Academic literature on the topic 'Attentional limited resources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Attentional limited resources"
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De Martino, B., R. Kalisch, G. Rees, and R. J. Dolan. "Enhanced Processing of Threat Stimuli under Limited Attentional Resources." Cerebral Cortex 19, no. 1 (April 29, 2008): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn062.
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Huynh Cong, Stanislas, and Dirk Kerzel. "Allocation of resources in working memory: Theoretical and empirical implications for visual search." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28, no. 4 (March 17, 2021): 1093–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01881-5.
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AbstractRecently, working memory (WM) has been conceptualized as a limited resource, distributed flexibly and strategically between an unlimited number of representations. In addition to improving the precision of representations in WM, the allocation of resources may also shape how these representations act as attentional templates to guide visual search. Here, we reviewed recent evidence in favor of this assumption and proposed three main principles that govern the relationship between WM resources and template-guided visual search. First, the allocation of resources to an attentional template has an effect on visual search, as it may improve the guidance of visual attention, facilitate target recognition, and/or protect the attentional template against interference. Second, the allocation of the largest amount of resources to a representation in WM is not sufficient to give this representation the status of attentional template and thus, the ability to guide visual search. Third, the representation obtaining the status of attentional template, whether at encoding or during maintenance, receives an amount of WM resources proportional to its relevance for visual search. Thus defined, the resource hypothesis of visual search constitutes a parsimonious and powerful framework, which provides new perspectives on previous debates and complements existing models of template-guided visual search.
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Wahn, Basil, Supriya Murali, Scott Sinnett, and Peter König. "Auditory Stimulus Detection Partially Depends on Visuospatial Attentional Resources." i-Perception 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 204166951668802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669516688026.
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Humans’ ability to detect relevant sensory information while being engaged in a demanding task is crucial in daily life. Yet, limited attentional resources restrict information processing. To date, it is still debated whether there are distinct pools of attentional resources for each sensory modality and to what extent the process of multisensory integration is dependent on attentional resources. We addressed these two questions using a dual task paradigm. Specifically, participants performed a multiple object tracking task and a detection task either separately or simultaneously. In the detection task, participants were required to detect visual, auditory, or audiovisual stimuli at varying stimulus intensities that were adjusted using a staircase procedure. We found that tasks significantly interfered. However, the interference was about 50% lower when tasks were performed in separate sensory modalities than in the same sensory modality, suggesting that attentional resources are partly shared. Moreover, we found that perceptual sensitivities were significantly improved for audiovisual stimuli relative to unisensory stimuli regardless of whether attentional resources were diverted to the multiple object tracking task or not. Overall, the present study supports the view that attentional resource allocation in multisensory processing is task-dependent and suggests that multisensory benefits are not dependent on attentional resources.
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Intaitė, Monika, Mika Koivisto, and Antti Revonsuo. "Perceptual reversals of Necker stimuli during intermittent presentation with limited attentional resources." Psychophysiology 50, no. 1 (December 6, 2012): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01486.x.
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Lin, J. Y., B. Hubert-Wallander, S. J. Joo, S. O. Murray, and G. M. Boynton. "It's not just gist! Recognition memory for scrambled scenes with limited attentional resources." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.1076.
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Strauss, Gregory P., Lauren T. Catalano, Katiah Llerena, and James M. Gold. "The processing of emotional stimuli during periods of limited attentional resources in schizophrenia." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122, no. 2 (2013): 492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031212.
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Biesanz, Jeremy C., Steven L. Neuberg, Dylan M. Smith, Terrilee Asher, and T. Nicole Judice. "When Accuracy-Motivated Perceivers Fail: Limited Attentional Resources and the Reemerging Self-Fulfilling Prophecy." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27, no. 5 (May 2001): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275010.
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Moore, K. S., E. F. Darling, J. B. Steinberg, E. A. Pinsker, and D. H. Weissman. "Contingent attentional capture influences performance not only by depleting limited target processing resources, but also by changing attentional control settings." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 2, 2010): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.113.
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Wahn, Basil, and Scott Sinnett. "Shared or Distinct Attentional Resources? Confounds in Dual Task Designs, Countermeasures, and Guidelines." Multisensory Research 32, no. 2 (2019): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20181328.
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Abstract Human information processing is limited by attentional resources. That is, via attentional mechanisms humans select information that is relevant for their goals, and discard other information. While limitations of attentional processing have been investigated extensively in each sensory modality, there is debate as to whether sensory modalities access shared resources, or if instead distinct resources are dedicated to individual sensory modalities. Research addressing this question has used dual task designs, with two tasks performed either in a single sensory modality or in two separate modalities. The rationale is that, if two tasks performed in separate sensory modalities interfere less or not at all compared to two tasks performed in the same sensory modality, then attentional resources are distinct across the sensory modalities. If task interference is equal regardless of whether tasks are performed in separate sensory modalities or the same sensory modality, then attentional resources are shared across the sensory modalities. Due to their complexity, dual task designs face many methodological difficulties. In the present review, we discuss potential confounds and countermeasures. In particular, we discuss 1) compound interference measures to circumvent problems with participants dividing attention unequally across tasks, 2) staircase procedures to match difficulty levels of tasks and counteracting problems with interpreting results, 3) choosing tasks that continuously engage participants to minimize issues arising from task switching, and 4) reducing motor demands to avoid sources of task interference, which are independent of the involved sensory modalities.
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Wahn, Basil, Basil Wahn, and Peter König. "Vision and Haptics Share Spatial Attentional Resources and Visuotactile Integration Is Not Affected by High Attentional Load." Multisensory Research 28, no. 3-4 (2015): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002482.
