Journal articles on the topic 'Attentional capture hypothesis'
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Stilwell, Brad T., Howard Egeth, and Nicholas Gaspelin. "Electrophysiological Evidence for the Suppression of Highly Salient Distractors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 34, no. 5 (March 31, 2022): 787–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01827.
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Abstract There has been a longstanding debate as to whether salient stimuli have the power to involuntarily capture attention. As a potential resolution to this debate, the signal suppression hypothesis proposes that salient items generate a bottom–up signal that automatically attracts attention, but that salient items can be suppressed by top–down mechanisms to prevent attentional capture. Despite much support, the signal suppression hypothesis has been challenged on the grounds that many prior studies may have used color singletons with relatively low salience that are too weak to capture attention. The current study addressed this by using previous methods to study suppression but increased the set size to improve the relative salience of the color singletons. To assess whether salient distractors captured attention, electrophysiological markers of attentional allocation (the N2pc component) and suppression (the PD component) were measured. The results provided no evidence of attentional capture, but instead indicated suppression of the highly salient singleton distractors, as indexed by the PD component. This suppression occurred even though a computational model of saliency confirmed that the color singleton was highly salient. Altogether, this supports the signal suppression hypothesis and is inconsistent with stimulus-driven models of attentional capture.
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Leblanc, Émilie, David J. Prime, and Pierre Jolicoeur. "Tracking the Location of Visuospatial Attention in a Contingent Capture Paradigm." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 4 (April 2008): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20051.
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Currently, there is considerable controversy regarding the degree to which top-down control can affect attentional capture by salient events. According to the contingent capture hypothesis, attentional capture by a salient stimulus is contingent on a match between the properties of the stimulus and top-down attentional control settings. In contrast, bottom-up saliency accounts argue that the initial capture of attention is determined solely by the relative salience of the stimulus, and the effect of top-down attentional control is limited to effects on the duration of attentional engagement on the capturing stimulus. In the present study, we tested these competing accounts by utilizing the N2pc event-related potential component to track the locus of attention during an attentional capture task. The results were completely consistent with the contingent capture hypothesis: An N2pc wave was elicited only by distractors that possessed the target-defining attribute. In a second experiment, we expanded upon this finding by exploring the effect of target-distractor similarity on the duration that attention dwells at the distractor location. In this experiment, only distractors possessing the target-defining attribute (color) captured visuospatial attention to their location and the N2pc increased in duration and in magnitude when the capture distractor also shared a second target attribute (category membership). Finally, in three additional control experiments, we replicated the finding of an N2pc generated by distractors, only if they shared the target-defining attribute. Thus, our results demonstrate that attentional control settings influence both which stimuli attract attention and to what extent they are processed.
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ZHANG, Fan, Airui CHEN, Bo DONG, Aijun WANG, and Ming ZHANG. "Rapid disengagement hypothesis and signal suppression hypothesis of visual attentional capture." Advances in Psychological Science 29, no. 1 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.00045.
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Wirth, Benedikt Emanuel, and Dirk Wentura. "Attentional bias to threat in the general population is contingent on target competition, not on attentional control settings." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 4 (January 1, 2018): 975–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307864.
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Dot-probe studies usually find an attentional bias towards threatening stimuli only in anxious participants. Here, we investigated under what conditions such a bias occurs in unselected samples. According to contingent-capture theory, an irrelevant cue only captures attention if it matches an attentional control setting. Therefore, we first tested the hypothesis that an attentional control setting tuned to threat must be activated in (non-anxious) individuals. In Experiment 1, we used a dot-probe task with a manipulation of attentional control settings (‘threat’ – set vs. control set). Surprisingly, we found an (anxiety-independent) attentional bias to angry faces that was not moderated by attentional control settings. Since we presented two stimuli (i.e., a target and a distractor) on the target screen in Experiment 1 (a necessity to realise the test of contingent capture), but most dot-probe studies only employ a single target, we conducted Experiment 2 to test the hypothesis that attentional bias in the general population is contingent on target competition. Participants performed a dot-probe task, involving presentation of a stand-alone target or a target competing with a distractor. We found an (anxiety-independent) attentional bias towards angry faces in the latter but not the former condition. This suggests that attentional bias towards angry faces in unselected samples is not contingent on attentional control settings but on target competition.
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DiQuattro, N. E., R. Sawaki, and J. J. Geng. "Effective Connectivity During Feature-Based Attentional Capture: Evidence Against the Attentional Reorienting Hypothesis of TPJ." Cerebral Cortex 24, no. 12 (July 3, 2013): 3131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht172.
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Lee, Jeongmi, Carly J. Leonard, Steven J. Luck, and Joy J. Geng. "Dynamics of Feature-based Attentional Selection during Color–Shape Conjunction Search." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 12 (December 2018): 1773–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01318.
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Feature-based attentional selection is accomplished by increasing the gain of sensory neurons encoding target-relevant features while decreasing that of other features. But how do these mechanisms work when targets and distractors share features? We investigated this in a simplified color–shape conjunction search task using ERP components (N2pc, PD, and SPCN) that index lateralized attentional processing. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the presence and frequency of color distractors while holding shape distractors constant. We tested the hypothesis that the color distractor would capture attention, requiring active suppression such that processing of the target can continue. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that color distractors consistently captured attention, as indexed by a significant N2pc, but were reactively suppressed (indexed by PD). Interestingly, when the color distractor was present, target processing was sustained (indexed by SPCN), suggesting that the dynamics of attentional competition involved distractor suppression interlinked with sustained target processing. In Experiment 2, we examined the contribution of shape to the dynamics of attentional competition under similar conditions. In contrast to color distractors, shape distractors did not reliably capture attention, even when the color distractor was very frequent and attending to target shape would be beneficial. Together, these results suggest that target-colored objects are prioritized during color–shape conjunction search, and the ability to select the target is delayed while target-colored distractors are actively suppressed.
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Southwell, Rosy, Anna Baumann, Cécile Gal, Nicolas Barascud, Karl Friston, and Maria Chait. "Is predictability salient? A study of attentional capture by auditory patterns." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1714 (February 19, 2017): 20160105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0105.
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In this series of behavioural and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments, we investigate the extent to which repeating patterns of sounds capture attention. Work in the visual domain has revealed attentional capture by statistically predictable stimuli, consistent with predictive coding accounts which suggest that attention is drawn to sensory regularities. Here, stimuli comprised rapid sequences of tone pips, arranged in regular (REG) or random (RAND) patterns. EEG data demonstrate that the brain rapidly recognizes predictable patterns manifested as a rapid increase in responses to REG relative to RAND sequences. This increase is reminiscent of the increase in gain on neural responses to attended stimuli often seen in the neuroimaging literature, and thus consistent with the hypothesis that predictable sequences draw attention. To study potential attentional capture by auditory regularities, we used REG and RAND sequences in two different behavioural tasks designed to reveal effects of attentional capture by regularity. Overall, the pattern of results suggests that regularity does not capture attention. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.
