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McBee, Ralph L. "Validation study of the Attention deficit scale for adults in diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorders." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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Austin, Karla Michele. "Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Personality Characteristics and Comorbidity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279399/.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is surrounded by confusion and controversy regarding its definition, course, etiology and treatment. Among adults, ADHD is rarely considered a diagnostic reality of primary importance and is often overlooked. This study provides descriptive validity for adult ADHD in distinguishing it from controls, and identifying both a pure condition and one wrought with comorbidity.
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Murphy, Patricia Anne. "Studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0027/NQ49958.pdf.
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Pironti, Valentino Antonio. "Neurocognitive endophenotypes in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648497.
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Campbell, Catherine Elaine. "MMPI-2 Patterns of Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277675/.
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Recent literature suggests that not only does Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD/ADD) persist into adulthood, but it can also be accompanied by personality characteristics which cause emotional difficulties. In fact, adults diagnosed with ADHD can present with a profusion of difficulties. Several constructs appear to accumulate dynamically throughout development to place the adult with ADHD at risk for multiple emotional problems. These interwoven influences include familial characteristics, childhood emotional and academic difficulties, and inadequate coping skills to respond to adulthood pressures. This document, first, describes a developmental model for conceptualizing negative trajectories leading to nonadaptive coping and psychopathology and identifies personality factors of adults diagnosed with ADHD. This model provides clinicians and researchers with a better understanding of the complexity and challenges of adulthood ADHD in order to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The purpose of this study is to examine personality factors common to adults diagnosed with ADHD and compares these characteristics with a group of adults diagnosed with a depressive disorder. Adults responding to a community advertisement who provided documentation of the diagnosis of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder were administered the MMPI-2. This ADHD group was compared with MMPI-2 profiles of a group of adults diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder or Dysthymic Disorder. A cluster analysis procedure was performed and results are discussed.
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Rovira, Lorente Paula. "Genetic and epigenetic signatures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672728.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental, complex and highly heritable disorder characterised by age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that impair the daily functioning of patients. These symptoms typically initiate in childhood and persist over time in around two thirds of the diagnosed children. There is evidence that both common and rare genetic variants contribute to the risk for the disorder, with heritability estimates around 76% that seem to remain stable across the lifespan. However, the genetic variation associated with ADHD to date only explain a modest proportion of the phenotypic variance. In this context and taking into account that environmental factors also play a role into the disorder’s susceptibility, it has been proposed that epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation (DNAm) could be contributing as plausible mechanisms by which environmental influences lead to functional and/or structural brain alterations found in ADHD.
Given this background and bearing in mind that the genetic and epigenetic investigations conducted on ADHD have been mainly focused on its childhood presentation, the objectives of the present doctoral thesis have been to explore the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk for ADHD across the lifespan and to examine whether there are DNAm patterns specifically associated with ADHD in adults.
Firstly, to investigate the genetic basis of ADHD through a lifespan perspective, we have conducted the largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS-MA) on persistent ADHD in adults to date, a GWAS-MA on ADHD in childhood, and a GWAS- MA on ADHD across the lifespan using data from children and adults in a total sample of 17,149 cases and 32,411 controls. Through this approach, we have identified nine new independent loci associated with ADHD across the lifespan and we have shown that the proportion of common genetic variation contributing to the disorder seems to be stable over time. Moreover, our results have revealed a high genetic overlap between ADHD in childhood and persistent ADHD in adults, driven by the whole group of children, and similar patterns of genetic correlation between ADHD and other ADHD-related phenotypes and different traits and disorders across the lifespan.
Secondly, by conducting the largest epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of ADHD in adults to date, comprising 103 clinical samples of adults with ADHD and 100
controls, we have identified DNAm patterns associated with ADHD in adults. Our results have shown that these patterns are not driven by the individuals’ smoking status or polygenic risk burden for ADHD, neither by exposure to stressful life events in the group of cases. Moreover, the localization of these DNAm patterns in or near genes previously involved in cancer, and the enrichment found for epigenetic signatures of smoking behaviour and maternal smoking among our findings, have reinforced that smoking behaviour is a key factor to account for in this type of analyses. In addition, our enrichment analyses results have supported that genome-wide DNAm is developmental- stage specific and point to an overlap between genetic and epigenetic signatures in ADHD that needs to be further studied in larger samples.
In conclusion, the results of the present doctoral thesis provide new insights into the genetic basis of ADHD across the lifespan, support the hypothesis of the neurodevelopmental origin of persistent ADHD in adults, and shed light on the epigenetic signatures characterising ADHD in adults.<br>El trastorn per dèficit d'atenció i hiperactivitat (TDAH) és un trastorn del neurodesenvolupament, complex i altament heretable caracteritzat per símptomes d’inatenció, impulsivitat i hiperactivitat inapropiats per l’edat que deterioren el funcionament diari dels pacients. Aquests símptomes normalment s’inicien a la infància i persisteixen en el temps en aproximadament dos terços dels nens diagnosticats. Hi ha evidències que recolzen que tant variants genètiques comunes com rares contribueixen al risc del trastorn, amb una heretabilitat estimada al voltant del 76% que sembla mantenir- se estable al llarg de la vida. Tanmateix, la variació genètica associada al TDAH fins ara només explica una modesta proporció de la variància fenotípica. En aquest context, i considerant que els factors ambientals també tenen un paper en la susceptibilitat al trastorn, s’ha proposat que les marques epigenètiques com la metilació de l’ADN (ADNm) podrien contribuir com a mecanismes mitjançant els quals les influències ambientals condueixen a alteracions funcionals i/o estructurals del cervell en el TDAH.
Tenint en compte aquest context i donat que les investigacions genètiques i epigenètiques realitzades sobre el TDAH s’han centrat principalment en la seva presentació infantil, els objectius de la present tesi doctoral han sigut explorar la contribució de les variants genètiques comunes al risc de TDAH al llarg de la vida i examinar si hi ha patrons d’ADNm associats específicament amb el TDAH en adults.
