Academic literature on the topic 'Attentional bia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Attentional bia"
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Holt, Jessica L., and Jean-François Delvenne. "A Bilateral Advantage in Controlling Access to Visual Short-Term Memory." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000232.
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Recent research on visual short-term memory (VSTM) has revealed the existence of a bilateral field advantage (BFA – i.e., better memory when the items are distributed in the two visual fields than if they are presented in the same hemifield) for spatial location and bar orientation, but not for color ( Delvenne, 2005 ; Umemoto, Drew, Ester, & Awh, 2010 ). Here, we investigated whether a BFA in VSTM is constrained by attentional selective processes. It has indeed been previously suggested that the BFA may be a general feature of selective attention ( Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2005 ; Delvenne, 2005 ). Therefore, the present study examined whether VSTM for color benefits from bilateral presentation if attentional selective processes are particularly engaged. Participants completed a color change detection task whereby target stimuli were presented either across both hemifields or within one single hemifield. In order to engage attentional selective processes, some trials contained irrelevant stimuli that needed to be ignored. Targets were selected based on spatial locations (Experiment 1) or on a salient feature (Experiment 2). In both cases, the results revealed a BFA only when irrelevant stimuli were presented among the targets. Overall, the findings strongly suggest that attentional selective processes at encoding can constrain whether a BFA is observed in VSTM.
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Marinier, Michael C., Ayobami S. Ogunsola, and Jacob M. Elkins. "Body composition changes in the immediate peri-operative period following total joint arthroplasty." Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2022-0007.
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Abstract Background Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is a readily available tool to assess body composition in a clinical setting. BIA has received little attention in orthopaedics and namely joint arthroplasty. This study aims to quantify changes in body composition in the immediate peri-operative period following total joint arthroplasty. Methods Adults scheduled for elective total joint arthroplasty were recruited to participate. Patients underwent BIA scans in the immediate peri-operative period: pre-operative on their day of surgery, post-operative day 0, and post-operative day 1. Results 67 patients were enrolled to undergo BIA scans. Mean age was 62.64 ± 10.28 years old, and 49.2% were females. The all-supine cohort exhibited a 0.36 ± 0.61 kg increase in dry lean mass (p < 0.001) and 1.30 ± 2.14 kg increase in lean body mass on postoperative day 0 (p < 0.001). Patients received to 1.16 ± 0.58 kg of fluid mass, on average. Conclusion BIA is a rapid, portable tool that allows for body composition analysis of an inpatient surgical population. This study demonstrated that BIA can detect net fluid changes and may approximate implant mass following total joint arthroplasty. This may aid surgeons in interpreting post-operative body composition changes.
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Tanaka, Satoshi, Kei Ando, Kazuyoshi Kobayashi, Taisuke Seki, Shinya Ishizuka, Masaaki Machino, Masayoshi Morozumi, et al. "Waist Circumference Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Is Interchangeable with Manual Measurement: Increased Waist Circumference Is Associated with Locomotive Syndrome Risk." BioMed Research International 2019 (September 25, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5971030.
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Objectives. The importance of preventive medicine in an aging society is increasing. Locomotive syndrome (LS) is attracting increasing attention. Recently, advances in bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices have made it possible to automatically measure waist circumference (WC). Nevertheless, there have been no reports evaluating the agreement or interchangeability between WC measured manually and using BIA. Therefore, we aimed to perform these analyses in the context of health checkups and investigated the associations with LS risk. Methods. We enrolled 597 participants who underwent the following: two-step tests and stand-up tests; evaluations using a 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale for the LS risk test; anthropometric marker measurements including WC measured by manual and BIA; and measurements of total cholesterol and triglycerides. We used Bland–Altman analysis to calculate agreement and interchangeability of the WC measurement using BIA and the manual method. A statistical comparative study was then conducted between normal and LS risk groups. Subsequently, significant risk factors for LS were investigated using multivariate analysis. Results. The Bland–Altman analysis showed that bias (BIA-manual) was negative overall (−2.024), for males (−1.418) and for females (−2.460), suggesting underestimation using BIA compared with manual measurements. Interchangeability was found between WC measurement by BIA and by manual methods, because the percentage error was less than 15% overall (12.3%), for males (10.2%) and for females (13.8%). Univariate analysis showed that WC was significantly higher in the LS risk group than in the normal group. Multivariate analysis adjusted for confounding factors showed that increase in WC significantly correlated with LS risk. Conclusions. BIA and manual methods for measuring WC are interchangeable. The increase in WC measured by BIA was significantly associated with LS risk. It is important to continue focusing on increased WC and early detection of LS risk.
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de Oliveira Sermoud, Letícia Morais Coelho, Sérgio Romano, Maurício Chveid, and Gilberto Luiz da Silva Amorim. "Breast Implant–Associated Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: Why Must We Learn About It?" Journal of Global Oncology, no. 5 (December 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00224.
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Breast implant–associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare, breast implant–associated T-cell lymphoma in which CD30 is expressed and anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK) expression is absent. However, despite the low risk of developing the disease, more information on BIA-ALCL is necessary, because the number of women with breast implants has been increasing worldwide; Brazil is one of the main markets for this type of implant. The objectives of this review are to clarify the issue of BIA-ALCL occurrence after risk-reducing mastectomy, to show the importance of this disease, and to raise awareness among the medical community about this rare pathologic condition. In 2016, BIA-ALCL was included by WHO in the new classification of lymphomas, and this demonstrates the attention that medical entities should give to this disease. Thus, awareness about BIA-ALCL must be broadened among the medical societies and regulatory authorities, both to foster better approaches to this disease, which should be evaluated in a multidisciplinary manner, and to provide better knowledge among health care professionals and the target population about the use of implants.
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Cuomo, Roberto. "The State of the Art about Etiopathogenetic Models on Breast Implant Associated–Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): A Narrative Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102082.