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Rauschenberger, R., and S. Yantis. "What counts as an object in the new-object hypothesis of attentional capture?" Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (March 14, 2010): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/1.3.105.
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Orquin, Jacob L., Martin P. Bagger, and Simone Mueller Loose. "Learning affects top down and bottom up modulation of eye movements in decision making." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 6 (November 2013): 700–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004733.
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AbstractRepeated decision making is subject to changes over time such as decreases in decision time and information use and increases in decision accuracy. We show that a traditional strategy selection view of decision making cannot account for these temporal dynamics without relaxing main assumptions about what defines a decision strategy. As an alternative view we suggest that temporal dynamics in decision making are driven by attentional and perceptual processes and that this view has been expressed in the information reduction hypothesis. We test the information reduction hypothesis by integrating it in a broader framework of top down and bottom up processes and derive the predictions that repeated decisions increase top down control of attention capture which in turn leads to a reduction in bottom up attention capture. To test our hypotheses we conducted a repeated discrete choice experiment with three different information presentation formats. We thereby operationalized top down and bottom up control as the effect of individual utility levels and presentation formats on attention capture on a trial-by-trial basis. The experiment revealed an increase in top down control of eye movements over time and that decision makers learn to attend to high utility stimuli and ignore low utility stimuli. We furthermore find that the influence of presentation format on attention capture reduces over time indicating diminishing bottom up control.
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Itthipuripat, Sirawaj, Kexin Cha, Napat Rangsipat, and John T. Serences. "Value-based attentional capture influences context-dependent decision-making." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 1 (July 2015): 560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00343.2015.
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Normative theories posit that value-based decision-making is context independent. However, decisions between two high-value options can be suboptimally biased by the introduction of a third low-value option. This context-dependent modulation is consistent with the divisive normalization of the value of each stimulus by the total value of all stimuli. In addition, an independent line of research demonstrates that pairing a stimulus with a high-value outcome can lead to attentional capture that can mediate the efficiency of visual information processing. Here we tested the hypothesis that value-based attentional capture interacts with value-based normalization to influence the optimality of decision-making. We used a binary-choice paradigm in which observers selected between two targets and the color of each target indicated the magnitude of their reward potential. Observers also had to simultaneously ignore a task-irrelevant distractor rendered in a color that was previously associated with a specific reward magnitude. When the color of the task-irrelevant distractor was previously associated with a high reward, observers responded more slowly and less optimally. Moreover, as the learned value of the distractor increased, electrophysiological data revealed an attenuation of the lateralized N1 and N2Pc responses evoked by the relevant choice stimuli and an attenuation of the late positive deflection (LPD). Collectively, these behavioral and electrophysiological data suggest that value-based attentional capture and value-based normalization jointly mediate the influence of context on free-choice decision-making.
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Ansorge, Ulrich, and Gernot Horstmann. "Preemptive control of attentional capture by colour: Evidence from trial-by-trial analyses and orderings of onsets of capture effects in reaction time distributions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, no. 7 (July 2007): 952–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210600822795.
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According to the preemptive-control hypothesis, participants can specify their control settings to attend to relevant target colours or to ignore the irrelevant distractor colours in advance of the displays. Two predictions of this hypothesis were tested. First, with the control settings being specified in advance, capture by a stimulus that better matches the settings was expected to temporally precede capture by a stimulus that matches the setting less well. Second, with the control settings being specified in advance, stronger capture by the better matching than by the less matching stimulus was predicted not to be a stimulus-driven consequence of the target colour in a preceding trial. Both predictions were shown to hold true under different conditions in three experiments.
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Lu, Hui Jing, and Lei Chang. "Automatic Attention towards Face or Body as a Function of Mating Motivation." Evolutionary Psychology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 147470491201000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000113.
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Because women's faces and bodies carry different cues of reproductive value, men may attend to different perceptual cues as functions of their long-term versus short-term mating motivations. We tested this hypothesis in three experiments on 135 male and 132 female participants. When influenced by short-term rather than long-term mating motivations, men's attention was captured by (Study 1), was shifted to (Study 2), and was distracted by (Study 3) the waist/hip area rather than the face on photographs of attractive women. Similar effects were not found among the female participants in response to photographs of attractive men. These results support the evolutionary view that, similar to the attentional selectivity found in other domains of life, male perceptual attention has evolved to selectively capture and hold reproductive information about the opposite sex as a function of short-term versus long-term mating goals.
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Lueck, C. J., T. J. Crawford, L. Henderson, J. A. M. Van Gisbergen, J. Duysens, and C. Kennard. "Saccadic Eye Movements in Parkinson's Disease: II. Remembered Saccades— towards a Unified Hypothesis?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 45, no. 2 (August 1992): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401325.
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Ten patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease were compared with ten age-matched normal controls in a series of saccadic paradigms in order to test various hypotheses relating to the origin of the Parkinsonian saccadic defect. The paradigms comprised a reflex saccade paradigm, a standard remembered saccade paradigm, a remembered saccade paradigm with delayed centre-offset, and a remembered saccade paradigm with a second target flash immediately prior to saccade execution. Finally, subjects executed both reflex and remembered saccades in a standard remembered paradigm (the “two-saccade” paradigm). As has been reported previously, Parkinsonian subjects demonstrated hypometria on all remembered saccade paradigms, particularly the “two-saccade” paradigm. There was, however, no significant difference between the first three remembered saccade paradigms. These studies serve to refute a simple attentional capture hypothesis, and a hypothesis that suggests that the abnormality of remembered saccades is due to concurrent reflex saccade suppression. On the basis of the results, further hypotheses are advanced in an attempt to explain all published work on Parkinsonian saccades.
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Wentura, Dirk, Philipp Müller, Klaus Rothermund, and Andreas Voss. "Counter-regulation in affective attentional biases: Evidence in the additional singleton paradigm." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 1209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1315147.
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We investigated motivational influences on affective processing biases; specifically, we were interested in whether anticipating positive versus negative future outcomes during goal pursuit affects attentional biases toward positive or negative stimuli. Attentional valence biases were assessed with the additional singleton task, with the task-irrelevant singleton colors being positive, negative or neutral. The motivational relevance of colors was established in a preceding task: In a balanced design, one color acquired positive valence by indicating the chance to win money, and a different color acquired negative valence by indicating the danger to lose money. Blocks of the additional singleton task were associated with either the chance of winning money (positive outcome focus) or the danger of losing money (negative outcome focus). We found an interaction of outcome focus and singleton valence in the accuracy rates, indicating an incongruency effect: Attentional capture was stronger for positive (negative) singletons in the negative (positive) outcome focus conditions. This result further corroborates the counter-regulation hypothesis, extending previous findings on the motivational top-down regulation of affective processing to the domain of early attentional processes.
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Bell, Andrew H., Jillian H. Fecteau, and Douglas P. Munoz. "Using Auditory and Visual Stimuli to Investigate the Behavioral and Neuronal Consequences of Reflexive Covert Orienting." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 5 (May 2004): 2172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01080.2003.