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Human information processing is limited by attentional resources. Two questions that are discussed in multisensory research are (1) whether there are separate spatial attentional resources for each sensory modality and (2) whether multisensory integration is influenced by attentional load. We investigated these questions using a dual task paradigm: Participants performed two spatial tasks (a multiple object tracking [‘MOT’] task and a localization [‘LOC’] task) either separately (single task condition) or simultaneously (dual task condition). In the MOT task, participants visually tracked a small subset of several randomly moving objects. In the LOC task, participants either received visual, tactile, or redundant visual and tactile location cues. In the dual task condition, we found a substantial decrease in participants’ performance and an increase in participants’ mental effort (indicated by an increase in pupil size) relative to the single task condition. Importantly, participants performed equally well in the dual task condition regardless of whether they received visual, tactile, or redundant multisensory (visual and tactile) location cues in the LOC task. This result suggests that having spatial information coming from different modalities does not facilitate performance, thereby indicating shared spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality. Also, we found that participants integrated redundant multisensory information optimally even when they experienced additional attentional load in the dual task condition. Overall, findings suggest that (1) spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality overlap and that (2) the integration of spatial cues from these two modalities occurs at an early pre-attentive processing stage.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Attentional limited resources"
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Carlbring, Josefin. "Inclusive Design for Mobile Devices with WCAG and Attentional Resources in Mind : An investigation of the sufficiency of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines when designing inclusively and the effects of limited attentional resources." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166528.
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When designing for the general population it is important to design inclusively in order to invite to participation in today’s digital society. With this study the widely used Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) gets investigated for its sufficiency in guidance towards inclusive design within mobile devices. Through a comparative analysis between the principles of WCAG and literature considering the effects of the limited attentional resources, deficits with WCAG are detected and discussed. Additionally, a parallel effort making a real-case with a WCAG adapted prototype based on a UX-design process is conducted in order to gain further insight and discussion. This process includes iterative sketching, persona-workshop, Service Blueprint-creation and usability testing. Findings show that WCAG does not fully consider the effects of the limited attentional resources. Recommendations are given for further scientific work in developing complementary guidance considering cognitive limitations to WCAG towards an inclusive design.
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Chen, Wei-Ying. "Temporal Limits of Multiple Object Tracking and Resource Theory." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9413.
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The attentional capacity limitation of tracking multiple moving objects has been discussed expansively by various theoreticians. The research reported in this thesis assessed the limits of object tracking with a series of systematic psychophysical investigations. Chapter 2 reports evidence that the limits of object tracking are directly due to the resources allocated to each target rather than caused by spatial interference (Franconeri et al., 2008; 2010). With widely-spaced target configurations, the maximum speed observers could track targets declined as the number of targets increased. Chapter 4 provides evidence supporting the claim that tracking resources are flexibly shared among targets, with the fastest-moving target receiving more resources than the slower-moving target. These results provide concrete evidence to support the assumptions of resource theory: continuously allocated resources, limited capacity, and flexible resource allocation. The current research also demonstrated some specific findings regarding resource theory in object tracking. Chapters 3 and 4 confirmed previous findings obtained using different methodologies (Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2005) by showing that tracking resources are largely hemisphere-specific, and effectively demonstrated that performance for a fast-moving target is very sensitive to the amount of resources allocated. Furthermore, Chapter 5 showed that observers lost the tracked target if distractors occupied a location close to the time a target occupied it, suggesting that the mechanism of tracking also has a limited temporal resolution, and that reducing the resource allocated to each target reduces temporal resolution. To conclude, the findings of all the experiments are discussed in the context of various resource theories.
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Bowling, Alexandra J. "Emotional Interference: The Impact of Task-relevant Emotional Stimuli on Cognitive Performance." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1429958352.
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Patacca, Alessia. "The impact of emotional stressors on distractor filtering." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/995343.
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Human beings constantly deal with an enormous amount of information that cannot be processed at once. Given the limited cognitive resources available for the processing of incoming information, visual selective attention has the role to differentiate between competing stimuli in order to facilitate the processing of stimuli that are relevant for adaptive behaviours. From an evolutionary perspective, stimuli with emotional content, in particular those signalling danger or threat, are very powerful in attracting and holding attention even if they are task-irrelevant. Moreover, emotional stimuli get higher processing priority compared with other competing stimuli and their access to further processing and conscious perception is thought to be automatic, at least when sufficient cognitive resources are available. Therefore, avoiding emotional stimuli, especially those with negative content, requires a conspicuous amount of resources that, if engaged for a prolonged period of time in a highly demanding cognitive task, they can undergo depletion, and eventually lead to the mental fatigue phenomenon. We propose that the amount of resources specifically dedicated to selective attention are also limited, and that they can be depleted specifically, and possibly independently, from the resources available for other cognitive mechanisms. This work was planned in order to directly explore this possibility, assuming that the crucial resources necessary to overcome the impact of irrelevant emotional distractors are also involved in attentional processing, and – more specifically – in the filtering of distracting visual information. We expected that by heavily engaging these inhibitory mechanisms, providing conditions of heavy and persistent distraction, we would observe phenomena suggesting that they were being depleted during the course of the experimental session (i.e. one-hour session). In a series of visual search experiments, young adult participants had to discriminate a target stimulus, while ignoring a task-irrelevant distractor that could be present in a portion of trials. According to the aim of our research, in order to increase, on the one hand, the attentional load and, on the other, the need to filter out distracting information, task-irrelevant stimuli with emotional content were introduced prior to each visual search trial. I then measured performance to evaluate the overall impact of emotional stimuli, revealing that while the onset of all emotional stimuli affected attentional deployment in the subsequent trial, such impact was different according to the valence of the stimuli involved. Analysing the efficiency of distractor filtering processes over the experimental session, I observed changes in performance suggesting that the attentional resources specifically involved during the inhibition of distractors in the visual search task could indeed be depleted. By this new approach, in this series of studies I offered new evidence relative to the depletion of cognitive resources specific associated with selective attention. I demonstrated that these domain-specific resources can be depleted in a relatively short period of time (i.e., one-hour session). Moreover, I highlighted how emotional activation can either enhance or impair cognitive performance depending on the emotional valence of the stimuli involved, with negative emotions leading to detrimental effects and positive emotions leading to restorative effects on cognitive resources. I also provided evidence on the fact that under condition of high load on attentional processing, the active engagement of top-down behavioural control may limit, or even abolish, the detrimental effects of negative emotional stimuli.
