affected individuals and their families. Behavioral approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are commonly used for the treatment of these disorders. CBT teaches skills to restructure maladaptive thought patterns as a method of altering feelings and behaviors. However, even after CBT, 50-70% of women with bulimia and 67-87% of women with anorexia report continued eating disordered thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Measuring underlying cognitive processes such as orienting, maintaining, and executive attention in individuals with eating disorder symptomatology might be an important first step in improving these existing therapies. Attentional biases can be identified using a variety of techniques, including eye movement in response to stimuli (gaze patterns; focal points) as assessed by sophisticated eye tracking tasks. The current project sought to evaluate eye movement behavior related to body dissatisfaction, and to assess the feasibility of modifying attention. Participants (N = 1017) completed survey measures assessing disordered eating and body image (n = 1011), and participants meeting eligibility requirements participated in the in-person eye-tracking assessment (n = 85). Overall, longer gaze duration was associated with more dissatisfying body regions, and the attention modification intervention decreased time spent looking at the most dissatisfying region. Gaze time on the most dissatisfying body region was not different for self images compared with other images, nor was there an influence of level of shape concern. Body image anxiety also reduced after the attention modification intervention. These results suggest that it is feasible to modify attention biases related to body dissatisfaction. Implications and future extensions of this study are discussed.
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Markis, Teresa A. "Attentional Bias to Body-Related Stimuli in Younger and Middle-Aged Females: The Role of Eating Disorders and Thin Ideal Priming." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1431725056.
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Krupnik, Viktoria, Ingo Nietzold, Bengt Bartsch, and Beate Rassler. "The effect of motor-respiratory coordination on the precision of tracking movements: influence of attention, task complexity and training." European journal of applied physiology (2015) 115, 12, S. 2543-2556, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14101.
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Purpose: We investigated motor-respiratory coordination (MRC) in visually guided forearm tracking movements focusing on two main questions: (1) Does attentional demand, training or complexity of the tracking task have an effect on the degree of MRC? (2) Does MRC impair the precision of those movements? We hypothesized that (1) enhanced attention to the tracking task and training increase the degree of MRC while higher task complexity would reduce it, and (2) MRC impairs tracking precision.
Methods: Thirty-five volunteers performed eight tracking trials with several conditions: positive (direct) signal–response relation (SRR), negative (inverse) SRR to increase task complexity, specific instruction for enhanced attention to maximize tracking precision (“strict” instruction), and specific instruction that tracking precision would not be evaluated (“relaxed” instruction). The trials with positive and negative SRR were performed three times each to study training effects.
Results: While the degree of MRC remained in the same range throughout all experimental conditions, a switch in phase-coupling pattern was observed. In conditions with positive SRR or with relaxed instruction, we found one preferred phase-relationship per period. With higher task complexity (negative SRR) or increased attentional demand (strict instruction), a tighter coupling pattern with two preferred phase-relationships per period was adopted. Our main result was that MRC improved tracking precision in all conditions except for that with relaxed instruction. Reduction of amplitude errors mainly contributed to this precision improvement.
Conclusion: These results suggest that attention devoted to a precision movement intensifies its phase-coupling with breathing and enhances MRC-related improvement of tracking precision.
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Karacan, Hacer. "The Role Of Familiarity On Change Perception." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608606/index.pdf.
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In this study the mechanisms that control attention in natural scenes was examined. It was explored whether familiarity with the environment makes participants more sensitive to changes or novel events in the scene. Previous investigation of this issue has been based on viewing 2D pictures/images of simple objects or of natural scenes, a situation which does not accurately reflect the challenges of natural vision. In order to examine this issue, as well as the differences between 2D and 3D environments, two experiments were designed in which the general task demands could be manipulated. The results revealed that familiarity with the environment significantly increased the time spent fixating regions in the scene where a change had occurred. The results support the hypothesis that we learn the structure of natural scenes over time, and that attention is attracted by deviations from the stored scene representation. Such a mechanism would allow attention to objects or events that were not explicitly on the current cognitive agenda.
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Hibbeln, Martin, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Christoph Schneider, Joseph S. Valacich, and Markus Weinmann. "HOW IS YOUR USER FEELING? INFERRING EMOTION THROUGH HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION DEVICES." SOC INFORM MANAGE-MIS RES CENT, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625245.