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Reflexively orienting toward a peripheral cue can influence subsequent responses to a target, depending on when and where the cue and target appear relative to each other. At short delays between the cue and target [cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA)], subjects are faster to respond when they appear at the same location, an effect referred to as reflexive attentional capture. At longer CTOAs, subjects are slower to respond when the two appear at the same location, an effect referred to as inhibition of return (IOR). Recent evidence suggests that these phenomena originate from sensory interactions between the cue- and target-related responses. The capture of attention originates from a strong target-related response, derived from the overlap of the cue- and target-related activities, whereas IOR corresponds to a weaker target-aligned response. If such interactions are responsible, then modifying their nature should impact the neuronal and behavioral outcome. Monkeys performed a cue-target saccade task featuring visual and auditory cues while neural activity was recorded from the superior colliculus (SC). Compared with visual stimuli, auditory responses are weaker and occur earlier, thereby decreasing the likelihood of interactions between these signals. Similar to previous studies, visual stimuli evoked reflexive attentional capture at a short CTOA (60 ms) and IOR at longer CTOAs (160 and 610 ms) with corresponding changes in the target-aligned activity in the SC. Auditory cues used in this study failed to elicit either a behavioral effect or modification of SC activity at any CTOA, supporting the hypothesis that reflexive orienting is mediated by sensory interactions between the cue and target stimuli.
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Feldmann-Wüstefeld, Tobias, Niko A. Busch, and Anna Schubö. "Failed Suppression of Salient Stimuli Precedes Behavioral Errors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 2 (February 2020): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01502.
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Our visual system is constantly confronted with more information than it can process. To deal with the limited capacity, attention allows us to enhance relevant information and suppress irrelevant information. Particularly, the suppression of salient irrelevant stimuli has shown to be important as it prevents attention to be captured and thus attentional resources to be wasted. This study aimed at directly connecting failures to suppress distraction with a neural marker of suppression, the distractor positivity (Pd). We measured participants' EEG signal while they performed a visual search task in which they had to report a digit inside a shape target while ignoring distractors, one of which could be a salient color singleton. Reports of target digits served as a behavioral index of enhancement, and reports of color distractor digits served as a behavioral index of failed suppression, each measured against reports of neutral distractor digits serving as a baseline. Participants reported the target identity more often than any distractor identity. The singleton identity was reported least often, suggesting suppression of the singleton below baseline. Suppression of salient stimuli was absent in the beginning and then increased throughout the experiment. When the singleton identity was reported, the Pd was observed in a later time window, suggesting that behavioral errors were preceded by failed suppression. Our results provide evidence for the signal suppression hypothesis that states salient items have to be actively suppressed to avoid attentional capture. Our results also provide direct evidence that the Pd is reflecting such active suppression.
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Snyder, Janice J., and Alan Kingstone. "Inhibition of return at multiple locations in visual search: When you see it and when you don't." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 54, no. 4 (November 2001): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713756011.
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Using a novel sequential task, Danziger, Kingstone, and Snyder (1998) provided conclusive evidence that inhibition of return (IOR) can co-occur at multiple non-contiguous locations. They argued that their findings depended crucially on the allocation of attention to cued locations. Specifically, they hypothesized that because subjects could not predict whether an onset event was a target or a non-target, all onset events had to be attended. As a result, non-targets were tagged with inhibition. The present study tested this hypothesis by manipulating whether target onset was predictable or not. In support of Danziger et al., three experiments revealed that multiple IOR was only observed when attention had to be directed to the cued locations. Interestingly, when attention did not need to be allocated to the cued locations, and multiple IOR was abolished, an IOR effect was still observed at the most recently cued location. Two possible accounts for this single IOR effect were presented for future investigation. One account attributes the effect to motor-based inhibition as hypothesized by Klein and Taylor (1994). The alternative account attributes the effect to weak attentional capture by a peripheral cue. Together the data support the view that multiple IOR is an attentional phenomenon and, as hypothesized by Tipper, Weaver, and Watson (1996), its presence or absence is largely under the control of the observer.
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Maxwell, Joshua, Lin Fang, and Joshua Carlson. "Do Carryover Effects Influence Attentional Bias to Threat in the Dot-Probe Task?" Journal of Trial and Error 2, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36850/e9.
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Threatening stimuli are often thought to have sufficient potency to bias attention, relative to neutral stimuli. Researchers and clinicians opt for frequently used paradigms to measure such bias, such as the dot-probe task. Bias to threat in the dot-probe task is indicated by a congruency effect i.e., faster responses on congruent trials than incongruent trials (also referred to as attention capture). However, recent studies have found that such congruency effects are small and suffer from poor internal reliability. One explanation to low effect sizes and poor reliability is carryover effects of threat – greater congruency effects on trials following a congruent trial relative to trials following an incongruent trial. In the current study, we investigated carryover effects of threat with two large samples of healthy undergraduate students who completed a typical dot-probe task. Although we found a small congruency effect for fearful faces (Experiment 1, n = 241, d = 0.15) and a reverse congruency effect for threatening images, (Experiment 2, n = 82, d = 0.11) whereas no carryover effects for threat were observed in either case. Bayesian analyses revealed moderate to strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. We conclude that carryover effects for threat do not influence attention bias for threat.
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Riedel, P., I. M. Domachowska, Y. Lee, P. T. Neukam, L. Tönges, S. C. Li, T. Goschke, and M. N. Smolka. "L-DOPA administration shifts the stability-flexibility balance towards attentional capture by distractors during a visual search task." Psychopharmacology 239, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06077-w.
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Abstract Rationale The cognitive control dilemma describes the necessity to balance two antagonistic modes of attention: stability and flexibility. Stability refers to goal-directed thought, feeling, or action and flexibility refers to the complementary ability to adapt to an ever-changing environment. Their balance is thought to be maintained by neurotransmitters such as dopamine, most likely in a U-shaped rather than linear manner. However, in humans, studies on the stability-flexibility balance using a dopaminergic agent and/or measurement of brain dopamine are scarce. Objective The study aimed to investigate the causal involvement of dopamine in the stability-flexibility balance and the nature of this relationship in humans. Methods Distractibility was assessed as the difference in reaction time (RT) between distractor and non-distractor trials in a visual search task. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 65 healthy participants performed the task under placebo and a dopamine precursor (L-DOPA). Using 18F-DOPA-PET, dopamine availability in the striatum was examined at baseline to investigate its relationship to the RT distractor effect and to the L-DOPA-induced change of the RT distractor effect. Results There was a pronounced RT distractor effect in the placebo session that increased under L-DOPA. Neither the RT distractor effect in the placebo session nor the magnitude of its L-DOPA-induced increase were related to baseline striatal dopamine. Conclusions L-DOPA administration shifted the stability-flexibility balance towards attentional capture by distractors, suggesting causal involvement of dopamine. This finding is consistent with current theories of prefrontal cortex dopamine function. Current data can neither confirm nor falsify the inverted U-shaped function hypothesis with regard to cognitive control.
