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Journal articles on the topic 'Attention-deficit disorder in children'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

DE QUIR??S, GUILLERMO BERNALDO, MARCEL KINSBOURNE, ROLAND L. PALMER, and DOLORES TOCCI RUFO. "Attention Deficit Disorder in Children." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 15, no. 5 (October 1994): 311???319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199410000-00001.

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Cantwell, Dennis P., and Lorian Baker. "Attention-Deficit Disorder in Children." Nurse Practitioner 12, no. 7 (July 1987): 38???54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-198707000-00004.

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3

McGee, Rob, Warren R. Stanton, and Malcolm R. Sears. "Allergic disorders and attention deficit disorder in children." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 21, no. 1 (February 1993): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00910490.

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4

Nazer, M., and O. Hamid. "Comparison of Learning Disabilities in Reading, Math, Spelling and Academic Progress of Children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity and Normal Children at Elementary Schools." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2201.

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Learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity of important issues should be considered in elementary school students. The aim of this study was comparison learning disorders, reading, spelling, math and achievement among students in elementary school grades in Bandar Abbas. For this purpose, 384 students were randomly selected. Instruments for gathering data were:– k-Math test;– test spelling disorder (Fallahchai test);– reading test (Baezat test);– CSI-4.Factor analysis of variance test was used to analyze of data. The results showed that in the scale of dyslexia, there were more disorders in the children with attention deficit disorder in reading errors, comprehension and reading speed than normal group. In mathematical disorder scale, there were significant difference between the two groups of children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and normal children. Then, the children with attention deficit disorder had higher disorders in operations math, mathematical concepts, mathematical applications, and general score math. The scale of the problem dictates there were significant difference between the two groups of children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and normal children. Then, the children with attention deficit disorder had higher disorders in problem dictates. In academic achievement, the children with attention deficit disorder had lower mean in academic achievement. Finally, the results showed that age, gender, and their interaction had no significant impact on learning disorders, based on attention deficit disorder and normal groups.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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5

Dykman, Roscoe A., and Peggy T. Ackerman. "Behavioral Subtypes of Attention Deficit Disorder." Exceptional Children 60, no. 2 (October 1993): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299306000207.

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This article reviews research on three behavioral subtypes of attention deficit disorder (ADD): without hyperactivity (ADD/WO), with hyperactivity (ADDH), and with hyperactivity and aggression (ADDHA). Children with ADDHA appear to be at increased risk to have oppositional and conduct disorders, whereas children with ADD/WO tend to show symptoms such as anxiety and depressed mood. Children in the three subtypes have similar rates of learning disabilities, but all have higher rates than found in control groups. Teacher and parent ratings are more sensitive than laboratory measures in differentiating the subtypes. Follow-up studies strongly suggest more adverse outcomes for ADDHA children.

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6

Batsche, George M., and Howard M. Knoff. "Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Special Services in the Schools 9, no. 1 (April 21, 1995): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j008v09n01_04.

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7

Meletis, Chris D., and Ben Bramwell. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children." Alternative and Complementary Therapies 6, no. 6 (December 2000): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/act.2000.6.315.

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8

Leffert, Nancy, and Amy Susman. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children." Journal of Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (1993): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199308000-00009.

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9

Baxter, Peter S. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 7, no. 4 (August 1995): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199508000-00007.

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Ray, G. Thomas, Peter Levine, Lisa A. Croen, Farasat A. S. Bokhari, Teh-wei Hu, and Laurel A. Habel. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 160, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.10.1063.

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Bramble, D., A. Klassen, P. Raina, A. Miller, S. Lee, M. S. Thambirajah, A. Weaver, and G. D. Kewley. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children." BMJ 317, no. 7167 (October 31, 1998): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1250b.

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12

Zinov'eva, O. E., E. G. Rogovina, and E. A. Tyrinova. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2014-1-4-8.

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13

Matkeeva, A. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/63/16.