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Background: Breast-implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare malignancy linked to texturized breast implants. Although many researchers focus on its etiopathogenesis, this topic is affected by a lack of evidence. Materials and Methods: A literature review about BIA-ALCL was made. Results and conclusions: Although the incidence is reported between 1:355–1:30.000, there is great attention to BIA-ALCL. The incidence is uncertain due to many reasons. It may well be lower, due to inclusion in multiple databases as pointed out by the FDA and undiagnosed cases. The role of chronic inflammation, bacterial contamination, and mechanical forces was discussed. Clarification is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the progression of alterations and mutations for BIA-ALCL; new molecular analysis and pathogenetic models should be investigated.
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Deva, Anand K., Suzanne D. Turner, Marshall E. Kadin, Mark R. Magnusson, H. Miles Prince, Roberto N. Miranda, Giorgio G. Inghirami, and William P. Adams. "Etiology of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): Current Directions in Research." Cancers 12, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 3861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123861.
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Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a CD30-positive, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative T-cell lymphoma. Where implant history is known, all confirmed cases to date have occurred in patients with exposure to textured implants. There is a spectrum of disease presentation, with the most common occurring as a seroma with an indolent course. A less common presentation occurs as locally advanced or, rarely, as metastatic disease. Here we review the immunological characteristics of BIA-ALCL and potential triggers leading to its development. BIA-ALCL occurs in an inflammatory microenvironment with significant lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and a prominent Th1/Th17 phenotype in advanced disease. Genetic lesions affecting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway are commonly present. Proposed triggers for the development of malignancy include mechanical friction, silicone implant shell particulates, silicone leachables, and bacteria. Of these, the bacterial hypothesis has received significant attention, supported by a plausible biologic model. In this model, bacteria form an adherent biofilm in the favorable environment of the textured implant surface, producing a bacterial load that elicits a chronic inflammatory response. Bacterial antigens, primarily of Gram-negative origin, may trigger innate immunity and induce T-cell proliferation with subsequent malignant transformation in genetically susceptible individuals. Although much remains to be elucidated regarding the multifactorial origins of BIA-ALCL, future research should focus on prevention and treatment strategies, recognizing susceptible populations, and whether decreasing the risk of BIA-ALCL is possible.
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Nigri, Giorgia, Mara Del Baldo, and Armando Agulini. "Integrated sustainable performance management systems: A case study on Italian benefit corporations." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 2 (2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i2art6.
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Today, to integrate sustainable development goals into business, an overall integrated sustainable performance management system — to implement and measure these global goals — is needed. In a short timeframe, the benefit impact assessment (BIA) — elaborated by B Lab, utilized by benefit corporations (a new and emerging hybrid type of prosocial business) and adopted by the United Nations — became the most comprehensive indicator to evaluate company practices against SDGs. Italy was the first sovereign country to insert the benefit corporation legislation after the US and analyze the effectiveness of the BIA. This prompted us to address our attention to the integration of benefit-driven indicators, adopted by Italian B Corps into their performance management systems, and to analyze if these indicators are used by managers to support internal decision-making. To achieve this goal, cross-sector semi-structured interviews were conducted in seven Italian certified benefit corporations. Relevant to both researchers and practitioners, our review provides a useful snapshot of how the BIA is developing as an assessment and how value-based organizations are moving toward an integrated sustainable performance management system.
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Fatima, Nurul Asda, Haliah Haliah, and Nirwana Nirwana. "Implementation of Accountability and Transparency In The Allocation of School Operational Assistance Funds (BOS) During Covid-19." Amsir Management Journal 3, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56341/amj.v3i1.121.
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UPT SD Negeri 191 Bubun Bia is one of the public schools that also received attention in the form of BOS funds from the government. The purpose of this study was to find out how to apply the principles of transparency and accountability in the management of BOS funds during the COVID-19 pandemic at UPT SD Negeri 191 Bubun Bia. This study uses qualitative methods with descriptive analysis and data collection techniques by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The distribution of BOS Funds is based on the total number of students, totaling 104 students. The population in this study amounted to 218 people with a sample using purposive sampling of as many as 9 people. The results showed that the application of the principle of transparency at the UPT SD Negeri 191 Bubun Bia was transparent, as seen from the openness in the planning of preparing the RKAS. The benefits of this research are to provide mutual trust between various parties and the transparency of financial statements that can be accounted for
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Campa, Francesco, Stefania Toselli, Massimiliano Mazzilli, Luís Alberto Gobbo, and Giuseppe Coratella. "Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051620.
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Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.
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Wiseman, Virginia, Augustine Asante, Jennifer Price, Andrew Hayen, Wayne Irava, Joao Martins, Lorna Guinness, and Stephen Jan. "Ten best resources for conducting financing and benefit incidence analysis in resource-poor settings." Health Policy and Planning 30, no. 8 (September 24, 2014): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu108.
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Abstract Many low- and middle-income countries are seeking to reform their health financing systems to move towards universal coverage. This typically means that financing is based on people’s ability to pay while, for service use, benefits are based on the need for health care. Financing incidence analysis (FIA) and benefit incidence analysis (BIA) are two popular tools used to assess equity in health systems financing and service use. FIA studies examine who pays for the health sector and how these contributions are distributed according to socioeconomic status (SES). BIA determines who benefits from health care spending, with recipients ranked by their relative SES. In this article, we identify 10 resources to assist researchers and policy makers seeking to undertake or interpret findings from financing and benefit incidence analyses in the health sector. The article pays particular attention to the data requirements, computations, methodological challenges and country level experiences with these types of analyses.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Attentional bia"
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DE, ANGELIS JACOPO. "HOW DO HUMANS RESPOND TO SOCIAL AND NON-SOCIAL STIMULI? EVIDENCE FROM TYPICALLY DEVELOPED INDIVIDUALS AND INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/309651.