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Geden, Michael, Ana-Maria Staicu, and Jing Feng. "Reduced Target Facilitation and Increased Distractor Suppression During Mind Wandering." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 6 (November 2018): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000417.
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Abstract. The perceptual decoupling hypothesis suggests a general mechanism that while mind wandering, our attention is detached from our environment, resulting in diminished processing of external stimuli. This study focused on examining two possible specific mechanisms: the global suppression of all external stimuli, and a combination of reduced target facilitation and increased distractor suppression. An attentional capture task was used in which certain trials measured distractor suppression effects and others assessed target facilitation effects. The global suppression account predicts negative impacts on both types of trials, while the combined mechanisms of reduced target facilitation and increased distractor suppression suggest that only target-present trials would be affected. Results showed no cost of mind wandering on target-absent trials, but significant distractor suppression and target facilitation effects during mind wandering on target-present trials. These findings suggest that rather than perceptual decoupling globally suppressing all stimuli, it is more selective, falling in line with evidence on strong top-down modulation.
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Barcelo, Francisco, Carles Escera, Maria J. Corral, and Jose A. Periáñez. "Task Switching and Novelty Processing Activate a Common Neural Network for Cognitive Control." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (October 2006): 1734–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1734.
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The abrupt onset of a novel event captures attention away from, and disrupts, ongoing task performance. Less obvious is that intentional task switching compares with novelty-induced behavioral distraction. Here we explore the hypothesis that intentional task switching and attentional capture by a novel distracter both activate a common neural network involved in processing contextual novelty [Barcelo, F., Periáñez, J. A., & Knight, R. T. Think differently: A brain orienting response to task novelty. NeuroReport, 13, 1887–1892, 2002.]. Event-related potentials were recorded in two task-cueing paradigms while 16 subjects sorted cards following either two (color or shape; two-task condition) or three (color, shape, or number; three-task condition) rules of action. Each card was preceded by a familiar tone cueing the subject either to switch or to repeat the previous rule. Novel sound distracters were interspersed in one of two blocks of trials in each condition. Both novel sounds and task-switch cues impaired responses to the following visual target. Novel sounds elicited novelty P3 potentials with their usual peak latency and frontal-central scalp distribution. Familiar tonal switch cues in the three- and two-task conditions elicited brain potentials with a similar latency and morphology as the novelty P3, but with relatively smaller amplitudes over frontal scalp regions. Covariance and principal component analyses revealed a sustained frontal negative potential that was distorting concurrent novelty P3 activity to the tonal switch cues. When this frontal negativity was statistically removed, P3 potentials to novel sounds and task-switch cues showed similar scalp topographies. The degree of activation in the novelty P3 network seemed to be a function of the information (entropy) conveyed by the eliciting stimulus for response selection, over and above its relative novelty, probability of occurrence, task relevance, or feedback value. We conclude that novelty P3 reflects transient activation in a neural network involved in updating task set information for goal-directed action selection and might thus constitute one key element in a central bottleneck for attentional control.
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Kaiser, Saskia, Axel Buchner, and Raoul Bell. "Positive and negative mood states do not influence cross-modal auditory distraction in the serial-recall paradigm." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 28, 2021): e0260699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260699.
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The aim of this study was to examine whether positive and negative mood states affect auditory distraction in a serial-recall task. The duplex-mechanism account differentiates two types of auditory distraction. The changing-state effect is postulated to be rooted in interference-by-process and to be automatic. The auditory-deviant effect is attributed to attentional capture by the deviant distractors. Only the auditory-deviant effect, but not the changing-state effect, should be influenced by emotional mood states according to the duplex-mechanism account. Four experiments were conducted to test how auditory distraction is affected by emotional mood states. Mood was induced by autobiographical recall (Experiments 1 and 2) or the presentation of emotional pictures (Experiments 3 and 4). Even though the manipulations were successful in inducing changes in mood, neither positive mood (Experiments 1 and 3) nor negative mood (Experiments 2 and 4) had any effect on distraction despite large samples sizes (N = 851 in total). The results thus are not in line with the hypothesis that auditory distraction is affected by changes in mood state. The results support an automatic-capture account according to which the auditory-deviant effect and the changing-state effect are mainly stimulus-driven effects that are rooted in the automatic processing of the to-be-ignored auditory stream.
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Barg, Gabriel, Alejandra Carboni, Thomas Roche, Verónica Nin, and Luis Carretié. "Evaluating the Association of High Trait Anxiety With a Bias in Familiarity-Based Recognition of Emotional Stimuli." Journal of Psychophysiology 34, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000246.
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Abstract. In the past decades the role of cognitive biases as maintaining factors of anxiety has been widely researched. This theoretical framework assumes that vulnerability self-referential thoughts promote a hyper-vigilant mode of processing environmental stimuli. In this mode, threatening information increases attentional capture and therefore encoding and retrieval of such stimuli is enhanced. Although this attentional bias has been confirmed, the evidence concerning the memory bias is contradictory. Our hypothesis is that the bias in memory is expressed through the pattern of recognition. Particularly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of anxiety with familiarity, a deficient form of recognition which consists only in the identification of the item without retrieval of contextual information. Two groups of 17 participants with low and high anxiety levels performed an experimental task of visual recognition memory, using neutral, positive, and negative pictures. The experiment had two test phases, with a 24-hour interval, to evaluate possible effects of consolidation. The pattern of recognition was measured, behaviorally (through an independent Remember/Know paradigm) and through event-related potentials (ERP). Participants with higher levels of anxiety developed a bias in recognition of arousing stimuli (positive and negative) compared with the control group. This bias was observed behaviorally through an increase of familiarity-based recognition, and was associated with a positive modulation of a right parietal late positive component (LPC) at approximately 600 ms of latency. Participants with higher levels of anxiety are capable of recognizing arousing stimuli but lack efficiency in retrieving past contextual information compared to lower level anxiety participants. A recognition bias can be the first step in cognitive distortions that generate anxiety. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to explore the association of anxiety with familiarity-based recognition, using an independent Remember/Know paradigm combined with electrophysiological data. Further studies with bigger samples and more recording channels are needed to confirm the electrophysiological findings.
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Adler, Melissa. "The Effect of Emotion on Associative Memory: Anger Versus Fear." Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal 17, no. 1 (August 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj/17.1.2.
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Studies show that emotion enhances memory for individual items but weakens memory for associations between items (Bisby & Burgess, 2014). One explanation for this associative memory impairment is that emotional stimuli capture attention, causing enhanced encoding of the emotional item but reduced encoding of the surrounding environment (Schupp, Junghöfer, Weike, & Hamm, 2003). This explanation generates the prediction that emotional information always impairs associative memory. Alternatively, it may be that emotion orients attention towards threats in the environment, suggesting that emotions’ effects on associative memory may differ depending on where they indicate a threat may be coming from (Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001). For example, seeing an angry face constitutes a direct threat. The angry face itself potentially captures attention and thereby reduces memory for its associated information. In contrast, seeing a fearful face indicates a threat elsewhere in the environment. Therefore, the fearful face may redirect attention towards the surroundings and thus enhance encoding of the associated information. To adjudicate between these hypotheses, subjects studied sets of three images, consisting of two objects and a face with either a neutral, angry, or fearful expression. Subjects were later tested on their memory for the associations between the three items. Supporting the first hypothesis, memory for both angry and fearful associations was worse than memory for neutral associations. Contrary to the second hypothesis, there were no differences in memory for angry versus fearful associations. Thus, emotional information itself seems to capture attention, weakening memory for related information.