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The article presents the characteristics of 60 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 6 to 11 years, depending on the type of classification, who were treated at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health (Bishkek).

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Vance, Alasdair, Katrina Harris, Marilyn Boots, Jessica Talbot, and Mary Karamitsios. "Which Anxiety Disorders May Differentiate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type with Dysthymic Disorder from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type Alone?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 5 (October 2003): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01235.x.

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Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT), dysthymic disorder, and anxiety disorders frequently co-occur in primary school age children, although there have been no published data describing their association. We investigated the association of anxiety, defined from a parent or child perspective, with primary school-age children with ADHD-CT with and without dysthymic disorder. Method: One hundred and forty-six medication naïve children with ADHD-CT were studied. Two groups with and without dysthymic disorder were formed to compare parent and child reports of anxiety, using categorical and continuous measures of anxiety, using logistic regression. Results: Separation anxiety disorder and social phobia were associated with primary school-age children with ADHD-CT and dysthymic disorder, compared to children with ADHD-CT without dysthymic disorder. Conclusions: The recognition of dysthymic disorder and anxiety disorders and their management in primary school-age children with ADHD-CT is generally poorly understood. The identification and elucidation of composite anxiety and depressive phenomena that may be systematically investigated through longitudinal studies of epidemiologically derived samples is needed in this particular group of children.

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Permatawati, Medina, Agung Triono, and Mei Neni Sitaresmi. "Sleep disorders in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Paediatrica Indonesiana 1, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi1.1.2018.46-50.

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Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral abnormality that commonly occurs among children. Sleep disorders are comorbid with ADHD. Sleep disorders in Indonesian children with ADHD have not been widely studied.Objective To understand the proportion and factors that influence sleep disorders in children with ADHD. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 54 children aged 3-14 years who had been diagnosed with ADHD by a pediatric growth and development consultant using DSM-5 criteria. The subjects were consecutively selected from March to August 2017 at the Child Development Polyclinic, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Sleep data were collected using the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC) and the Children’s Sleep Hygiene Scale (CSHS).Results Of the 54 children with ADHD (46 males and 8 females), 35 (64.8%) experienced sleep disorders. The majority (26 subjects, 48.1%) had the disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep. Children with the combined (inattention and hyperactive-impulsive) type of ADHD experienced significantly greater sleep disturbance compared to the inattention type or hyperactive-impulsive type (OR=3.750; 95% CI 1.133 to 12.41; P=0.027). Poor sleep hygiene was also significantly associated with more severe sleep disorders (r=-0.383, P=0.004).Conclusion The proportion of sleep disorder in children with ADHD is relatively high, with the majority having a disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep. Children with combined type ADHD experience a higher amount of sleep disorder than those with either the inattention or hyperactive-impulsive types of ADHD. Children with poor sleep hygiene have significantly more severe sleep disorders.

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Permatawati, Medina, Agung Triono, and Mei Neni Sitaresmi. "Sleep disorders in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Paediatrica Indonesiana 58, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi58.1.2018.48-52.

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Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral abnormality that commonly occurs among children. Sleep disorders are comorbid with ADHD. Sleep disorders in Indonesian children with ADHD have not been widely studied.Objective To understand the proportion and factors that influence sleep disorders in children with ADHD. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 54 children aged 3-14 years who had been diagnosed with ADHD by a pediatric growth and development consultant using DSM-5 criteria. The subjects were consecutively selected from March to August 2017 at the Child Development Polyclinic, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Sleep data were collected using the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC) and the Children’s Sleep Hygiene Scale (CSHS).Results Of the 54 children with ADHD (46 males and 8 females), 35 (64.8%) experienced sleep disorders. The majority (26 subjects, 48.1%) had the disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep. Children with the combined (inattention and hyperactive-impulsive) type of ADHD experienced significantly greater sleep disturbance compared to the inattention type or hyperactive-impulsive type (OR=3.750; 95% CI 1.133 to 12.41; P=0.027). Poor sleep hygiene was also significantly associated with more severe sleep disorders (r=-0.383, P=0.004).Conclusion The proportion of sleep disorder in children with ADHD is relatively high, with the majority having a disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep. Children with combined type ADHD experience a higher amount of sleep disorder than those with either the inattention or hyperactive-impulsive types of ADHD. Children with poor sleep hygiene have significantly more severe sleep disorders.