En primer lloc, per investigar les bases genètiques del TDAH al llarg de la vida, hem realitzat la meta-anàlisi més gran d’estudis d’associació de genoma complet (GWAS- MA) en TDAH persistent en adults fins al moment, una GWAS-MA en TDAH a la infància i una GWAS-MA en TDAH al llarg de la vida amb dades de nens i adults en una mostra total de 17,149 casos i 32,411 controls. Mitjançant aquesta aproximació, hem identificat nou nous loci independents associats amb el TDAH al llarg de la vida i hem mostrat que la proporció de variants genètiques comunes que contribueix al trastorn sembla ser estable al llarg del temps. A més, els nostres resultats han revelat un elevat solapament genètic entre el TDAH en la infància i el TDAH persistent en adults, degut a tot el grup de nens, i patrons de correlació genètica similars entre el TDAH i altres fenotips relacionats amb el TDAH i diferents trets i trastorns al llarg de la vida.
En segon lloc, realitzant l’estudi d’associació d’epigenoma complet (EWAS) més gran realitzat en el TDAH en adults fins al moment, que comprèn 103 mostres clíniques
d’adults amb TDAH i 100 controls, hem identificat patrons d’ADNm associats al TDAH en adults. Els nostres resultats han mostrat que aquests patrons no són deguts al tabaquisme, a la càrrega de risc poligènic per al TDAH, ni a l’exposició a situacions vitals estressants en el grup de casos. A més, la localització d’aquests patrons d’ADNm en gens prèviament implicats en el càncer i l’enriquiment que hem trobat en els nostres resultats per a patrons d’ADNm que caracteritzen el tabaquisme i el tabaquisme matern durant l’embaràs, han reforçat que el tabaquisme és un factor clau a tenir en compte en aquest tipus d’anàlisis. Addicionalment, els resultats de les nostres anàlisis d’enriquiment han recolzat que els patrons d’ADNm en tot el genoma són específics del període de desenvolupament de l’individu i assenyalen un solapament entre marques genètiques i epigenètiques en el TDAH que cal estudiar en més profunditat en mostres més grans.
En conclusió, els resultats de la present tesi doctoral proporcionen nou coneixement sobre la base genètica del TDAH al llarg de la vida, donen suport a la hipòtesi de l’origen del TDAH persistent en adults en el neurodesenvolupament i posen de manifest marques epigenètiques que caracteritzen el TDAH en adults.
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Carducci, Christina A. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and gender differences /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10851.
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Krane, Erica A. "Functional impairments associated with DSM-IV diagnosed adult attention-deficithyperactivity disorder." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82905.
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It has recently been recognized that adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a valid disorder (Gadow & Weiss, 2001). Much less is known, however, about the assessment of ADHD, and about the functional impairments associated with ADHD, in adults compared to children. The objective of the present study was to characterize the functional impairments in DSM-IV diagnosed ADHD adults compared to community control adults and clinic-referred adults reporting symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity who did not meet symptom thresholds for the disorder. Method. The sample for this study consisted of 120 adults: 47 adults with ADHD, 43 clinic-referred adults who did not meet criteria for ADHD, and 30 community control adults. All were assessed with a comprehensive battery assessing psychiatric, cognitive, school, and driving impairment. Results. ADHD adults showed significantly more impairment than community control adults on all outcome measures. ADHD adults had subtle cognitive deficits, and higher rates of lifetime conduct problems compared to clinic-comparison adults. ADHD adults did not differ reliably from clinic-comparison adults on measures of internalizing disorders, school problems, or driving impairment. Clinic-comparison adults showed significantly more impairment than community control adults on measures of psychiatric functioning and school impairment. Conclusions. DSM-IV diagnosed ADHD adults show a pattern of clinical features that mirrors well-documented findings among children with the disorder, and show significantly greater impairment than do community control adults. Adults meeting some, but not all, criteria for ADHD fall in between ADHD adults and community control adults, and may warrant treatment. Our results highlight the importance of assessing ADHD in adults in a manner that attends to the potential reduced sensitivity of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for use in adult populations (Faraon
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Kramer-Stutts, Traci A. "Frontal Lobe Functions in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder from Children to Young Adults." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278933/.
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Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without a learning disorder (LD) and a control group of clinically referred individuals with behavioral problems were compared on four neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe functioning. Test results were collected to examine if ADHD individuals with and without LD have deficits in frontal lobe functioning. Two age groups were used to examine developmental differences. In the six to ten age group there were 27 ADHD, 17 ADHD/LD and seven other clinically referred individuals. In the 11 -20 age group there were 12 ADHD, 23 ADHD/LD and 24 other clinically referred individuals. The ADHD and ADHD/LD groups performed at a lower level than the other diagnostic group on the freedom from distractibility factor of the WISC-R and the omission and commission errors of the Gordon Diagnostic system. Differences for the ADHD and ADHD/LD groups were also found on the number of correct responses for the Gordon Diagnostic system, the Speech Sounds test and the Seashore Rhythm test. The developmental differences that were found were not influenced by diagnosis. The deficits that the ADHD individuals with and without LD demonstrated were not affected by age.
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Baird, Alison Louise. "Novel behavioural and molecular determinants and indicators of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder in adults." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42973.