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Filho, Edson, Maurizio Bertollo, Gabriella Tamburro, Lorenzo Schinaia, Jonas Chatel-Goldman, Selenia di Fronso, Claudio Robazza, and Silvia Comani. "Hyperbrain features of team mental models within a juggling paradigm: a proof of concept." PeerJ 4 (September 20, 2016): e2457. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2457.
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BackgroundResearch on cooperative behavior and the social brain exists, but little research has focused on real-time motor cooperative behavior and its neural correlates. In this proof of concept study, we explored the conceptual notion of shared and complementary mental models through EEG mapping of two brains performing a real-world interactive motor task of increasing difficulty. We used the recently introduced participative “juggling paradigm,” and collected neuro-physiological and psycho-social data. We were interested in analyzing the between-brains coupling during a dyadic juggling task, and in exploring the relationship between the motor task execution, the jugglers’skill level and the task difficulty. We also investigated how this relationship could be mirrored in the coupled functional organization of the interacting brains.MethodsTo capture the neural schemas underlying the notion of shared and complementary mental models, we examined the functional connectivity patterns and hyperbrain features of a juggling dyad involved in cooperative motor tasks of increasing difficulty. Jugglers’ cortical activity was measured using two synchronized 32-channel EEG systems during dyadic juggling performed with 3, 4, 5 and 6 balls. Individual and hyperbrain functional connections were quantified through coherence maps calculated across all electrode pairs in the theta and alpha bands (4–8 and 8–12 Hz). Graph metrics were used to typify the global topology and efficiency of the functional networks for the four difficulty levels in the theta and alpha bands.ResultsResults indicated that, as task difficulty increased, the cortical functional organization of the more skilled juggler became progressively more segregated in both frequency bands, with a small-world organization in the theta band during easier tasks, indicative of a flow-like state in line with the neural efficiency hypothesis. Conversely, more integrated functional patterns were observed for the less skilled juggler in both frequency bands, possibly related to cognitive overload due to the difficulty of the task at hand (reinvestment hypothesis). At the hyperbrain level, a segregated functional organization involving areas of the visuo-attentional networks of both jugglers was observed in both frequency bands and for the easier task only.DiscussionThese results suggest that cooperative juggling is supported by integrated activity of specialized cortical areas from both brains only during easier tasks, whereas it relies on individual skills, mirrored in uncorrelated individual brain activations, during more difficult tasks. These findings suggest that task difficulty and jugglers’ personal skills may influence the features of the hyperbrain network in its shared/integrative and complementary/segregative tendencies.
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Zipp, Genevieve Pinto. "What Do Educators Need To Know To Promote Student Performance On Dual Tasks?" American Journal of Health Sciences (AJHS) 2, no. 2 (November 23, 2011): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajhs.v2i2.6630.
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In today’s society, doing two things at once is the norm. As educators, especially in the area of physical education and special education, we assist students in performing multiple motor tasks successfully at one time. Understanding how the performance of multiple tasks affects the success of the overall performance may provide educators with knowledge regarding the most effective and efficient learning strategies to be used when teaching dual task performance. Therefore, this study was designed to provide insight by comparing the effects of performing dual tasks requiring different attentional demands on walking parameters in 6- and 7-year old children. It was hypothesized that a task, which requires a higher degree of attentional demands, would cause a disturbance of the children’s gait, with greater changes noted in the younger children. The subject population comprised of 13 boys, six 7-year olds (mean age=7 yrs, 4 mos) and seven 6-year olds (mean age=6 yrs, 6 mos) with no known medical problems. The subjects in both age groups walked at self-selected velocities over the Gait Rite Gold mat which is a 4 meter by 0.5 meter computerized walkway designed to capture spatial and temporal parameters of gait. Each subject walked under four conditions, with four trials per condition. The conditions were: 1) self-paced walking, 2) self-paced walking holding a 3/4 full, open plastic pitcher of water, 3) self-paced walking carrying a knapsack containing weights totaling 15 lbs., and 4) self-paced walking while performing a cognitive task requiring a color/action association verbal response. Conditions 2 and 4 were considered the high attentional demand tasks. The order of the conditions were randomized and counterbalanced across the subjects. Data collection started as the subject stepped onto the mat and ended when the subject stepped off the mat. Multi-factorial ANOVAs on the dependent variables of velocity and cadence, with leg length as the covariant were performed (p < .05). Scheffe post hoc analyses were used to compare individual means. The SPSS program - 11.5 for Windows - was used to perform all the calculations. When looking at conditions, a main effect was noted for velocity p<.001 and cadence p<.049. However, there was no main effect observed for age or age-by-condition interaction. Scheffe post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in cadence when walking with the water versus self- paced walking only p<.001; for velocity when walking with water versus walking with the knapsack, a trend was noted, p<.07. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that performing a secondary dual task that requires a high degree of attention (walking with water) will have a greater effect on the primary task of gait as noted by gait parameter changes. Interestingly, age did not significantly influence gait changes in these healthy young children. In today’s fast-paced world, doing several things at once is common. For example, walking while talking on a cell phone and crossing a busy street is a common occurrence, even for young children. The issue of how safe is one when doing multiple things at once frequently emerges in the news. Educators must begin to examine the effects of dual task performance on the safety and quality of the performance so that they can begin to help students focus their attention on the relevant features in the environment, which must be monitored. The findings of this study, as well as others, suggest that incorporating a dual task requirement during walking may provide an individual the opportunity to develop and practice movement strategies required in performing everyday activities regardless of age, and it affords insight into learning strategies that educators may use.
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Yee, Penny L., and Earl Hunt. "Individual differences in Stroop dilution: Tests of the attention-capture hypothesis." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17, no. 3 (1991): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.17.3.715.
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Lin, J., S. Franconeri, and J. Enns. "Object action captures attention: A test of the behavioral threat hypothesis." Journal of Vision 7, no. 9 (March 18, 2010): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.9.1084.
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Wójcik, Michał J., Maria M. Nowicka, Michał Bola, and Anna Nowicka. "Unconscious Detection of One’s Own Image." Psychological Science 30, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618822971.