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Emotion can influence important user behaviors, including purchasing decisions, technology use, and customer loyalty. The ability to easily assess users' emotion during live system use therefore has practical significance for the design and improvement of information systems. In this paper, we discuss using human-computer interaction input devices to infer emotion. Specifically, we utilize attentional control theory to explain how movement captured via a computer mouse (i.e., mouse cursor movements) can be a real-time indicator of negative emotion. We report three studies. In Study 1, an experiment with 65 participants from Amazon's Mechanical Turk, we randomly manipulated negative emotion and then monitored participants' mouse cursor movements as they completed a number-ordering task. We found that negative emotion increases the distance and reduces the speed of mouse cursor movements during the task. In Study 2, an experiment with 126 participants from a U.S. university, we randomly manipulated negative emotion and then monitored participants' mouse cursor movements while they interacted with a mock e-commerce site. We found that mouse cursor distance and speed can be used to infer the presence of negative emotion with an overall accuracy rate of 81.7 percent. In Study 3, an observational study with 80 participants from universities in Germany and Hong Kong, we monitored mouse cursor movements while participants interacted with an online product configurator. Participants reported their level of emotion after each step in the configuration process. We found that mouse cursor distance and speed can be used to infer the level of negative emotion with an out-of-sample R-2 of 0.17. The results enable researchers to assess negative emotional reactions during live system use, examine emotional reactions with more temporal precision, conduct multimethod emotion research, and create more unobtrusive affective and adaptive systems.
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Highlander, Tyler Clayton. "Conditional Dilated Attention Tracking Model - C-DATM." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1564652134758139.
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Sjöblom, Olle. "Algorithm Design for Driver Attention Monitoring." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120762.
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The concept driver distraction is diffuse and no clear definition exists, which causes troubles when it comes to driver attention monitoring. This thesis takes an approach where eyetracking data from experienced drivers along with radar data has been used and analysed in an attempt to set up adaptive rules of how and how often the driver needs to attend to different objects in its surroundings, which circumvents the issue of not having a clear definition of driver distraction. In order to do this, a target tracking algorithm has been implemented that refines the output from the radar, subsequently used together with the eye-tracking data to in a statistical manner, in the long term, try to answer the question for how long is the driver allowed to look away in different driving scenarios? The thesis presents a proof of concept of this approach, and the results look promising.
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Jefferies, Lisa N. "Tracking attention in space and time : the dynamics of human visual attention." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11564.
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Attention is essential to everyday life: without some selective function to guide and limit the processing of incoming information, our visual system would be overwhelmed. A description of the spatiotemporal dynamics of attention is critical to our understanding of this basic human cognitive function and is the primary goal of this dissertation. In particular, the research reported here is aimed at examining two aspects of the spatiotemporal dynamics of attention: a) the rate at which the focus of attention is shrunk and expanded along with the factors that influence this rate, and b) the factors
governing whether attention is deployed as either a unitary or a divided focus. The present research examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of focal attention by monitoring the pattern of accuracy that occurs when participants attempt to identify two targets embedded in simultaneously presented streams of items. By asking participants to monitor these streams simultaneously, with the spatial and temporal positions of the two targets in the streams being varied incrementally, it is possible to index the extent of focal attention in both space and time. Chapter 2 develops this behavioural procedure and assesses the rate at which the focus of attention is contracted. A qualitative model is put forward and tested. Chapter 3 examines factors that modulate the temporal course of attentional narrowing in young adults who presumably can exercise efficient control of attentional processes. In contrast, Chapter 4 examines the effect of reduced attentional control by examining the same process in older adults. The second goal of this thesis was to examine whether focal attention is deployed as a unitary or a divided focus. These two perspectives are generally viewed as mutually exclusive. The alternative hypothesis pursued in Chapter 5 is that focal attention can be deployed as either a single, unitary focus or divided into multiple foci, depending on the observers mental set and on the task demands. The final chapter then combines and compares the findings across all experiments and evaluates how they fit in with current theories of visual attention.
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Longman, Cai Stephen. "Spatial attention in task switching." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15729.