Books on the topic "Attentional limited resources"
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Falkinger, Josef. Limited attention as the scarce resource in an information-rich economy. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.
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Muijnck, Sam, and Joris Tieleman. Economy Studies. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726047.
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The Economy Studies project emerged from the worldwide movement to modernise economics education, spurred on by the global financial crisis of 2008, the climate crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. It envisions a wide variety of economics graduates and specialists, equipped with a broad toolkit, enabling them to collectively understand and help tackle the issues the world faces today. This is a practical guide for (re-)designing economics courses and programs. Based on a clear conceptual framework and ten flexible building blocks, this handbook offers refreshing ideas and practical suggestions to stimulate student engagement and critical thinking across a wide range of courses. Key features Adapting Existing Courses: Plug-and-play suggestions to improve existing economics courses with attention to institutions, history, values and practical skills. Teaching materials: A guide through the rapidly growing range of innovative textbooks and other teaching materials. Example Courses and Curricula: How to design pluralist, real-world economics education within the practical limits of time and resources. The companion website, www.economystudies.com, contains a wealth of additional resources, such as tailor-made booklets for more specific audiences, additional teaching materials and links to plug-and-play syllabi and courses, and opportunities for workshops and exchange with other economics educators.
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Guarnieri, Patrizia. Intellettuali in fuga dall’Italia fascista. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-648-3.
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Intellectuals Displaced from Fascist Italy is a bilingual (IT/ EN), free access and in progress website that draws attention to the migration of intellectuals during Fascism. Italy is usually considered a land of poor and uneducated migrants. But during the twenty years of Fascism, especially after the anti-Jewish laws but even before, professionals, students and scholars, including foreigners, expatriated alone or with families for political and racial reasons to the Americas, England, Mandatory Palestine, Switzerland. It is a limited but important phenomenon of brain drain, which in the case of Italy has yet to be investigated. Who were the people who decided to leave in search of freedom, work, and then salvation, and what did they do? Their names and stories were cancelled. This work attempts to reconstruct their lives thanks to foreign archives, letters, scattered memories and hundreds of photos. What difficulties did they face in their host countries? How many of them returned? The stories speak of devastating losses to the detriment of the country, of responsibilities and injustices, but also of resources and talents of Italian culture, of commitment and determination. This 2nd edition contains some new features, improves consultation with research functions and, as regards content, it enhances family mobility from a generational and gender perspective. The project was promoted by the University of Florence and has been supported by the Regione Toscana and by various institutes, with the sponsorship of the New York Public Library; Council for At-Risk Academics, London; J. Calandra Italian American Institute, CUNY; The Central Archives for the History of Jewish People, Jerusalem, UCEI and others.
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Guarnieri, Patrizia. Intellectuals Displaced from Fascist Italy. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0032-5.
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Intellectuals Displaced from Fascist Italy is a bilingual (IT/ EN), free access and in progress website that draws attention to the migration of intellectuals during Fascism. Italy is usually considered a land of poor and uneducated migrants. But during the twenty years of Fascism, especially after the anti-Jewish laws but even before, professionals, students and scholars, including foreigners, expatriated alone or with families for political and racial reasons to the Americas, England, Mandatory Palestine, Switzerland. It is a limited but important phenomenon of brain drain, which in the case of Italy has yet to be investigated. Who were the people who decided to leave in search of freedom, work, and then salvation, and what did they do? Their names and stories were cancelled. This work attempts to reconstruct their lives thanks to foreign archives, letters, scattered memories and hundreds of photos. What difficulties did they face in their host countries? How many of them returned? The stories speak of devastating losses to the detriment of the country, of responsibilities and injustices, but also of resources and talents of Italian culture, of commitment and determination. This 2nd edition contains some new features, improves consultation with research functions and, as regards content, it enhances family mobility from a generational and gender perspective. The project was promoted by the University of Florence and has been supported by the Regione Toscana and by various institutes, with the sponsorship of the New York Public Library; Council for At-Risk Academics, London; J. Calandra Italian American Institute, CUNY; The Central Archives for the History of Jewish People, Jerusalem, UCEI and others.
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Mole, Christopher. Attention. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0009.
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The article focuses on Broadbent's approach to the explanation of attention. Broadbent shows that one's information-processing resources have sufficient capacity to encode the simple physical properties of all the stimuli that one is presented with, but have only a limited capacity for the encoding of the semantic properties of those stimuli. The resulting model depicts perceptual processing as proceeding in two stages. The first stage entails that a large capacity sensory system processes the physical features of all stimuli in parallel. A subset of the representations generated by the large capacity system are selected to be passed on to a second perceptual system, which has a smaller processing capacity, and which has the job of processing the stimuli's semantic properties. Broadbent's theory would explain that pre-bottleneck processing is responsible for the detection of simple physical features, and also for own-name detection. The phenomenology of one's shifting awareness in conditions of binocular rivalry is naturally described as the manifestation of a competition, and perhaps of a biased competition.
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Bach, Stephen, and Ian Kessler. HRM and the New Public Management. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0023.
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As human resource management (HRM) has developed as a field of study, the attention paid to public sector employment relations has been relatively limited. The preoccupation with the link between HR practice and corporate performance has been less applicable to public service organizations that are answerable to a range of stakeholders and in which HR policy has been geared to ensuring political accountability. There has been a recognition that the public sector confronts fiscal and political pressures that are altering HR practice. However, this observation has rarely been backed up by a sustained focus on people management in the public sector. This limited attention arises from characteristics of the sector. Defining the public sector is not straightforward because there are differences between countries in terms of the size, scope, and role of the sector.
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Harry, Elizabeth, and John Sweller. Cognitive Load Theory and Patient Safety. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0002.