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Korabel’nikova, E. A. "Anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 3, no. 4 (2020): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-302-308.

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Aim: to assess the prevalence and presentations of anxiety in preschool children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Patients and Methods: preschoolers (4–6 years) and their parents were enrolled. 30 children with ADHD and their parents were included in the study group and 15 healthy children and their parents were included in the control group. The study was performed in Moscow kindergartens. Clinical anamnestic, experimental psychological (Р. Temple, М. Dorkey, and Е.W. Amen anxiety test adapted by V.M. Astapov; “Fears in Houses” test modified by M.A. Panfilova; questionnaire for anxiety in children for a teacher and parents by G.P. Lavrent’eva and T.M. Titarenko), and statistical tests were applied. Results: in children with ADHD, a significantly higher level of anxiety was reported as demonstrated by Р. Temple, М. Dorkey, and Е.W. Amen anxiety test results (i.e., the test completed by children themselves). The percentage of children with 15 fears or more was significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. Most preschoolers from both groups experience so-called age-related fears. In addition, age-inappropriate social fears (e.g., a fear of punishment or a fear of being late for kindergarten) were revealed in children with ADHD. These fears were much more common in the study group compared to the control group. Conclusions: our findings demonstrate a higher level of anxiety in children with ADHD compared to healthy children. Therefore, anxiety may be regarded as an ADHD-associated factor. In addition to typical age-related fears, children with ADHD experience so-called social fears. This phenomenon illustrates a fear of disapproval and punishment and a propensity for low self-esteem. KEYWORDS: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, preschoolers. FOR CITATION: Korabel’nikova E.A. Anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(4):302–308. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-302-308.

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Bhargava, SubhashC, and Sujata Sethi. "Sleep disorders in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 47, no. 2 (2005): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.55958.

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Tsai, Ming-Horng, and Yu-Shu Huang. "Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sleep Disorders in Children." Medical Clinics of North America 94, no. 3 (May 2010): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2010.03.008.

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20

Wragg, Jeff. "Do attention deficit hyperactive disorders cause reading problems?" Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 4 (November 1994): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100001941.

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Children diagnosed as attention deficit hyperactive disordered (ADHD) do not comprise a unitary homogeneous group. Despite considerable research attempting to establish the validity of ADHD as a diagnostic entity, a number of researchers question whether the distinction between ADHD and other child disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD) can be clearly established (Prior & Sanson, 1986; Werry, Reeves & Elkind, 1987). Short attention span, poor concentration and poor memory may also occur in both ADHD and reading-disabled (RD) children. Academic underachievement is also reported in a substantial proportion of ADHD children (Carlson, Lahey & Neeper, 1986). August and Garfinkel (1990), for example, found that 39% of children diagnosed ADHD were also found to have a co-existing reading disorder. A study by McGee and Shore (1988) estimated that 80% of children with ADHD had a co-occurring learning disability in reading, writing and spelling. This conclusion is also supported by other studies which have found a higher than normal incidence of academic problems existing with significant attention problems (Barkley, 1990; Barkley, Fisher, Edelbrock & Smallish, 1990).As the two disorders occur so frequently together it has consequently become very difficult to disentangle the degree to which ADHD and learning disorder contribute to each other or are in fact separate entities. The issue regarding comorbidity or causality remains perplexing - is the learning disability a secondary cause arising from inattention and hyperactivity, or is the child inattentive and hyperactive because they are frustrated at their inability to succeed academically (August & Garfinkel, 1990)?

