Relevant bibliographies by topics / Attentional bias

Academic literature on the topic 'Attentional bias'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Attentional bias"

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Gladwin, Thomas E. "Attentional bias variability and cued attentional bias for alcohol stimuli." Addiction Research & Theory 25, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1196674.

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Nowrouzi, Ali, Najmeh Hamid, Kumars Beshlideh, and Seyed Ali Marashy. "The effectiveness of attentional bias modification on attentional bias, pre-attentional bias and craving in abstinent addicts." Advances in Cognitive Science 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/icss.21.4.12.

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Gladwin, Thomas E., Martin Möbius, and Eni S. Becker. "Predictive attentional bias modification induces stimulus-evoked attentional bias for threat." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1633.

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Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) aims to modulate attentional biases, but questions remain about its efficacy and there may be new variants yet to explore. The current study tested effects of a novel version of ABM, predictive ABM (predABM), using visually neutral cues predicting the locations of future threatening and neutral stimuli that had a chance of appearing after a delay. Such effects could also help understand anticipatory attentional biases measured using cued Visual Probe Tasks. One hundred and two participants completed the experiment online. We tested whether training Towards Threat versus Away from Threat contingencies on the predABM would cause subsequent attentional biases towards versus away from threat versus neutral stimuli, respectively. Participants were randomly assigned and compared on attentional bias measured via a post-training Dot-Probe task. A significant difference was found between the attentional bias in the Towards Threat versus Away from Threat group. The training contingencies induced effects on bias in the expected direction, although the bias in each group separately did not reach significance. Stronger effects may require multiple training sessions. Nevertheless, the primary test confirmed the hypothesis, showing that the predABM is a potentially interesting variant of ABM. Theoretically, the results show that automatization may involve the process of selecting the outcome of a cognitive response, rather than a simple stimulus-response association. Training based on contingencies involving predicted stimuli affect subsequent attentional measures and could be of interest in future clinical studies.
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Edalati, Hanie, Zach Walsh, and David S. Kosson. "Attentional Bias in Psychopathy." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60, no. 11 (March 26, 2015): 1344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15577791.

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Basanovic, Julian, Lies Notebaert, Ben Grafton, Colette R. Hirsch, and Patrick J. F. Clarke. "Attentional control predicts change in bias in response to attentional bias modification." Behaviour Research and Therapy 99 (December 2017): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.002.

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ZHANG, Yu, Yu LUO, Shouying ZHAO, Wei CHEN, and Hong LI. "Attentional Bias towards Threat: Facilitated Attentional Orienting or Impaired Attentional Disengagement?" Advances in Psychological Science 22, no. 7 (2014): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01129.

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Klonteig, S., R. Jonassen, P. Mirtaheri, E. Hilland, and S. I. Ougendal. "Paying attention to attentional bias: comparing EEG, fNIRS, eye-tracking and behavioral measures of attentional bias - a pilot study." International Journal of Psychophysiology 188 (June 2023): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.335.

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Yaxley, Richard H., and Rolf A. Zwaan. "Attentional bias affects change detection." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 12, no. 6 (December 2005): 1106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206451.

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MacLeod, Colin, Andrew Mathews, and Philip Tata. "Attentional bias in emotional disorders." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95, no. 1 (1986): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15.

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Mohammadi, Somayyeh, Mohsen Dehghani, Ali Khatibi, Robbert Sanderman, and Mariët Hagedoorn. "Caregiversʼ attentional bias to pain." PAIN 156, no. 1 (January 2015): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.0000000000000015.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Attentional bias"

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Leafhead, Katherine M. "Delusions and attentional bias." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5007/.

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A research method for investigating delusional beliefs is outlined by adopting the delusional belief that one is dead (the Cotard delusion) as a model delusion. Detailed analyses of published case reports of the Cotard delusion demonstrate that the term 'syndrome' as it is currently applied to the belief that one is dead is not helpful in terms of our understanding of the delusion. Four new case studies of the Cotard delusion suggest that preoccupation with belief may play a role in the formation and maintenance of delusions. Preoccupation with delusional belief was investigated using a variant of the 'emotional' Stroop paradigm, commonly used in investigating anxiety disorders. Three individuals with the Cotard delusion, and diagnosed as suffering from depression, showed attentional biases toward words related to the theme of death. Two of the individuals had no history of anxiety and showed no bias toward words related to generalised anxiety. It was therefore suggested that the locus of attentional biases in delusions may be preoccupation with delusional belief, rather than anxiety per se. Consistent with this, a patient with fixed grandiose delusional beliefs, diagnosed with schizophrenia, and not suffering from anxiety, showed attentional bias toward words related to his delusional beliefs. Attentional bias failed to be demonstrated in a group of people with delusions arising in the context of schizophrenia, and reasons for this are discussed. Finally, three groups of individuals, who were free form any form of psychopathology, each showed a trend towards longer colour-naming times towards words related to their respective interests, but none of these were significant. It is concluded that attentional biases in delusions serve to reinforce delusional beliefs by constantly focusing die individual's attention onto delusion- relevant material. Implications for further research are discussed.
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Reinholdt-Dunne, Marie louise. "The relationship between Attention Control, Attentional Bias, and Anxiety." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518493.

