Books on the topic 'Attentional bia'
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1
Meyerhoff, Hauke S. Linking perceptual animacy to visual attention: An investigation of detection efficiency and attentional bias for chasing objects among distractors kumulative Dissertation. [S.l: s.n.], 2013.
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ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education., ed. Readings on attention deficit disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Mini-bib. [Arlington, VA]: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, 2001.
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Langer, Ellen J. Xue xi, jiu shi yi zhong xiang shou: Ni ye ke yi ba xue xi he gong zuo bian cheng "wan le" de dai ming ci. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Ren ben zi ran wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2006.
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Langer, Ellen J. Yong xin fa ze: Gai bian ni yi sheng de guan jian. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Mu ma wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 2007.
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Ernwein, Marion, Franklin Ginn, and James Palmer, eds. The Work That Plants Do. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839455340.
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Whether driven by developments in plant science, bio-philosophy, or broader societal dynamics, plants have to respond to a litany of environmental, social, and economic challenges. This collection explores the `work' that plants do in contemporary capitalism, examining how vegetal life is enrolled in processes of value creation, social reproduction, and capital accumulation. Bringing together insights from geography, anthropology, and the environmental humanities, the contributors contend that attention to the diverse capacities and agencies of plants can both enrich understandings of capitalist economies, and also catalyze new forms of resistance to their logics.
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Schneider, Florian, ed. Global Perspectives on China's Belt and Road Initiative. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727853.
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The year 2013 saw the launch of the largest, most influential investment initiative in recent memory: China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This globe-spanning strategy has reshaped local economies and regional networks, and it has become a contested subject for scholars and practitioners alike. How should we make sense of the complex interactions that the BRI has enabled? Understanding these processes requires truly global perspectives alongside careful attention to the role that local actors play in giving shape to individual BRI projects. The contributions in Global Perspectives on China's Belt and Road Initiative: Asserting Agency through Regional Connectivity provide both 'big picture' assessments of China's role in regional and global interactions and detailed case studies that home in on the role agency plays in BRI dynamics. Written by leading area studies scholars with diverse disciplinary expertise, this book reveals how Chinese efforts to recalibrate the world are taken up, challenged, revamped, and reworked in diverse contexts around the world.
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E'kov, Evgeniy. The origin and evolution of the Universe. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1852616.
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The monograph examines a wide range of problems related to the origin and development of the Universe. An overview of the history of the study of astronomy from Stone Age observatories to modern space telescopes is given. The theories of the origin of the Universe are analyzed, evidence of the Big Bang, the expansion of the Universe, the cosmic effects of dark energy and dark matter are given. The origin and causes of the existence of planets, stars, nebulae, galaxies and other cosmic bodies in the Universe are considered. A large place is given to the analysis of the origin and development of the Solar system. The origin and functioning of the Sun, planets and other objects located in its gravitational field are considered. Among the planets of the Solar System, the greatest attention is paid to the Earth and the analysis of the factors that ensured the emergence and maintenance of various forms of life on it.
For a wide range of readers interested in the origin and evolution of the universe. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of physics and mathematics universities.
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Fantacci, Silvia, ed. Ruggero Jacobbi. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-688-4.
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"Ah, if only I were not so alive and so crowded with things, what a book I would write […] but there's so little time […]. There's lots of time to map them out, that's true, but it's not enough." This is the voice of the protagonist of Convalescenza, one of the stories in this book that – thanks to the painstaking editorial attention of Silvia Fantacci – presents the prose written by Ruggero Jacobbi starting from his precocious youth through to the Sixties. The nine sections, recording fragments of memories, vestiges of mystery and bitter solitude, meander between cinema and theatre, revoke the faces of the war, recall the figures of writers and friends, suggest new approaches to reading. The evocation of Brazil, where Jacobbi spent the most important fifteen years of his life, is not lacking: a country "so big as to drive you crazy" with its magical rites, its rhythm, its culture (the music of Villa-Lobos, Vinícius de Morais and Dorival Caymmi and the poetry of his friend Murilo Mendes). The meticulous notes and the appendix at the end of the book illustrate the history of each text and offer a reconstruction of the projects for novels and stories that were left unfinished and have now finally been transferred from the mind and desk of the writer into book form.
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Ferguson, Stuart G., Eva Kemps, and Lien Goossens, eds. Measurement and Interpretation of Attentional Bias. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-616-3.