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21

Laird, Lyle Knight, and Judith J. Saklad. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 3, no. 4 (August 1990): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009000300406.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common of the childhood psychiatric disorders, with a prevalence rate of up to 20%, and is probably genetically transmitted. ADHD is characterized by impulsive behavior, hyperactivity, and decreased attention span. It is often extremely disruptive to the afflicted individuals social interactions and school performance. Therapeutic approaches to ADHD should be multimodal, including medications, family, and educational therapies. The pathophysiology of ADHD is not yet fully understood. Catecholoamines are believed to play a significant role with serotonin in an adjunctive role. Pathophysiological theories are supported by useful drug therapies that are known to affect dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism. Stimulants remain the drugs of choice, with methylphenidate most commonly used. Dextroamphetamine and pemoline are also effective. The rational use of these drugs is discussed. Antidepressants are second-line drug therapies; their usefulness is most apparent in patients who have high levels of anxiety and/or depression. Other potentially useful medications, including clonidine and the antipsychotics, are discussed. Adult populations can also express ADHD; treatment is similar to that used in children. Overall, ADHD is an important illness with significant morbidity. Pharmacotherapy is highly effective for its treatment and forms the cornerstone of therapy. This review of ADHD seeks to promote a greater understanding of this disorder and its appropriate drug therapy.

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Goulardins, Juliana B., Juliana C. B. Marques, and Jorge A. De Oliveira. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Motor Impairment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 124, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512517690607.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder during childhood, affecting approximately 3–6% of school-aged children; its cardinal symptoms of high activity, impulsivity, and behavioral distractibility might be assumed to have close relationships to interferences with motor skills. A separate body of literature attests to ways that motor problems can severely impact children’s daily lives, as motor problems may occur in 30–50% of children with ADHD. This article critically reviews research on motor impairment in children with ADHD, notable differences in motor performance of individuals with ADHD compared with age-matched controls, and possible neural underpinnings of this impairment. We discuss the highly prevalent link between ADHD and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and the lack of a clear research consensus about motor difficulties in ADHD. Despite increasing evidence and diagnostic classifications that define DCD by motor impairment, the role of ADHD symptoms in DCD has not been delineated. Similarly, while ADHD may predispose children to motor problems, it is unclear whether any such motor difficulties observed in this population are inherent to ADHD or are mediated by comorbid DCD. Future research should address the exact nature and long-term consequences of motor impairment in children with ADHD and elucidate effective treatment strategies for these disorders together and apart.

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Souza, Isabella, Maria Antônia Pinheiro, and Paulo Mattos. "Anxiety disorders in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder clinical sample." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 63, no. 2b (June 2005): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2005000300008.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of anxiety disorders in a clinical referred sample of children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: 78 children and adolescents with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria were investigated with a semi-structured interview (P-CHIPS), complemented by clinical interviews with the children or adolescents and their parents. Their IQ was calculated with neuropsychological testing. RESULTS: A high prevalence of anxiety disorders (23.05%) was found in the sample. Generalized anxiety disorder was the most prevalent disorder (12,8%), followed by social phobia (3,84%) and separation anxiety disorder (3,8%). Two children showed more than one anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with ADHD seem to be more prone to have comorbid anxiety disorders, at least in clinical samples referred to specialized units.

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Toone, Brian, Maria Clarke, and Susan Young. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 2 (March 1999): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.2.112.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and hyperkinetic disorder are well-established diagnoses in children, with estimates of prevalence in pre-adolescent children from 3 to 5%. Until recently ADHD was not thought to persist beyond adolescence, but results from long-term prospective outcome studies indicate that 30–70% of children with ADHD exhibit some symptoms as adults. Recognition of this disorder is important as the persistence of ADHD symptoms has been shown to be associated with academic and occupational failure and high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. With the establishment of a UK support group (LADDER) and increasing media attention highlighting this problem it is likely that there will be an increased demand for psychiatric assessment of adult ADHD in the next few years.