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Secondo il filosofo greco Aristotele "L'uomo è per natura un animale sociale". Dopo 2350 anni, oggi sappiamo che questa affermazione è solo parzialmente vera. Sebbene le evidenze sperimentali abbiano messo in luce una preferenza per gli stimoli e le interazioni sociali negli esseri umani, questa conclusione non sembra applicabile a tutti gli individui e contesti. L'elaborazione degli stimoli sociali può infatti essere influenzata da caratteristiche degli stimoli sociali e non sociali, presentati in competizione, nonché da caratteristiche inter-individuali. Tra quest'ultime, il Disturbo dello Spettro Autistico è sicuramente un esempio prototipico di atipicità nei comportamenti sociali e nella cognizione sociale. Il presente lavoro di tesi era rivolta a: i. indagare se gli stimoli sociali esercitano una priorità di elaborazione negli individui a sviluppo tipico (TD), anche quando presentati in competizione con altri stimoli non sociali fortemente rilevanti (denaro); ii. Indagare se e come gli individui con ASD rispondono a stimoli sociali vs non sociali rispetto agli individui TD, prendendo in esame un duplice livello di elaborazione, cognitivo e fisiologico; iii. Indagare se le differenze tra individui TD e ASD nell'elaborazione degli stimoli sociali e non sociali possano considerarsi l'espressione di un fenotipo familiare allargato; iv. Indagare la possibilità di modificare la salienza degli stimoli sociali negli individui con ASD attraverso una metodologia di apprendimento implicito ABMT (Attention Bias Modification Treatment). La presente tesi presenta tre implicazioni: teorica, metodologica e clinica. Per quanto riguarda le implicazioni teoriche, il presente lavoro supporta solo parzialmente l'affermazione di Aristotele. I risultati infatti hanno evidenziato chiaramente che, sebbene gli stimoli sociali abbiano solitamente un accesso prioritario agli step di elaborazione, la loro valenza può essere influenzata da una varietà di variabili come le differenze individuali (e.g., tratti autistici) o caratteristiche degli stimoli non sociali presentati in competizione quelli sociali (e.g., stimoli di alto interesse autistico per l'autismo). Altresì, i risultati sottolineano la necessità di considerare le diverse fasi dell'elaborazione dello stimolo (cognitivo vs fisiologico) nell'esame delle risposte cognitive e fisologiche a diverse tipologie di stimoli. Per quanto riguarda le implicazioni metodologiche, il presente lavoro suggerisce l'integrazione di tecniche tradizionali con tecniche computazionali più avanzate (es: Machine Learning o Deep Learning). Per quanto riguarda le implicazioni cliniche, questo lavoro ha fornito un esame circa le modalità di elaborazione degli stimoli sociali in bambini e adulti ASD, sia a livello attentivo che fisiologico. In secondo luogo, ha contribuito a far ulteriormente luce sul concetto di fenotipo autistico allargato, mostrando i limiti di questo concetto e l'ipotetico ruolo di variabili ambientali nel modulare il comportamento sociale nell'autismo.According to the Greek philosopher Aristotle “Man is by nature a social animal”. After 2350 years, we know that this statement is partially true. Although experimental evidence has reported a preference for social stimuli and social interactions in human beings, this conclusion does not apply to every individuals and contexts. Social stimuli processing can indeed be affected by stimuli and competitive non-social stimuli features as well as by inter-individual characteristics. Among the clinical conditions characterized by atypicality in social behaviours and social cognition (e.g., schizophrenia, personality disorders etc.), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the most prototypical example. The present dissertation was aimed at: i. investigating whether social stimuli are prioritized by typically developed individuals (TD) even when they attentively compete with other relevant non-social stimuli (money); ii. Investigating whether and how individuals with ASD differently respond to social vs non-social stimuli compared to TD individuals, by considering both a cognitive and a physiological level of processing; iii. Investigating whether the differences between TD and ASD individuals in social vs nonsocial stimuli processing are the expression of a familiar phenotype; iv. Investigating whether it is possible to modify the salience of social stimuli in ASD individuals through an Attention Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT) methodology. The present dissertation is expected to provide three main implications: theoretical, methodological and clinical. As concerns the theoretical implications, the present work only partially supports Aristotle statement mentioned in the introduction. Indeed, the reported findings have clearly highlighted that, although social stimuli are usually prioritized, their valence may be affected by a variety of variables such as individual differences (e.g., autistic traits) or characteristics of the non-social stimuli presented in competition with the social ones (e.g., High Autism Interest stimuli). Finally, results stress the importance of considering the different stages of stimulus processing (i.e., cognitive vs physiological) when examining human responses to social vs non-social stimuli. As regards the methodological implications, the present work provides important hints for future research on social vs non-social stimuli processing with TD and atypical development populations, by suggesting the integration of traditional techniques with more advanced computational techniques (i.e., Machine Learning). As concern the clinical implications, this work has provided a rich examination of how children and adults of ASD children process social and non-social stimuli both at an attentional level and at a physiological level. Secondly, it has contributed to further shedding light on the concept of BAP, by showing its limitations and the role played by environmental variables in shaping the parents of ASD children’s behavioral responses.
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Reinholdt-Dunne, Marie louise. "The relationship between Attention Control, Attentional Bias, and Anxiety." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518493.
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Holmes, Amanda Heloise. "Anxiety and attentional bias : the role of central attention processes." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395161.
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Testa, Giulia. "Neurocognitive alterations in obese candidates for bariatric surgery and psychological predictors of successful weight loss." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/128706.
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Background: Neurocognitive alterations have been related to severe obesity, especially in terms of reduced cognitive control and enhanced attention toward food-related stimuli. Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) is a bariatric surgery promoting weight-loss via physiological, metabolic and behavioral changes. Initial evidence for cognitive improvement after surgery exist, suggesting a resolution of obesity-induced changes in reward functions and cognitive control. However, neurophysiological correlates of these processes are poorly investigated and longitudinal studies are needed in this direction. Despite the positive outcomes of LSG, some patients fail to reach successful post-surgery excessive weight loss (EWL). Possible psychological predictors of post-surgery outcomes have been suggested, although contrasting findings are present and studies investigating multiple psychological predictors are warranted.