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Attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition that can affect both children and adults. It is characterised by behavioural and attention difficulties. Sleep deficits are a prominent characteristic of the disorder and some of the core symptoms of ADHD are known characteristics of sleep deprivation. The circadian clock is integral to determining the rhythm of the sleep/wake cycle. Furthermore the two main forms of pharmacological treatment for ADHD, namely the psychostimulant methylphenidate, and the non-stimulant atomoxetine, along with the targets of these drugs noradrenaline and dopamine, appear to both interact and be under the regulation of the circadian clock. This thesis aimed firstly to develop a non-invasive technique for the real time RT- PCR quantification of circadian clock gene expression in the human oral mucosa. Secondly to address how circadian clock functioning may be disturbed in adult ADHD via measurement of a number of molecular, endocrine and behavioural markers, for which real-time RT-PCR, ELISA and actigraphy techniques were employed. Thirdly to examine the effects of ADHD medication upon circadian clock protein expression in the rodent brain using immunohistochemistry methods. Here it is demonstrated that disturbances in the rhythmic secretion of endocrine factors that are key outputs and regulators of the master circadian pacemaker, the circadian clock gene expression of a peripheral oscillator and the actigraphic measures of circadian organization of gross behaviour are associated with adult ADHD. Furthermore, both atomoxetine and methylphenidate are shown to effect circadian clock protein expression. Collectively this data suggests a key role for the circadian clock not only in the pathophysiology of adult ADHD but also indicates a role for pharmacological treatments in the modulation of the circadian clock.
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Eakin, Laurel. "The psychosocial functioning of families of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36920.
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The psychosocial functioning of the families of clinic-referred adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was evaluated in two studies. Study 1 examined the psychiatric and psychological difficulties of married adults with ADHD and their spouses, with a focus on the quality of their marital adjustment and family functioning. Study 2 focused on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, the psychological functioning, and the social functioning of children with ADHD parents.<br>Results revealed that married adults with ADHD had higher rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders and more psychological distress than non-ADHD control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ in rates of psychiatric disorders from the control spouses, however, they reported significantly higher levels of current psychological distress. Greater marital and family dysfunction were reported by adults with ADHD than control adults. The spouses of ADHD adults, however, did not report greater marital and family dysfunction than the spouses of controls.<br>The children of ADHD adults were found to be at high risk for ADHD. Forty-three percent of the children met DSM-IV criteria for the disorder. The children with ADHD were found to have higher rates of comorbid disorders, more psychological difficulties, and significantly poorer social functioning than the control children. The non-ADHD children of ADHD adults were not found to differ from control children on these measures. Having a parent without a psychiatric disorder in the home was found to have a protective effect on behavior problems in the non-ADHD children.<br>Together, these studies suggest that evaluating the functioning of family members and the health of the family relationships are important when assessing clinic-referred adults with ADHD. These results suggest that involving family members in the therapeutic process may be beneficial.
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Keller, Amanda. "Neuropsychological test battery for adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : feasibility study." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116110.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common psychiatric disorder affecting 5-10% of child and 4% of the adult population. The disorder involves both behavioural problems and cognitive deficits, which are believed to be associated with neurological differences seen in this population. There has been increasing interest in understanding the cognitive deficits and neurological basis associated with ADHD. Neuropsychological examinations are an affordable tool, which can be used to improve our understanding of the cognitive deficits associated with the disorder and aid in clinical care. Currently, there is no standardized neuropsychological assessment that can be used in this population. In order to assist in developing a sound, predominately computerized test battery, which would assess deficits commonly seen in adults with ADHD, a neuropsychological project was piloted to examine recruitment and test utility. The majority of the tests were computerized and had population norms. The test battery was piloted on 8 patients on and off medication, and 4 patients completed the test battery twice off medication to examine potential practice effects. A discussion of feasibility and utility of the neuropsychological test battery for adults with ADHD ensues.
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Taylor, Mairin Rose. "Risk-Taking and Psychosocial Functioning of Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7535.
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ADHD is a persistent psychological disorder with far-reaching effects on many facets of an individual’s development. Despite this, there are a number of developmental outcomes that have not been extensively researched. Among these topics; is whether there is a risk of harm that may be inherent in life-course persistent ADHD symptomatology.
Based on an integrated theory of ADHD phenotypology; this thesis contains a study comprising of four phases that explore the relationship between ADHD and four risk-laden outcomes. The sample for this study consisted of 67 adults from Christchurch, New Zealand (average age 33) of whom a sample of 35 adults met criteria for ADHD, which persisted into adulthood. The group of adults with ADHD were matched across demographic factors with a control group of adults with whom they were compared across a raft of psychosocial variables. The first phase illustrates the relationship between ADHD and self-destructive behaviours including self-harm and suicidal ideation and attempts, which were found to be significantly mediated by coping behaviour and psychological comorbidity. The second phase reports on the relationship between ADHD and a range of risk-taking behaviours including: violence risk, nicotine use and sexual risk-taking, and the mediating role of motivational variances, including reward sensitivity and temporal discounting. The third phase illustrates the moderating effect of childhood abuse victimisation on ADHD in increasing the vulnerability of the development of mood disorders in adulthood. A fourth phase explores a range of physical health outcomes including diet, exercise, chronic illness and disability which were not found to be significantly associated with ADHD in adulthood.
Based on the literature previewed below, it is theorised in this thesis that ADHD symptomatology may act as a diathesis that, coupled with comorbid psychosocial stressors, may contribute to an individual’s level of risk to themselves and others. Overall, this research suggests that ADHD symptomatology that persists into adulthood may pose a significant risk to some individuals, in the form of deliberate and non-deliberate forms of harm. These findings may challenge previously held beliefs regarding the innocuousness of ADHD as a psychological disorder and highlight the need to consider risk and safety issues in the assessment and treatment of adult ADHD.
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Dykstra, Jana B. "Self-Handicapping Strategies in Emerging Adults Concerned about Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1440150732.
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Stearns, Cla. "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and working memory in clinicaly [sic] referred adults /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9946299.
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Skirrow, Caroline. "Investigating emotional lability in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : an integrative approach." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-emotional-lability-in-adults-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder(0b4d431d-c26f-4238-99a9-dcd88db26771).html.