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This thesis is a systematic investigation of preparatory reorienting of task-relevant spatial attention. Task switching experiments typically report a performance overhead when the current task is different to that performed on the previous trial relative to when the task repeats. This ‘switch cost’ tends to reduce as participants are given more time to prepare (consistent with an active reconfiguration process) but a ‘residual’ switch cost usually remains even at very long preparation intervals (often interpreted as evidence of carryover of response selection parameters from the previous trial which are immune to preparation). Although attentional selection of perceptual attributes is often considered to be part of task-set and is included in some models of task-set control, little research has investigated the dynamics of this component in detail. Over a series of seven experiments in which tasks were consistently mapped to screen locations, eye-tracking was used to systematically investigate task-relevant spatial selection of perceptual attributes during the preparation interval and early after stimulus onset. Experiment 1 revealed a switch-induced delay in appropriate attention orientation and a measure of ‘attentional inertia’ which could not be explained by task-independent re-orienting to locations or low-level oculomotor phenomena but were markers of task-relevant spatial selection. Experiment 2 provided a sensitive measure of both of these attentional handicaps and demonstrated that they both contribute to the switch cost (including its residual component). Although attentional inertia reduced with preparation, both handicaps were present at the longest preparation intervals. The constancy of the delay in attending to the relevant attribute reflects the effort to re-allocate attention, rather than peculiarities of spatial orienting when the cue and stimulus are presented near-simultaneously on trials with short cue-stimulus intervals. The presence of attentional inertia in blocks with long preparation intervals suggested some component of inertia immune to preparation (though see Experiments 5 and 6 below). Experiments 3 and 4 investigated the extent to which attentional selection can be decoupled from other task-set components. Cues which explicitly provided location information reduced (or eliminated) the attentional effects found in Experiment 2 indicating that attentional selection can be decoupled from other task-set components. However, Experiment 3 found that the ‘natural’ state is for attentional selection to be coupled at least to a degree (and accessed via) task-set. Experiment 5 combined eye-tracking with ERPs to investigate the relative order of attentional selection and reconfiguration of other task-set components. A well-documented ERP marker of task-set preparation always followed onset of the first fixation on the currently relevant stimulus element indicating that (at least some) task-set components are reconfigured in a serial order with spatial selection preceding other components (e.g., loading of S-R rules or other parameters into working memory). Experiments 6 and 7 investigated the nature of attentional inertia. In Experiment 6 participants were given ultimate control over the duration of the preparation interval which eliminated attentional inertia (at least as indexed by preferential fixation of the previously relevant element on switch trials). In Experiment 7 the stimulus comprised three items which were from perceptually distinct classes (digits, letters, objects) to investigate whether the presence of task-specific features would elicit extra attentional inertia and whether early spatial selection was effective enough to block the processing of task-irrelevant features once the stimulus was presented. Although there was some evidence that the previously relevant stimulus element ‘captured’ attention, this tendency was modest in the fixations and absent in performance measures (response congruence effects).
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GRIER, REBECCA ANNE. "VISUAL ATTENTION AND WEB DESIGN." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1092767744.
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Smith, David William. "Investigation of unconscious precognition in the visual attention system." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8912.
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Precognition can be defined as an anomalous correlation between current cognitive activity and a future event. Using behavioural and physiological measures, a number of previous studies have reported evidence for unconscious precognition during a variety of task conditions. The current thesis presents five experiments that were designed to test for unconscious precognition in the visual attention system while participants were engaged in a short term visual memory task. Each trial consisted of a study and test phase. In the study phase, participants were required to memorise an array of four stimuli while their eye movements were recorded. After a brief retention interval, a probe stimulus was presented for a yes/no recognition test. Two conditions were employed and were randomly determined. In the old condition, the probe was a stimulus viewed during study, termed the target. In the new condition, the probe was a novel stimulus. Experiments tested for the presence of precognition by examining whether there was a difference in the degree to which visual attention was allocated to items during the study phase of old and new trials. Two further studies were also carried out involving simulations that aimed to establish the extent to which a previously described artefact, termed the expectation bias, may impact on the results. Experiment 1 suggested that participants spent more time attending to target stimuli in old compared to new trials, a result that appeared to provide evidence for precognition. However, the data was considered unreliable due to inadequate randomisation. An exact replication of Experiment 1 was carried out in Experiment 2 with adequate randomisation, but failed to find evidence for precognition. Experiment 3A was a further attempt to replicate the preliminary results of Experiment 1 using more extensive randomisation procedures while Experiment 3B explored the potential role of the probe stimulus in generating a precognitive effect. However, no support for the precognitive hypothesis was found in either experiment. A fully balanced design was employed in Experiment 4 in order to control for potential confounds such as position and saliency effects. The results supported the precognitive hypothesis and suggested that less attention was allocated to targets in the old condition. An exploratory analysis also examined the relationship between several standardised stimulus variables and the apparent precognitive effect observed in Experiment 4. The results revealed a suggestive relationship between the size of the effect and item ratings of familiarity and visual complexity. Simulations of an expectation bias in Experiments 5A and 5B together with post-hoc examination of the data from the current series of experiments suggest that this artefact is not a plausible explanation for the observed effects. The thesis ends with a discussion of several methodological issues that may impact on both the interpretation of positive results and the conclusions that may be reached from this body of data as a whole. Finally, suggestions for further work are made.
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Smith, Stephanie. "Attention and choice across domains." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462803610.
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Gwinn, Rachael E. "Attitudes and Attention: How Attitude Accessibility and Certainty Influence Attention and Subjective Choice." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu14804247828136.
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Chen, Jiageng. "Dynamically tracking the neural signatures of visual attention across a saccade." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492682393447112.
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Rizzi, Emanuele. "The Relationship between Attention to Preview and Action during Roadway Tracking." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu153331644665238.
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Sennersten, Charlotte. "Gameplay (3D Game Engine + Ray Tracing = Visual Attention through Eye Tracking)." Licentiate thesis, Karlskrona : School of Technoculture, Humanities and Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2008. http://www.bth.se/fou/Forskinfo.nsf/allfirst2/e0fc9eb5eccc5468c12574d400432db2?OpenDocument.