Aims: This thesis aims at investigating neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of the alteration in cognitive control and food-related attention in obese candidates for LSG and the possible improvement at 12 months post-surgery. Another aim was to identify multiple psychological predictors of successful weight loss at 12 months post-LSG.
Methods: Cognitive control in presence of food-related stimuli was measured using a modified version of the Simon task, during EEG registration. In the first study, 24 obese candidates for LSG were compared with 28 normal-weight individuals, while in the second study patients were followed up at 12 months post-LSG, with the same measures of food-related cognitive control. In the third study, multiple preoperative psychological predictors of successful EWL % at 12 months post-LSG were assessed in 69 patients. Predictive variables included in the model were psychopathological symptoms, dysfunctional eating attitudes, and impulsivity trait.
Results: In the first study, food-related images interfered with cognitive control in obese individuals as assessed with RTs; ERPs measures showed a prefrontal N1 component higher for food in both groups, indexing early attentional capture of food images. Longer P2 latency and smaller N2 amplitude were present in obese individuals. In the second study, a reduction of food-related interference was found in both RTs and P3 amplitude toward food. ERPs indices of general attention (P2 amplitude) and cognitive control (N2 amplitude) were enhanced after LSG. In the third study, a logistic regression showed that age and attentional impulsivity trait positively predicted successful EWL while anxiety symptoms negatively predicted successful EWL.
Discussion: Attentional bias toward food-stimuli interferes with cognitive control in obese candidates for bariatric surgery. This food-related interference on cognitive control is reduced post-LSG. Neurophysiological indices suggested a reduced cognitive control in obese seeking LSG, which can be enhanced post-surgery. Specifically, enhancement of N2 amplitude in frontal electrodes after surgery may suggest higher recruitment of frontal areas during conflict detection processes post-LSG. In a larger sample of obese seeking LSG, elevated preoperative anxiety symptoms negatively predict successful EWL, possibly suggesting the importance of clinical interventions targeting anxiety in bariatric surgery candidates to possibly avoid post-surgery failures. Moreover, the present results on impulsivity trait suggest that restrictive BS procedure such as LSG may be suitable even in patients with moderate impulsivity traits, possibly helping them to avoid risky eating behaviors such as binge eating.
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Leleu, Vincent. "Anxiété et désengagement attentionnel de l'information menaçante." Thesis, Lille 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL30037.
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Les recherches en psychopathologie cognitive ont montré que le biais attentionnel vers l'information menaçante contribue au développement et au maintien de l'anxiété. La difficulté rencontrée par les individus anxieux pour se désengager de l'information menaçante est l'une des principales composantes de ce biais attentionnel. Les recherches menées au cours de cette thèse ont permis, au moyen de paradigmes expérimentaux, de connaître : (1) les étapes du traitement de l'information concernées par la difficulté de désengagement attentionnel de mots menaçants et d'expressions faciales menaçantes, (2) l'importance de l'inhibition et du déplacement attentionnel dans la détérioration du désengagement attentionnel, (3) les relations entre la sous-échelle de focalisation attentionnelle de l'Attention Control Scale et le contrôle exécutif, et celle de déplacement attentionnel avec l'orientation de l'attention, et (4) la présence d'une difficulté de désengagement attentionnel des émotions négatives, non dans l'anxiété mais dans une situation stressante de menace du stéréotype de genre en mathématiques. Notre discussion reprend les résultats concernant le désengagement attentionnel et montre comment ils peuvent être étayés par des mesures telles que l'enregistrement des mouvements oculaires ou le recours à des investigations électrophysiologiques, auprès de populations cliniques et non-cliniques. Nous proposons aussi des pistes d'amélioration du dispositif d'entraînement attentionnel au désengagement, des mesures des fonctions d'inhibition et de déplacement attentionnel, ainsi que de nouvelles perspectives concernant l'évaluation du contrôle attentionnel par questionnaire et paradigmes expérimentauxResearch in cognitive psychopathology showed that attentional bias towards threat contributes to development and maintenance of anxiety. Difficulty to disengage from threatening stimuli is one of the major components of attentional bias in anxiety. Research conducted in this thesis, using experimental paradigms, enabled to identify : (1) the stages of information processing involved in the impaired, disengagement from threatening words and threatening facial expressions, (2) the role of inhibition and attentional shifting in the impaired attentional disengagement, (3) the link between the attentional focusing subscale of Attentional Control Scale and executive control on the one hand, and betweeen the attentional shifting subscale and orientation of attention, on the other hand, and (4) attentional disengagement impairment from negative emotions in a stressful situation of mathematical gender stereotype threat. Finally, we discussed the results related to attentional disengagement and showed how they might be supported by eyes tracking or electrophysiological measures in clinical and non-clinical samples. We also put forward suggestions to improve attentional disengagement training and develop new measures of inhibition and attentional shifting functions. We also proposed new perspectives for the assessment of attentional control using questionnaire and experimental paradigms
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Pettit, Sharon. "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder : the role of delay aversion and attentional bias." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390719.