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Effective patient care depends on the ability to store and retrieve patient information and medical knowledge. All knowledge is either acquired from the environment or created de novo through trial and error. In either case, cues from the environment are filtered through working memory to attempt to guide action. Psychological principles such as resource theory and cognitive load theory suggest that humans have a limited amount of working memory that can be used to assimilate new information. When working memory is overloaded (i.e., cognitive overload), one’s attention is limited to fewer salient patient data pieces and one will naturally begin to ignore potentially crucial information. Cognitive overload can occur as a result of highly complex information, poorly organized information, distracting environments, or provider physiology. Attention to factors that lead to cognitive overload are critical in designing safe patient care systems.
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Schjødt, Uffe, and Jeppe Sinding Jensen. Depletion and deprivation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0015.
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Religious beliefs represent striking examples of culturally transmitted ideas that guide individual metacognition. This chapter examines how religious practices facilitate the adoption of such beliefs. Beginning with the two simple assumptions that effective metacognition requires (1) considerable attentional and executive resources and (2) access to interpretive frameworks, it is noted that these vary across contexts. Many characteristic features of religious practices appear to limit the cognitive resources required for individual metacognition. It is proposed that such features may in fact be designed to facilitate the adoption of a shared metacognition. Using a predictive coding framework, two pathways for this process are analyzed: depletion and deprivation. Finally, the philosophical implications for social functional accounts of shared metacognition are discussed in light of human evolution.
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Lees, Emma, and Jorge E. Viñuales, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198790952.001.0001.
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The study of environmental law has been relatively limited to date, with researchers either adopting a country-by-country approach or comparing a limited number of jurisdictions on some specific points, or, still, addressing a specific area or problem in detail without seeking to encompass environmental law as a whole. This book fills a gap in the disciplines of comparative law and environmental law by providing the first comprehensive analysis of comparative environmental law from an integrated perspective. In addition to the common approaches to the subject, the book also addresses the fundamental systems underpinning the diversity observed across countries as well as the interactions of environmental laws and instruments with their broader legal context. The former have received limited attention to date, while the latter are important not only because such interactions may heavily influence the effectiveness and resilience of environmental law but also because some non-environmental instruments may operate as extremely powerful vehicles of environmental protection. Combining commentaries by leading academics from around the world as well as observations by a new generation of scholars who have different perspectives on the questions being addressed, this book is a valuable resource for both academics and practitioners in the field.
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Gutjahr, Paul C., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258849.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in America is designed to address a noticeable void in resources focused on analyzing the Bible in America in specific historical moments and in relationship to specific institutions and cultural expressions. Paying attention to the Bible from its earliest appearance in seventeenth-century New England up through its presence and usage in twenty-first century America, this handbook takes seriously the fact that the Bible is both a physical object that has exercised considerable totemic power, as well as a text with a powerful intellectual design that has inspired a wide range of cultural rituals, social policies, and artistic expression. This Handbook brings together a number of established scholars, as well as younger scholars on the rise, to provide insightful overviews and rich bibliographic resources to those interested in the Bible’s role in the history of American cultural formation. Topics addressed in the Handbook include—but are not limited to—the Bible’s production, translation, distribution, and interpretation in the United States, the Bible’s usage and relationship to a host of American religious traditions and social movements, as well the Bible’s linkage to such things as American cinema, literature, art, music, amusement parks, environmentalism, theories of gender and race, education, and politics.
Book chapters on the topic "Attentional limited resources"
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Rashidifar, Rasoul, F. Frank Chen, Hamed Bouzary, and Mohammad Shahin. "A Mathematical Model for Cloud-Based Scheduling Using Heavy Traffic Limit Theorem in Queuing Process." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 197–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18326-3_20.
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AbstractCloud manufacturing (CMfg) is a service-oriented manufacturing paradigm that distributes resources in an on-demand business model. In the cloud manufacturing environment, scheduling is considered as an effective tool for satisfying customer requirements which has attracted attention from researchers. In this case, quality of service (QoS) in the scheduling plays a vital role in assessing the impacts of the distributed resources in operation on the performance of scheduling functions. In this paper, a queuing system is employed to model the scheduling problem with multiple servers and then scheduling in cloud manufacturing is classified based on various QoS requirements. Moreover, a set of heavy traffic limit theorems is introduced as a new approach to solving this scheduling problem in which different heavy traffic limits are provided for each of QoS-based scheduling classes. Finally, the number of operational resources in the scheduling is determined by considering the results obtained in the numerical analysis of the heavy traffic limit with different queue disciplines. The results show that different numbers of active machines in various QoS requirements classes play a vital role in that the required QoS metrics such as the expected waiting time and the expected completion time which are critical performance indicators of the cloud’s service are intimately related.
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Schuwer, Robert, and Marjon Baas. "Reuse of OER, a Process Model Approach." In Distributed Learning Ecosystems, 117–37. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38703-7_7.
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AbstractThe movement around Open Educational Resources (OER) aims to make educational resources available to all through the use of open licenses. Our understanding of the extent of reusing OER, however, is still limited. Measurement of actual reuse is difficult. Much reuse remains invisible and happens under the radar (‘dark reuse’). Currently, much attention is given to educational designs where the characteristics of OER (freely available and rights to adapt) are essential (open pedagogy). To better determine which support and skills are needed, a process model for the reuse of OER in practice is developed. This model differentiates between two scenarios: an educator-centred and a student-centred one. Especially the latter scenario clearly shows that support and skills programmes should not only be directed at educators, but also at students.
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Fuss, Maryegli, and Lei Xu. "Unintended Environmental Impacts at Local and Global Scale—Trade-Offs of a Low-Carbon Electricity System." In The Future European Energy System, 237–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_13.
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AbstractThe focus on expanding the sector coupling and binding the electricity system and end-user sectors like the transport and industry bring attention to environmental trade-offs. Otherwise, unintended environmental impacts could potentially impede the transformation process. Given that, this paper aims to identify and discuss environmental burdens that should require government attention. For that, the approach of coupling Life Cycle Assessment with the electricity market model (ELTRAMOD) is presented. Results show that the large impact on land use occupation as a regional issue requires attention due to diversified permitting mechanisms and eligibility criteria for solar fields among European member states. Metal and ozone depletion bring the challenge that transformation processes need attention on global limits related to finite resources and fugitive losses of anthropogenic substances.
