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1

Pary, Raymond, Susan Lewis, Paul Matuschka, Peter Rudzinskiy, Mohammad Safi, and Steven Lippmann. "Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10401230209149097.

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2

Gangdev, P. "Attention deficit disorder in adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 186, no. 4 (April 2005): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.4.355-a.

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3

Magon, Rakesh. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 10, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738016642792.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most-common psychiatric disorders; it is highly comorbid with many other psychiatric disorders and associated with substantial role impairment. Untreated ADHD results in psychiatric comorbidity, relationship and parenting problems, underachievement, frequent job losses, and opportunistic delinquency. Nevertheless, ADHD remains the most under-recognised and undertreated mental health condition in adults. This article discusses the clinical presentation of ADHD in adulthood with a particular focus on recognition, assessment and management of ADHD in adults in primary care.
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SACHDEV, PERMINDER. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179800720x.

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Adults with putative attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are increasingly being referred to psychiatric clinics, often following a self-diagnosis, and demanding a prescription for stimulant medication. This has disconcerted many clinicians and started a debate on the appropriateness of this diagnosis in adults (Shaffer, 1994; Lomas, 1995; Diller, 1996) that is reminiscent of the controversies of the childhood diagnosis in previous years (Lancet, 1986). At issue is not only concern about the widespread use of stimulant medication, but also a neurobiological understanding of impulsivity, hyperactivity and antisocial behaviour and the genesis of some psychiatric disorders in adults. How is the validity of this disorder in adults then to be established?
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5

Gabriela , Cornea Georgeta. "Attention deficit disorders in adults." International Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17, no. 1 (2024): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2024.17.00676.

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Among the disorders that are most extensively investigated in medicine, especially in pediatrics, ADHD is considered a neuro-psychiatric disorder with multifactorial development, based on genetic predisposition and neurobiological disruptions. Epidemiological data indicate a global prevalence of 5.29% among individuals under 18 years of age, and recent analysis documents a prevalence of 2.5% in adults.1 Although previously it was considered that it remits in childhood or during adolescence, long-term studies on the term of children and prospective studies on adults with ADHD have shown that the disorder persists even into adulthood.2 In general, problems related to ADHD include, for children, a higher risk of poor school performance, lower academic achievements, lower grades, school suspensions, and extracurricular difficulties. In the case of adolescents, they may experience strained relationships with family, school dropout, aggression, conduct problems, and substance experimentation and abuse. In the case of adults, there may be accidents related to driving and violations of traffic rules, social difficulties in relationships, marriage, and employment.2 ADHD and comorbid depression are frequently reported, with prevalence rates in individuals with ADHD ranging from 18.6% to 53.3%.3 Similarly, studies have documented comorbidity between ADHD and depressive disorders with rates ranging from 9% to 16%, with a median rate of 7.8%.4
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6

L. López, Pablo, and Tatiana Testa. "Differential Profile of High-Performance Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 10, no. 5 (March 28, 2022): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/238.

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Objective: To compare the neurocognitive profile of a subgroup of patients with ADHD who have a high academic-occupational functioning vs. patients with low functioning. Method: A total of 50 adults with ADHD, 10 with high academic-occupational functioning (ADHD/HF), 20 with low academic-occupational functioning (ADHD-LF), and 20 healthy controls were assessed with a standard neuropsychological battery. Independent sample tests and logistic regression were calculated to compare the performance of the three groups and to identify predictor variables. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the forward digits subtest between the subtypes of ADHD, but not between ADHD-HF and controls, nor between controls and ADHD-LF. In matrix reasoning subtest, significantly lower performances were registered between both ADHD groups compared to the control group. In the letter number subtest, ADHD-LF obtained a significant lower performance than the control group, but the ADHD-HF group do not differ with the other two groups. Finally, regarding to the binary logistic regression analysis, it could be observed that the only variable that best predicted belonging to these groups has been forward digits, which according to the data of the model would be a protection factor. Conclusion: The profile of patients with high socio-occupational performance was characterized by a better conservation of working memory and the capacity for sustained attention, and a lower tendency to distraction.
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7

Feifel, David. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Postgraduate Medicine 100, no. 3 (September 1996): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1996.09.78.

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8

Rösler, Michael, Miguel Casas, Eric Konofal, and Jan Buitelaar. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 11, no. 5 (June 3, 2010): 684–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2010.483249.

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9

Faraone, Stephen V. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Current Directions in Psychological Science 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00055.