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Morrison, Amanda Sue. "Attention Bias and Attentional Control in the Development of Social Anxiety Disorder." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/290208.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Although several efficacious treatments exist for social anxiety disorder (SAD), less research has been devoted to identifying specific mechanisms involved in the etiology of SAD using high-risk, longitudinal designs. Given the high prevalence and personal and societal burden associated with a diagnosis of SAD, research is needed to elucidate causal factors at play in the development of SAD to inform innovative prevention programs for at-risk individuals. Theoretical models and empirical research suggest that biased attention toward threat-relevant information is an important factor in the maintenance of SAD. However, relatively little is known about the role of attention bias to threat in the development of SAD, and evidence is inconclusive with regard to whether attention biases lead to increases in anxiety over time. Also, only one study has examined attentional control as a potential factor moderating this relationship despite long-held assertions that "control over cognitive processes" may be an important individual difference factor determining the strength of the relationship between attention bias and development of excessive anxiety. Finally, a few studies have shown that attention bias to threat predicts stress reactivity, but these studies have only been conducted in unselected samples rather than with individuals at risk for developing SAD. Thus, the aims of this study were to examine the moderating effects of risk for SAD and attentional control on the relationships between attention bias to threat and (1) psychological and biological social stress reactivity and (2) development of SAD. The primary aim of the study was to examine the aforementioned relationships using attention bias to threat as assessed using the modified probe detection task (MPDT). In an exploratory analysis, the relationships were examined using an index of attention disengagement bias assessed with the Posner spatial cueing task (PSCT). Attentional control was represented by four indices, analyzed in separate regression analyses given their weak bivariate associations (i.e., Antisaccade task reaction time and accuracy rate, Attention Network Test executive control score, and total score on the Attentional Control Scale). First-year college students at low or high risk for developing SAD completed assessments of attention bias, attentional control, and anxiety during their first month of college. Approximately four months later, they completed a social stressor task and the same self-report measures of social anxiety. At the end of their first year in college, they completed the self-report measures of social anxiety once more, as well as a diagnostic interview for SAD. Correlational analyses indicated that attention bias to threat on the MPDT was associated with concurrent self-reported social anxiety but did not prospectively predict psychological or biological social stress reactivity, self-reported social anxiety, or SAD diagnostic status at the end of the first year in college. Hierarchical regression analyses supported the hypothesized double moderation for concurrent social anxiety, such that high levels of attentional control weakened the association between attention bias toward threat and social anxiety, only among the individuals at high risk for SAD. However, analyses did not support this relationship in predicting prospective outcomes, and several unexpected patterns emerged in which interactions between attention bias and attentional control were observed to predict prospective outcomes, but only among individuals at low risk for developing SAD. Likewise, exploratory analyses using the PSCT index of attention bias revealed unexpected interactions between risk group, attention bias, and attentional control. Considered together, results of the current study highlight the importance of considering individual differences in attention bias and attentional control in the maintenance and development of SAD.
Temple University--Theses
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Sage, Karen Elizabeth. "Attention and emotion processing in children and parents : Exploring anxiety and attentional bias." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525689.
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Clarke, Patrick. "Assessing the role of attentional engagement and attentional disengagement in anxiety-linked attentional bias." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0024.
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[Truncated abstract] It has consistently been found that individuals who are more highly vulnerable to anxious mood selectively attend to emotionally negative stimuli as compared to those lower in anxiety vulnerability, suggesting that such anxiety-prone individuals possess an attentional bias favouring negative information. Two of the most consistent tasks used to reveal this bias have been the attentional probe and emotional Stroop tasks. It has been noted, however, that these tasks have not been capable of differentiating the relative role of attentional engagement with, and attentional disengagement from emotionally valenced stimuli, suggesting that either of these attentional processes could account for the attentional bias observed in individuals with high levels of anxiety vulnerability on the attentional probe and emotional Stroop tasks. A number of resent studies have claimed support for the operation of biased attentional disengagement in anxiety using a modified attentional cueing paradigm, concluding that individuals more vulnerable to anxious mood have a selective difficulty disengaging attention from emotionally negative stimuli. The current thesis highlights the possibility, however, that the structure of the modified cueing paradigm could allow individual differences in initial attentional engagement with differentially valenced stimuli to be interpreted as a selective disengagement bias. ... The modified emotional Stroop task employed in the current research measured participant's ability to engage with the emotional content of differentially valenced stimuli having initially processed non-emotional information (stimulus colour), and measured their relative ability to disengage attention from such emotional content to process non-emotional stimulus information. Results using this modified Stroop task suggested that those with high vulnerability to anxious mood were disproportionately fast to engage with the content of negative as compared to non-negative stimuli whereas those with low vulnerability to anxious mood did not display this pattern. The results provided no support for presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional disengagement from the content of differentially valenced stimuli. Results derived from the modified emotional Stroop task therefore provided support for the presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional engagement with the content of emotionally negative stimuli, but no support for a bias in attentional disengagement from the content of such material. The final study in the present series of experiments was designed to address the novel possibility that a bias in attentional disengagement could result in ongoing semantic activation of negatively valenced stimuli which would not necessarily be indexed by previous tasks assessing biased attentional disengagement. The results of this final study, however, provided no evidence to suggest the presence of anxiety-linked differences in ongoing semantic activation of differentially valenced stimuli. The present series of studies therefore provide support for the presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional engagement with the content of emotionally negative stimuli, while providing no support for the presence of an anxiety-linked bias in attentional disengagement from negative stimuli.
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Perkins, Kirsten Johanna. "The components of visual attention : how might they contribute to attentional bias in anxiety?" Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419535.
Full textBooks on the topic "Attentional bia"
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Meyerhoff, Hauke S. Linking perceptual animacy to visual attention: An investigation of detection efficiency and attentional bias for chasing objects among distractors kumulative Dissertation. [S.l: s.n.], 2013.
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ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education., ed. Readings on attention deficit disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Mini-bib. [Arlington, VA]: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, 2001.
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Langer, Ellen J. Xue xi, jiu shi yi zhong xiang shou: Ni ye ke yi ba xue xi he gong zuo bian cheng "wan le" de dai ming ci. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Ren ben zi ran wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2006.
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Langer, Ellen J. Yong xin fa ze: Gai bian ni yi sheng de guan jian. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Mu ma wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 2007.
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Ernwein, Marion, Franklin Ginn, and James Palmer, eds. The Work That Plants Do. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839455340.
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Whether driven by developments in plant science, bio-philosophy, or broader societal dynamics, plants have to respond to a litany of environmental, social, and economic challenges. This collection explores the `work' that plants do in contemporary capitalism, examining how vegetal life is enrolled in processes of value creation, social reproduction, and capital accumulation. Bringing together insights from geography, anthropology, and the environmental humanities, the contributors contend that attention to the diverse capacities and agencies of plants can both enrich understandings of capitalist economies, and also catalyze new forms of resistance to their logics.