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Munafò, Marcus R., and Brian Hitsman. Neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 discusses neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours. It reviews implicit measures of nicotine addiction and smoking behaviour (cognitive measures, and measures of attentional bias, and evidence from neuroimaging studies, including fMRI, PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)), and reviews the utility of these implicit measures in studies which are informative with respect to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and cigarette smoking.
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Summerfield, Christopher, and Tobias Egner. Attention and Decision-Making. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.018.
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This chapter reviews formal models of the decision process in humans and other primates, and discusses divergent accounts of how attention might intervene to bias or facilitate judgements about sensory stimuli. The review covers established decision-theoretic models, such as signal detection theory and serial sampling models, and other computational accounts that draw upon psychophysical and neurobiological mechanisms of early vision. It considers whether such decisions are limited by attentional capacity, or by noise, as suggested by normative models of choice. The authors revisit a debate concerning whether attention acts to boost inputs, enhance activity, or reduce noise. Finally, the authors consider the relationship between attention and expectation in perceptual decision-making.
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Nobre, Anna C. (Kia), and Gustavo Rohenkohl. Time for the Fourth Dimension in Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.036.
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This chapter takes attention into the fourth dimension by considering research that explores how predictive information in the temporal structure of events can contribute to optimizing perception. The authors review behavioural and neural findings from three lines of investigation in which the temporal regularity and predictability of events are manipulated through rhythms, hazard functions, and cues. The findings highlight the fundamental role temporal expectations play in shaping several aspects of performance, from early perceptual analysis to motor preparation. They also reveal modulation of neural activity by temporal expectations all across the brain. General principles of how temporal expectations are generated and bias information processing are still emerging. The picture so far suggests that there may be multiple sources of temporal expectation, which can bias multiple stages of stimulus analysis depending on the stages of information processing that are critical for task performance. Neural oscillations are likely to provide an important medium through which the anticipated timing of events can regulate neuronal excitability.
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Duley, Aaron R. Affective information processing and anxiety: Attentional bias and short-lead interval startle modification. 2005.
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Stokes, Mark, and John Duncan. Dynamic Brain States for Preparatory Attention and Working Memory. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.032.
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This chapter considers how dynamic brain states continuously fine-tune processing to accommodate changes in behavioural context and task goals. First, the authors review the extant literature suggesting that content-specific patterns of preparatory activity bias competitive processing in visual cortex to favour behaviourally relevant input. Next, they consider how higher-level brain areas might provide a top-down attentional signal for modulating baseline visual activity. Extensive evidence suggests that working memory representations in prefrontal cortex are especially important for generating and maintaining biases in preparatory visual activity via modulatory feedback. Although it is often proposed that such working memory representations are maintained via persistent prefrontal activity, the authors review more recent evidence that rapid short-term synaptic plasticity provides a common substrate for maintaining the content of past experience and the rules for guiding future goal-directed processing.
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Beck, Diane M., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Systems for Spatial Attention in the Human Brain. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.011.
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Spatial attention has been studied for over a half a century. Early behavioural work showed that attending to a location improves performance on a variety of tasks. Since then substantial progress has been made on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these effects. This chapter reviews the neuroimaging literature, as well as related behavioural and single-cell physiology studies, on visual spatial attention. In particular, the chapter frames much of the work in the context of the biased competition theory of attention, which argues that a primary mechanism of attention is to bias competition among stimuli in the visual cortex in favour of an attended stimulus that, as a result, receives enhanced processing to guide behaviour. Accordingly, the authors have organized this chapter into two related sections. The first summarizes the effects of attention in the visual cortex and thalamus, the so-called ‘site’ of attention. The second explores the relationship between attention and fronto-parietal mechanisms which are thought to be the ‘source’ of the biasing signals exerted on the visual cortex.
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Bruce, Steve. Measuring Religion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786580.003.0004.
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Because the empirical study of contemporary religion is dominated by ethnographic case studies, this chapter argues for the importance of the statistical analysis of big data. It begins by arguing that description in words involves counting every bit as much as description in numbers. It explains different sorts of scales. It makes the case that counting the Godly is no more difficult than measuring any other sort of social characteristic and considers the relative merits of various ways of doing it. It details both the virtues and vices of quantitative analysis. Particular attention is given to the vital problem of representativeness: how far can we generalize from the particular people or groups we study.
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Jecker, Nancy S. Ending Midlife Bias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949075.001.0001.