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Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) frequently report emotional lability (EL: irritable moods with volatile and changeable emotions). Little is known about the clinical and behavioural features, or neurobiological correlates of EL in ADHD. The current thesis takes an integrative approach, using a diversity of methodologies to characterise EL, and examine the nature of its association with ADHD. All analyses are based on data from the MIRIAD project, a case-control study of 88 adult males: 47 controls, and 41 with ADHD without comorbidity, medication or current substance abuse. The study incorporated reassessment after treatment with methylphenidate in ADHD participants, with matched follow-up for controls. The first part of this thesis examined the clinical and behavioural features of EL using self-report measures and ambulatory monitoring. Results indicated significantly elevated EL in adults with ADHD, characterized by higher intensity and instability of negative emotions. Enhanced EL was not accounted for by antisocial behaviour, subthreshold comorbid symptomatology, and adverse life events. ADHD symptoms and EL were moderately correlated, and EL independently predicted a host of daily life impairments. The second part of this thesis focused on identifying aetiological factors which may underpin both EL and ADHD, by exploring cognitive and neurophysiological deficits associated with ADHD and self-reported EL, and examining shared treatment response. Swift emotional changes were predicted by within-subject variability in reaction time, whilst EL characterized by negative emotions was associated with behavioural and neurophysiological indices of inhibitory function. Although ADHD symptoms and EL correlated moderately in their treatment response, treatment response of cognitive measures and EL were not correlated. The research presented here has implications for the identification and treatment of ADHD in adulthood in the context of elevated EL and mood symptoms. Results from cognitive and neurophysiological investigations present some promising avenues for further examining shared neurobiology of EL and ADHD.
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Edvinsson, Dan. "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults : Prevalence, Psychiatric Comorbidities and Long-term Outcome." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Psykiatri, Akademiska sjukhuset, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327892.
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was originally thought to occur only in children, but is increasingly recognised as causing functional impairment also in adulthood. The overall aim of this thesis was to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ADHD in adulthood. A questionnaire based on the DSM-IV criteria of ADHD, reported childhood symptoms, reading and spelling problems, difficulties and suffering and general assessment of functioning (GAF) was distributed to three samples: the general population (GP), outpatient psychiatry (OPP) and female prison inmates. Symptoms consistent with ADHD were more than three times higher in the OPP sample than in the GP sample (6.6 versus 2.1%). ADHD symptoms and related problems occurred in 50% of the prison inmates. A cohort of 168 patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood was interviewed about current ADHD symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity on axis I and II. The lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity on axis I was 92% and current comorbidity, including autism spectrum disorders and Tourette’s syndrome, was 47%. The sex-specific pattern of the comorbid disor-ders was similar to that in the general population. Forty-six per cent of the patients endorsed the specific criteria for at least one personality disorder. After a mean follow-up of six years, there was remission of adult ADHD in about 30% of the patients, regardless of whether there was ongoing medication or not. There were no differences in function and quality of life, except for global general improvement, which was better in patients currently on medication. The most prevalent long-term side effects of pharmacological treatment with mainly stimulants were decreased appetite, dry mouth, anxiousness/restlessness and an increase in pulse frequency. The discontinuation rate was about 50%: 29% discontinued because of a perceived lack of effect, followed by elevated mood or hypomania (11%). No detectable evidence of tolerance and increased need for dosage over time was observed. To conclude, Symptoms of ADHD is highly overrepresented in OPP and in female inmates compared with the GP. Furthermore, adults diagnosed with ADHD have a high lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. Long-term pharmacological treatment with stimulants is safe with relatively mild and tolerable adverse effects. Continued medication, however, is not related to remission.
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Shivalikanjli, Anu. "Genetics and epigenetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673465.
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The broad objectives of this work are the identification of genes that contribute to the susceptibility to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cocaine dependence, two disorders that co-occur in patients. In this Thesis, we describe (i) the contribution to ADHD of allele-specific methylation (ASM), an epigenetic mechanism that involves single single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlating with differential levels of DNA methylation at CpG sites, (ii) the role of microRNA (miRNA) genes in ADHD, and (iii) a genome-wide association meta-analysis of cocaine dependence. We also explore the common genetic basis that explains the comorbidity between these disorders.
The main results from the three studies include:
(i) Common genetic risk variants for ADHD identified in a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) that included 20,000 cases and 35,000 controls are enriched in SNPs that correlate with levels of DNA methylation. Eight ASM SNPs were found significantly associated with ADHD and correlated with differential methylation at six CpG sites in cis in different brain areas. These six CpG sites are located at possible promoter regions of six genes expressed in brain: ARTN, C2orf82, NEUROD6, PIDD1, RPLP2 and GAL. Based on the bioinformatic functional analyses of these genes, our study highlights the candidacy of ARTN, C2orf82 and PIDD1 genes as potential contributors to ADHD susceptibility.
(ii) We conducted a case-control association study to investigate the contribution to ADHD of common genetic variation in 1,761 autosomal miRNAs using pre-existing GWAS data from
20,000 cases and 35,000 controls. We identified significant associations of SNPs with ADHD that highlight 12 miRNA genes, all located within protein-coding genes. The associated variants are located in the putative regulatory regions of the miRNA genes or in the promoter region of the host protein-coding gene. We inspected the target genes, brain expression, homologs for the miRNAs and we propose miR-7-1 and miR-3666 as promising candidates since both are brain expressed, have validated brain-expressed targets, and homologs in model species. Pathway analysis of ADHD-associated miRNAs revealed miRNA-mediated regulation of serotonin receptor genes, well-known contributors to neurological functions and diseases.
(iii) We performed the largest cocaine dependence GWAS meta-analysis in individuals of European ancestry, including 2,100 cases and 4,300 controls. Although SNP-based analysis revealed no genome-wide significant associations with cocaine dependence, probably due to limited sample size, gene-based analysis identified the HIST1H2BD gene, previously associated with schizophrenia. The estimated SNP-based heritability of cocaine dependence was estimated as 30%. A significant genetic correlation was found between cocaine dependence and ADHD, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and risk-taking behaviour, suggesting a shared genetic basis across pathologies and traits. Polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis shows that all the comorbid features analysed (ADHD, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, aggressiveness, antisocial personality or risk-taking behaviour) can predict cocaine dependence.