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Schneider, Florian, ed. Global Perspectives on China's Belt and Road Initiative. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727853.
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The year 2013 saw the launch of the largest, most influential investment initiative in recent memory: China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This globe-spanning strategy has reshaped local economies and regional networks, and it has become a contested subject for scholars and practitioners alike. How should we make sense of the complex interactions that the BRI has enabled? Understanding these processes requires truly global perspectives alongside careful attention to the role that local actors play in giving shape to individual BRI projects. The contributions in Global Perspectives on China's Belt and Road Initiative: Asserting Agency through Regional Connectivity provide both 'big picture' assessments of China's role in regional and global interactions and detailed case studies that home in on the role agency plays in BRI dynamics. Written by leading area studies scholars with diverse disciplinary expertise, this book reveals how Chinese efforts to recalibrate the world are taken up, challenged, revamped, and reworked in diverse contexts around the world.
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E'kov, Evgeniy. The origin and evolution of the Universe. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1852616.
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The monograph examines a wide range of problems related to the origin and development of the Universe. An overview of the history of the study of astronomy from Stone Age observatories to modern space telescopes is given. The theories of the origin of the Universe are analyzed, evidence of the Big Bang, the expansion of the Universe, the cosmic effects of dark energy and dark matter are given. The origin and causes of the existence of planets, stars, nebulae, galaxies and other cosmic bodies in the Universe are considered. A large place is given to the analysis of the origin and development of the Solar system. The origin and functioning of the Sun, planets and other objects located in its gravitational field are considered. Among the planets of the Solar System, the greatest attention is paid to the Earth and the analysis of the factors that ensured the emergence and maintenance of various forms of life on it.
For a wide range of readers interested in the origin and evolution of the universe. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of physics and mathematics universities.
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Fantacci, Silvia, ed. Ruggero Jacobbi. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-688-4.
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"Ah, if only I were not so alive and so crowded with things, what a book I would write […] but there's so little time […]. There's lots of time to map them out, that's true, but it's not enough." This is the voice of the protagonist of Convalescenza, one of the stories in this book that – thanks to the painstaking editorial attention of Silvia Fantacci – presents the prose written by Ruggero Jacobbi starting from his precocious youth through to the Sixties. The nine sections, recording fragments of memories, vestiges of mystery and bitter solitude, meander between cinema and theatre, revoke the faces of the war, recall the figures of writers and friends, suggest new approaches to reading. The evocation of Brazil, where Jacobbi spent the most important fifteen years of his life, is not lacking: a country "so big as to drive you crazy" with its magical rites, its rhythm, its culture (the music of Villa-Lobos, Vinícius de Morais and Dorival Caymmi and the poetry of his friend Murilo Mendes). The meticulous notes and the appendix at the end of the book illustrate the history of each text and offer a reconstruction of the projects for novels and stories that were left unfinished and have now finally been transferred from the mind and desk of the writer into book form.
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Ferguson, Stuart G., Eva Kemps, and Lien Goossens, eds. Measurement and Interpretation of Attentional Bias. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-616-3.
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Munafò, Marcus R., and Brian Hitsman. Neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 discusses neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours. It reviews implicit measures of nicotine addiction and smoking behaviour (cognitive measures, and measures of attentional bias, and evidence from neuroimaging studies, including fMRI, PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)), and reviews the utility of these implicit measures in studies which are informative with respect to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and cigarette smoking.
Book chapters on the topic "Attentional bia"
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Wills, Phillippa. "Attentional Bias." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 35–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_6.
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Cohen, Ronald A. "Attentional Response Bias." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 409–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_3001.
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Cohen, Ronald A. "Attentional Response Bias." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 298–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1273.
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Cohen, Ronald. "Attentional Response Bias." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_3001-1.
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Siniscalchi, Marcello. "Attention Bias." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1516-1.
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Azriel, Omer, and Yair Bar-Haim. "Attention bias." In Clinical handbook of fear and anxiety: Maintenance processes and treatment mechanisms., 203–18. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000150-012.
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Siniscalchi, Marcello. "Attention Bias." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 548–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1516.
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Matheson, Emily. "Attentional and Interpretive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders, 1–5. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-087-2_187-1.
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Matheson, Emily. "Attentional and Interpretive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders, 38–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-104-6_187.
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Field, Matt, and Ingmar H. A. Franken. "Attentional Bias to Drug Cues." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 217–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_167.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Attentional bia"
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Podina, Ioana, Ana Toma, and Anamaria Cosmoiu. "RATIONALE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PROOF OF CONCEPT GAMIFIED MHEALTH ATTENTION TRAINING APP TOWARDS HEALTHY FOOD CUES." In eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-013.
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Among the factors shown to influence patterns in food consumption, attentional biases toward food cues have been found to play an important role in the maintenance of maladaptive eating behaviors, such as emotional eating, overeating or eating in the absence of hunger. As such, attention bias modification interventions have traditionally focused on retraining attention away from food towards neutral stimuli. However, recent theoretical upgrades and empirical findings highlight that maladaptive eating habits are not only associated with biases towards food in general, but particularly to biases towards unhealthy, calorie-dense foods. More specifically, individuals showing maladaptive eating patterns have a higher tendency to automatically turn their attention towards unhealthy food cues in their environment and to perceive them as being more salient. Thus, a more theoretically sound and ecologically valid aim of attention bias modification interventions is to retrain attention away from unhealthy food cues towards healthier ones in a computerised manner. The current study presents the theoretical rationale and the development of SANATENT, a gamified mHealth attentional bias modification intervention, designed to curb unhealthy eating habits and promote the consumption of healthy food. Within the intervention, a minimum of two and a maximum of six food images appear concurrently on the screen, with a single food item representing a healthy choice. Users are instructed to choose the correct image as fast and as accurately as possible, thus prompting them to ignore the unhealthy food options. SANATENT is envisioned to alter users' attentional biases in their ecological environment, thus being suited to function as either a stand-alone intervention or as a therapeutic adjuvant. Moreover, the application is based on gamification principles of learning, making it more appealing to use and potentially facilitating adherence to treatment. Practical and theoretical implications, as well as directions for future studies will be discussed.