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Ryan, Francis Noel. "Attentional bias and addictive behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26911.

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The relationship between attentional bias and aspects of addictive alcohol use was investigated. A modified Stroop procedure was administered to detoxified problem drinkers (N=33) attending a specialist day clinic and staff specialising in substance misuse treatment (N=32). The card format Stroop procedure contained words such as "alcohol" and "relapse" and neutral semantically homogenous words. It was predicted that the problem drinking cohort would show greater colour naming latency with alcohol relevant words compared to the neutral words than the control group. It was also hypothesised that significant relationships would emerge between indices of alcohol consumption and Stroop interference. Analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for word type with both alcoholic and "expert" subjects taking longer to colour-name alcohol related words (p< .001). Predicted interactions between word type and clinical status of subject were not observed. These results were consistent with earlier findings that expertise or familiarity were influential factors in Stroop performance and highlighted the need to control for this in future research using this paradigm. Alcoholic Ss did take relatively longer to colour-name alcohol related words than neutral words compared to controls, but this difference fell marginally short of significance (p < 0.07). Multiple regression analysis with the entire sample (N=65) showed that equations with the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (S.A.D.Q.) and the number of years regular drinking were significantly predictive of colour naming latency for alcohol related words (p < .001). Theoretical and clinical aspects were discussed including the role of automaticity in additive behaviour and implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Weafer, Jessica Jane. "ATTENTIONAL BIAS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/6.

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Selective attention towards alcohol-related cues (i.e., “attentional bias”) is thought to reflect increased incentive motivational value of alcohol and alcohol cues acquired through a history of heavy alcohol use, and as such attentional bias is considered to be a clinically relevant factor contributing to alcohol use disorders. This dissertation consists of two studies that investigated specific mechanisms through which attentional bias might serve to promote alcohol abuse. Study 1 compared magnitude of attentional bias in heavy (n = 20) and light (n = 20) drinkers following placebo and two doses of alcohol (0.45 g/kg and 0.65 g/kg). Heavy drinkers displayed significantly greater attentional bias than did moderate drinkers following placebo. However, heavy drinkers displayed a dose-dependent decrease in response to alcohol. Individual differences in attentional bias under placebo were associated with both self-reported and laboratory alcohol consumption, yet bias following alcohol administration did not predict either measure of consumption. These findings suggest that attentional bias is strongest before a drinking episode begins, and as such might be most influential in terms of initiation of alcohol consumption. Study 2 addressed theoretical accounts regarding potential reciprocal interactions between attentional bias and inhibitory control that might promote excessive alcohol consumption. Fifty drinkers performed a measure of attentional bias and a novel task that measures the degree to which alcohol-related stimuli can increase behavioral activation and reduce the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses. As hypothesized, inhibitory failures were significantly greater following alcohol images compared to neutral images. Further, heightened attentional bias was associated with greater response activation following alcohol images. These findings suggest that alcohol stimuli serve to disrupt mechanisms of behavioral control, and that heightened attentional bias is associated with greater disruption of control mechanisms following alcohol images. Taken together, these studies provide strong evidence of an association between attentional bias in sober individuals and alcohol consumption, suggesting a pronounced role of attentional bias in initiation of consumption. Further, findings show that attention to alcohol cues can serve to disrupt mechanisms of inhibitory control that might be necessary to regulate drinking behavior, suggesting a potential means through which attentional bias might promote consumption.
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Skene, Wendy. "Attentional bias across the lifespan." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=217888.

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This thesis takes a lifespan approach to investigate attentional bias from childhood into older adulthood. Using the dot-probe task throughout, the primary aim was to identify age-related differences in attentional bias across the lifespan. Short and longer stimulus presentation times were used in some studies to investigate the time course of attentional bias. Furthermore, anxiety and executive function were measured to examine how these factors may influence attentional bias across the lifespan. Results found that children showed an attentional bias away from emotion faces which was most evident in those with low trait anxiety. Young adults attended to angry faces at the short presentation time, this was not maintained at longer presentation times. In older adults, results showed an initial avoidance of happy faces followed by a bias towards happy faces at the later presentation time. A direct comparison between children and young adults found that children showed avoidance of emotion compared to adults. A direct comparison of young and older adults found in those with higher state anxiety, young adults showed a bias towards threat at the long presentation time, whereas older adults showed a bias away from threat. Contrary to the predominant theory of attention, executive function was not found to be related to attentional bias in children or young adults. However it did influence attentional bias in older adults, where poorer inhibition was related to a bias away from the happy face. To summarise, this thesis has identified differences in attentional bias according to age and prompts further research into how age, anxiety, executive function and attentional bias may interact in a non-clinically anxious population.
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Clarke, Patrick. "Assessing the role of attentional engagement and attentional disengagement in anxiety-linked attentional bias." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0024.