Overall, we identified common genetic and epigenetic risk factors that underlie the susceptibility to ADHD and to cocaine dependence. The results reinforce the idea that epigenetic mechanisms dictate the differential expression of genes that may be causal to ADHD. Cocaine dependence, which has been widely believed to occur under environmental and epigenetic influences, is also in part genetically determined. Finally, ADHD and cocaine dependence are comorbid disorders, and the observed genetic correlation between these conditions can reflect biological pleiotropy.<br>Aquest treball té com a objectiu principal la identificació de gens que contribueixen a la susceptibilitat al trastorn per dèficit d’atenció amb hiperactivitat (TDAH) i a la dependència de cocaïna, dos trastorns que es presenten amb freqüència conjuntament en pacients. En aquesta Tesi es descriu (i) la contribució al TDAH de la metilació específica de l’al·lel (ASM), un mecanisme epigenètic pel qual variants polimòrfiques presenten correlació amb nivells diferencials de metilació de l’ADN en llocs CpG, (ii) el paper dels gens de microRNAs (miRNAs) en el TDAH, i (iii) una meta-anàlisi d’estudis d’associació a escala genòmica de la dependència de cocaïna. També explorem la base genètica comuna que explica la comorbiditat entre aquests dos trastorns.
Els principals resultats dels tres estudis són:
(i) Les variants genètiques comunes de risc al TDAH identificades en un estudi previ d’associació a escala genòmica (GWAS) amb 20.000 casos i 35.000 controls estan enriquides en variants de canvi d’un sol nucleòtid (SNPs) que tenen influència sobre la metilació de l’ADN. Vuit SNPs de tipus ASM estan associats significativament amb el TDAH i presenten correlació amb la metilació diferencial de sis dinucleòtids CpG en cis en diferents àrees cerebrals. Aquests sis llocs CpG estan en possibles regions promotores de sis gens que s’expressen al cervell: ARTN, C2orf82, NEUROD6, PIDD1, RPLP2 i GAL. En base a anàlisis bioinformàtiques d’aquests gens a nivell funcional, el nostre estudi prioritza els gens ARTN, C2orf82 i PIDD1 com a possibles contribuents a la susceptibilitat al TDAH.
(ii) Hem dut a terme un estudi d'associació cas-control per investigar la contribució al TDAH de la variació genètica comuna en 1.761 miRNA autosòmic s utilitzant dades GWAS preexistents de 20.000 casos i 35.000 controls. Hem identificat associacions significatives de SNPs amb el TDAH que assenyalen 12 gens de miRNAs, tots situats dins de gens que codifiquen proteïnes. Les variants associades estan situades en suposades regions reguladores dels gens de miRNA o a la regió promotora del gen hoste. Hem inspeccionat els gens diana dels miRNAs, la seva expressió en cervell i els gens homòlegs en altres espècies, i proposem els gens miR-7-1 i miR-3666 com a candidats prometedors, ja que tots dos són s’expressen al sistema nerviós central, tenen dianes validades que s’expressen també en cervell i tenen homòlegs en espècies model. L’anàlisi de vies a partir dels miRNAs associats al TDAH ha
assenyalat gens de receptors de serotonina regulats pels nostres miRNAs, la relació dels quals amb funcions i malalties neurològiques és ben coneguda.
(iii) Hem realitzat la metaanàlisi més gran fins ara de dades GWAS de dependència de cocaïna en individus d'ascendència europea, amb 2.100 casos i 4.300 controls. Tot i que l’anàlisi basada en SNPs no ha revelat cap associació significativa amb la dependència de cocaïna, probablement a causa de la mida mostral limitada, l’anàlisi basada en gens ha permès identificar el gen HIST1H2BD, anteriorment associat a l’esquizofrènia. Hem calculat també l'heretabilitat basada en SNPs de la dependència de cocaïna, que seria d’un 30%. Hem detectat una correlació genètica significativa entre la dependència de cocaïna i el TDAH, l’esquizofrènia, el trastorn depressiu major i els comportaments de risc, tot suggerint que hi ha una base genètica compartida entre patologies i trets. L’anàlisi de la puntuació de risc poligènic (PRS) mostra que totes les característiques comòrbides analitzades (TDAH, esquizofrènia, trastorn depressiu major, agressivitat, personalitat antisocial o comportament s de risc) prediuen la dependència de la cocaïna.
En resum, hem identificat factors de risc genètics i epigenètics freqüents a la població que contribueixen a la susceptibilitat al TDAH i a la dependència de cocaïna. Els resultats reforcen la idea que els mecanismes epigenètics estan relacionats amb l'expressió diferencial de gens que poden contribuir al TDAH. La dependència de cocaïna, que fins ara s’havia relacionat amb factors de risc ambientals i epigenètics, també estaria determinada, en part, per factors genètics. Finalment, el TDAH i la dependència de la cocaïna són trastorns comòrbids i la correlació genètica observada entre aquestes afeccions pot reflectir pleiotropia biològica.
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Cohen, Andrew Laurence Shapiro Steven K. "Exploring the diagnostic utility of the Flicker Task and the Continuous Performance Test in Adults with ADHD." Auburn, Ala, 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2005/FALL/Psychology/Thesis/COHEN_ANDREW_28.pdf.
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Mowell, Rebecca. "Assessing deaf college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-- Adult Version versus CAARS /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/5909.
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Proal, Fernández Erika. "Brain anatomy of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with childhood onset." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51438.
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El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo más comunes en niños. Los principales síntomas son la inatención, impulsividad e hiperactividad. El TDAH se presenta en un 8 a 12% de la población escolar mundial; la mayoría (60-85%) continua presentando los criterios diagnósticos durante la adolescencia.