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Zheng, Lei, Yixue Wang, Lifang He, Sihong Xie, Fengjiao Wang, and Philip S. Yu. "PER: A Probabilistic Attentional Model for Personalized Text Recommendations." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2018.8622542.
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Pathak, Harsh Nilesh, Xinxin Li, Shervin Minaee, and Brooke Cowan. "Efficient Super Resolution for Large-Scale Images Using Attentional GAN." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2018.8622477.
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Huang, Jieyun, Xi Zhang, and Binxing Fang. "CoStock: A DeepFM Model for Stock Market Prediction with Attentional Embeddings." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata47090.2019.9005649.
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Feng, Kuan, Yanmin Zhu, and Jiadi Yu. "Non-Parallel Text Style Transfer using Self-Attentional Discriminator as Supervisor." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671820.
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Salman, Hadi, Caleb Parks, Shi Yin Hong, and Justin Zhan. "WaveNets: Wavelet Channel Attention Networks." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020665.
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Günal, Mehmet, Daniel Krawczyk, and Hanli Liu. "fNIRS correlates of attentional states in Brodmann Area 10." In Bio-Optics: Design and Application. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boda.2021.jw1a.24.
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Mostert, Sonja Nicolene, and David Maree. "Leftward biases in attention: Eye fixations as indicators of attention and memory encoding." In 8th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.08.01001m.
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The current study examined the presence of a leftward bias in attention defined by the number of fixations. The aim was to explore a leftward bias in attention and whether this is related to visual long-term memory (VLTM) encoding. This was achieved by using a quantitative research approach consisting of a survey method and memory simulation. An eye-tracker was used to determine the number of fixations. A memory questionnaire was used to assess VLTM based on the simulation. Participants were sampled using purposive sampling (N=35). The eye-tracking data were analyzed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and the results showed a statistically significant difference between the left and right fixations, F(14, 28)=2.74, p=.01, η2=.58, indicating a large effect size. Participants demonstrated a higher number of left fixations even when stimuli on the right were present. The results support the notion of a lateral bias in attention. The findings from the paired sample t-test demonstrated that more items on the left were correctly recalled when compared to the right. On average, participants recalled more items on the left (M=66.49, SE=1.8) than the right (M=62.02, SE=2.2), t(34)=2.541, p=.008 (one-tailed). The eta squared (.429) indicated a small to medium effect size. Based on the findings, there were no significant associations between the number of fixations and the number of items recalled. The study concludes that a leftward bias in attention is present but there was no significant correlation with VLTM encoding.
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Lee, Joo-Eun, and Kyung-Ja Oh. "The influence of worry on attentional bias for uncertainty." In Annual International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Global Science and Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1865_cbp45.
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Cheng, Jie. "Subliminal Affective Priming of Internet Emotions Influences Attentional Bias." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmess-18.2018.263.
Full textReports on the topic "Attentional bia"
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Spieker, Elena A. Retraining Attentional Bias to Unhealthy Food Cues. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012865.
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Kerst, William F. Attentional Retraining Administered to Cigarette Smokers in the Field: Effects on Attentional Bias, Craving, and Smoking. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012995.
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Shank, Lisa M. Attentional Bias to Food Cues in Youth with Loss of Control Eating. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012744.
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Hill, Mackenna, and Elizabeth Duval. Exploring Carry-Over Effects to Elucidate Attention Bias Modification’s Mixed Results. Journal of Young Investigators, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22186/jyi.31.3.9-14.
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Sariciftci, Niyazi Serdar. CO2 Recycling: The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Chemical Fuels. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00011.
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We want to bring the idea of conversion of CO2 into synthetic fuels (CO2 recycling) into attention, as a possible approach for transportable storage of renewable energy. Recycling of CO2 by homogeneous and/or heterogeneous catalytic approaches have been investigated with increasing emphasis within the scientific community. In the last decades, especially using organic and bioorganic systems towards CO2 reduction has attracted great interest. Chemical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and bioelectrochemical approaches are discussed vividly as new routes towards the conversion of CO2 into synthetic fuels and/or useful chemicals in the recent literature. Here we want to especially emphasize the new developments in bio-electrocatalysis with some recent examples.
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Tsur, Yacov, David Zilberman, Uri Shani, Amos Zemel, and David Sunding. Dynamic intraseasonal irrigation management under water scarcity, water quality, irrigation technology and environmental constraints. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696507.bard.
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In this project we studied optimal use and adoption of sophisticated irrigation technologies. The stated objectives in the original proposal were to develop a conceptual framework for analyzing intra-season timing of water application rates with implications for crop and irrigation technology selection. We proposed to base the analysis on an intra-seasonal, dynamic, agro-economic model of plants' water demand, paying special attention to contamination of groundwater and soil in intensively cultivated areas that increasingly rely on water of lesser quality. The framework developed in the project integrates (i) a bio-physical model of water flow in the vadose zone and water uptake by plants and yield response with (ii) a dynamic management model to determine the optimal intra-season irrigation policy. It consists of a dynamic optimization model to determine irrigation rates at each point of time during the growing season and aggregation relating harvested yield with accumulated water input. The detailed dynamic approach provides a description of yield production processes at the plant’s level, and serves to determine intra-season irrigation decisions. Data derived from extensive field experiments were used to calibrate the model's parameters. We use the framework to establish the substitution between irrigation technology (capital) and water inputs; this is an important property of irrigation water productivity that has been overlooked in the literature. Another important feature investigated is the possibility to substitute fresh and saline water with a minimal productivity loss. The effects of soil properties and crop characteristics on optimal technology adoption have also been studied. We find that sandy soil, with low water holding capacity, is more conducive to adoption of sophisticated drip irrigation, as compared to heavier soils in which drainage losses are significantly smaller.