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We live at a time when human lifespans have increased like never before. As average lifespans stretch to new lengths, how does this impact the values we hold most dear? Do these values change over the course of our ever-increasing lifespans? Ending Midlife Bias argues that at different life stages, different values emerge as central. During early life, caring and trust matter more, given human vulnerability and dependency. By early adulthood, growing independence provides a reason to value autonomy more. Later in life, heightened risk for chronic disease and disability warrants focusing on maintaining capabilities and keeping dignity intact. Part I (Chapters 1–5) sets forth a conceptual framework that captures these shifting life stage values. Chapter 1 argues against the privileging of midlife values (midlife bias) and explains why population aging lends urgency to identifying values for later life. Chapters 2 and 3 introduce dignity as a central concern for older adults and argue that respecting dignity requires supporting central human capabilities. Chapter 4 explores the metaphor of life as a story, which serves as a corrective for midlife bias by keeping attention on the whole of life. Chapter 5 sets forth principles for age group justice. Part II (Chapters 6–12) turns to practical concerns, including geriatric and pediatric bioethics (Chapter 6); caregiving by family members, migrant workers, and robots (Chapters 7 and 8); ageism in clinical trials, healthcare allocation, and mandatory retirement (Chapter 9); and ethics at the end-of-life (Chapter 10). The closing chapters explore the future of population aging (Chapter 11) and make a pitch for life stage sensitive moral theory (Chapter 12).
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Surdam, David George. The Merger and Its Aftermath (1948–51). University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037139.003.0004.
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This chapter chronicles the 1949 merger between the BAA and the NBL and its aftermath. The BAA owners' decision to absorb the most attractive NBL teams obviously looms large in the league's development, although the move and subsequent merger ultimately could not save several BAA franchises. By ghettoizing the later NBL refugees, BAA owners may have ensured the demise of those teams. Fortunately, there were not too many people paying attention to the league's upheavals. The league's integration did not initially create much excitement either. Yet the streamlined NBA still struggled to entice fans—in many ways the professional players' experience and savvy led to brutal, foul-plagued games that alienated fans. The chapter also looks at how league owners struggled with racial integration.
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Randhawa, Gurvaneet S., and Edwin A. Lomotan. Harnessing Big Data-Based Technologies to Improve Cancer Care. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0034.
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Big data promises to harness the power of advanced computing to transform health and health care, including cancer research and care delivery. In health care, big data can be generated by administrative and clinical processes, by patients and families, and by machines. Ultimately, the goal of big data is to transform data into actionable knowledge with attention to four dimensions: person-level data collection; data access, exchange, and aggregation; population-level analytics; and provider, researcher, or patient-facing clinical decision support. A fabric of trust forms the basis for policies for governance, privacy and security, and confidentiality. This chapter offers several examples of the application of big data along the cancer care continuum, ranging from primary prevention through diagnosis, survivorship, and end-of-life care. Challenges to the effective collection and use of big data include its integration with health care delivery; interoperability; and the need for validated, well-designed informatics tools.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Dirac Notation and Transformation Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 opens with a brief review of some basic features of quantum mechanics, including the Schrödinger equation, linear and angular momentum and the theory of the hydrogenic atom: It also includes complete orthonormal sets of eigenfunctions, the translation operator, current, spin, equation of continuity, gauge transformation, determinant & permanent multiparticle energy eigenfunctions for noninteracting particles and the Pauli exclusion principle. Attention is then focused on Dirac bra-ket notation and complete sets of commuting observables. In this connection, representations and transformation among representations are discussed in detail for the Schrödinger system state vector and the eigenstates, as well as bra-ket matrix elements of operators. Finally, Schwinger’s interpretation of ket-bra matrix operator structures (Schwinger “Measurement Symbols”) in terms of annihilation and creation of systems in eigenstates is introduced.
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Jackson, Richard. Bin Laden’s Ghost and the Epistemological Crises of Counterterrorism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038860.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that despite all the media attention, punditry, scholarly analysis, and official commentary, Osama bin Laden's death remains an essentially meaningless (non-)event. His death is meaningless or without consequence in two main senses of the word. First, it is meaningless in real-world strategic and material terms. For example, as a direct consequence of bin Laden's death, no counterterrorism programs have been scaled back or ended, counterterrorism laws repealed, military or security funding reduced, security agencies scaled down or closed, foreign training programs ended, overseas military forces withdrawn, or military bases closed. Instead, the global counterterrorism effort remains completely unchanged by his death and continues on as it has for the past ten years. Second, and perhaps more importantly, bin Laden's death has generated so many divergent meanings that it has been rendered ultimately meaningless in terms of its analytical consequences, symbolism, and epistemological significance.
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van Schalkwyk, Gerrit I., and Wendy K. Silverman. Anxiety Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.20.