Estudios de neuroimagen volumétricos en niños con TDAH han encontrado de manera consistente reducciones globales del volumen total cerebral con una mayor tendencia a la reducción de regiones fronto-estriatales, cerebelo y parietales-temporales comparándolos con niños controles (desarrollo típico). El diagnostico de TDAH en adultos requiere de haberse presentado en la niñez, en la actualidad ya se ha confirmado que la persistencia de los síntomas puede continuar hasta la edad adulta.
El uso de diferentes técnicas de neuroimagen realizados por diferentes grupos de investigación han ayudado a la mejora del entendimiento de los sustratos neurológicos que están por detrás de la patofisiología de TDAH. Hoy en día, los investigadores han hecho énfasis en las contribuciones potenciales de la disfunción de circuitos cerebrales, en vez de enfocarse solamente en anormalidades de regiones por separado. En consecuencia, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis es examinar los sustratos neurales del TDAH aplicando tres diferentes técnicas de neuroimagen. El objetivo secundario es analizar si estas diferencias están relacionadas con el diagnostico de TDAH en la niñez o si están relacionadas con la persistencia de los síntomas en la edad adulta.
Los resultados del presente estudio están divididos en dos principalmente. Primero, en una muestra grande de niños y adolescentes con TDAH, se encontró una reducción volumétrica significativa en el estriado ventral, una región considerada como clave en los procesos de recompensa y relacionada con los circuitos cortico-striato-thalamo-coticales (circuito de recompenza). En segundo lugar, los adultos que fueron diagnosticados con TDAH en la niñez, mostraron una reducción tanto en el grosor cortical como el volumen de la sustancia gris en regiones parietales y motoras (Circuito dorsal atencional). La mayoría de estas diferencias se observaron independientemente del diagnóstico actual de los sujetos. En otras palabras, estas diferencias fueron, estas diferencias fueron encontradas en aquellos sujetos que persistieron con los síntomas en la edad adulta y también en los que remitieron el diagnostico. En contraste, las regiones implicadas en el circuito de recompensa fueron disminuidas en los que persistieron pero no en los que remitieron. Por lo tanto, las diferencias en estas ultimas regiones (estriado ventral en niños, corteza orbitofrontal, parahipocampo, tálamo, polo frontal en adultos con TDAH) están relacionadas con el diagnostico actual del trastorno; mientras que las diferencias en el circuito dorsal atencional parecen estar más implicado con haber tenido TDAH en edad temprana.
Nuestros datos nos permiten sugerir una hipótesis integrativa de disfunción en el circuito de la recompesa, que esta particularmente afectado en niños y adolescentes con TDAH y en adultos con persistencia de TDAH; a su vez el circuito atencional dorsal está más relacionado con funciones ejecutivas y atencionales y esto se ve reflejado en los sujetos que han tenido TDAH en la niñez sin importar que en la actualidad (edad adulta) presenten o no síntomas de TDAH.
En base a nuestros datos, se propone un modelo de fisiopatología del TDAH que envuelve dos circuitos principalmente. El circuito dorsal atencional, que parece estar más reflejado con factores genéticos. Por el contrario, diferencias anatómicas en el circuito de recompensa está relacionado con los síntomas actuales de TDAH. Sin embargo no podemos diferenciar con nuestros datos, si las diferencias encontradas son la base de la remisión de los síntomas o si son cambios en los circuitos cerebrales que están reflejando una remodelación secundaria de los efectos del comportamiento, como aprendizaje o refuerzo selectivo. Esta pregunta deberá intentar abordarse en futuras investigaciones longitudinales y con técnicas de neuroimagen que incorporen también factores genéticos y métodos de seguimiento del tratamiento.<br>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders occurring in childhood. The main symptoms are developmentally excessive levels of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. ADHD occurs in 8 to 12% of school age children worldwide; the majority (60%-85%) continues to meet criteria for the disorder during their teenage years.
Volumetric studies in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have consistently found global reductions of total brain volume with frontal-striatal regions, cerebellum and parieto-temporal regions particularly affected relative to typically developing subjects. The adult diagnosis of ADHD requires onset in childhood, but persistence of ADHD into adulthood is now well documented. This longitudinal course together with smaller brain volumes in children with ADHD has raised questions about brain development into adulthood.
The use of different neuroimaging techniques by independent groups is leading to an improved understanding of the neural substrates underlying the pathophysiology of ADHD. Nowadays, researchers have begun to place more emphasis on the potential contributions of dysfunctional brain circuits, rather than isolated regional abnormalities. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to examine the neural substrates of ADHD by applying three different anatomic neuroimaging approaches. A secondary aim is to analyze whether these brain differences are related with the diagnosis of ADHD in childhood or whether it is associated with the persistence of the diagnosis in adulthood.
The results of the present dissertation are two-fold. First, in a large sample of children and adolescents with ADHD, we found a striking volumetric reduction in the ventral striatum, a region critically involved in reward processes that is a key relay in cortical-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits (reward circuit). Second, in adults diagnosed with ADHD in childhood, we found reduced cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) gray matter volume in parietal and motor regions (Dorsal attentional network). Most of these differences were independent of current adult diagnoses status. In other words, these differences were largely found in both individuals with persistent ADHD and in those who were in remission. By contrast, reward-related regions were diminished in probands with persistent ADHD compared to controls but not in those who were in remission. Thus differences in reward-related circuitry (ventral striatum in children, orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampus, thalamus, and frontal pole in adults) were associated with the current diagnosis of ADHD, whereas frontal-parietal motor cortex differences in adults with ADHD seem to reflect the trait of having had ADHD in childhood.