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Wieckowski, Andrea Trubanova. "Attention Modification to Attenuate Facial Emotion Recognition Deficits in Children with ASD." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99448.
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Prior studies have identified diminished attending to faces, and in particular the eye region, in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which may contribute to the impairments they experience with emotion recognition and expression. The current study evaluated the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of an attention modification intervention designed to attenuate deficits in facial emotion recognition and expression in children with ASD. During the 10-session experimental treatment, children watched videos of people expressing different emotions with the facial features highlighted to guide children's attention. Eight children with ASD completed the treatment, of nine who began. On average, the children and their parents rated the treatment to be acceptable and helpful. Although treatment efficacy, in terms of improved facial emotion recognition (FER), was not apparent on task-based measures, children and their parents reported slight improvements and most parents indicated decreased socioemotional problems following treatment. Results of this preliminary trial suggest that further clinical research on visual attention retraining for ASD, within an experimental therapeutic program, may be promising.PHD
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Hofmann, Mathias. "Zum zeitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen der Verschiebung der selektiven visuellen Aufmerksamkeit und den Bewegungen der Augen." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-120193.
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Was wird zuerst verlagert und was folgt hinterher? Bei der Betrachtung der menschlichen Wahrnehmung spielen die Verlagerung des Orts der visuellen Aufmerksamkeit und die Verlagerung des Fixationsorts eine wichtige Rolle. Zur Reihenfolge, in der beide verlagert werden, existieren unterschiedliche Annahmen und Forschungsergebnisse, die vorgestellt werden.
Es werden zwei zu dieser Thematik durchgeführte Experimente berichtet, in denen versucht wurde, vorliegende widersprüchliche Forschungsergebnisse zu integrieren. Es sollte gezeigt werden, dass neben der Aufmerksamkeit weitere Einflussgrößen existieren, die in Hinsicht auf diese Widersprüche Erklärungskraft besitzen.
Mittels Bildbetrachtung und darauf folgender Wiedererkennensaufgaben wurde bestätigt, dass zu Beginn einer Fixation häufiger Ort und Inhalt der vorangegangenen Fixation angegeben werden. Dies wird nicht als ein Hinterherhinken der Aufmerksamkeit, sondern als Indiz für eine verzögerte Verarbeitung der Fixationsinhalte interpretiert.
Im zweiten Experiment wurde zudem gezeigt, dass es kaum möglich ist, den Inhalt spezifischer vergangener Fixationen – hier konkret der vorletzten – gezielt zu erinnern.
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Capriola, Nicole N. "Associations between Fear of Negative Evaluation and Covert and Overt Attention Bias Through Eye-Tracking and Visual Dot Probe." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83431.
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Social Anxiety Disorder is characterized by irrational and persistent fears of potential evaluation and scrutiny by others. For socially anxious youth, the core, maladaptive cognition is fear of negative evaluation (FNE). Whereas Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) targets remediation of intense and unfounded FNE, Attention Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT) targets attention bias. The degree to which FNE and biased attention are related processes is unknown. This study sought to assess the relationship between FNE and two indices of attention bias (dot probe and eye-tracking). In addition, this study examines differences in attention bias between a clinically confirmed group of youth SAD and healthy controls. A significant group difference in average latency to fixate on angry faces was found [F(1,65) = 31.94, p < .001, ηp2 = .33]. However, the pattern was not consistent across the other attention bias metrics (i.e., dot probe bias scores and first fixation direction percentage towards angry faces). In addition, associations between FNE and the attention bias metrics were not statistically significant in either group. Future directions and implications of these findings within the context of refinements to existing interventions are discussed.Master of Science
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterized by irrational and persistent fears of potential evaluation and scrutiny by others. For socially anxious youth, a main feature of the disorder is fear of negative evaluation (FNE). Whereas Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) targets FNE, Attention Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT) targets attention bias. However, the degree to which FNE and biased attention are related processes has not been studied. This study examined the relationship between FNE and two indices of attention bias (dot probe and eye-tracking). This study also examines differences in attention bias between a youth with SAD and healthy youth (no psychological diagnoses). Group differences were found for only one attention bias measure (i.e., youth with SAD were quicker to look at anger faces relative to non-anxious youth). In addition, associations between FNE and the attention bias metrics were not statistically significant in either group. Future directions of these findings are discussed.
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Morrison, Christa (De Swardt). "Human stem cell research : tracking media attention in time from 1998-2005." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1043.