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Mogg, K., G. A. Salum, B. P. Bradley, A. Gadelha, P. Pan, P. Alvarenga, L. A. Rohde, D. S. Pine, and G. G. Manfro. "Attention network functioning in children with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and non-clinical anxiety." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 12 (April 24, 2015): 2633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000586.

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BackgroundResearch with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders).MethodWe examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting.ResultsFindings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times.ConclusionsImpaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.

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Armstrong, Mary Beth, and Sandra K. Nettleton. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Preschool Children." Seminars in Speech and Language 25, no. 3 (August 2004): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-833670.

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Kim, Gun-Ha, Ji Yeon Kim, Jung Hye Byeon, Baik-Lin Eun, Young Jun Rhie, Won Hee Seo, and So-Hee Eun. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Epileptic Children." Journal of Korean Medical Science 27, no. 10 (2012): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.10.1229.

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Clarke, S., H. Heussler, and M. R. Kohn. "Attention deficit disorder: not just for children." Internal Medicine Journal 35, no. 12 (November 25, 2005): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2005.00987.x.

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Greenhill, Laurence L., Kelly Posner, Brigette S. Vaughan, and Christopher J. Kratochvil. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool Children." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 17, no. 2 (April 2008): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.004.

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Pelham, William E. "Methylphenidate and Children With Attention Deficit Disorder." Archives of General Psychiatry 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790330028003.

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Zalsman, Gil, Orat Pumeranz, Gabriel Peretz, David H. Ben-Dor, Sharon Dekel, Neta Horesh, Tsvi Fischel, et al. "Attention Patterns in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity." Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.94.

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The objective of this study was to differentiate the attention patterns associated with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity using continuous performance test (CPT). The diagnoses were based on the DSM-III, III-R, and IV criteria and of the 39 children who participated in the study, 14 had attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) and 11 had attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADDWO), while 14 normal children served as a control group. Attention patterns were examined according to the performance of subjects on the CPT and parental scores on the ADHD Rating Scale, the Child Attention Profile, and the Conners Rating Scale. CPT performances were assessed before and after administration of 10 mg methylphenidate. We found as hypothesized that the CPT differentiated between the ADDH and ADDWO groups. However, contrary to our expectations, the ADDH children made more omission errors than the ADDWO children; they also showed more hyperactivity and impulsivity. The performance of both groups improved to an equal degree after the administration of methylphenidate. It is conluded that different subtypes of the attention deficit disorders are characterized by different attention profiles and that methylphenidate improves scores on test of continuous performance.

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Janakiraman, Raguraman, and Tony Benning. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 2 (March 2010): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.003848.

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SummaryAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an established diagnosis in children but there is a lack of agreement about its validity as a distinct entity in adults. Literature suggests that between one-third and two-thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms into adulthood. An adult diagnosis should be done on the basis of a thorough assessment, structured and semi-structured clinical interview, and with a complete understanding of the symptoms that manifest in adults. This may be supplemented by the use of rating scales. We present a review of the literature covering aetiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluation and management of ADHD in adults.

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Gravestock, Fred. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An introduction." Queensland Journal of Guidance and Counselling 2 (November 1988): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1030316200000054.

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of numerous explanations for ongoing behaviour disturbance in children both at home and school. With an incidence rate of between 5% and 10% in the general population, it accounts for a significant percentage of patients presented at child guidance facilities. It is a pervasive and chronic developmental disorder as apparent from its natural course. Treatment, while effective in the short-term, has limited impact on the long-term prospects for these children. Current research in multi-modal, long-term treatment is however producing more positive results. Presentation of research findings on the classroom behaviour of ADHD are followed by consideration of several methods for assessing the disorder. The paper concludes with a brief outline of the role teachers, guidance officers and school counsellors can play in this major childhood disorder.