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Anxiety disorders are highly common in children and adolescents and are associated with significant impairment. This group of disorders includes a broad range of specific diagnoses that often co-occur. Well-established assessment measures exist to facilitate accurate differential diagnosis and characterization of anxiety disorders. Evidence-based treatments also are available. Cognitive behavior therapy has a uniquely broad and robust evidence base, although newer treatments such as attention bias modification training and parent accommodation interventions are the source of growing attention. Current research in the field includes attempts at understanding the basic nature of anxiety disorders, the development of new treatments, and innovative approaches to addressing the key challenge of limited access to treatment.
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Carlson, Matt. Journalists Fight Back: Newsweek and the Koran Abuse Story. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252035999.003.0004.
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This chapter follows the controversy caused by a small Newsweek item in which an unnamed source alleged an upcoming military report would contain charges of Koran desecration by interrogators at Guantanamo Bay. The story gained attention after government officials blamed a number of deadly riots in Afghanistan directly on Newsweek. When the magazine's unnamed source rescinded the allegation, Newsweek retracted its claims. The magazine was attacked for not properly corroborating the unnamed source's accusations, which produced broader charges of journalists using anonymity to further an antimilitary bias. However, the journalistic community responded to escalating Bush administration criticism of Newsweek by chastising the administration for its own poor intelligence record leading up to the Iraq War and by turning attention to the previously underreported treatment of Guantanamo Bay detainees.
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Schliesser, Eric. Society and Political Taxonomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses some of Adam Smith’s more important economic and political categories. It argue that it is misleading to understand Smith as a methodologic individualist. In particular, it argues that “society” is a crucial category in Smith’s political philosophy. But unlike the Stoicizing interpretation of Smith, this chapter argues that for Smith a society is not by definition harmonious. In particular, there is inherent class conflict between wage-earning and profit-seeking classes. Smith also diagnoses other sources of faction and pays particular attention to social orders. In addition, this chapter introduces Smith’s the nature of status quo bias when contemplating political change.
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Unwin, Tim. Reflections on the Dark Side of ICT4D. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795292.003.0006.
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Technology is all too often seen as being inherently good, and there are powerful interests limiting the amount of attention paid to the darker side of ICTs and Internet access in particular. However, these darker aspects are crucial to understanding ICT4D, especially since they can more seriously impact the poor, both countries and people, than the rich. The following main challenges are covered in the chapter: privacy and security; the Surface Web and the Dark Web; cyber-security and resilience; negative aspects of the exploitation of Big Data and the abuse of people through social media; and the increasing dehumanization of people through the use of ICTs and the Internet of Things.
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Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 2 Scope And Definition. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.002.
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A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is relevant for a particular arbitration case only when the case falls within its scope of application. Normally the scope of application of a treaty includes four aspects: subject matter (ratione materiae), covered persons and entities (ratione personae), territorial application, and temporal application. The Chinese BITs are not an exception to this but they do, however, raise some special, perhaps unique, questions. This chapter deals with the four aspects on the scope of application, with special attention to those issues with “Chinese characteristics”. It also deals briefly with the issue of investment admission, which has been left, by and large, within the discretion of the host state.
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Gabrielle, Kaufmann-Kohler, and Rigozzi Antonio. 5 The Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199679751.003.0005.
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Building upon the discussion on the validity and effects of arbitration agreements in chapter 3, this chapter examines the rules governing the jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals. It addresses a number of questions arising from the arbitral tribunal’s and the courts’ review of arbitral jurisdiction, from the implications of the principle of competence-competence to jurisdictional objections and the effects of parallel proceedings. Special attention is given to topics such as the so-called negative effect of competence-competence, the arbitration-specific lis pendens rule established in Article 186(1) bis PILA and the res judicata effect of prior arbitral or judicial decisions on jurisdiction. The chapter’s final section discusses anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions.
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Marquart, James, and Chad Trulson. Understanding the Contours of Prison Disciplinary Procedures. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.35.
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This essay reviews the evolution of US procedures for detecting and investigating crimes and other rule infractions committed by inmates during confinement, their apprehension, determination of guilt, and opportunities for appeal. Special attention is paid to due process considerations and how these procedures have evolved since the inmate rights movement. The importance and effectiveness of disciplinary review boards are discussed. Possible biases in these procedures and inmates’ perceptions of bias are also considered in terms of how they might influence cynicism toward legal authority. An overview of possible sanctions imposed upon determinations of guilt is provided along with discussion of how these sanctions vary across facilities based on crowding and other resource constraints.