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Thesis (MA (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Moral questions arising from advances in science and technology are proliferating exponentially. Much controversy surrounds the ways in which biotechnology is used to eradicate a vast range of diseases and injuries. Stem cell research is one such way. Throughout the world stem cell research has been met with varying responses that range from opposition and criticism to approval and advocacy. As a result, it has attracted significant attention from the news media. The media have been accused of bias by focusing only on the controversial aspects of the research as opposed to reporting fully and fairly on the remarkable scientific advances. In this study I look at the patterns of media attention paid to stem cell research in the international weekly magazine Time between November 1998 and September 2005 inclusive. Contrary to the results expected on the basis of my literature study which pointed out the notion that the media tend to focus on sensational news more than non-controversial issues, I found that Time did a fair job in reporting on the scientific aspects of stem cell research. The percentage content of articles by year, focusing on scientific information of stem cells, dominated other news frames. The two years following the 2000 and 2004 American presidential elections, are however marked by the dominance of policy frames. This study found that Time covered controversial issues like embryonic stem cell research, public funding debates and political policy development in direct relation to their rise and fall on the political agenda in the United States.
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Doran, Matthew M. "The role of visual attention in multiple object tracking evidence from ERPS." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 110 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885675151&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Minvielle, Morgane. "Influence de la complexité visuelle du packaging sur le comportement des consommateurs : effets médiateur de l’attention et modérateur de l’âge." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G022/document.
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Cette recherche a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence de la complexité visuelle du packaging, opérationnalisée par le nombre d’informations figurant sur le facing, sur les réactions des consommateurs et plus précisément sur l’attention consacrée au packaging et à la marque, sur l’attitude envers le produit et le choix du produit ainsi que sur la mémorisation. Les éventuels effets médiateur de l’attention portée au packaging et modérateur de l’âge sur ces relations ont également été investigués.Pour ce faire, une expérimentation eye-tracking regroupant les données de plus de cent participants a été réalisée. Cette expérimentation a mis en jeu quatre packagings dans chacune de quatre catégories de produits, chaque packaging présentant deux degrés de complexité visuelle : un packaging simple présentant quatre unités d’information en plus de la marque et de l’image et un packaging complexe présentant neuf unités d’information en plus de la marque et de l’image. Deux tâches ont, en outre, été effectuées par chaque participant : une tâche d’évaluation des produits, lors de laquelle les packagings étaient présentés un par un, et une tâche de choix, lors de laquelle les packagings étaient présentés ensemble sur un set de choix.Les résultats ont montré un effet positif de la complexité visuelle du packaging sur l’attention portée au packaging et un effet opposé, selon la tâche/modalité de présentation des packagings, sur l’attention à la marque. La complexité visuelle a également eu un effet positif sur l’attitude envers le produit et sur le choix du produit, l’effet positif sur le choix étant médiatisé par l’attention : les packagings complexes ont été évalués plus positivement que les packagings simples et ils ont également été davantage regardés, ce qui explique qu’ils ont été plus choisis. En ce qui concerne les mesures explicites de mémorisation, les résultats ont été plus divers. La complexité n’a pas eu d’effet sur la reconnaissance exacte des marques. En revanche, concernant les packagings, les résultats ont été non concordants entre les tâches/modalités de présentation des packagings. En tâche d’évaluation (packagings présentés un par un), une absence d’effet de la complexité a ainsi été constatée alors qu’en tâche de choix de produit (packagings présentés par quatre), un effet positif de la complexité sur la reconnaissance exacte des packagings, effet médiatisé par l’attention, et un effet positif de la complexité sur la fausse reconnaissance des packagings ont été constatés. Par ailleurs, de façon surprenante, dans une très large majorité des cas l’âge n’a pas eu d’effet sur l’attention portée, ni au packaging ni à la marque. Les résultats ont par contre confirmé l’effet négatif de l’âge sur les mesures explicites de mémorisationThe goal of this research is to study the influence of product package visual complexity, operationalized as the number of information items displayed on the package front, upon consumers’ reactions, and more specifically attention devoted to the product package and to the brand, attitude toward the product, product choice and memorization. The possible mediating and moderating effects of attention devoted to the product package and consumers’ age will also be investigated.To achieve this aim, an eye-tracking experiment including data of more than a hundred participants was conducted. This experiment involved four product packages of four product categories, and two levels of visual complexity were designed for each product package: a simple package displaying four information items, in addition to the brand and the image, and a complex package displaying nine information items in addition to the brand and the image, were designed. Besides, two tasks were completed by each participant: a product evaluation task, during which product packages were presented one by one, and a choice task, during wich four product packages were presented at the same time on a choice set.The findings showed a positive effect of the package visual complexity upon attention devoted to the package, and an opposite effect, depending on the task/product presentation, upon attention devoted to the brand. Visual complexity was further found to have a positive effect upon attitude toward the product, and product choice, attention having a mediating effect on product choice: complex package fronts were preferred to simple package fronts, and they were also looked at more, and were therefore more chosen.Regarding explicit measures of memorization, results were mixed. Complexity had no impact upon accurate recognition of the brands. However, regarding product packages, results were once more inconsistent between the tasks/product presentations: no effect was found in the evaluation task (packages displayed one by one); and complexity had a positive effect –mediated by attention – upon accurate recognition of the package fronts, and a positive effect upon false recognition of the package fronts in the choice task (four packages displayed .at the same time). Surprinsingly, consumers’ age had no impact upon attention devoted to the package nor to the brand in most cases. The findings further confirm the negative effect of age upon explicit measures of memorization
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Serrano, Verenea J. "The Relationship Between Visual Attention and Emotion Knowledge in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1398244713.