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[Truncated abstract] It has consistently been found that individuals who are more highly vulnerable to anxious mood selectively attend to emotionally negative stimuli as compared to those lower in anxiety vulnerability, suggesting that such anxiety-prone individuals possess an attentional bias favouring negative information. Two of the most consistent tasks used to reveal this bias have been the attentional probe and emotional Stroop tasks. It has been noted, however, that these tasks have not been capable of differentiating the relative role of attentional engagement with, and attentional disengagement from emotionally valenced stimuli, suggesting that either of these attentional processes could account for the attentional bias observed in individuals with high levels of anxiety vulnerability on the attentional probe and emotional Stroop tasks. A number of resent studies have claimed support for the operation of biased attentional disengagement in anxiety using a modified attentional cueing paradigm, concluding that individuals more vulnerable to anxious mood have a selective difficulty disengaging attention from emotionally negative stimuli. The current thesis highlights the possibility, however, that the structure of the modified cueing paradigm could allow individual differences in initial attentional engagement with differentially valenced stimuli to be interpreted as a selective disengagement bias. ... The modified emotional Stroop task employed in the current research measured participant's ability to engage with the emotional content of differentially valenced stimuli having initially processed non-emotional information (stimulus colour), and measured their relative ability to disengage attention from such emotional content to process non-emotional stimulus information. Results using this modified Stroop task suggested that those with high vulnerability to anxious mood were disproportionately fast to engage with the content of negative as compared to non-negative stimuli whereas those with low vulnerability to anxious mood did not display this pattern. The results provided no support for presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional disengagement from the content of differentially valenced stimuli. Results derived from the modified emotional Stroop task therefore provided support for the presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional engagement with the content of emotionally negative stimuli, but no support for a bias in attentional disengagement from the content of such material. The final study in the present series of experiments was designed to address the novel possibility that a bias in attentional disengagement could result in ongoing semantic activation of negatively valenced stimuli which would not necessarily be indexed by previous tasks assessing biased attentional disengagement. The results of this final study, however, provided no evidence to suggest the presence of anxiety-linked differences in ongoing semantic activation of differentially valenced stimuli. The present series of studies therefore provide support for the presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional engagement with the content of emotionally negative stimuli, while providing no support for the presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional disengagement from negative stimuli.
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Leleu, Vincent. "Anxiété et désengagement attentionnel de l'information menaçante." Thesis, Lille 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL30037.

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Les recherches en psychopathologie cognitive ont montré que le biais attentionnel vers l'information menaçante contribue au développement et au maintien de l'anxiété. La difficulté rencontrée par les individus anxieux pour se désengager de l'information menaçante est l'une des principales composantes de ce biais attentionnel. Les recherches menées au cours de cette thèse ont permis, au moyen de paradigmes expérimentaux, de connaître : (1) les étapes du traitement de l'information concernées par la difficulté de désengagement attentionnel de mots menaçants et d'expressions faciales menaçantes, (2) l'importance de l'inhibition et du déplacement attentionnel dans la détérioration du désengagement attentionnel, (3) les relations entre la sous-échelle de focalisation attentionnelle de l'Attention Control Scale et le contrôle exécutif, et celle de déplacement attentionnel avec l'orientation de l'attention, et (4) la présence d'une difficulté de désengagement attentionnel des émotions négatives, non dans l'anxiété mais dans une situation stressante de menace du stéréotype de genre en mathématiques. Notre discussion reprend les résultats concernant le désengagement attentionnel et montre comment ils peuvent être étayés par des mesures telles que l'enregistrement des mouvements oculaires ou le recours à des investigations électrophysiologiques, auprès de populations cliniques et non-cliniques. Nous proposons aussi des pistes d'amélioration du dispositif d'entraînement attentionnel au désengagement, des mesures des fonctions d'inhibition et de déplacement attentionnel, ainsi que de nouvelles perspectives concernant l'évaluation du contrôle attentionnel par questionnaire et paradigmes expérimentaux
Research in cognitive psychopathology showed that attentional bias towards threat contributes to development and maintenance of anxiety. Difficulty to disengage from threatening stimuli is one of the major components of attentional bias in anxiety. Research conducted in this thesis, using experimental paradigms, enabled to identify : (1) the stages of information processing involved in the impaired, disengagement from threatening words and threatening facial expressions, (2) the role of inhibition and attentional shifting in the impaired attentional disengagement, (3) the link between the attentional focusing subscale of Attentional Control Scale and executive control on the one hand, and betweeen the attentional shifting subscale and orientation of attention, on the other hand, and (4) attentional disengagement impairment from negative emotions in a stressful situation of mathematical gender stereotype threat. Finally, we discussed the results related to attentional disengagement and showed how they might be supported by eyes tracking or electrophysiological measures in clinical and non-clinical samples. We also put forward suggestions to improve attentional disengagement training and develop new measures of inhibition and attentional shifting functions. We also proposed new perspectives for the assessment of attentional control using questionnaire and experimental paradigms
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Holmes, Amanda Heloise. "Anxiety and attentional bias : the role of central attention processes." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395161.