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The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults has been a source of controversy, with some prominent researchers questioning its very existence and others suggesting it is an urgent clinical problem. This article reviews five domains of data addressing the validity of adult ADHD: clinical correlates, family history, treatment response, laboratory studies, and long-term outcome. It then shows how the debate over adult ADHD reflects a clash of theoretical paradigms and concludes by suggesting ways in which psychological science can collect the data needed to clarify the validity of adult ADHD.
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10

Schreiber, Thomas J. "Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 37, no. 7 (July 1998): 791–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199807000-00021.

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11

Gutman, Sharon A., and Margery Szczepanski. "Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Occupational Therapy in Mental Health 21, no. 2 (March 17, 2005): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j004v21n02_02.

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12

Wender, Paul H. "ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN ADULTS." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 21, no. 4 (December 1998): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70039-3.

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13

Moss, Shannon B., Rajasree Nair, Anthony Vallarino, and Scott Wang. "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 34, no. 3 (September 2007): 445–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.005.

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14

ELLIOTT, HAL. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Southern Medical Journal 95, no. 7 (July 2002): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200295070-00015.

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15

Toone, Brian, Maria Clarke, and Susan Young. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 2 (March 1999): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.2.112.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and hyperkinetic disorder are well-established diagnoses in children, with estimates of prevalence in pre-adolescent children from 3 to 5%. Until recently ADHD was not thought to persist beyond adolescence, but results from long-term prospective outcome studies indicate that 30–70% of children with ADHD exhibit some symptoms as adults. Recognition of this disorder is important as the persistence of ADHD symptoms has been shown to be associated with academic and occupational failure and high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. With the establishment of a UK support group (LADDER) and increasing media attention highlighting this problem it is likely that there will be an increased demand for psychiatric assessment of adult ADHD in the next few years.
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16

Janakiraman, Raguraman, and Tony Benning. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 2 (March 2010): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.003848.

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SummaryAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an established diagnosis in children but there is a lack of agreement about its validity as a distinct entity in adults. Literature suggests that between one-third and two-thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms into adulthood. An adult diagnosis should be done on the basis of a thorough assessment, structured and semi-structured clinical interview, and with a complete understanding of the symptoms that manifest in adults. This may be supplemented by the use of rating scales. We present a review of the literature covering aetiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluation and management of ADHD in adults.
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17

Pitts, Mark. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Nurse Prescribing 12, no. 1 (January 2014): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2014.12.1.18.

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18

Cubbin, S., and A. Leahy. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 4 (April 1998): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.4.366b.

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19

Wilens, Timothy E. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." JAMA 292, no. 5 (August 4, 2004): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.5.619.

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20

Gadow, Kenneth D., and Margaret Weiss. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Archives of General Psychiatry 58, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.784.

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21

Faraone, Stephen V., Thomas J. Spencer, C. Brendan Montano, and Joseph Biederman. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Archives of Internal Medicine 164, no. 11 (June 14, 2004): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1221.

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22

Chutko, L. S., S. Yu Surushkina, E. A. Yakovenko, and D. V. Cherednichenko. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 124, no. 2 (2024): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202412402197.

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23

Kuan, A. J., and A. H. Young. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood disorders in adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 2 (August 2007): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.2.181a.

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24

Gleason, Andrew, and David Castle. "Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 18, no. 3 (May 2012): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008508.

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SummaryIncreasing attention is being paid to the concept of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, in concord with evidence that suggests a proportion of children with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms into adulthood. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder has some symptoms in common with hypomania, and can co-occur with bipolar disorder. The diagnosis and management of ADHD in adults with bipolar disorder can be complicated, owing to challenges resulting from symptom overlap, questions of diagnostic validity and a paucity of empirical evidence to guide treatment. This article addresses comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder, and provides practical suggestions for diagnosis and management.
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25

Kapitány-Fövény, Máté. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3, no. 4 (December 2014): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.4.8.

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26

Pieroth, Elizabeth M. "Diagnosing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Professional Case Management 13, no. 3 (May 2008): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pcama.0000319975.47896.76.

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27

Stein, Mark A. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults (Book)." Journal of Personality Assessment 67, no. 1 (August 1996): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6701_18.

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28

Toone, B. K., and G. J. H. Van Der Linden. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or hyperkinetic disorder in adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 6 (June 1997): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.6.489.

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29

&NA;. "Adult Attention Deficit Disorder." Journal of Addictions Nursing 15, no. 4 (2004): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10884600490889311.

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30

Hart, Roy H. "Adult Attention Deficit Disorder." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 7 (August 19, 1988): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410070048019.

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31

Hart, R. H. "Adult attention deficit disorder." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 7 (August 19, 1988): 924b—924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.260.7.924b.