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Stoesz, Brenda Marie. "Selective attention to static and dynamic faces and facial cues." Journal of Vision, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23996.
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Much of what is known about how we process faces comes from research using static stimuli. Thus, the primary goal of the present series of studies was to compare the processing of more naturalistic, dynamic face stimuli to the processing of static face stimuli. A second goal of the present series of studies was to provide insight into the development of attentional mechanisms that underlie perception of faces. Results from the eye-tracking study (Chapter 2) indicated that viewers attended to faces more than to other parts of the static or dynamic social scenes. Importantly, motion cues were associated with a reduction in the number, but an increase in the average duration of fixations on faces. Children showed the largest effects related to the introduction of motion cues, suggesting that they find dynamic faces difficult to process. Then using selective attention tasks (Chapters 3-5), interactions between the processing of facial expression and identity while participants viewed static and dynamic faces were examined. When processing static faces, viewers experienced significant interference from task-irrelevant cues (expression or identity) while processing the relevant cues (identity or expression). Age-related differences in interference effects were not evident (Chapter 3); however, biological sex and perceptual biases did contribute to the levels of interference seen with static faces (Chapters 4-5). During dynamic trials, however, viewers (regardless of age, sex, or perceptual bias) experienced negligible interference from task-irrelevant facial cues. Taken together, these findings stress the importance of using dynamic displays when characterizing typical face processing mechanisms, using the same methods across development, and of considering individual differences when examining various face processing abilities.
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Suchý, Miroslav. "Application of Attention Principles in e-environment." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197610.
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Attention is today a scarce resource, which is from physiological substance of the human brain to a certain extent limited. Abundance of information that affect the user who grasp the information, cause a mismatch between the information that is infinite and ever growing, and user attention, which is used during the processing of this information. From the perspective of Attention economy, there are principles that explain how attention works. This work aims to verify these principles of attention in the electronic environment by measuring eye movements of sample of tested participants during execution of proposed tasks on particular website. Using a technology called eye-tracking there are collected supportive data on user's allocated attention in context of executed tasks on the website. These data are analysed and compared with the principles of attention. The analysis of the tested sample of website users confirmed that attention principles really corresponds with the measured allocated attention and also revealed a clear relationship between the various measured amounts of attention and subsequent user behaviour, which was nearly identical at most of the observed users. These findings led to the recommendation to respect the principles of attention in the design of any e-environment platform, which should avoid to the main researched problem, the abundance of information and the lack of attention of users in online environment.
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Chen, Wei. "Essays on Learning, Decision-making and Attention." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1491925104416652.
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Dziemianko, Michal. "Modelling eye movements and visual attention in synchronous visual and linguistic processing." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9377.
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This thesis focuses on modelling visual attention in tasks in which vision interacts with language and other sources of contextual information. The work is based on insights provided by experimental studies in visual cognition and psycholinguistics, particularly cross-modal processing. We present a series of models of eye-movements in situated language comprehension capable of generating human-like scan-paths. Moreover we investigate the existence of high level structure of the scan-paths and applicability of tools used in Natural Language Processing in the analysis of this structure. We show that scan paths carry interesting information that is currently neglected in both experimental and modelling studies. This information, studied at a level beyond simple statistical measures such as proportion of looks, can be used to extract knowledge of more complicated patterns of behaviour, and to build models capable of simulating human behaviour in the presence of linguistic material. We also revisit classical model saliency and its extensions, in particular the Contextual Guidance Model of Torralba et al. (2006), and extend it with memory of target positions in visual search. We show that models of contextual guidance should contain components responsible for short term learning and memorisation. We also investigate the applicability of this type of model to prediction of human behaviour in tasks with incremental stimuli as in situated language comprehension. Finally we investigate the issue of objectness and object saliency, including their effects on eye-movements and human responses to experimental tasks. In a simple experiment we show that when using an object-based notion of saliency it is possible to predict fixation locations better than using pixel-based saliency as formulated by Itti et al. (1998). In addition we show that object based saliency fits into current theories such as cognitive relevance and can be used to build unified models of cross-referential visual and linguistic processing. This thesis forms a foundation towards a more detailed study of scan-paths within an object-based framework such as Cognitive Relevance Framework (Henderson et al., 2007, 2009) by providing models capable of explaining human behaviour, and the delivery of tools and methodologies to predict which objects would be attended to during synchronous visual and linguistic processing.