Our data allow us to suggest an overall integrative hypothesis that dysfunction in the reward circuit, which was particularly prominent in children and adolescents with ADHD and in the adults with persistent ADHD, reflects ongoing symptoms of ADHD. By contrast, abnormalities in the top-down control dorsal attentional network seem to be related to the trait of having had ADHD in childhood, as the abnormalities were comparable in adults who had remitted or who had persistent ADHD. On the basis of our data, we propose a model of ADHD physiopathology in which two main circuits interact. These are the dorsal attentional network, which seems to be anatomically abnormal in individuals with a history of ADHD, whether or not they are currently affected. As such, we hypothesize that dorsal attentional network deficiencies may be related to the genetic factors associated with ADHD. By contrast, anatomic abnormalities in the reward circuit appear to be related to current ADHD symptoms. Based on our data, we cannot differentiate whether anatomic changes in the reward circuits are the basis for symptomatic remission, or whether such changes in brain circuits reflect brain remodeling secondary to behavioral effects, such as learning and selective reinforcement. This question will have to be addressed in the future through longitudinal brain imaging studies that can incorporate genetic factors and treatment tracking methods.
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Ramos, Amanda M. "Examining the relationship among attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, executive functioning, and aggression in adults." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1601315.
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<p> Executive functioning (EF) has been suggested as a possible factor that might affect the behaviors of individuals with ADHD. The purpose of this study is to examine whether executive functioning moderates the association between ADHD symptoms and self-reported aggression. Participants (80 female, 20 male undergraduates) completed the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, ADHD Self-Report Scale, as well as three neuropsychological tasks: the Berg’s Card Sorting Test-64, the Stroop Task, and the Iowa Gambling Task. Results revealed that both cold and hot EF does not moderate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and self-reported aggression. However, gender moderated the association between ADHD symptoms and self-reported aggression. Females and males with more ADHD symptoms had more self-reported aggression than those with less ADHD symptoms, and the rate of increase in aggression was less for females than males.</p>
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Bull, Julie Linda. "Experiences of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and relationship to executive function deficits." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2014. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2058/.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterised by symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and attentional difficulties. Originally thought to be a condition of childhood, ADHD has now been recognised in adults. One of the main theoretical explanations of ADHD is related to deficits in Executive Functioning (EF). The state of current knowledge regarding the relationship between EF and ADHD was reviewed. Findings suggest that adults with ADHD are likely to exhibit deficits in EF mainly related to response inhibition, set-shifting or working memory. Deficits in EF as shown on neuropsychological tests may help to identify people who are at risk of under achieving in various life domains such as education or occupation. Tests of EF which are more ecologically valid may be more sensitive to EF dysfunction than traditional measures. The experience of having adult ADHD and preferences for support were explored using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Four super- ordinate themes emerged from five interviews: 'Process of adapting to ADHD', 'Social Appraisal', 'Self-regulation' and 'Coping'. Participants described an adjustment process which impacted on their identity and the impact on self-perception was evident. ADHD was not understood well by others and some participants experienced stigma and bullying. A range of coping strategies were identified and clinical implications and limitations of the study were discussed. Finally, a commentary and reflexive analysis of the research process was offered and factors influential to the research were discussed.
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Dobson-Patterson, Roberta. "Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study of Neuropsychological, Psychological, and Functional Outcomes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366208.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) is now recognised as a chronic condition that continues into adulthood. A great deal of research has been done to validate the diagnosis in adults, but studies of the neuropsychological, psychological and functional outcomes of adults with AD/HD have been inconsistent. In addition, there is an assumption that underlying neurological deficits are responsible for the poor functional outcomes found among adults with AD/HD, yet this association has not been demonstrated empirically.
Sixteen adults with AD/HD, Inattentive subtype, 16 adults with AD/HD, Combined subtype, and 30 control adults matched to the AD/HD adults by gender, age, years of education and estimated IQ were compared on a battery of attention, memory, and executive functioning tests. A number of methodological changes were made in an attempt to address the limitations of previous studies, and to characterise adult AD/HD more accurately. In addition all participants completed self report inventories of depression, anxiety, stress, social, vocational, family/home, and financial functioning. The relationships between variables were examined to determine whether neuropsychological deficits are related to functional outcomes in the AD/HD group.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology (PhD ClinPsych)<br>School of Psychology<br>Griffith Health<br>Full Text
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Taylor, Cindy J. "Development and Validation of the Checklist for Differential Diagnosis of Attentional Problems." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279109/.
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The current study discussed the development and validation of the Checklist for Differential Diagnosis of Attentional Problems (CDDAP), a tool for use with adults seeking diagnosis and treatment of an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Normative data are provided on three subject groups (ADHD adults, controls, and adults with other psychiatric disorders). Convergent validity was established with the SCL-90, and criterion validity established through comparing scaled scores with final diagnoses. Overall, this measure was accurate at differentiating adults with ADHD from controls and adults with other psychiatric disorders. Results indicated that the CDDAP was also able to identify other psychiatric disorders with 71 to 92% accuracy, depending on the disorder.
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Del, Campo Natalia. "Neurobiological markers of adult ADHD : a multimodal neuroimaging approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609262.
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Fields, Alicia D. "Recognition of facial affect in adults with attention problems." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/2984.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.<br>Vita: p. 107. Thesis director: Johannes Rojahn. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 15, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-106). Also issued in print.
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Rudgley, Lisa. "Left high and dry : healthcare transition experiences of young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366453/.
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Healthcare transition is an important area that is attracting increasing attention from policy makers and clinicians, highlighting the need for transition services to be developed for young people with continuing health needs. This study aimed to examine the healthcare transition experiences of young adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) following their discharge from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services at age 18, and to elicit their views about what services they would find helpful in the future. Participants comprised four young adults with ADHD. An interview guide aimed to gain personal accounts of individual’s lived experiences of transition. Data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four superordinate themes were identified: personal experience of ADHD diagnosis and treatment; impact on self and relationships; living with ADHD and moving on. It was evident from the participants’ accounts that there were gaps in the transitional care that they had received. Research findings were discussed with reference to existing literature relating to biographical disruption, stigma and transition theory. Despite the national priorities given to healthcare transition and recommendations about best practice, these initiatives do not appear to be translated at practice level or in service provision. These findings suggest that clear protocols should be developed and local services commissioned to ensure young adults are able to access services to support their continuing healthcare needs. Further research into this important area is necessary to further explore transition processes, possible options for service delivery and to determine where services should be located.