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A key mechanism behind preferential processing of self-related information might be an early and automatic capture of attention. Therefore, the present study tested a hypothesis that one’s own face will attract bottom-up attention even without conscious identification. To test this, we used a dot-probe paradigm with electrophysiological recordings, in which participants ( N = 18) viewed masked and unmasked pairs of faces (other, self) presented laterally. Analysis of the sensitivity measure d ′ indicated that faces were not consciously identified in the masked condition. A clear N2 posterior-contralateral (N2pc) component (a neural marker of attention shifts) was found in both the masked and unmasked conditions, revealing that one’s own face automatically captures attention when processed unconsciously. Therefore, our study (a) demonstrates that self-related information is boosted at an early (preconscious) stage of processing, (b) identifies further features (beyond simple physical ones) that cause automatic attention capture, and (c) provides further evidence for the dissociative nature of attention and consciousness.
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Parmentier, Fabrice B. R., and Pilar Andrés. "The Involuntary Capture of Attention by Sound." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000009.
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The presentation of auditory oddball stimuli (novels) among otherwise repeated sounds (standards) triggers a well-identified chain of electrophysiological responses: The detection of acoustic change (mismatch negativity), the involuntary orientation of attention to (P3a) and its reorientation from the novel. Behaviorally, novels reduce performance in an unrelated visual task (novelty distraction). Past studies of the cross-modal capture of attention by acoustic novelty have typically discarded from their analysis the data from the standard trials immediately following a novel, despite some evidence in mono-modal oddball tasks of distraction extending beyond the presentation of deviants/novels (postnovelty distraction). The present study measured novelty and postnovelty distraction and examined the hypothesis that both types of distraction may be underpinned by common frontally-related processes by comparing young and older adults. Our data establish that novels delayed responses not only on the current trial and but also on the subsequent standard trial. Both of these effects increased with age. We argue that both types of distraction relate to the reconfiguration of task-sets and discuss this contention in relation to recent electrophysiological studies.
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Hickey, Clayton, Chris Olivers, Martijn Meeter, and Jan Theeuwes. "Feature priming and the capture of visual attention: Linking two ambiguity resolution hypotheses." Brain Research 1370 (January 2011): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.025.
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Taglialatela, Jared P., Lisa Reamer, Steven J. Schapiro, and William D. Hopkins. "Social learning of a communicative signal in captive chimpanzees." Biology Letters 8, no. 4 (March 21, 2012): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0113.
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The acquisition of linguistic competency from more experienced social partners is a fundamental aspect of human language. However, there is little evidence that non-human primates learn to use their vocalizations from social partners. Captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) produce idiosyncratic vocal signals that are used intentionally to capture the attention of a human experimenter. Interestingly, not all apes produce these sounds, and it is unclear what factors explain this difference. We tested the hypothesis that these attention-getting (AG) sounds are socially learned via transmission between mothers and their offspring. We assessed 158 chimpanzees to determine if they produced AG sounds. A significant association was found between mother and offspring sound production. This association was attributable to individuals who were raised by their biological mother—as opposed to those raised by humans in a nursery environment. These data support the hypothesis that social learning plays a role in the acquisition and use of communicative vocal signals in chimpanzees.
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Cools, Roshan, Robert Rogers, Roger A. Barker, and Trevor W. Robbins. "Top–Down Attentional Control in Parkinson's Disease: Salient Considerations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (May 2010): 848–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21227.
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Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been hypothesized to reflect a failure of cortical control. In keeping with this hypothesis, some of the cognitive deficits in PD resemble those seen in patients with lesions in the lateral pFC, which has been associated with top–down attentional control. However, there is no direct evidence for a failure of top–down control mechanisms in PD. Here we fill this gap by demonstrating disproportionate control by bottom–up attention to dimensional salience during attentional set shifting. Patients needed significantly more trials to criterion than did controls when shifting to a low-salient dimension while, remarkably, needing significantly fewer trials to criterion than did controls when shifting to a high-salient dimension. Thus, attention was captured by bottom–up attention to salient information to a greater extent in patients than in controls. The results provide a striking reinterpretation of prior set-shifting data and provide the first direct evidence for a failure of top–down attentional control, resembling that seen after catecholamine depletion in the pFC.
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Oh, Se Hyung (David), Ying Chen, and Fubin Sun. "When is a Good Citizen Valued More? Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Performance Evaluation." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 6 (July 17, 2015): 1009–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.6.1009.
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Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) have been found to affect supervisors' ratings of employee performance partially because these behaviors are distinct and, thus, capture the rater's attention. In this study, we have expanded the existing literature by recognizing the rater's readiness to detect employee OCB. Specifically, we applied the concept of bottom-up and top-down attentional capture to test our prediction that the influence of OCB on employee performance evaluation would be dependent upon the rater's motivation to detect behaviors that potentially increase group effectiveness. Results of hierarchical linear modeling analysis of data collected from 33 work groups at 5 state-owned manufacturing factories in China supported our hypotheses. Our findings suggest that the relationship between OCB and performance ratings is more complex than originally thought and that both rater's cognition and group context should be taken into consideration when investigating this relationship.
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Hausberger, Martine, Hugo Cousillas, Anaïke Meter, Genta Karino, Isabelle George, Alban Lemasson, and Catherine Blois-Heulin. "A Crucial Role of Attention in Lateralisation of Sound Processing?" Symmetry 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010048.
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Studies on auditory laterality have revealed asymmetries for processing, particularly species-specific signals, in vertebrates and that each hemisphere may process different features according to their functional “value”. Processing of novel, intense emotion-inducing or finer individual features may require attention and we hypothesised that the “functional pertinence” of the stimuli may be modulating attentional processes and hence lateralisation of sound processing. Behavioural measures in “(food) distracted” captive Campbell’s monkeys and electrophysiological recordings in anesthetised (versus awake) European starlings were performed during the broadcast of auditory stimuli with different functional “saliences” (e.g., familiar/novel). In Campbell’s monkeys, only novel sounds elicited lateralised responses, with a right hemisphere preference. Unfamiliar sounds elicited more head movements, reflecting enhanced attention, whereas familiar (usual in the home environment) sounds elicited few responses, and thus might not be arousing enough to stimulate attention. In starlings, in field L, when awake, individual identity was processed more in the right hemisphere, whereas, when anaesthetised, the left hemisphere was more involved in processing potentially socially meaningless sounds. These results suggest that the attention-getting property of stimuli may be an adapted concept for explaining hemispheric auditory specialisation. An attention-based model may reconcile the different existing hypotheses of a Right Hemisphere-arousal/intensity or individual based lateralisation.
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Drobyshev, Yu I. "Tangut captivity of Genghis Khan." Orientalistica 4, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 380–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-2-380-405.
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The article puts forward a hypothesis about the capture of Genghis Khan by the Tanguts during his attack on the Tangut state of Xi Xia in 1207-1208. The only source that provides this information is the work of Guillaume de Rubruk, who visited Mongolia in 1253-1255. No supporting information has yet been found, however, there is no data that would completely exclude the possibility of Genghis Khan being captured. On the basis of Chinese, Mongolian, Persian, Tibetan, and Tangut sources, the author reconstructs a picture of the Mongol invasions into Xi Xia in search of the moment when this event had the maximum chance to occur. Special attention is paid to the goals that the Mongols may have set in each of the five documented attacks on the Tangut country. Analysis of the sources suggests that the nature of these raids changed dramatically after the second Tangut campaign of 1207-1208: predatory raids were replaced by a full-scale war, which ended with the submission of Xi Xia to the Mongols. Perhaps the reason for this was revenge for the stay of the Mongol leader in Tangut captivity. The possibility of Genghis Khan being held captive in the Chin Empire is also briefly discussed, which is also only reported in a thirteenth-century Chinese diplomat's essay
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Phelps-Gregory, Christine, and Sandy M. Spitzer. "Assessing Prospective Teachers' Analysis of Teaching: How Well Can They Link Teaching and Learning?" Mathematics Teacher Educator 7, no. 1 (September 2018): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteaceduc.7.1.0034.