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Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo. Building the Pipelines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782810.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 (‘Building the Pipelines’) recounts the development of online cash machines in Japan, Sweden, the UK, and the USA. Particular attention is given to the industrial organization of the early years of the industry as well as the collaboration between Lloyds Bank and IBM to develop a special project than then grew to become a whole line of business for IBM. In the early 1980s, when the adoption of ATM was about to take off, ‘Big Blue’ was positioned to take over this segment of retail finance. Instead it left the market. With hindsight, it was perhaps an error to try to sell ATMs as terminals of specific computer systems rather add-ons to banks’ established capacity.
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Belissa, Marc. War and Diplomacy (1792–95). Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.024.
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‘War and Diplomacy’ . . . The first term has had a lot more attention from historians than the second as if the period that begins with the declaration of war on 20 April 1792 and ending with the Peace of Basel in 1795 was fully determined by the implacable nature of the struggle between revolutionary France and monarchist Europe. This bias—making revolutionary diplomacy the ghost of historiography—is itself determined by the idea that ‘the diplomatic game of the revolutionary period is marked as something artificial and ephemeral’ in the words of Jacques Godechot in 1956. If one believes historiography, it is war and not diplomacy which is the dominant reality of the 1792–95 period. Is there even a ‘revolutionary diplomacy’ or a ‘Republican’ one?
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Plantinga, Carl. The Personal and the Political. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867133.003.0009.
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This chapter describes the “personalistic bias” argument against taking characters as moral agents, and argues that although the argument identifies a real concern, to fail to see fictional characters as moral agents does more harm than good. The most salient objection against taking fictional characters as moral agents is that it distracts viewers from politics, institutions, systems, and contexts. The chapter argues that the personal is political, in that the representation of a fictional character can become a “public mythology” with significant cultural influence. Paying attention to characters as moral agents is also important because the representation of individual characters in a narrative context elicits emotions in relation to narrative paradigm scenarios, and those emotional responses have significant cultural importance.
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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. Multiracials and Civil Rights. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830329.001.0001.
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Commanding greater public attention is the idea that discrimination against multiracial (racially-mixed) people is a distinctive challenge to the enforcement of civil rights law. This perspective is based upon the belief that multiracials experience racial discrimination in a unique manner that makes it necessary to reformulate traditional civil rights law. Multiracials and Civil Rights, based upon a close examination of many multiracial discrimination legal cases in a variety of equality law contexts, demonstrates the fallacy and danger of that conjecture. The book elucidates the distinction between the presumed exceptional space that multiracial persons are rhetorically imagined to occupy in the public discourse, and the binary non-white versus white realities they actually experience when targeted for discrimination. Rather than point to a need for a shift away from the existing civil rights laws, the cases instead indicate the need for further support of the current structures. The book concludes that multiracial discrimination cases are helpful in highlighting the continued need for attention to white supremacy and for fortifying the focus of civil rights law on racial privilege and the lingering legacy of bias against non-whites.
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Holmes, Craig. The Individual Benefits of Investing in Skills. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.17.
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This chapter considers returns to the individual from investing in skill. It describes the earnings and employment outcomes of people who have completed different levels of formal education across different countries, and goes on to consider the possible causal mechanisms at work. The methodology for estimating wage returns is critically discussed. Whilst much attention has been devoted to considering ability bias, other issues have received less attention. In particular qualifications or amounts of time spent studying are imperfect proxies for skills produced. Furthermore estimates from wage regressions are almost invariably interpreted through the lens of human capital theory -- the existence of a wage premium indicates that the productivity has increased due to the educational investment. Alternative interpretations are considered. These include the possibility that the premium represents a reward for obtaining a job on a fixed distribution of jobs -- in other words winning a positional competition race. Such possibilities raise several concerns. These include under-utilisation, both of general skills and of skills acquired through work-based training programmes, low marginal returns relative to average returns, and a widening and more risky distribution of payoffs.
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Albert, Craig Douglas. Gender Issues in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.189.
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Until recently, the role of women in nationalism and governance has received little scholarly attention, perhaps because men have historically exercised near exclusive control over nations and states. This is ironic because it is women who create the nation/state. The intersection between gender and nationalism can be broken down into three categories. The first category is women as biological reproducers of the nation. The second category includes women participating centrally in the ideological reproduction of the collectivity and as signifiers of ethnic/national differences. The third category involves the idea of gendered militaries and gendered wars. Women also affect the structure and power relations in the international arena as victims of various international crimes that have traditionally gone unnoticed because of the bias towards male dominance. One example is mass rape. National identity created through the construction of woman as nation allows women to be a target of war. The idea that women are symbols of national territory and identity makes targeting them a main tactic used by enemy groups. In the area of human rights, most conceptions stem from Western visions, which do not always mesh with local, tribal, or non-Western citizens. For women's rights truly to exist, human rights focus must change because it has been constructed with a male bias and understanding.