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Araz Altay, Mengühan, Işık Görker, Begüm Demirci Şipka, Leyla Bozatlı, and Tuğçe Ataş. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Psychiatric Comorbidities." Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33880/ejfm.2020090104.

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Aim: This study aims to obtain current information on the clinical features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases, comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychiatric drug use. Methods: All patients between the ages of 6 and 18 years who were admitted to our outpatient clinic and diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were included in the study. The files of the patients were examined and their demographic characteristics, symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses and drug profiles were recorded. The pattern of the psychiatric disorders accompanied by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases and the differences according to age and gender were analyzed. The differences were determined in patients with psychiatric comorbidity compared to those without. Result: The mean age of the 777 patients included in the study was 11.1±2.94 and 76.6% were boys. 60.9% of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients had comorbid psychiatric disorders. The most common psychiatric comorbidities were specific learning disability (23.6%), oppositional defiant disorder (12.9%) and conduct disorder (12.1%). There was no difference between the genders in terms of the incidence of psychiatric comorbidities. The rate of psychiatric comorbidity was significantly higher in adolescents than in children. A psychotropic medication was used in 86.4% of the cases and psychotropic polypharmacy was present in 31.5%. The rate of polypharmacy was significantly higher in the group with psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusion: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders and the psychiatric comorbidity leads to a more complicated clinical profile. Approximately one-third of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients have psychiatric polypharmacy and these patients should be carefully monitored. Primary care physicians who are frequently confronted with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases should be careful about psychiatric comorbidities. Keywords: Child psychiatry, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mental disorders, Family practice

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Fattah Mohammed, Hussein Ahmed Abdel. "Patterns of sleep disorders in children with autism with the attention deficit -hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol8iss1pp81-101.

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The present study aims to identify the extent of the prevalence of some sleep disorders patterns of autistic children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the preparation and rationing measure of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder when autistic children, and scale disturbances of sleep when autistic children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and differences gender (male - female) in sleep disorders patterns in these children, and to identify the predictable patterns of sleep disorders in autistic children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the study sample: The sample consisted reconnaissance of the (study 60) of children with autism parents, has been application on (60) of children (40 males and 20 females) between the ages of (7 -12 years), sample basic study consisted of (80) of children with autism parents, it has been the application on (80) of autistic children (50 males 0.30 females) between the ages of (7-12 years), and the study sample of visitors to Al Amal Hospital for Mental Health Barar- northern border region - Saudi Arabia, approach the study: the use of a researcher in the current study, the descriptive approach comparative The study found that it can predictable patterns of sleep disorders in children with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, as some common patterns of sleep disorders in children study sample and found statistically significant differences in sleep disorders among both male and female patterns of children study sample in favor of males.

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Kuizenga-Wessel, Sophie, Ilan J. N. Koppen, Mana H. Vriesman, Carlo Di Lorenzo, Marieke van Dijk, Maureen L. R. Beelen, Michael Groeneweg, Reino J. Stoffelsen, and Marc A. Benninga. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Functional Defecation Disorders in Children." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 66, no. 2 (February 2018): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000001695.

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Huang, Yu-Shu, Ning-Hung Chen, Hsueh-Yu Li, Yu-Yu Wu, Chia-Chen Chao, and Christian Guilleminault. "Sleep disorders in Taiwanese children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Sleep Research 13, no. 3 (September 2004): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00408.x.

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38

Mostofsky, S. H., A. G. Lasker, L. E. Cutting, M. B. Denckla, and D. S. Zee. "Oculomotor abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Neurology 57, no. 3 (August 14, 2001): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.57.3.423.