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One goal in teacher education is to prepare prospective teachers (PTs) for a career of systematic re_ ection and learning from their own teaching. One important skill involved in systematic re_ ection, which has received little research attention, is linking teaching actions with their outcomes on student learning; such links have been termed hypotheses. We developed an assessment task to investigate PTs' ability to create such hypotheses, prior to instruction. PTs (N = 16) each read a mathematics lesson transcript and then responded to four question prompts. The four prompts were designed to vary along research-based criteria to examine whether different contexts in_ uenced PTs' enactment of their hypothesizing skills. Results suggest that the assessment did capture PTs' hypothesizing ability and that there is room for teacher educators to help PTs develop better hypothesis skills. Additional analysis of the assessment task showed that the type of question prompt used had only minimal effect on PTs' responses.
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Thies, Cameron G., and Moises Arce. "The Politics of Exchange Rate—Based Stabilization Versus Structural Reforms in Latin America." Comparative Political Studies 42, no. 9 (February 9, 2009): 1193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414009331726.
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In the 1990s, the choice of an appropriate exchange rate regime began to capture the attention of policy makers across Latin America. Several countries pegged their currency to the U.S. dollar or even officially substituted the dollar for their national currency. Although economists and political scientists have made piecemeal contributions to the understanding of such policy choices, the literature currently lacks an integrated theoretical framework and a comprehensive test of alternative hypotheses. This study seeks to rectify these gaps in the literature by arguing that policy makers see the implementation of fixed exchange rate regimes as a politically expedient commitment device that allows them to avoid adopting more difficult long-term adjustment policies designed to attain macroeconomic stability and sustainable growth. This hypothesis is tested with alternative hypotheses put forward in the burgeoning literature on exchange rate regime choice. Theoretical expectations are supported by the results of several logit models, which confirm some previous findings in the literature.
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Conover, Michael R. "Stimuli Eliciting Distress Calls in Adult Passerines and Response of Predators and Birds To Their Broadcast." Behaviour 131, no. 1-2 (1994): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00190.
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AbstractThis study examined the response of birds and captive predators to the broadcast of distress calls and the effect of different stimuli on the elicitation ofthese calls. In doing so, this study tested two hypotheses about why adult passerines should distress call when physically constrained: the calls are designed 1) to attract attention, or 2) to startle the predator into releasing the caller. Birds often responded to both interspecific and intraspecific distress calls by approaching the sound source, but they rarely mobbed or engaged in any behavior that would aid the caller in escaping. The playback of a distress call had little effect on most captive opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) which were attacking a caged starling (Slurnus vulgaris). However, distress calls startled one opossum and two raccoons and provoked two other raccoons into a more severe attack. Birds only distress called when physically constrained. All passerine species that were tested, except brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), emitted distress calls, but in no species did every individual call. Distress calls usually were of short duration, interrupted by periods of silence, and paired with struggling behavior. Birds were more likely to distress call when held by the limbs rather than the body or neck, when moved, or when viewing a rapidly approaching object. These results indicate that one function of distress calls for most passerines is to startle the predator, but that other functions also are likely. My results also support the hypothesis that birds approach a distress caller to acquire information about the predator that has captured the caller.
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Beggs, John M. "The criticality hypothesis: how local cortical networks might optimize information processing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1864 (August 2, 2007): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2092.
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Early theoretical and simulation work independently undertaken by Packard, Langton and Kauffman suggested that adaptability and computational power would be optimized in systems at the ‘edge of chaos’, at a critical point in a phase transition between total randomness and boring order. This provocative hypothesis has received much attention, but biological experiments supporting it have been relatively few. Here, we review recent experiments on networks of cortical neurons, showing that they appear to be operating near the critical point. Simulation studies capture the main features of these data and suggest that criticality may allow cortical networks to optimize information processing. These simulations lead to predictions that could be tested in the near future, possibly providing further experimental evidence for the criticality hypothesis.
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Bugaiska, Aurélia, Laurent Grégoire, Anna-Malika Camblats, Margaux Gelin, Alain Méot, and Patrick Bonin. "Animacy and attentional processes: Evidence from the Stroop task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818771514.
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In visual perception, evidence has shown that attention is captured earlier and held longer by animate than inanimate stimuli. The former are also remembered better than the latter. Thus, as far as attentional processes are concerned, animate entities have a privileged status over inanimate entities. We tested this hypothesis further using an adaptation of the Stroop paradigm. Adults had to categorise the colours of words that referred to either animate or inanimate concepts. In two experiments, we found that it took longer to process the ink colour of animate than inanimate words. Indeed, this effect was found when the words were presented in an oral animacy Stroop task (Experiment 1) and in a manual animacy Stroop task (Experiment 2). Using ex-Gaussian analyses and examining the distribution of RTs as a function of vincentiles per animacy condition, we did not find a specific localisation of the animacy effect. The findings are interpreted as providing further evidence that animates are prioritised in processing because their fitness value is higher than that of inanimates.
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Andrés, Pilar, Fabrice B. R. Parmentier, and Carles Escera. "The effect of age on involuntary capture of attention by irrelevant sounds: A test of the frontal hypothesis of aging." Neuropsychologia 44, no. 12 (January 2006): 2564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.005.
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Cabeza, Roberto, Yonatan S. Mazuz, Jared Stokes, James E. Kragel, Marty G. Woldorff, Elisa Ciaramelli, Ingrid R. Olson, and Morris Moscovitch. "Overlapping Parietal Activity in Memory and Perception: Evidence for the Attention to Memory Model." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 11 (November 2011): 3209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00065.
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The specific role of different parietal regions to episodic retrieval is a topic of intense debate. According to the Attention to Memory (AtoM) model, dorsal parietal cortex (DPC) mediates top–down attention processes guided by retrieval goals, whereas ventral parietal cortex (VPC) mediates bottom–up attention processes captured by the retrieval output or the retrieval cue. This model also hypothesizes that the attentional functions of DPC and VPC are similar for memory and perception. To investigate this last hypothesis, we scanned participants with event-related fMRI whereas they performed memory and perception tasks, each comprising an orienting phase (top–down attention) and a detection phase (bottom–up attention). The study yielded two main findings. First, consistent with the AtoM model, orienting-related activity for memory and perception overlapped in DPC, whereas detection-related activity for memory and perception overlapped in VPC. The DPC overlap was greater in the left intraparietal sulcus, and the VPC overlap in the left TPJ. Around overlapping areas, there were differences in the spatial distribution of memory and perception activations, which were consistent with trends reported in the literature. Second, both DPC and VPC showed stronger connectivity with medial-temporal lobe during the memory task and with visual cortex during the perception task. These findings suggest that, during memory tasks, some parietal regions mediate similar attentional control processes to those involved in perception tasks (orienting in DPC vs. detection in VPC), although on different types of information (mnemonic vs. sensory).