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Seage, Catherine Heidi. "Exploring attentional bias to food cues." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42953.

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The attentional system has evolved to be proficient at responding to the presence of food cues, particularly to those which are energy dense (Berthoud, 2007). Individuals who pay heightened attention to food stimuli within their feeding environment are likely to be motivated to overeat as a consequence. This current thesis presents 6 experiments which explore the extent to which paying enhanced attention to food cues in the environment influences eating behaviour. Experiment 1 established that individuals who are responsive to the pull of food cues, sensitive to reward and have high disinhibition are at risk of developing obesity. Experiment 2 demonstrated that individuals with high disinhibition were quicker to respond to high calorie food stimuli shown on a visual dot probe task. Whereas experiment 3 indicated that attentional retraining (learning to attend or avoid food stimuli on a visual dot probe task) could successfully manipulate food processing bias and calorie intake. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated the extent to which reward can determine the incentive salience of cues. Novel cues which had been paired with chocolate reward during a training task were found to elicite greater attention both at a behavioural and neurophysiological level. Finally Experiment 6 demonstrated that these trained cues could successfully manipulate craving. These results are discussed in terms of theoretical perspectives of attentional bias and the wider implications for understanding overeating.
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Scott, Sarah. "Attentional bias and physical symptom reporting." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/attentional-bias-and-physical-symptom-reporting(3b1382e1-cb80-4986-ba56-51c941d1abb1).html.

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Attentional bias to health-threat information in the sphere of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is the focus of this thesis. Confusion and debate regarding the classification of MUS exists, and medical and psychiatric classifications of MUS have resulted in separate literatures in the two areas. In addition to “medical” and “psychiatric” diagnoses, there are habitual symptom reporters who are frequently seen in the general population. Contemporary psychological theories of MUS postulate attentional bias towards health-threat information as central in their development and maintenance, although a causal relationship has yet to be established. Paper 1 provides an overview of the experimental paradigms used to examine attentional bias to health-threat information in “medical” MUS (functional somatic syndromes). This is provided within the theoretical context of attention. Eighteen studies satisfied inclusion criteria, and it was concluded that the evidence for an attentional bias in individuals with functional somatic syndromes is equivocal. The strengths and limitations of the individual studies are provided, together with recommendations for future research. The review has been prepared for submission to ‘Clinical Psychology Review’.Paper 2 employed an attentional bias modification (ABM) paradigm to explore whether it is possible to generate an attentional bias towards health-threat information in a low symptom reporting population. Fifty-six non-clinical low symptom reports were randomly assigned to a ‘training’ or ‘no training’ version of the ABM paradigm. ABM increased the degree to which low symptom reporters were distracted by threat but this did not lead to increased physical symptoms or anxiety. The empirical paper has been prepared for submission to the ‘Journal of Abnormal Psychology’.Paper 3 is a critical appraisal of the previous papers. Methodological considerations are discussed, together with theoretical and clinical implications.
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Books on the topic "Attentional bias"

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Meyerhoff, Hauke S. Linking perceptual animacy to visual attention: An investigation of detection efficiency and attentional bias for chasing objects among distractors kumulative Dissertation. [S.l: s.n.], 2013.

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Langer, Ellen J. Xue xi, jiu shi yi zhong xiang shou: Ni ye ke yi ba xue xi he gong zuo bian cheng "wan le" de dai ming ci. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Ren ben zi ran wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2006.

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Langer, Ellen J. Yong xin fa ze: Gai bian ni yi sheng de guan jian. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Mu ma wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 2007.

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Ferguson, Stuart G., Eva Kemps, and Lien Goossens, eds. Measurement and Interpretation of Attentional Bias. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-616-3.

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Munafò, Marcus R., and Brian Hitsman. Neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 discusses neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours. It reviews implicit measures of nicotine addiction and smoking behaviour (cognitive measures, and measures of attentional bias, and evidence from neuroimaging studies, including fMRI, PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)), and reviews the utility of these implicit measures in studies which are informative with respect to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and cigarette smoking.
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Duley, Aaron R. Affective information processing and anxiety: Attentional bias and short-lead interval startle modification. 2005.

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Summerfield, Christopher, and Tobias Egner. Attention and Decision-Making. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.018.

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This chapter reviews formal models of the decision process in humans and other primates, and discusses divergent accounts of how attention might intervene to bias or facilitate judgements about sensory stimuli. The review covers established decision-theoretic models, such as signal detection theory and serial sampling models, and other computational accounts that draw upon psychophysical and neurobiological mechanisms of early vision. It considers whether such decisions are limited by attentional capacity, or by noise, as suggested by normative models of choice. The authors revisit a debate concerning whether attention acts to boost inputs, enhance activity, or reduce noise. Finally, the authors consider the relationship between attention and expectation in perceptual decision-making.
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Stokes, Mark, and John Duncan. Dynamic Brain States for Preparatory Attention and Working Memory. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.032.