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Binz, Christian, and Bernhard Truffer. "The Governance of Global Innovation Systems: Putting Knowledge in Context." In Knowledge for Governance, 397–414. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_17.
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AbstractTechnological innovation increasingly depends on multiscalar actor networks and institutions. However, the developers of many conceptual frameworks explaining innovation success have paid only limited attention to this new reality, due to their focus on regions and countries as agents that shape innovation governance and as containers that provide institutional conditions for innovation success. In particular, innovation systems literature has been criticized in this respect. In the present chapter, we refer to the recently formulated Global Innovation Systems approach, which enables researchers to capture the emergence of system resources across spatial scales. With this framework, we emphasize that beyond the focus on knowledge generation processes, a better understanding of valuation processes is necessary to guide governance structures for generating new technologies and products. This is particularly true for sectors that are oriented towards confronting grand challenges, such as cleantech industries.
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Pinchot, Gifford, and Mariusz Soltanifar. "Digital Intrapreneurship: The Corporate Solution to a Rapid Digitalisation." In Digital Entrepreneurship, 233–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53914-6_12.
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AbstractFor decades, intrapreneurship has been, and is still, promoted to employees as a way to capture the creativity and excitement of entrepreneurship, albeit with more resources and less risk. Intrapreneurship creates opportunities for individuals to be innovative and entrepreneurial within and for the organisation that employs them. The ways in which intrapreneurs act have not changed, unlike the business context surrounding them. Digitalisation has opened the path for new intrapreneurial opportunities; however, the amount of attention paid to the role of digital intrapreneurs within existing organisations is limited. We present our own definition of digital intrapreneurship and position our definition in the digital landscape where modern companies operate. This chapter outlines numerous ways to foster digital intrapreneurship, including a set of practical methods for managers to identify, and empower digital intrapreneurs. The chapter presents three case studies and discusses their practical implications for entrepreneurs and their teams.
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Yirenya-Tawiah, Dzidzo, Ted Annang, Benjamin Dankyira Ofori, Benedicta Yayra Fosu-Mensah, Elaine Tweneboah Lawson, Richard Yeboah, Kwaku Owusu-Afriyie, et al. "Urban Waste as a Resource: The Case of the Utilisation of Organic Waste to Improve Agriculture Productivity Project in Accra, Ghana." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 123–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_6.
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AbstractPoor municipal solid waste management continues to be a daunting issue for municipal authorities in Ghana. Major cities generate 2000 tonnes of mixed municipal waste per day, of which about 80% is collected and disposed of at open dump sites and/or at the limited number of landfills available. About 60% of this waste is organic. The Utilization of Organic Waste to Improve Agricultural Productivity (UOWIAP) project sought to co-create knowledge through a private-public engagement for the development of organic waste value chain opportunities to sustainably manage municipal organic waste and, at the same time, improve urban farm soils and increase food productivity in the Ga-West Municipal Assembly in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Through the project, identified key stakeholders in the waste and agricultural sectors, such as market traders, informal waste collectors, unemployed persons, farmers, landscapers, media, agricultural extension officers, Municipal Assembly officers and the general public, were engaged and made aware of sustainable organic waste management processes, including organic waste segregation from source, collection and compost production. Four formal markets were selected for the piloting of organic waste segregation from source. Interested persons were trained in organic waste collection, compost production and entrepreneurship. The lessons learned draw attention to the need for a massive effort to generate demand for compost use as this will invariably drive removal of organic waste from the unsorted waste stream.
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Saber, Mohamed, Omar Ahmed, Esmat A. Keheila, Mohamed Abdel-Moneim Mohamed, Sameh A. Kantoush, Mohammed Abdel-Fattah, and Tetsuya Sumi. "Assessment of the Impacts of Groundwater Overdrafting on Water Quality and Environmental Degradation in the Fares Area, Aswan, Egypt." In Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports, 529–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_22.
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AbstractGroundwater contamination and the environmental impact of groundwater uprising due to overpumping are critical issues in Egypt. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and the environmental impacts of groundwater uprising in the Fares area of Aswan, Egypt. The environmental impacts of the uprising groundwater level were investigated through field observations and chemical analyses of the surrounding water resources. The results revealed that the use of flood irrigation systems in the upper, newly reclaimed land area is the main cause of the uprising groundwater levels, which causes remarkable environmental degradation in the urban area. Thirty-three samples were collected and chemically analyzed from three groundwater wells. The chemical characterization of the groundwater at Well 1 drastically changed from NaHCO3 to NaCl within a short period of time due to overdrafting. The chemical concentrations of all parameters showed considerable increasing trends and exceeded the standard limits at Well 1. The study stated that the groundwater overdrafting causes extreme changes in the water quality within a very short period of time along with the impacts on the environment. This condition requires attention from decision makers, as the groundwater quality is continuously decreased and the environment is degraded.
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Ruder, Bonnie, and Alice Emasu. "The Promise and Neglect of Follow-up Care in Obstetric Fistula Treatment in Uganda." In Global Maternal and Child Health, 37–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84514-8_3.
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AbstractConsidered the most severe of maternal morbidities, obstetric fistula is a debilitating childbirth injury that results in complete incontinence with severe physical and psychosocial consequences.The primary intervention for women with obstetric fistula is surgical repair, and success rates for repair are reported between 80% and 97%. However, successful treatment is commonly defined solely by the closure of the fistula defect and often fails to capture women who continue to experience urinary incontinence after repair. Residual incontinence post-fistula repair is both underreported and under-examined in the literature. Through a novel mixed-method study that examined clinical, quantitative, and qualitative aspects of residual incontinence post-repair, this chapter draws on in-depth interviews with women suffering with residual incontinence and fistula surgeons, participant observation, and a desk review of fistula policies and guidelines to argue that an inadequate model of fistula treatment that neglects follow-up care exists. We found that obstetric fistula policy has been determined in large part over the years by international development agencies and funding organizations, such as international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs). We argue that the neglect in follow-up care is evident in fistula policy and can be traced to a donor-funded treatment model that fails to prioritize and fund follow-up care as an essential component of fistula treatment, instead focusing on a “narrative of success” in fistula treatment. As a result, poor outcomes are underreported and women who experience poor outcomes are largely erased from the fistula narrative. This erasure has limited the attention, resources, research, and dedicated to residual incontinence, leaving out women suffering from residual incontinence largely without alternative treatment options.