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32

MANCINI, C., M. VAN AMERINGEN, J. M. OAKMAN, and D. FIGUEIREDO. "Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with anxiety disorders." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798007697.

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Background. Previous research has reported co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by symptom overlap in the clinical presentation of the disorders. We estimate the prevalence of ADHD in both the current and childhood histories of adults with anxiety disorders, while taking symptom overlap into account. We also evaluate the utility of the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) for retrospective reporting of ADHD.Methods. Consecutive admissions (N=149) to an anxiety disorders clinic were given a diagnostic and psychometric assessment. The WURS was administered to obtain a retrospective diagnosis of childhood ADHD. Twenty-nine of the 35 people surpassing the cut-off score on the WURS were given a structured interview of adult ADHD symptoms.Results. The WURS contains many ‘internalizing’ items that may inflate retrospective accounts of ADHD. After taking this into account, there is still a significantly higher prevalence of ADHD in the retrospective reports of adults with anxiety disorders (15%) than would be expected by chance (4%). Furthermore, of those who meet retrospective criteria for ADHD, 45% (13 of 29) continue to meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD as adults.Conclusions. The WURS may require considerable revision for use with clinical populations. In spite of these difficulties with retrospective assessment, available evidence indicates that ADHD is more prevalent in the histories of anxiety disordered patients than would be expected from base rates.
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33

Morais, A. S., R. Gomes, and N. Descalço. "When Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder reaches adulthood." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2273.

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Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was classically considered a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental condition. Over the past 40 years, it became evident that it can persist during adulthood. Objectives The purpose of the authors is to describe the characteristics of ADHD in adults and the specific comorbidities, proposing an approach to these patients. Methods A brief non-systematized review is presented, using the literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar. Results Only 40-50% of children and adolescents with ADHD will have symptoms that persist into adulthood (estimated adult prevalence of 2.8% across 20 countries; 25% in prisons). A more subtle presentation in adults and the difficulty to access past medical history, lead to diagnosis and treatment rates of lower than 20% (versus 50% in children). Well-characterized core symptoms in children evolve into a predominance of inattention symptoms. They became adults with marked disorganization, difficulties in completing tasks and managing time. Emotional dysregulation is a very prevalent symptom in this population. The comorbidities rate increase over time (reaching 75% of patients). Conclusions Adults (or even older subjects) with cognitive and/or behavioural complaints should be submitted to systematic screening for ADHD. Non-treated ADHD symptoms in adulthood are associated with severe impairment, therefore adjustments in the health care system to support the transition from child to adult services are needed. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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34

Surowiec, Agata, Katarzyna Dobko, Gabriela Frącz, Agata Glac, Klaudia Kuliga, Kinga Musz, Natalia Sejnowska, Agnieszka Socha, Kinga Śnieżek, and Anna Zając. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - symptoms, diagnosis and therapy among children and adults." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 37, no. 1 (August 8, 2023): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.37.01.012.

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Introduction: The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the world is estimated at about 5%. Among adults, it occurs with a frequency of 2.5%. This syndrome can significantly impair functioning in various areas of life. There is a treatment to reduce the symptoms. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze publications on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - symptoms, diagnosis and therapy, taking into account the differences among children and adults. Material and methods: We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database using the keywords: "ADHD"; "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"; '' ADHD diagnosis', ''ADHD therapy'; ‘’ADHD drug therapy’, ‘’Methylphenidate’, ‘’Atomoxetine” Results: The clinical presentation of the disorder changes over the years. The main symptoms among children are related to inattention and impulsiveness, while among adults, hyperactivity can turn into a feeling of inner fear. Among children, frequent accompanying disorders are behavioral and oppositional-defiant disorders, and among adults, sleep disorders, personality, mood and anxiety disorders. ADHD treatment is based on a multimodal approach that uses cognitive behavioral therapy and effective stimulants (methylphenidate) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine) among children and adults. Conclusions: There are differences in symptoms, comorbidities and diagnosis of ADHD among children and adults. Pharmacotherapy is carried out using the same drugs that are safe and effective. Diagnosis of the disorder and both non-pharmacological and pharmacological help are important due to the risk of increased mortality in patients.
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35

Nazar, Bruno Palazzo, Camilla Moreira de Sousa Pinna, Gabriel Coutinho, Daniel Segenreich, Monica Duchesne, José Carlos Appolinario, and Paulo Mattos. "Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 4 (December 2008): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000400014.