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This chapter considers how dynamic brain states continuously fine-tune processing to accommodate changes in behavioural context and task goals. First, the authors review the extant literature suggesting that content-specific patterns of preparatory activity bias competitive processing in visual cortex to favour behaviourally relevant input. Next, they consider how higher-level brain areas might provide a top-down attentional signal for modulating baseline visual activity. Extensive evidence suggests that working memory representations in prefrontal cortex are especially important for generating and maintaining biases in preparatory visual activity via modulatory feedback. Although it is often proposed that such working memory representations are maintained via persistent prefrontal activity, the authors review more recent evidence that rapid short-term synaptic plasticity provides a common substrate for maintaining the content of past experience and the rules for guiding future goal-directed processing.
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Nobre, Anna C. (Kia), and Gustavo Rohenkohl. Time for the Fourth Dimension in Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.036.

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This chapter takes attention into the fourth dimension by considering research that explores how predictive information in the temporal structure of events can contribute to optimizing perception. The authors review behavioural and neural findings from three lines of investigation in which the temporal regularity and predictability of events are manipulated through rhythms, hazard functions, and cues. The findings highlight the fundamental role temporal expectations play in shaping several aspects of performance, from early perceptual analysis to motor preparation. They also reveal modulation of neural activity by temporal expectations all across the brain. General principles of how temporal expectations are generated and bias information processing are still emerging. The picture so far suggests that there may be multiple sources of temporal expectation, which can bias multiple stages of stimulus analysis depending on the stages of information processing that are critical for task performance. Neural oscillations are likely to provide an important medium through which the anticipated timing of events can regulate neuronal excitability.
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McCrory Calarco, Jessica. Seeking Attention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634438.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 examines social class differences in children’s efforts to seek attention from teachers. Regardless of social class, students wanted—even craved—attention. Middle-class and working-class students differed in the types of behaviors for which they sought attention and the strategies they used to get teachers’ attention. Middle-class students sought attention for their unique talents, skills, and experiences, and they did so in overt ways. Working-class students instead sought attention primarily for their commonalities with and helpfulness to others. They also did so in more oblique ways and only when it was clear that teachers had time to provide attention. Those class differences in attention-seeking had meaningful consequences. Through their more frequent and more difficult to ignore bids for attention, and through their success in persuading teachers to grant those requests, middle-class students had more opportunities to share stories with, receive validation from, and make personal connections with their teachers.
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Book chapters on the topic "Attentional bias"

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Wills, Phillippa. "Attentional Bias." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 35–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_6.

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Cohen, Ronald A. "Attentional Response Bias." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 409–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_3001.

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Cohen, Ronald A. "Attentional Response Bias." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 298–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1273.

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Cohen, Ronald. "Attentional Response Bias." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_3001-1.

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Matheson, Emily. "Attentional and Interpretive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders, 1–5. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-087-2_187-1.

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Matheson, Emily. "Attentional and Interpretive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders, 38–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-104-6_187.

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Field, Matt, and Ingmar H. A. Franken. "Attentional Bias to Drug Cues." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 217–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_167.

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Scherrmann, Jean-Michel, Kim Wolff, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Tayfun Uzbay, Lisiane Bizarro, David C. S. Roberts, et al. "Attentional Bias to Drug Cues." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 175–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_167.

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Field, Matt, and Ingmar H. A. Franken. "Attentional Bias to Drug Cues." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_167-2.

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Shukla, Shanu. "Media Multitaskers and Attentional Bias Toward Emotional Stimuli." In Applied Psychology Readings, 39–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2796-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Attentional bias"

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Lee, Joo-Eun, and Kyung-Ja Oh. "The influence of worry on attentional bias for uncertainty." In Annual International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Global Science and Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1865_cbp45.

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Cheng, Jie. "Subliminal Affective Priming of Internet Emotions Influences Attentional Bias." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmess-18.2018.263.

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Podina, Ioana, Ana Toma, and Anamaria Cosmoiu. "RATIONALE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PROOF OF CONCEPT GAMIFIED MHEALTH ATTENTION TRAINING APP TOWARDS HEALTHY FOOD CUES." In eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-013.