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Roberts, Tony, and Kevin Hernandez. Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition: A Literature Review and Proposed Conceptual Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.018.
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This paper begins by locating the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition project (GODAN) in the context of wider debates in the open data movement by first reviewing the literature on open data and open data for agriculture and nutrition (ODAN). The review identifies a number of important gaps and limitations in the existing literature. There has been no independent evaluation of who most benefits or who is being left behind regarding ODAN. There has been no independent evaluation of gender or diversity in ODAN or of the development outcomes or impacts of ODAN. The existing research on ODAN is over-reliant on key open data organisations and open data insiders who produce most of the research. This creates bias in the data and analysis. The authors recommend that these gaps are addressed in future research. The paper contributes a novel conceptual ‘SCOTA’ framework for analysing the barriers to and drivers of open data adoption, which could be readily applied in other domains. Using this framework to review the existing literature highlights the fact that ODAN research and practice has been predominantly supply-side focused on the production of open data. The authors argue that if open data is to ‘leave no one behind’, greater attention now needs to be paid to understanding the demand-side of the equation and the role of intermediaries. The paper argues that there is a compelling need to improve the participation of women, people living with disabilities, and other marginalised groups in all aspects of open data for agriculture and nutrition. The authors see a need for further research and action to enhance the capabilities of marginalised people to make effective use of open data. The paper concludes with the recommendation that an independent strategic review of open data in agriculture and nutrition is overdue. Such a review should encompass the structural factors shaping the process of ODAN; include a focus on the intermediary and demand-side processes; and identify who benefits and who is being left behind.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.
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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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Gruson-Daniel, Célya, and Maya Anderson-González. Étude exploratoire sur la « recherche sur la recherche » : acteurs et approches. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52949/24.
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• Introduction Dans le cadre du deuxième Plan National de la Science Ouverte, le Comité pour la science ouverte a souhaité mener une étude pour la préfiguration d’un Lab de la science ouverte (LabSO) afin de mieux comprendre le périmètre de la recherche sur la recherche (research on research) dans un contexte international. • Objectifs de l’étude : L’étude répond ainsi à trois objectifs : 1. repérer des grands courants de recherche sur la recherche (RoR) dans le paysage plus général de la recherche universitaire en Europe et outre-atlantique, en reconnaître les principaux acteurs institutionnels et différencier les approches mobilisées par les uns et les autres ; 2. proposer une méthodologie d’analyse dans une démarche de science ouverte (méthodes mixtes et cartographie numérique) pour faciliter l’appropriation de son contenu ; 3. émettre des recommandations pour faciliter le positionnement du LabSO et s’inspirer d’initiatives existantes. • Méthodologie Une série de treize entretiens et une collecte de données d’une sélection thématique de sites web ont permis de dresser un paysage d’acteurs et d’approches impliqués dans des recherches sur la recherche. Ce dernier s’est nourri d’une démarche de cartographie numérique pour repérer et visualiser les liens existants entre différentes communautés, mouvements, réseaux et initiatives (financeurs, projets, centres de recherche, fournisseurs de données, éditeurs, etc.). • Résultats Le rapport présente différents courants de « recherche sur la recherche » issus des traditions théoriques et méthodologiques de la sociologie, de l’économie, des sciences politiques, de la philosophie, des sciences de l’information et des mesures (biblio/scientométrie). Des courants plus récents sont aussi décrits. Ils s’inscrivent dans un contexte de politiques publiques favorables à la science ouverte et ont émergé dans le champ des sciences sociales computationnelles, des Big Data ou encore des domaines biomédicaux. Si certaines de ces approches s’appuient sur des courants académiques (STS, sciences des mesures) établis depuis de nombreuses décennies, d’autres comme ceux de la « métascience » ou de la « science de la science », se sont structurées plus récemment avec une visée prescriptive et de changement fondé sur des preuves (evidence-based) se basant sur un engagement normatif pour une science plus ouverte, inclusive et diverse. Bien loin d’un paysage statique, l’étude fait ressortir des recherches en mouvement, des débats tout autant que des mises en garde afin que certains courants « ne réinventent pas la roue » en faisant fit d’une longue tradition académique de l’étude des sciences et de la production scientifiques. De nouvelles alliances entre centres de recherche et laboratoires, institutions subventionnaires, décideurs politiques et fournisseurs de données ont été repérées. Elles participent à une dynamique actuelle d’équipement des politiques publiques par des outils d’évaluation et des protocoles de recherche pour guider les actions menées, on parle d’évidence-based policies. Un des exemples les plus récents étant laa seconde feuille de route du RoRI1 poussant notamment à la formation d’un réseau international d’instituts de recherche sur la recherche, fondé sur le partage et la mutualisation de données, de méthodes et d’outils. Outre la présentation de ces différents acteurs et courants, le rapport pointe le rôle joué par les infrastructures et les fournisseurs de données scientifiques (publications, données, métadonnées, citations, etc.) dans la structuration de ce paysage et les équilibres à trouver. • Recommandations 1. Accompagner la construction d’indicateurs et de métriques par le biais d’un regard critique et de discussions collectives pour mesurer leurs impacts sur les comportements des professionnels de la recherche (mésusages, gaming). 2. Porter attention aux étapes de diffusion des résultats scientifiques issus des « recherches sur la recherche » pour les adapter aux différents publics ciblés (chercheurs, responsables des politiques publiques de recherche, journalistes, etc.). 3. Articuler les travaux de « recherche sur la recherche » avec une démarche de science ouverte en questionnant notamment les choix faits concernant les fournisseurs de données, les infrastructures et outils d’évaluation, de découvrabilité et d’analyse de la production scientifique (gouvernance, utilisation des données, etc.). 4. Soutenir les approches thématiques et transversales plutôt que disciplinaire de manière collaborative entre les différents membres du Lab de la science ouverte et aider le dialogue entre les différentes approches et mouvements (STS, research on research, science of science, scientométrie, etc.)
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Cognitive training. ACAMH, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.4026.
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