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Ehrlich, Matthew C. Kansas City vs. Oakland. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042652.001.0001.
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The book discusses a sports rivalry between two cities--Kansas City, Missouri and Oakland, California--during one of the most tumultuous periods in U.S. history, the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s. Kansas City and Oakland sought major league teams to show the rest of the world that they were no longer minor league in stature. Their efforts to attract big-league franchises pitted the two cities against each other. After they succeeded in landing those franchises, the cities’ football and baseball teams regularly fought each other--sometimes literally--on the field. By 1977 Kansas City and Oakland would be much changed from what they had been only a decade previously. Their sports teams had brought them widespread attention and athletic glory, just as they had craved. They also had done much to try to improve themselves by building not only new sports facilities but also new cultural, retail, and transportation centers. But those triumphs came at a cost amid wrenching clashes over race and labor relations, pitched battles over urban renewal, and heated controversies over the lot of professional athletes. The book tells parallel stories: that of the clashes between the cities’ sports teams, and that of the struggles of the cities themselves to show that they had become “big league” through sports and other major civic initiatives.
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Marsh, Clive. Salvation in Counselling and Comedy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811015.003.0006.
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This chapter scrutinizes the many ways in which positive psychology contributes to therapeutic understandings of salvation. Building on attention to the way in which the work of Martin Seligman has influenced approaches to happiness and forms of counselling, the chapter examines two Christian examples (one Protestant—Joel Osteen, one Roman Catholic—Christopher Kaczor) of positive psychology’s influence on Christian practice and critically explores the appropriateness of such use. It then explores a second example of positive mood through examining how television comedy is received and used as a contribution to fostering well-being. Using The Big Bang Theory, the chapter notes how religion appears as a marginal but meaningful element within the series, and examines the significance of the main thrust of the series in both its content and reception.
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Astill, Grenville. Overview. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.3.
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This overview examines the different units of scale at which the medieval countryside has been studied, the ‘geographies’ of the title. It discusses the application of the term pays as distinctive environmental and cultural entities, archaeological work at the scale of the parish or township and the influence of new techniques and methodologies such as LiDAR and GIS. The impact of ‘big data’ projects such as the characterization of medieval rural settlement and Historic Landscape Characterization is highlighted, though some weaknesses are identified. The importance of specialized landscapes is stressed such as those set aside for hunting, seasonal activities, and the extractive industries. Finally, a plea is made for greater attention to chronological changes at different scales of study and for the full potential of environmental archaeology to be exploited by landscape projects.
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Kincaid, Harold. Explaining Growth. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0017.
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The aim of this article is to make explicit the kinds of arguments provided for evidence and explanations of the causes of growth, while paying some attention to the complexities and differences in interpretation of the models and data at issue. While its examples focus on growth, the practices described here are common and not peculiar to work on growth. Along the way, this article discusses such deep issues as the probability foundations of econometrics, the place of non-statistical evidence, conceptions of economics as a separate science, and complex kinds of causality. The issues are big and hard ones, thus they are not assessed completely. However, at the end this article tries to give a clearer understanding of two important research traditions in economics and their relation to issues in the philosophy of science.
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Gidlow, Liette. Taking the Long View of Election 2008. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036606.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter examines the political context in which Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Sarah Palin launched their bids for national office, paying attention to the civil rights and feminist movements of the past that has since shaped their 2008 campaigns for president. But all of this history—the centuries of the political exclusion of white women and African American women and men; the struggles and setbacks as they created places for themselves in civic life as citizens, voters, party leaders, and elected officials; shifting political values and the changing fortunes and identities of the Democratic and Republican parties—shaped the conduct and meaning of the 2008 election. Yet the chapter contends that their successes in 2008 were hardly simple American success stories—while these candidates were breaking barriers, they also were juggling the familiar tasks of a presidential bid.
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Norris, Marcos, and Colby Dickinson, eds. Agamben and the Existentialists. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474478779.001.0001.