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Among the factors shown to influence patterns in food consumption, attentional biases toward food cues have been found to play an important role in the maintenance of maladaptive eating behaviors, such as emotional eating, overeating or eating in the absence of hunger. As such, attention bias modification interventions have traditionally focused on retraining attention away from food towards neutral stimuli. However, recent theoretical upgrades and empirical findings highlight that maladaptive eating habits are not only associated with biases towards food in general, but particularly to biases towards unhealthy, calorie-dense foods. More specifically, individuals showing maladaptive eating patterns have a higher tendency to automatically turn their attention towards unhealthy food cues in their environment and to perceive them as being more salient. Thus, a more theoretically sound and ecologically valid aim of attention bias modification interventions is to retrain attention away from unhealthy food cues towards healthier ones in a computerised manner. The current study presents the theoretical rationale and the development of SANATENT, a gamified mHealth attentional bias modification intervention, designed to curb unhealthy eating habits and promote the consumption of healthy food. Within the intervention, a minimum of two and a maximum of six food images appear concurrently on the screen, with a single food item representing a healthy choice. Users are instructed to choose the correct image as fast and as accurately as possible, thus prompting them to ignore the unhealthy food options. SANATENT is envisioned to alter users' attentional biases in their ecological environment, thus being suited to function as either a stand-alone intervention or as a therapeutic adjuvant. Moreover, the application is based on gamification principles of learning, making it more appealing to use and potentially facilitating adherence to treatment. Practical and theoretical implications, as well as directions for future studies will be discussed.
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Chan, Pi Ki, Ting Zhou, Shuo Tang, and Zheng Huang. "Attentional bias to negative emotions in anxious individuals: an eye tracking study." In ICEME 2022: 2022 13th International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3556089.3556116.

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Figueiredo, G. R., W. L. Ripka, E. F. R. Romaneli, and L. Ulbricht. "Attentional bias for emotional faces in depressed and non-depressed individuals: an eye-tracking study." In 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857878.

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Liu, Qiang, Birte Emmermann, Oscar Suen, Bryan Grant, Jake Hercules, Erik Glaser, and Brian Lathrop. "Rightward attentional bias in windshield displays: Implication towards external human machine interfaces for self-driving cars." In 2017 IEEE Conference on Cognitive and Computational Aspects of Situation Management (CogSIMA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cogsima.2017.7929590.

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Duraisingam, Aruna, Ramaswamy Palaniappan, and Daniele Soria. "Attentional bias towards high and low caloric food on repeated visual food stimuli: An ERP study." In 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629882.

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Balconi, Michela, and Laura Angioletti. "ERP as Biomarkers of Early Selective Attentional Bias, Reward Sensitivity, and Vulnerability to Excessive Internet Use." In 2023 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe60311.2023.00050.

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Fang, Di, Jin Li, and Hanling Zhang. "An experiential study of digital interactive feedback for anxiety attention bias modification." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005421.

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Attentional Bias Modification Training (ABMT) shows promise in digital therapy for anxiety. However, there's limited research on interactive feedback in ABMT for anxiety populations. This study examines ABMT's application in anxiety interventions, focusing on different interactive feedback effects on user experience, willingness to participate, and intervention outcomes. Using an emotional visual search task, the experiment comprised two parts: participants completed 100 trials with varied feedback, and their anxiety changes and eye-movement tendencies were recorded. In the second part, participants experienced each task 10 times, completed a user experience questionnaire, and underwent interviews. Results revealed ABMT's positive impact on anxiety. Combining avatar customization and points enhanced intervention effects, while points feedback alone was ineffective. Avatar customization or a combination of feedback methods led to a better participant experience. The study suggests points may increase stress, while customized images guide emotions positively, emphasizing interactive feedback's importance in digital interventions and offering insights for future development.
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Ahn, Seoyoung, Hossein Adeli, and Gregory Zelinsky. "Using object reconstruction as top-down attentional feedback yields a shape bias and robustness in object recognition." In 2022 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. San Francisco, California, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2022.1151-0.

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Reports on the topic "Attentional bias"

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Spieker, Elena A. Retraining Attentional Bias to Unhealthy Food Cues. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012865.

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Kerst, William F. Attentional Retraining Administered to Cigarette Smokers in the Field: Effects on Attentional Bias, Craving, and Smoking. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012995.

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Shank, Lisa M. Attentional Bias to Food Cues in Youth with Loss of Control Eating. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012744.

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Hill, Mackenna, and Elizabeth Duval. Exploring Carry-Over Effects to Elucidate Attention Bias Modification’s Mixed Results. Journal of Young Investigators, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22186/jyi.31.3.9-14.

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Bassi, Marina, María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz, and Rae Lesser Blumberg. Under the "Cloak of Invisibility": Gender Bias in Teaching Practices and Learning Outcomes. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011737.

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This paper analyzes gender bias in teaching in low-performing schools in Chile. To carry out the analyses, the authors used videotaped classes for fourth graders and coded 237 tapings. Results show a general (although not uniform) bias in teachers' actions that resulted in less attention to female students. Gender bias had an even greater effect in classrooms where the teachers had worse interactions with students. Results show that less effective teachers (according to the Classroom Assessment Scoring System, or CLASS) show a larger gender bias. Greater gender bias is also correlated with lower scores for girls in Chile's standardized test (Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación, or SIMCE). With a few exceptions, the measures of gender bias in teacher-student interaction do not show statistically significant correlations with the test scores of boys.
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Guizzo Altube, Matías, and Carlos Scartascini. Gender-Based Research and Interviewer Effects: Evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012886.