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Luck, Steven J., Britta Hahn, Carly J. Leonard, and James M. Gold. "The Hyperfocusing Hypothesis: A New Account of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 5 (July 18, 2019): 991–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz063.
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Abstract Impairments in basic cognitive processes such as attention and working memory are commonly observed in people with schizophrenia and are predictive of long-term outcome. In this review, we describe a new theory—the hyperfocusing hypothesis—which provides a unified account of many aspects of impaired cognition in schizophrenia. This hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia involves an abnormally narrow but intense focusing of processing resources. This hyperfocusing impairs the ability of people with schizophrenia to distribute attention among multiple locations, decreases the number of representations that can simultaneously be maintained in working memory, and causes attention to be abnormally captured by irrelevant inputs that share features with active representations. Evidence supporting the hyperfocusing hypothesis comes from a variety of laboratory tasks and from both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of processing. In many of these tasks, people with schizophrenia exhibit supranormal effects of task manipulations, which cannot be explained by a generalized cognitive deficit or by nonspecific factors such as reduced motivation or poor task comprehension. In addition, the degree of hyperfocusing in these tasks is often correlated with the degree of impairment in measures of broad cognitive function, which are known to be related to long-term outcome. Thus, the mechanisms underlying hyperfocusing may be a good target for new treatments targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Mata, André. "An easy fix for reasoning errors: Attention capturers improve reasoning performance." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 10 (June 17, 2020): 1695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820931499.
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Research on problem-solving, judgement, and decision making documents systematic reasoning errors. Such errors are often attributed to reasoning shortcomings, an inability to think properly. However, recent research suggests another cause for those errors: insufficient attention to the critical premises in a problem, resulting in miscomprehension, such that, even if a person is capable of reasoning properly, she will fail to solve the problem correctly if she is operating on wrong premises. The first study in this article provided further evidence for this comprehension account of reasoning errors: Performance on reasoning problems was found to relate to verbal comprehension on a separate task. This suggests that reasoning errors are in part due to lack of comprehension. The upside of this account is that it should be possible to improve reasoning performance by drawing attention to the critical premises. Three additional studies provided consistent evidence for this hypothesis, showing that the same participants who at first proved unable to solve certain problems correctly were able to overcome this inability and performed better when simple attention-capturing devices drew their attention to the critical premises.
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Cattaneo, Zaira, Susanna Schiavi, Carlotta Lega, Chiara Renzi, Matteo Tagliaferri, Jana Boehringer, Claus-Christian Carbon, and Tomaso Vecchi. "Biases in Spatial Bisection Induced by Viewing Male and Female Faces." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 5 (May 15, 2014): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000256.
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Research on visual attention triggered by face gender is still relatively sparse. In the present study, three experiments are reported in which male and female participants were required to estimate the midpoint of a line (i.e., the “line bisection task”): at each end of the line a face was presented. Depending on the experimental condition, faces could be of the same gender (i.e., two males or two females) or the opposite gender. Experiments 1 and 2 converged in showing that when a male face was presented at the right and a female face at the left endpoint of the line, a clear rightward bias emerged compared to the other experimental conditions, indicating that male faces captured attention more than female faces. Importantly, male faces used across Experiments 1 and 2 were rated as more threatening than female faces, suggesting that perceived level of threat may have been responsible for the observed bias toward the male face. Experiment 3 corroborated this hypothesis by finding an attentional bias toward the male face with high threat (angry) faces but not with low threat (smiling) faces.
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Duane, Ben. "Repetition and Prominence." Music Perception 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2016.34.2.152.
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This study examines the difference between prominent and non-prominent lines (e.g., melodies and accompaniments). After reviewing research suggesting that lines with few repeating patterns would readily capture attention, the hypothesis that prominent lines tend to be less repetitive is tested. Various probabilistic models are used to quantify the repetitiveness of lines from three musical corpora—two containing Classical string quartets, one including songs by the Beatles. The results suggest that notes from prominent lines tend to have lower probability. This trend, along with others found in the corpora, is consistent with the hypothesis that prominent lines are generally less repetitive.
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Kucyi, Aaron, Michael Esterman, Clay S. Riley, and Eve M. Valera. "Spontaneous default network activity reflects behavioral variability independent of mind-wandering." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 48 (November 15, 2016): 13899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611743113.
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The brain’s default mode network (DMN) is highly active during wakeful rest when people are not overtly engaged with a sensory stimulus or externally oriented task. In multiple contexts, increased spontaneous DMN activity has been associated with self-reported episodes of mind-wandering, or thoughts that are unrelated to the present sensory environment. Mind-wandering characterizes much of waking life and is often associated with error-prone, variable behavior. However, increased spontaneous DMN activity has also been reliably associated with stable, rather than variable, behavior. We aimed to address this seeming contradiction and to test the hypothesis that single measures of attentional states, either based on self-report or on behavior, are alone insufficient to account for DMN activity fluctuations. Thus, we simultaneously measured varying levels of self-reported mind-wandering, behavioral variability, and brain activity with fMRI during a unique continuous performance task optimized for detecting attentional fluctuations. We found that even though mind-wandering co-occurred with increased behavioral variability, highest DMN signal levels were best explained by intense mind-wandering combined with stable behavior simultaneously, compared with considering either single factor alone. These brain–behavior–experience relationships were highly consistent within known DMN subsystems and across DMN subregions. In contrast, such relationships were absent or in the opposite direction for other attention-relevant networks (salience, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks). Our results suggest that the cognitive processes that spontaneous DMN activity specifically reflects are only partially related to mind-wandering and include also attentional state fluctuations that are not captured by self-report.
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Yeh, Su-Ling, and Hsin-I. Liao. "On the generality of the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis: Can a visual onset capture attention without top-down control settings for displaywide onset?" Acta Psychologica 135, no. 2 (October 2010): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.05.013.
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Napier, W. M. "Dynamical interactions of the solar system with massive nebulae." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 83 (1985): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100083780.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe effects of encounters with massive nebulae on the long-period comet population are examined, paying particular attention to the uncertainties in the data. An earlier conclusion, that the long-period comet system is dynamically unstable, is upheld. Whether replenishment by unbinding from a dense inner comet cloud is a viable hypothesis awaits detailed modelling, but a qualitative discussion is given which argues tentatively against it. If comets occur in molecular clouds, however, their capture into temporarily bound Solar System orbits is a natural consequence of close encounters for realistic velocities and potentials. A large disturbance or capture may have occurred a few Myr ago as the Sun emerged from the Orion spiral arm.