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Magrath, Priscilla. "Regulating Midwives: Foreclosing Alternatives in the Policymaking Process in West Java, Indonesia." In Global Maternal and Child Health, 139–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84514-8_8.
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AbstractPromotion of “skilled birth attendants” (SBAs) in global maternal health policy has prompted a range of policy responses to “traditional birth attendants” (TBAs). In Indonesia the response has been to develop a national policy of partnership between SBAs (bidan) and TBAs (dukun bayi). This policy aims to ensure the presence of an SBA at every birth yet offers a role for TBAs. In this chapter I examine the development of a district regulation on partnership, promoted within the context of decentralization policies enacted in Indonesia from 1999. The district regulation aimed to strengthen the national policy in a location in West Java where TBAs remain popular. Drawing on 10 months of fieldwork from 2012 to 2013 at a district health office and on observations of its outreach programs, I elucidate how the regulation on partnership was promoted through the policy entrepreneurship of certain key figures in the district health office. They argued that the partnership regulation was the fastest means to improve maternal health. But casting a spotlight on the relationship between SBAs and TBAs diverted attention away from other health system challenges including under-resourced medical facilities and a weak referral system. Three contexts played into this process of bringing the partnership issue to the fore: global policies promoting SBAs and sidelining TBAs; pressure to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on maternal mortality; and the limited financial power and decision space afforded to districts under decentralization in Indonesia. In this context, the regulation offered a viable path for demonstrating commitment to improving maternal health outcomes, yet one that failed to address broader constraints in the health system that contribute to persistent high maternal mortality rates.
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Roda, Claudia, and Julie Thomas. "Attention Aware Systems." In Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction, 38–44. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-562-7.ch007.
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Much information science research has focused on the design of systems enabling users to access, communicate, and use information quickly and efficiently. However the users’ ability to exploit this information is seriously limited by finite human cognitive resources. In cognitive psychology, the role of attentional processes in allocating cognitive resources has been demonstrated to be crucial. Attention is often defined as the set of processes guiding the selection of the environmental stimuli to be attended. Access to information therefore is not only regulated by its availability but also by the users’ choice to attend the information—this choice being governed by attentional processes. Recently several researchers and practitioners in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) have concentrated on the design of systems capable of adapting to, and supporting, human attentional processes. These systems, that often rely on very different technologies and theories, and that are designed for a range of applications, are called attention-aware systems (AAS). In the literature, these systems have also been referred to as Attentive User Interfaces (Vertegaal, 2003). However, we prefer using the former name as it stresses the fact that issues related to attention are relevant to the design of the system as a whole rather than limited to the interface. The recent interest in this field is testified by the publication of special issues in academic journals (e.g., Communication of the ACM, 46(3), 2003; International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58(5), 2003) and by the organisation of specialised fora of discussion (e.g., the workshop on “Designing for Attention”; Roda & Thomas, 2004). In this article, we discuss the rationale for AASs and their role within current HCI research, we briefly review current research in AASs, and we highlight some open questions for their design.
Conference papers on the topic "Attentional limited resources"
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Hayhoe, Mary M., Dana H. Ballard, Steven D. Whitehead, and Jeff B. Pelz. "Memory use during hand-eye coordination." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.wj.4.
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Ballard, Dana H., and Mary M. Hayhoe. "Embodiment models of visual cognition." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.wj.2.
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Mackeben, Manfred. "The Topography of Visual Focal Attention." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1996.fa.4.
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Visual attention can be seen as a computational resource that aids perception in any part of the visual field to which it is applied. This resource is limited, however, as it cannot be applied everywhere at the same time, but constitutes an attentional "focus". It has been known since the groundbreaking work of Helmholtz (1896) that attention has mobility and can be willfully deployed in the periphery of the visual field. In the absence of such "effort of will" it tends to return to the region in or near the center of the visual field.
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Farawn, K. K., and V. I. Leunov. "AEROPONICS AND FITOPYRАMIDA AND MODERN RESOURCE - SAVING MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-83.
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The article discusses the features of two methods of soilless technology in the context of solving the problems of resource and energy conservation in the production of vegetables. In recent years, Fitopyramida techniques have achieved significant attention in agriculture. It is applied in agriculture to plan the several activities and missions properly by utilising limited resources with minor human interference. Currently, plant cultivation, using new agriculture methods is very popular among the growers. The aeroponics and Fitopyramida are methods of modern agriculture which is commonly practiced around the world.
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Bai, Bing, Bowen Yao, Mian Chen, Yan Jin, Di Liu, Yu Zhang, and Mingwei Sun. "A Multi-Physics Fields Coupling Model for Supercritical CO2 Seepage in Shale Formation." In International Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/igs-2022-176.
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Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) can protect shale formation from hydration damage. When ScCO2 is utilized to develop shale oil and gas resources, it is necessary to establish the multi-physics fields coupling model to describe ScCO2 seepage in shale formation. The multi-physics model describing water-based fluid seepage is not capable explaining ScCO2 flow because of a great variation in physical properties of ScCO2 with pressure and temperature. In this study, a thermal–hydro–mechanical coupling model is constructed to describe ScCO2 seepage based on the transport and thermodynamic properties of CO2, combined with the effect of ScCO2 on mechanical properties of shale. The finite element method is used to solve the distribution of formation temperature, pore pressure and stress with time and position. The results show that compared with water seepage, the variation of formation temperature is greater, the pore pressure is lower, the stress difference near the wellbore in the direction of minimum in-situ stress is bigger, and the tangential stress in the direction of maximum in-situ stress is lower when adsorption-induced strain is neglected. The radial stress and tangential stress decrease with increasing time. This research can provide theoretical basis for wellbore stability analysis and fracturing evaluation when using ScCO2 as the drilling fluid and fracturing fluid, separately. Introduction As one of the unconventional resources, shale oil and gas resource is an important alternative to widely used conventional resources, which is attracting worldwide attention (Jin and Chen, 2019). Currently, the commercial exploitation technologies are massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling for developing shale gas resource. However, shale formation contains clay mineral, the hydration damage will be produced when clay mineral meets water. In the process of drilling or fracturing with water–based fluid, wellbore collapse or poor fracturing stimulation may be encountered due to hydration swelling. Meanwhile, hydraulic fracturing operation will consume a large amount of water resource, which limits the application of hydraulic fracturing in water–lacking area. In order to avoid formation damage and conserve water resource, the technology of drilling or fracturing with supercritical CO2 is proposed (Wang et al., 2018; Wen et al., 2020).