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As the measurement of public opinion and attitudes toward gender issues has gained increasing attention in gender policy and research, the accurate design, implementation, and analysis of survey data has become paramount. In this paper, we examine the impact of the gender of the interviewer on survey responses in Latin America and the Caribbean, both individually and in the aggregate, using data from the LAPOP surveys (2012-2018). We also present a formal model that illustrates how the gender of the interviewer may influence responses and derive an optimal adjustment in survey design and analysis to account for this bias. Our findings highlight the substantial influence of social norms on gender opinions, revealing that respondents are more likely to overestimate men's abilities in politics relative to women's and to accept domestic violence when interviewed by men rather than women. Two key actions emerge as a corollary: survey firms should always provide the gender of the interviewer in their data, and researchers should adjust for this bias in their analysis. Without implementing these recommended practices, survey data may not accurately reflect what individuals in the region think about gender issues, potentially skewing behaviors and public policy.
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Ianchovichina, Elena. GTAP-DD: A Model for Analyzing Trade Reforms in the Presence of Duty Drawbacks. GTAP Technical Paper, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp21.

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Duty drawback schemes, which typically involve a combination of duty rebates and exemptions, are a feature of many countries' trade regimes. They are used in highly protected, developing economies as means of providing exporters with imported inputs at world prices, and thus increasing their competitiveness, while maintaining the protection on the rest of the economy. In China duty exemptions have been central to the process of trade reform and have led to a tremendous increase in processed exports utilizing imported materials. Despite the widespread use and importance of duty drawbacks, these "new trade liberalization" instruments have been given relatively little attention in empirical multilateral trade liberalization studies. This paper presents an empirical multi-region trade model GTAP-DD, an extension of GTAP, in which the effects of policy reform are differentiated based on the trade-orientation of the firms. Both GTAP and GTAP-DD are used to analyze the impact of China's WTO accession, which involves liberalization in China from 1997 to post-accession tariffs among a number of other liberalization measures. The analysis shows that failure to account of duty exemptions in the case of China's recent WTO accession will overstate the increase in : (a) China's trade flows by 40 percent, (b) China's welfare by 15 percent, and (c) exports of selected sectors by as much as 90 percent. The magnitude of the bias depends on the level of pre-intervention tariffs and the size of tariff cuts - the larger the initial distortions and tariff reductions, the larger the bias when duty drawbacks are ignored. The bias in GTAP's estimates of China's real GDP, trade flows and welfare changes due to WTO accession increases more three times when China's pre-intervention tariffs are raised from their 1997 levels to the much higher 1995 levels. These results suggest that trade liberalization studies focusing on economies in which protection is high, import concessions play an important role and planned tariff cuts are deep, must treat duty drawbacks explicitly in order to avoid serious errors in their estimates of sectoral, trade flows and welfare changes.
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Moro, Leben, Jennifer Palmer, and Tabitha Hrynick. Considérations clés : Répondre aux inondations au Soudan du Sud par le biais du Nexus Humanitaire- Développement-Paix. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.012.

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À l’instar de nombreux autres pays africains, la République du Soudan du Sud doit faire face à un nombre croissant d’inondations dévastatrices liées au changement climatique. Le dipôle de l’océan Indien (DOI) et le phénomène climatique El Niño régulent le climat de l’Afrique équatoriale orientale. En 2019, un réchauffement du dipôle dans l’ouest de l’océan Indien, aggravé par le changement climatique, a créé une évaporation supérieure à la moyenne au large de la côte africaines. Cette vapeur d’eau s’est abattue à l’intérieur des terres sous la forme de précipitations sur l’Éthiopie, la Somalie, le Kenya, le Soudan et le Soudan du Sud, en provoquant des inondations massives. Depuis lors, dans les zones humides du Sudd, au centre et au nord-est du Soudan du Sud, des pluies saisonnières s’abattent sur des terres déjà saturées et s’ajoutent aux eaux de crue. De vastes zones du pays ont été submergées durant toute l’année et des inondations soudaines ont fait leur apparition dans de nouvelles régions où elles ne sont pas habituelles. En parallèle, le Soudan du Sud peine à progresser vers la paix au lendemain de la guerre civile survenue en 2013-2018, avec de nombreux groupes armés qui poursuivent les combats et des conflits historiques avec le Soudan qui remontent à plusieurs décennies. L’impact des inondations sur l’environnement sécuritaire et la fragilité générale du Soudan du Sud a fait l’objet d’une attention prioritaire. Les graves inondations, conjointement avec des explosions de violence récurrentes, une gouvernance faible, la persistance de la pauvreté sous-jacente et l’insuffisance des infrastructures et des services de base, ont contribué à créer une crise humanitaire complexe et empêchent la jeune nation (qui a acquis son indépendance en 2011) de parvenir à une paix, une résilience et un développement durables et équitables. L’interdépendance de ces dynamiques et la nécessité d’aborder ces problèmes dans leur globalité sont de plus en plus reconnues par les acteurs de haut niveau dans le cadre de discussions relatives au nexus Humanitaire-Développement-Paix (HDP), parfois appelé le « triple nexus ». Cette note stratégique décrit les problèmes interconnectés du nexus HDP dans le contexte du Soudan du Sud en mettant l’accent sur les inondations. Cela revêt également une pertinence plus large pour d’autres pays au sein de la région, tels que la République démocratique du Congo et le Soudan, qui sont en proie à des cycles similaires d’auto-renforcement des crises humanitaires, de la paix et du développement, exacerbées par les inondations. En particulier, la note stratégique décrit les impacts multidimensionnels des inondations sur la paix, la santé, les moyens de subsistance et la gouvernance. Cette note stratégique fournit également un aperçu des initiatives et des innovations en matière de lutte contre les inondations, ainsi que des attitudes du public à leur égard. Elle met en évidence la nécessité d’établir un lien entre les interventions humanitaires à court terme et les initiatives de consolidation de la paix et de développement à long terme grâce à une collaboration significative entre les acteurs qui œuvrent au sein de ces espaces souvent cloisonnés.
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Peterson, Bradley S., Joey Trampush, Margaret Maglione, Maria Bolshakova, Morah Brown, Mary Rozelle, Aneesa Motala, et al. ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer267.