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Carl Schmitt cites Søren Kierkegaard in the first chapter of Political Theology to describe the repressed theological basis of sovereign decisionism. Following Jacob Taubes, Agamben blindly accepts Schmitt’s reading of the Kierkegaardian exception, a key existentialist concept that extends well beyond Kierkegaard to the decisionist philosophies of other existentialist thinkers. This volume aims to complicate Agamben’s antagonistic stance toward the Kierkegaardian exception in order to redefine his relationship to the existentialist tradition as a whole. For readers of Agamben, we draw attention in his work to overlooked strains of existentialist thought to better explain the Homo Sacer series as a philosophical worldview. By presenting the “big picture” of Agamben’s project, we also confront scholars of existentialism with a philosopher who has not been previously categorized as “existentialist,” but whose work creatively repackages important existentialist themes in a politico-theological context.
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Overholtzer, Lisa. Mesoamerica—Aztec Figurines. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.014.
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Aztec ceramic figurines are ubiquitous small finds in central Mexican domestic contexts. As expressive miniature representations of humans, animals, and temples that were distributed through an extensive market system, they provide a window into Aztec worldviews, regional economies, and the household realm. Yet they have received relatively scant archaeological attention, likely because of disciplinary bias toward the monumental and imperial. This chapter reviews this small but compelling corpus of research, identifying a series of six approaches that are loosely chronologically arranged: (1) defining Aztec figurines, (2) figurines as types and as representations of deities, (3) figurines in household ritual, (4) figurine production and exchange, (5) figurines and social identity, and (6) figurine materialities. This analysis also identifies challenges that remain, including a lack of published catalogues of figurine collections, and insufficient detailed contextual excavations of houses where figurines were produced and consumed.
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Dyson, Tim. Before and After 1947. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0008.
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This chapter considers population trends in the decades either side of Independence. It does so in three broad phases. The first phase is the 1920s and 1930s—when there was unprecedented population growth, and public discussion about birth control increased. The second phase is the turbulent 1940s; here particular attention is given to the demographic effects of the Bengal famine in 1943–44 and Partition in 1947. The final phase is the 1950s and 1960s—when there was a big fall in the death rate and, very cautiously, a family planning programme was introduced. The chapter also considers developments relating to the urban sector, migration, and regional demographic variation. It concludes by noting that, with little sign of a fall in the birth rate, by 1971 there was increasing disappointment and concern about the performance of the family planning programme.
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Leckey, Robert. Cohabitants, Choice, and the Public Interest. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786429.003.0006.
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Through the narrow entry of property disputes between former cohabitants, this chapter aims to clarify thinking on issues crucial to philosophical examination of family law. It refracts big questions—such as what cohabitants should owe one another and the balance between choice and protection—through a legal lens of attention to institutional matters such as the roles of judges and legislatures. Canadian cases on unjust enrichment and English cases quantifying beneficial interests in a jointly owned home are examples. The chapter highlights limits on judicial law reform in the face of social change, both in substance and in the capacity to acknowledge the state's interest in intimate relationships. The chapter relativizes the focus on choice prominent in academic and policy discussions of cohabitation and highlights the character of family law, entwined with the general private law of property and obligations, as a regulatory system.
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Bovens, Mark, and Anchrit Wille. Remedying Diploma Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790631.003.0009.
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How can we remedy some of the negative effects of diploma democracy? First, we discuss the rise of nationalist parties. They have forced the mainstream political parties to pay more attention to the negative effects of immigration, globalization, and European unification. Next we discuss strategies to mitigate the dominance of the well-educated in politics. We start with remedies that address differences in political skills and knowledge. Then we discuss the deliberative arenas. Many democratic reforms contain an implicit bias towards the well-educated. A more realistic citizenship model is required. This can be achieved by bringing the ballot back in, for example, by merging deliberative and more direct forms of democracy through deliberative polling, corrective referendums, and more compulsory voting. The chapter ends with a discussion of ways to make the political elites more inclusive and responsive, such as descriptive representation, sortition, and plebiscitary elements.
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Yelle, Robert A. Semiotics. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.15.
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Within those disciplines pursuing semiotic approaches to religion, recent decades have been characterized by a shift toward the pragmatic and performative dimensions of discourse. Roman Jakobson’s analysis of the poetic function of language has been extended to ritual, which in some cases deploys poetry to enhance rhetorical performance. The metricalization of ritual often constructs indexical icons that mirror and converge with real-world events that ritual seeks to bring about. The ability of the sign to figure something absent intersects with the general problem in religion concerning how (and whether) to represent transcendence. Semiotics is shifting attention from universalizing and formalist approaches to a study of cultural and historical differences, including differences in semiotic or linguistic ideologies. The semiotic ideology of modernity reflects an inheritance from Protestant iconoclasm: a bias against metaphysical and poetic language. Differences in semiotic ideology were on display in various colonial encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples.