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Geri, Nitza, Seev Neumann, Rebecca Schocken, and Yishai Tobin. "An Attention Economy Perspective on the Effectiveness of Incomplete Information." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3281.
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This study suggests an attention economy perspective on incomplete information, asserting that people use partial information as basis for action, hence an effective information system should provide them just with the most useful partial information, and should avoid redundant information that wastes their limited attention resources. These assertions were empirically examined via simulation of a speech-reading process that measured the real and perceived value of two levels of partial speech-reading support. The findings indicate that additional partial information improved performance, but there was practically no significant difference between one and two signals support levels. High correlation was found between the different methods of evaluation, suggesting that perceived value may be used as substitute to real value measurement after considering the circumstances of the system involved. This research may provide important insights for designing information systems in general, as well as speech-reading support systems that will improve communication opportunities of hearing impaired people.
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Yan, Fasuo, Cheng Peng, Jun Zhang, and Dagang Wang. "Dynamic Response of an Offshore Wind Turbine System Using Coupled and Limited Coupled Methods." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84146.
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Offshore turbines are gaining attention as means to capture the immense and relatively calm wind resources available over deep waters. A coupled dynamic analysis is required to evaluate the interactions between the wind turbine, floating hull and its mooring system. In this study, a coupled hydro-aero dynamic response analysis of a floating wind turbine system (NREL offshore-5MW baseline wind turbine) is carried out. A numerical code, known as COUPLE, has been extended to collaborate with FAST for the simulation of the dynamic interaction. Two methods were used in the analysis; one is coupled method and the other is limited coupled method. In the coupled method, the two codes are linked at each time step to solve the whole floating system. The limited coupled method assumes wind load is from a turbine installed on top of a fixed base, namely it doesn’t consider real-time configuration of floating carrier at each time step. Coupled technique is also mentioned to integrate the hydro-aero dynamic analysis in this paper. Six-degrees of freedom motion and mooring tensions are presented and compared. The numerical results derived in this study may provide crucial information for the design of a floating wind turbine in the future.
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Bobman, Mark, and John Culbertson. "Waste Composition in the Northeast U.S.: Implications for Resource Recovery." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3548.
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Waste composition studies can provide meaningful data for design and operation of resource recovery processes. However, relatively limited attention has been devoted to energy recovery predicted by waste composition analysis, despite increasingly detailed analysis of various subsets of the municipal solid waste stream. Further, global economic conditions and markets have dramatically altered since 2008, resulting in significant changes in corporate, institutional and consumer spending patterns. Associated with these shifts in spending, as well as with longer-term trends in packaging and advances in residential and commercial recycling, the quantity and makeup of discarded materials has changed. The authors present data resulting from recent waste composition studies, and discuss potential impacts on the design and operation of material recovery systems.
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Zhang, Bin, Yang Wu, Xiaojing Zhang, and Ming Ma. "A Novel Attention-Based Network for Fast Salient Object Detection." In 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CSTY 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.112205.
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In the current salient object detection network, the most popular method is using U-shape structure. However, the massive number of parameters leads to more consumption of computing and storage resources which are not feasible to deploy on the limited memory device. Some others shallow layer network will not maintain the same accuracy compared with U-shape structure and the deep network structure with more parameters will not converge to a global minimum loss with great speed. To overcome all of these disadvantages, we propose a new deep convolution network architecture with three contributions: (1) using smaller convolution neural networks (CNNs) to compress the model in our improved salient object features compression and reinforcement extraction module (ISFCREM) to reduce parameters of the model. (2) introducing channel attention mechanism to weigh different channels for improving the ability of feature representation. (3) applying a new optimizer to accumulate the long-term gradient information during training to adaptively tune the learning rate. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can compress the model to 1/3 of the original size nearly without losing the accuracy and converging faster and more smoothly on six widely used datasets of salient object detection compared with the others models. Our code is published in https://gitee.com/binzhangbinzhangbin/code-a-novel-attention-based-network-for-fast-salientobject-detection.git
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Takano, Akihide, Hiromi Nishiguchi, and Mitsuhiko Karashima. "Cell Phone Conversations with Hands-Free Devices Interfering with Cognition of Visual Information while Driving." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/10046.
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Hands-free devices do not shift the line of vision from the road to a cell phone and limit the person driving. So, the use of hands-free devices while driving is permitted by law. However, it is conceivable that even the interaction with auditory information interferes with cognition of the visual information because the limited capacities of attention resources. Thus, this research discusses whether auditory information interactions interfere with cognition of visual information. In this research, the dual task method was carried out. This research obtained the reaction times and the frequency of oversight of signals from the primary task and the information by means of the NASA-TLX as the subjective evaluations. These data indicated that delays in reaction to signals, increases in oversight of signals, and so on were caused by the secondary task. Thus, it was suggested that cognition of visual information was disturbed by the auditory information interaction. Therefore, the use of a cell phone with a hands-free device interferes with driving.
Reports on the topic "Attentional limited resources"
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Marcos Morezuelas, Paloma. Gender, Forests and Climate Change. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003072.