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Johnson, Jennifer E. "Investigating visual attention while solving college algebra problems." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19704.
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Master of ScienceMathematics
Andrew G. Bennett
This study utilizes eye-tracking technology as a tool to measure college algebra students’ mathematical noticing as defined by Lobato and colleagues (2012). Research in many disciplines has used eye-tracking technology to investigate the differences in visual attention under the assumption that eye movements reflect a person’s moment-to-moment cognitive processes. Motivated by the work done by Madsen and colleagues (2012) who found visual differences between those who correctly and incorrectly solve introductory college physics problems, we used eye-tracking to observe the visual attention difference between correct and incorrect solvers of college algebra problems. More specifically, we consider students’ visual attention when presented tabular representations of linear functions. We found that in several of the problems analyzed, those who answered the problem correctly spend more time looking at relevant table values of the problem while those who answered the problem incorrectly spend more time looking at irrelevant table labels x, y, y = f(x) of the problem in comparison to the correct solvers. More significantly, we found a noteworthy group of students, who did not move beyond table labels, using these labels solely to solve the problem. Future analyses need to be done to expand on the differences between eye patterns rather than just focusing on dwell time in the relevant and irrelevant areas of a table.
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Brien, Ashley Rae. "Conversational topic moderates visual attention to faces in autism spectrum disorder." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/350.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often accompanied by atypical visual attention to faces. Previous studies have identified some predictors of atypical visual attention in ASD but very few have explored the role of conversational context. In this study, the fixation patterns of 19 typically developing (TD) children and 18 children with ASD were assessed during a SKYPED conversation where participants were asked to converse about mundane vs. emotion-laden topics. We hypothesized that 1) children with ASD would visually attend less to the eye region and more to the mouth region of the face compared to TD children and that 2) this effect would be exaggerated in the emotion-laden conversation. With regard to hypothesis 1, we found no difference between groups for either number of fixations or fixation time; however, children with ASD did evidence significantly more off-screen looking time compared to their TD peers. An additional analysis showed that compared to the TD group, the ASD group also had greater average fixation durations when looking at their speaking partner's face (both eyes and mouth) across conversational contexts. In support of hypothesis 2, eye tracking data (corrected for amount of time during conversation) revealed two interaction effects. Compared to the TD group, the ASD group showed 1) a decreased number of fixations to eyes and 2) an increased fixation time to mouths but only in the emotion-laden conversation. We also examined variables that predicted decreased number of eye fixations and increased mouth-looking in ASD in the emotion-laden conversation. Change scores (to be understood as the degree of visual attention shifting from the mundane to the emotion-laden condition) for the ASD group negatively correlated with age, perceptual reasoning skills, verbal ability, general IQ, theory of mind (ToM) competence, executive function (EF) subscales, and positively correlated with autism severity. Cognitive mechanisms at play and implications for theory and clinical practice are considered.
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Buckley, Russell John. "Sustained Attention Lapses and Behavioural Microsleeps During Tracking, Psychomotor Vigilance, and Dual Tasks." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8612.
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Momentary lapses of responsiveness frequently impair vigilance and sustained goal-directed behaviour, sometimes with serious consequences. The literature underpinning research into lapses of responsiveness has generally referred to these lapses as sustained attention lapses. Currently, this literature is divided between two competing theories. On one hand, there is the mindlessness theory and, on the other, the resource depletion theory. Mindlessness theorists propose that sustained attention lapses result from the subject disengaging from sustained tasks due to their monotony and low exogenous support for attention. Conversely, the resource depletion theorists propose that sustained attention lapses arise because demands for endogenus attentional resources outstrip supply, which leads to substantially delayed response and/or errors.
In the present study, the predictions from the mindlessness and resource depletion theories were investigated by contrasting performance on attention tasks that differed in cognitive workloads. In the lesser demanding task, participants performed a simple psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). In the more demanding task, the PVT was undertaken concurrently with a continuous tracking task. The higher workload imposed by the dual task should reduce task monotony and the higher attentional requirement should increase the demand for attentional resources. If the mindlessness theory is correct the dual task should result in improved vigilance and reduce sustained attention lapses. If the resource theory is correct, the added attentional demand in the dual task should decrease vigilance and increase sustained attention lapses.
However, there are other types of lapses that the literature has not always clearly separated from lapses of sustained attention. One such lapse is the microsleep. Microsleeps are brief periods of non-responsiveness (0.5–15 s) associated with overt signs of drowsiness. The two theories of vigilance impairment provide contrasting explanations in the traditional vigilance literature, but neither theory addresses lapses due to microsleep events, which remains largely ignored.
Microsleeps are thought to emanate from a homeostatic drive for sleep/rest and a complex interaction between the brain’s arousal and attention systems and, therefore, depend on the type of task being undertaken to modulate propensity for microsleeps. For example, a more demanding and engaging task should counteract the homeostatic drive for sleep and rest by increasing arousal. If true, tasks that increase cognitive workloads may lead to a reduction in microsleeping propensity.