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Background: Prevailing hypotheses suggest that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is secondary to dysfunction of motor intentional systems mediated by prefrontal circuitry. Oculomotor paradigms provide a mechanism for examining and localizing dysfunction at the interface between movement and cognition.Objective: Three different saccade tasks (reflexive or prosaccades, antisaccades, and memory-guided saccades) were used to examine functions necessary for the planning and the execution of eye movements, including motor response preparation, response inhibition, and working memory.Methods: The study included 19 children with ADHD, divided into two groups: a group of 8 children on methylphenidate at the time of testing and a group of 11 children not taking any psychoactive medication. Results from the two groups were compared with those from 25 age- and gender-matched normal control children.Results: Both groups of children with ADHD made significantly more directional errors than did controls on the antisaccade task and significantly more anticipatory errors than did controls on the memory-guided saccade task, findings that are consistent with deficits in response inhibition. There were no significant differences in prosaccade latency, although unmedicated children with ADHD showed significantly greater variability in latency on the prosaccade task than did controls. On the memory-guided saccade task there were no significant differences in saccade accuracy; however, unmedicated children with ADHD showed longer saccade latency than did either controls or medicated children with ADHD.Conclusions: Oculomotor findings suggest that deficits in prefrontal functions, in particular response inhibition, contribute to behavioral abnormalities observed in ADHD. Findings also suggest that the administration of methylphenidate is associated with improvements in the consistency of motor response. Although there were no observed improvements in response inhibition with methylphenidate, conclusions await a design in which subjects complete testing both on and off medication.

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Li, Chiang-shan Ray, Wei-hao Lin, Hsueh-ling Chang, and Ya-wen Hung. "A Psychophysical Measure of Attention Deficit in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113, no. 2 (2004): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.113.2.228.

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Dalebout, Susan D., Nickola W. Nelson, Paul J. Hletko, and Barbara Frentheway. "Selective Auditory Attention and Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 22, no. 4 (October 1991): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2204.219.

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The Selective Auditory Attention Test (SAAT) was given to children diagnosed as having Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) twice: after the administration of methylphenidate, and after the administration of a placebo. Children in the control group were tested twice, but without drugs or placebos. Results revealed no simple drug effect, but a strong order effect. The implications of using the SAAT as a predictor of auditory attention deficits and concerns regarding its test-retest reliability are discussed.

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Riccio, Cynthia A., Jose J. Gonzalez, and George W. Hynd. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Learning Disabilities." Learning Disability Quarterly 17, no. 4 (November 1994): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511127.

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The overlap between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities is consistently reported in the literature. The relationship between attention and cognitive and behavioral functioning makes it difficult to disentangle behavioral from cognitive symptoms in children with learning disabilities. Historically, research on ADHD in children with learning disabilities has been wrought with methodological inconsistencies and is further confounded by the comorbidity of learning disabilities and ADHD. This article reviews the research specific to the relationship between learning disabilities and attention deficit disorders, both historical and current. Implications for future research relative to the increased specificity of the association between these disorders is discussed, with a focus on the need to decrease the heterogeneity of the populations studied by using subtypes of both learning disabilities and ADHD.

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Barber, Anita D., Lisa A. Jacobson, Joanna L. Wexler, Mary Beth Nebel, Brian S. Caffo, James J. Pekar, and Stewart H. Mostofsky. "Connectivity supporting attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." NeuroImage: Clinical 7 (2015): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.11.011.

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Lamont, John. "Homoeopathic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." British Homeopathic Journal 86, no. 04 (October 1997): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(97)80044-0.

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Abstract43 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were alternately assigned to either placebo or homoeopathic treatment in a double blind, partial crossover study to determine the effectiveness of homoeopathy for this disorder. Medicines or placebos were given to parents or carers and were administered to children by the parent or carers. After 10 days children in the placebo group were given homoeopathic medicines. Statistical comparisons were made on the basis of parent or carer ratings of ADHD behaviour before and after treatment. Scores for subjects initially in the placebo group were compared with those initially in the homoeopathic group; and scores for subjects initially in the placebo group were compared with scores for the same subjects after they received homoeopathic medicine. Statistically significant differences were found for both comparisons, supporting the hypothesis that homoeopathic treatment is superior to placebo treatment for ADHD.