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Haque, Omar Sultan, Alicia Lu, Daniel Wu, Lisa Cosgrove, and Harold J. Bursztajn. Curing Financial Conflicts of Interest in Psychiatric Professional Organizations. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.56.
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Most of the attention to the problem of financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) in psychiatry has centered on the actions of individuals. But what if the problem is much larger, and has infected entire organizations? Using the conceptual, and normative framework of “institutional corruption,” we describe how organized psychiatry has developed values, norms, and practices that have undermined its public health mission. Specifically, we argue that institutionalized FCOI have distorted the evidence base upon which psychiatric research, diagnosis, and treatment depends. We argue that current strategies such as simple transparency of commercial ties and “managing” FCOI are insufficient and vulnerable to gamesmanship. Following the IOM’s most recent (2011) recommendations for preventing bias when there are academic–industry relationships, we offer ideas for responding to the ethical and intellectual crisis in psychiatry, and emphasize the importance of training practitioners to think critically when assessing the evidence base of industry-sponsored research.
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Grossman, Kathryn M., and Bradley Stephens. Les Misérables. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.15.
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One of Britain’s most profitable musical exports, Les Misérables has captivated audiences worldwide with its mix of stirring spectacle and high emotion. Critical response has, however, been deeply divided. Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg’s ‘megamusical’ has often been accused of trivializing the mammoth nineteenth-century novel by Victor Hugo on which it is based, reducing Hugo’s epic of social injustice to populist sentimentalism. To challenge the cliché of the inferiority of adaptations and the bias towards ‘high art’ that such criticism generates, this essay specifies the relationship between Hugo’s global bestseller and the world’s longest-running musical. This connection has received much less scholarly attention than the fame of each work would suggest. By exploring their affiliation within the contexts of both Hugo’s Romanticism and the libretto’s collaborative development from Paris to London, a revealing likeness is identified that clearly underpins the success of the ‘show of shows’.
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Bloch, Michael H. Natural History and Long-Term Outcome of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0005.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often a chronic condition. Convergent evidence suggests that early-onset and adult-onset disease are importantly distinct: early-onset OCD is more highly genetic, has a male bias, and is more often associated with tic disorders and attention deficit disorder. Adult-onset OCD has an equal male–female ratio and is more often associated with anxiety and depression. Long-term follow-up studies from before institution of effective treatments suggest that a minority of individuals with adult-onset OCD remit, and many have persistent severe symptoms. There are few analogous studies of patients with childhood-onset OCD. Prognosis has improved over the past 30 years with the development of effective, evidence-based pharmacotherapy and psychotherapies. More recent long-term follow-up studies of both adult-onset and pediatric-onset OCD suggest remission rates of up to 50%. Refractory illness nevertheless remains an important clinical problem.
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Bosch, Gerhard. Different National Skill Systems. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.20.
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As sources of legitimation for the assignment of social status, education and training systems are more strongly rooted in particular national traditions than other social institutions. Most typologies of national skill systems focus on the differences in general and vocational education in upper secondary school. However, with increasing investment in preschool education, the expansion of university education and the growing importance of education and training for adults, comparative researchers are paying increasing attention to the education and training system as a whole, with the result that country typologies are necessarily becoming more complex. The chapter shows that we must bid farewell to the myth that the sole objective of education and training reforms is to increase economic efficiency. In modern democracies, reforms of education and training systems are often characterised by conflicts between the protection of status, on the one hand, and increasing equality, on the other.
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Trobia, Alberto, and Fabio M. Lo Verde. Italian Amateur Pop-Rock Musicians on Facebook. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.8.
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This chapter investigates how and why amateur musicians use social networking sites, employing a mixed-methods approach. Attention is focused on four big Italian Facebook communities of pop-rock musicians: drums, bass, guitar, and keyboard players (overall, 2,101 active users), analyzing the relational and textual data extracted from the web. The chapter analyzes the network structures emerging from the interactions among the users. It also identifies and maps the main areas of discussion (sound shaping, studio recording, marketplace, musical references, computer production, and relations) and the latent semantic dimension characterizing Facebook users’ activities, through social network analysis and lexical correspondence analysis. Meanings, values, aesthetics, and representations of amateur music making, emerging from the data, are framed within two orthogonal dimensions: theory versus praxis, and competence versus music production. The Italian singularity is then explained with respect to this space. Some theoretical conclusions are finally drawn.