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Objective. The systematic review assessed evidence on the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents to inform a planned update of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, PsycINFO®, ERIC, clinicaltrials.gov, and prior reviews for primary studies published since 1980. The report includes studies published to June 15, 2023. Review methods. The review followed a detailed protocol and was supported by a Technical Expert Panel. Citation screening was facilitated by machine learning; two independent reviewers screened full text citations for eligibility. We abstracted data using software designed for systematic reviews. Risk of bias assessments focused on key sources of bias for diagnostic and intervention studies. We conducted strength of evidence (SoE) and applicability assessments for key outcomes. The protocol for the review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022312656). Results. Searches identified 23,139 citations, and 7,534 were obtained as full text. We included 550 studies reported in 1,097 publications (231 studies addressed diagnosis, 312 studies addressed treatment, and 10 studies addressed monitoring). Diagnostic studies reported on the diagnostic performance of numerous parental ratings, teacher rating scales, teen/child self-reports, clinician tools, neuropsychological tests, EEG approaches, imaging, and biomarkers. Multiple approaches showed promising diagnostic performance (e.g., using parental rating scales), although estimates of performance varied considerably across studies and the SoE was generally low. Few studies reported estimates for children under the age of 7. Treatment studies evaluated combined pharmacological and behavior approaches, medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration, other pharmacologic treatment, psychological/behavioral approaches, cognitive training, neurofeedback, neurostimulation, physical exercise, nutrition and supplements, integrative medicine, parent support, school interventions, and provider or model-of-care interventions. Medication treatment was associated with improved broadband scale scores and ADHD symptoms (high SoE) as well as function (moderate SoE), but also appetite suppression and adverse events (high SoE). Psychosocial interventions also showed improvement in ADHD symptoms based on moderate SoE. Few studies have evaluated combinations of pharmacological and youth-directed psychosocial interventions, and we did not find combinations that were systematically superior to monotherapy (low SoE). Published monitoring approaches for ADHD were limited and the SoE is insufficient. Conclusion. Many diagnostic tools are available to aid the diagnosis of ADHD, but few monitoring strategies have been studied. Medication therapies remain important treatment options, although with a risk of side effects, as the evidence base for psychosocial therapies strengthens and other nondrug treatment approaches emerge.
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Roberts, Tony, and Kevin Hernandez. Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition: A Literature Review and Proposed Conceptual Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.018.

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This paper begins by locating the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition project (GODAN) in the context of wider debates in the open data movement by first reviewing the literature on open data and open data for agriculture and nutrition (ODAN). The review identifies a number of important gaps and limitations in the existing literature. There has been no independent evaluation of who most benefits or who is being left behind regarding ODAN. There has been no independent evaluation of gender or diversity in ODAN or of the development outcomes or impacts of ODAN. The existing research on ODAN is over-reliant on key open data organisations and open data insiders who produce most of the research. This creates bias in the data and analysis. The authors recommend that these gaps are addressed in future research. The paper contributes a novel conceptual ‘SCOTA’ framework for analysing the barriers to and drivers of open data adoption, which could be readily applied in other domains. Using this framework to review the existing literature highlights the fact that ODAN research and practice has been predominantly supply-side focused on the production of open data. The authors argue that if open data is to ‘leave no one behind’, greater attention now needs to be paid to understanding the demand-side of the equation and the role of intermediaries. The paper argues that there is a compelling need to improve the participation of women, people living with disabilities, and other marginalised groups in all aspects of open data for agriculture and nutrition. The authors see a need for further research and action to enhance the capabilities of marginalised people to make effective use of open data. The paper concludes with the recommendation that an independent strategic review of open data in agriculture and nutrition is overdue. Such a review should encompass the structural factors shaping the process of ODAN; include a focus on the intermediary and demand-side processes; and identify who benefits and who is being left behind.
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