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As users of forest products and guardians of traditional knowledge, women have always been involved in forestry. Nevertheless, their access to forest resources and benefits and participation in forest management is limited compared to mens despite the fact that trees are more important to women, who depend on them for their families food security, income generation and cooking fuel. This guide aims to facilitate the incorporation of a gender lens in climate change mitigation and adaptation operations in forests, with special attention to those framed in REDD. This guide addresses four themes value chains, environmental payment schemes, firewood and biodiversity that relate directly to 1) how climate change impacts affect women in the forest and 2) how mitigation and adaptation measures affect womens access to resources and benefits distribution.
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Wong, Xaria, and Iulia Andreea Toma. Gender and Protection Analysis: Juba, Rumbek and Pibor, South Sudan. Oxfam, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8946.
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This research was conducted to analyse the distinct gender needs and protection concerns of women, girls, men and boys in order to inform the implementation by Oxfam and its partners of the Sida-funded project, ‘Building resilience through gender- and conflict-sensitive approaches to education, skills development, and sustainable livelihoods in South Sudan’. It explores the gendered power relations between women, girls, men and boys, with a focus on the differences in their roles and responsibilities, decision-making power and access to and control over resources. It draws attention to the limited decision-making power held by women and girls, their specific needs, and the rights denials they face pertaining to education and livelihoods in Juba, Rumbek and Pibor. It provides practical recommendations to meaningfully address gender inequalities during project implementation, but is also intended to be used by the broader humanitarian community working in South Sudan to better inform humanitarian design, programming and response.
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Strachan, Anna Louise. Potential Private Sector Involvement in Supporting Refugee Livelihoods and Self-reliance in Uganda: Annotated Bibliography. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.072.
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There is some evidence of the private sector playing a role in supporting refugee livelihoods and self-reliance in Uganda during the period 2016-2020. However, a number of evaluations and research reports highlight the potential for greater private sector involvement, if existing constraints are addressed. Key lessons identified in the literature include the need for more research, especially on market potential, to address the existing knowledge gaps on the role the private sector can play in supporting refugee livelihoods and self-reliance in Uganda. The literature notes that limited access to capital, as well as appropriate financing schemes, are key constraints to the growth of the agribusiness sector. Furthermore, access to natural resources required for agri-business, such as land and water needs to receive more attention from NGOs and donors. The evidence also shows that there is a need for guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian adaptations of market systems development programming. The literature also notes that local actors should be involved in the design and assessment of investment opportunities and risk of interventions to increase project impact.
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Dempsey, Terri L. Handling the Qualitative Side of Mixed Methods Research: A Multisite, Team-Based High School Education Evaluation Study. RTI Press, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.mr.0039.1809.
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Attention to mixed methods studies research has increased in recent years, particularly among funding agencies that increasingly require a mixed methods approach for program evaluation. At the same time, researchers operating within large-scale, rapid-turnaround research projects are faced with the reality that collection and analysis of large amounts of qualitative data typically require an intense amount of project resources and time. However, practical examples of efficiently collecting and handling high-quality qualitative data within these studies are limited. More examples are also needed of procedures for integrating the qualitative and quantitative strands of a study from design to interpretation in ways that can facilitate efficiencies. This paper provides a detailed description of the strategies used to collect and analyze qualitative data in what the research team believed to be an efficient, high-quality way within a team-based mixed methods evaluation study of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) high-school education. The research team employed an iterative approach to qualitative data analysis that combined matrix analyses with Microsoft Excel and the qualitative data analysis software program ATLAS.ti. This approach yielded a number of practical benefits. Selected preliminary results illustrate how this approach can simplify analysis and facilitate data integration.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. The Social Economic Impacts of Covid-19 in Informal Urban Settlements. Institute of Development Studies, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.008.
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The social economic impacts of the Covid-19 crisis in informal urban settlements are widely discussed in the literature, as are the risk factors for particular social and economic groups in these areas. However, government responses and evidence of their impact do not appear to rise to the challenges posed by these studies. Pre-pandemic analyses of risk factors in informal urban settlements and newly collected evidence from different contexts are available to understand the unique and pressing challenges that the pandemic poses to wellbeing in informal urban settlements. In contrast, there is little evidence of effective policy and programme solutions to address these challenges, which is likely driven by the absence of targeted policies and programmes to support people living in informal urban settlements. As a result, many communities have had to rely on their own limited resources and support networks to respond to the crisis (Wilkinson, 2021). This report briefly summarises the range of available evidence on the social economic impacts of the Covid-19 crisis in informal urban settlements and the intersectional differences in how different identity groups living in them have experienced the pandemic. Following a short introduction to the context of the Covid-19 crisis in these areas, the report outlines three thematic areas that have received significant attention in the literature and policy discourses – livelihoods and poverty, food security, and education. While not an exhaustive list, this range of topics is indicative of the range of evidence available and outstanding gaps. The remaining section details evidence of how different identity groups living in informal urban settlements have experienced the pandemic based on gender, disability, age, and migration status. The review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, with some opinion pieces and blogs also included given the ongoing nature of the pandemic.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.
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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
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Clinical research in resource-limited settings. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56759/cyqe7288.
Full textAbstract:
Evidence generated through responsible clinical research is one of the major pillars of the advancement of health care. In past decades there has been tremendous progress in the clinical research and development (R & D) environment globally, with increasing attention being paid to the health needs of people in resource-limited settings, where most of the preventable morbidity and mortality occurs. However, financial, social, ethical and regulatory challenges persist in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and most clinical research today is still being conducted in and for high-income countries (HICs). The aim of this report is to provide balanced arguments to promote scientifically sound good quality clinical research in low-resource settings. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organization with the mission to advance public health through guidance on health research and policy including ethics, medical product development and safety. This report reflects the consensus opinion of the CIOMS Working Group on Clinical Research in Resource-Limited Settings, and was finalized in line with comments received during public consultation. The report is intended for governments and regulatory authorities, the research community and sponsors, as well as international organizations involved in funding or conducting research. The report provides a comprehensive set of recommendations to all major stakeholders. While it builds on the 2016 CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans, it is not intended to supersede those guidelines.