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OBJECTIVE: According to studies of prevalence, up to 70% of adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder have at least one psychiatric comorbidity, which leads to diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties as well as more severe functional impairment. There is a paucity of data on the comorbidity of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders. The objective of this study was to review the literature regarding the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder/eating disorders comorbidity, performing a critical analysis of relevant data. METHOD: Articles in Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, ISI and PsycINFO databases from 1980 up to 2008, were searched. The references from the articles were used as additional sources of data. RESULTS: Fourteen articles were found: five prevalence studies, four case reports, three case-control studies, one symptom-assessment study of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders, and one article regarding possible causes of the association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders. These articles suggested that adult women with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder are at higher risk of developing eating disorders, especially bulimia nervosa. Bulimia Nervosa rates found in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder groups ranged from 1% to 12%, versus 0% to 2% in control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although there seems to be a relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders, the reduced number of studies available, with various methodologies, and small sample sizes limit the generalization of the findings.
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36

Sable, Jeffrey J., Kristin L. Knopf, Marie R. Kyle, Lauren T. Schully, Megan M. Brooks, Kelly H. Parry, Ivy A. Thompson, et al. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder reduces automatic attention in young adults." Psychophysiology 50, no. 3 (January 14, 2013): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12012.

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37

Fuller-Thomson, Esme, Lauren Carrique, and Andie MacNeil. "Generalized anxiety disorder among adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Affective Disorders 299 (February 2022): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.020.

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38

Spencer, Thomas, Joseph Biederman, Timothy Wilens, and Stephen V. Faraone. "Is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults a Valid Disorder?" Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1, no. 6 (January 1994): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10673229409017099.

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39

Biederman, J., and T. Spencer. "Methylphenidate in treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Attention Disorders 6, no. 1_suppl (April 2002): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370200601s12.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can persist into adulthood with a continuation of the pattern of childhood psychopathology, cognition and functioning. Adult comorbidities include substance use disorders, antisocial personality disorder, anxiety and depression. Studies have shown that as in children, methylphenidate treatment for adults can lead to a robust, dose-dependent improvement in ADHD symptoms. Future research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with methylphenidate (MPH).
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40

Ossmann, Janet M., and Neil W. Mulligan. "Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." American Journal of Psychology 116, no. 1 (2003): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423334.

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41

Wilens, Timothy E., Joseph Biederman, and Thomas J. Spencer. "Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." CNS Drugs 9, no. 5 (1998): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199809050-00002.

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42

Greenfield, Brain, and Lily Hechman. "Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.5.1.107.

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43

MARKS, DAVID J., JEFFREY H. NEWCORN, and JEFFREY M. HALPERIN. "Comorbidity in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 931, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05781.x.

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44

WEISS, MARGARET, CANDICE MURRAY, and GABRIELLE WEISS. "Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Concepts." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 8, no. 2 (March 2002): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00131746-200203000-00006.

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45

Cumyn, Lucy, Lisa French, and Lily Hechtman. "Comorbidity in Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 10 (October 2009): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370905401004.

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46

Ashjazadeh, Nahid, Ali Sahraeian, Iman Sabzgolin, and Ali A. Asadi-Pooya. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults with epilepsy." Epilepsy & Behavior 101 (December 2019): 106543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106543.

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47

Faraone, Stephen V., Joseph Biederman, Thomas Spencer, Tim Wilens, Larry J. Seidman, Eric Mick, and Alysa E. Doyle. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: an overview." Biological Psychiatry 48, no. 1 (July 2000): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00889-1.

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48

Rief, Winfried. "Neurofeedback in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Lancet Psychiatry 4, no. 9 (September 2017): 650–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30314-0.

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49

Clarke, Adam R., Robert J. Barry, Patrick C. L. Heaven, Rory McCarthy, Mark Selikowitz, and Mitchell K. Byrne. "EEG in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." International Journal of Psychophysiology 70, no. 3 (December 2008): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.001.

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50

Zwi, Morris, and Ann York. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: validity unknown1." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 10, no. 4 (July 2004): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.10.4.248.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood psychiatric disorder. Debate over its diagnostic validity, aetiology, presentation and treatment has extended from the clinical to the public domain. As children with ADHD diagnoses reach adulthood there is increasing interest in ‘adult ADHD’. Cohorts followed up show poorer outcomes as adults than do controls. Self-referred adults, sometimes relatives of children with ADHD, are also of interest regarding adult ADHD. Innovative work is being done examining issues of aetiology, treatment, outcomes and comorbidity in these groups, but heterogeneity among those diagnosed with ADHD and changes in classification systems and diagnostic criteria over time complicate comparison of research findings. The diagnostic validity of adult ADHD remains uncertain and needs further study.
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