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Barreda-Hanson, Consuelo, and Christine Kilham. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children under Five." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 22, no. 4 (December 1997): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693919702200407.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, continues to be a complex condition to assess and treat, particularly in young children. Nevertheless, early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are crucial because early intervention may help attenuate or even prevent certain undesirable effects in the lives of children and their families. This article provides a description of the disorder as manifested by children under five years of age. This is followed by a discussion of diagnostic issues. Finally, an integrated approach to treatment is suggested.

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Nazir, Racha, Karen Carvalho, Steven Lippmann, and Karim Sedky. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disordered breathing in children." Journal of Pediatric Biochemistry 03, no. 02 (August 1, 2016): 061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1586430.

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46

Mokobane, Maria, Basil Joseph Pillay, and Anneke Meyer. "Behaviour planning and inhibitory control in Sepedi-speaking primary school children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." South African Journal of Psychology 50, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246319838104.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common disorders that can occur in children. The symptoms are thought to result from a deficit in executive functions. This study investigated whether children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes differed in behavioural planning and response inhibition, two of the domains of executive functioning, from a control group without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Furthermore, it examined whether the three attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes differed from each other in terms of performance. The sample ( n = 320) consisted of primary school children, aged between 6 and 14 years, from the Moletjie circuit (Limpopo). It consisted of an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder group ( n = 160) and a control group ( n = 160). The Disruptive Behavioural Disorder rating scale was used to establish the symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Tower of London was used to measure planning ability, and the inhibition subtest (arrows and shapes) from the NEPSY-II (Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, second edition) to measure response inhibition. Analysis of variance was employed to establish differences in subtype, gender, and age group. The results showed that children with the combined attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtype demonstrated significantly more deficits than the control group, in both behavioural planning and inhibition control. No significant differences between the hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes and the control group were found. Gender and age did not influence performance with regard to planning and inhibition tasks. Correlations between planning behaviour and response inhibition were low, which suggests that they are distinct processes.

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Gleason, Andrew, and David Castle. "Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 18, no. 3 (May 2012): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008508.

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SummaryIncreasing attention is being paid to the concept of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, in concord with evidence that suggests a proportion of children with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms into adulthood. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder has some symptoms in common with hypomania, and can co-occur with bipolar disorder. The diagnosis and management of ADHD in adults with bipolar disorder can be complicated, owing to challenges resulting from symptom overlap, questions of diagnostic validity and a paucity of empirical evidence to guide treatment. This article addresses comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder, and provides practical suggestions for diagnosis and management.

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Justman, Stewart. "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Stereotypy." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 17, no. 2 (2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.17.2.135.

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The official symptoms of attention deficit disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as first codified in the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders bear an uneasy resemblance to potent caricatures of Blacks that had long been in circulation in the United States. In effect, traits such as laziness and troublesomeness persistently associated with Blacks became symptoms that could be had by anyone, Black, White, or other. But just as racial imagery plays on stereotypes, the ADHD diagnosis itself has become a stereotype. Only stereotyped figures have the telltale marks of identity that children with ADHD are said to have. As we have known at least since the time of the prejudice studies cited by the United States Supreme Court in 1954, stereotypes can be highly injurious, especially if they are internalized by their objects. Children who grow with the diagnosis of ADHD, incorporating it into their sense of self even while it is under construction, may well internalize its messages. That in turn may have something to do with the dismal long-term outcomes of ADHD despite the relative rarity of severe cases.

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Ghai, Divya, and Akhil Chopra. "SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 5, no. 44 (October 29, 2018): 3114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2018/635.

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ENDO, TARO, TOSHIRO SUGIYAMA, and TOSHIYUKI SOMEYA. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dissociative disorder among abused children." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 60, no. 4 (August 2006): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01528.x.

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