We aimed to test the proposal that microsleep propensity is mediated by task by including in our study a continuous tracking task, which has previously been shown to elicit microsleeps. This task may, because of its consistency and repetitiveness, be considered a boring task. Moreover, it lacks any sudden stimulus onsets and, therefore, can be considered a less engaging task than the dual-task, which features sudden onsets. If more microsleeps were found in the tracking task compared to the dual task this would provide support for the proposition that a task-generated increase in mindlessness would increase microsleep rates. Conversely, if more microsleeps occur during the dual-task, then this suggests that factors other than mindlessness influence microsleeping.
Twenty-three non-sleep deprived participants – 12 females and 11 males – with an average age of 26.3 years (range 21–40 years) and an average Epworth Sleepiness Score of 5.1 (range 0–10), completed the tasks during the early afternoon. They completed the two different tasks separately and concurrently (as a dual task), with the three conditions presented in a counterbalanced order. The PVT task was an extended 30-min version of the standard 10-min PVT used in many vigilance studies to match the duration of the continuous tracking task. In this task, the participant had to respond to a discrete randomly-presented visual stimulus. As per convention, failure to respond within 500 ms constituted an attention lapse. The 30-min continuous tracking task required the participant to use a floor-mounted joystick, to monitor and track a target randomly-moving on a computer screen. In this second task, lapses show as periods of flat tracking that, when associated with overt signs of sleepiness and at least 80 % partial eye-closure, are classified as microsleeps. The dual task was the PVT and tracking tasks being undertaken concurrently.
Both sustained attention lapses and microsleep rates were affected by task differences. Using only the results from participants who had at least one sustained attention lapse in either the PVT or dual task (N = 23), it was found that a participant was more likely to experience a sustained attention lapse during the more demanding dual task then the PVT task (median 15 vs. 3; range 1–74 vs. 0–76, Wilcoxon z = 3.7, p = .001). Conversely, of those participants who had at least one microsleep in either the tracking or dual task (N = 12), they were more likely to experience a microsleep during the more monotonous tracking task than the dual task (median 0 vs. 0; range 0–18 vs. 0–1, Wilcoxon z = 2.3, p = .022). Time-on-task also had an effect. Sustained attention lapses increased with time-on-task during the PVT task and dual task (χ2 5, N 23 = 48.69, p = .001; and χ2 5, N 23 = 16.33, p = .006 respectively). Moreover, sustained attention lapses increased at a greater rate during the more cognitively demanding dual task (F5, 264 = 4.02, p = .002). Microsleeps also increased with time-on-task, but only during the tracking task and not during the dual task χ2 2, N 23 = 6.72, p = .035).
The pattern of results supports the resource depletion theory over the mindlessness theory. When the cognitive workload increased, sustained attention lapses were more frequent. Conversely, the results also demonstrated that when the cognitive workload was decreased, the risk of lapsing due to microsleeps increased. Clarifying this relationship between cognitive workload and two types of lapses of responsiveness, sustained attention lapses and microsleeps, is important if we are to avoid inadvertently increasing lapses of responsiveness. Both sustained attention lapses and microsleeps can have serious real-life consequences and, therefore, any contribution towards a potent, preventative strategy is important.
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Chen, Wei-Ying. "Temporal Limits of Multiple Object Tracking and Resource Theory." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9413.
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The attentional capacity limitation of tracking multiple moving objects has been discussed expansively by various theoreticians. The research reported in this thesis assessed the limits of object tracking with a series of systematic psychophysical investigations. Chapter 2 reports evidence that the limits of object tracking are directly due to the resources allocated to each target rather than caused by spatial interference (Franconeri et al., 2008; 2010). With widely-spaced target configurations, the maximum speed observers could track targets declined as the number of targets increased. Chapter 4 provides evidence supporting the claim that tracking resources are flexibly shared among targets, with the fastest-moving target receiving more resources than the slower-moving target. These results provide concrete evidence to support the assumptions of resource theory: continuously allocated resources, limited capacity, and flexible resource allocation. The current research also demonstrated some specific findings regarding resource theory in object tracking. Chapters 3 and 4 confirmed previous findings obtained using different methodologies (Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2005) by showing that tracking resources are largely hemisphere-specific, and effectively demonstrated that performance for a fast-moving target is very sensitive to the amount of resources allocated. Furthermore, Chapter 5 showed that observers lost the tracked target if distractors occupied a location close to the time a target occupied it, suggesting that the mechanism of tracking also has a limited temporal resolution, and that reducing the resource allocated to each target reduces temporal resolution. To conclude, the findings of all the experiments are discussed in the context of various resource theories.
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Bayliss, Mark. "I Novel approaches to ameliorating the avoidance of eye contact in adults who stutter." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29431.
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