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Douget, Roy M. "Personality assessement inventory profiles of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disabilities /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988655.
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Wilson, Kathryn Richelle. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Psychopathy in the General Adult Population." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7264.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the fastest growing mental disorders in the United States. More children are being diagnosed than ever before, and many of these individuals are finding that at least one other emotional, behavioral, or mental disorder often accompanies ADHD (including psychopathy). The number of individuals in the prison population with both ADHD and psychopathy is on the rise. Because of these increases, including what is being seen in the prison population, this study aimed to identify if there was a relationship between ADHD and psychopathy in the general population, and if there were specific maternal prenatal behaviors that may increase the likelihood of this relationship. This study used a survey composed of both the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales assessment, the Carlson Psychological Survey assessment, and additional demographic questions to gather data. Social media groups specific to ADHD were used to recruit a convenience sample of 88 participants who endorsed symptoms of ADHD. A quantitative analysis was conducted to explore the degree of the relationship between ADHD and psychopathy in the general population who endorsed symptoms of ADHD. Additionally, this study used a multiple linear regression to determine if maternal nicotine, alcohol, or drug consumption had any effect on the degree of this relationship. Results indicated that there was not a statistically significant relationship between ADHD and psychopathy in the general population, unlike what is seen in the prison population. However, even though the finding were not statistically significant, there are still implications for future research and evidence that the social stigma around ADHD and delinquent behaviors is inaccurate.
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Dige, Niels. "Neuropsychological tests and functional impairment in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorders with special reference to memory disturbance /." Stockholm, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-780-1/.
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Fox, Laura C. "Examination of Psychosocial and Neuropsychological Characteristics of Young Adults with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1217449628.
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Weston, Karen J. "An exploration of attention functioning in adults with ADHD with or without comorbid LD /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074453.
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Stonehouse, Christopher Robin. "Relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders among Adult Basic Education students." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ35855.pdf.
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de, Jong Michael David. "A comparison of EEG activity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal controls while performing tasks that require attention." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/8842.
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Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been reported to have electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities in the form of increased levels of theta band activity and lower than normal levels of beta band activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine if these abnormalities can also be observed in adults with ADHD. There were 32 control subjects, 25 subjects with ADHD of the primarily hyperactive type (ADHDhy), and 17 subjects with ADHD of the primarily inattentive type (ADHDpi). For the purposes of analysis, the ADHDhy and ADHDpi groups were combined to form a CLINICAL group. The subjects were right handed males and females between the ages of 20 and 50 years of age. During the study, EEG activity was recorded from 19 electrode sites while subjects sat with their eyes open and eyes closed, and while they performed a variety of tasks including: the Tests of Variability of Attention (TOVA), a reading task, a mental rotation task, a selective attention task, and a listening task. The results of the discriminant function analyses produced functions that correctly classified an average of 60 out of 74 of the control and ADHD subjects during the TOVA, listening, and selective attention tasks (p < .0005). An ANOVA of inter-hemispheric activity revealed that only the ADHDpi group were significantly different from the control group with more right than left hemispheric activity in the delta band during the mental rotation task (p < .006). A paired t-test analysis of inter-hemispheric activity showed that both the ADHDhy and ADHDpi groups had different percentage levels of right and left hemispheric activity (p < .005) during the performance of the eyes closed, T.O.V.A., mental rotation, and reading tasks; there were no significant differences in the control group in any of these comparisons. A MANOVA of regional (frontal, central, posterior, left temporal, and right temporal) activity revealed statistically significant differences in the theta/beta ratio during the eyes closed condition for the ADHDhy group with a higher ratio in the frontal region and right temporal area (p < .006). The results suggest that the differences between normal and ADHD children continues into adulthood but that the magnitude of the differences is reduced. A dysfunction in EEG activity caused by a maturational lag is supported by the results of this study. Based on the results of the analyses, recommendations are made as to which frequency bands and electrode sites should be targeted for use in neurotherapy.
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de, Jong Michael D. "A comparison of EEG activity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal controls while performing tasks that require attention." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ57034.pdf.
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Burgess, Jennifer L. "Comorbid implications how does ADD/ADHD affect college students vocationally and educationally? /." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000burgessj.pdf.
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Krupenia, Stas Simon. "An event related potential (ERP) study of symptomatic and asymptomatic adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0035.
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This study recorded Event Related Potentials (ERPs) during completion of a Continuous Performance Task (CPT) in order to identify the contribution of response inhibition, working memory, and response monitoring to the pattern of hyperactive and impulsive and inattentive behaviour observed in patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Four ERP components, Nogo N2, Nogo P3, Go P3, and the ERN were examined and compared using a symptomatic and asymptomatic ADHD sample, and a healthy control group. The Nogo N2 had the expected frontal scalp distribution and was affected by changes to inhibitory demands. It was also suggested that this component was not wholly determined by inhibitory processing and may have been influenced by differing presentation rates of the Go stimulus, a template matching process or an in-depth response strategy. Source localisation analysis suggested a right frontal generator for this component. The Nogo P3 had the expected central distribution and had equal amplitude for those participants that were more efficient at inhibiting behaviours compared to those participants that were less efficient inhibitors. Contrary to expectations, the Nogo P3 was not affected by increasing the inhibitory demands of the task and was suggested as being a less reliable indicator of response inhibition in the present study. The Go P3 had the expected centro-parietal distribution, and appeared to provide a reliable index of working memory. Response inhibition and working memory were not impaired in the sample of symptomatic and asymptomatic ADHD adults used in this study. The symptomatic group elicited a slightly enhanced ERN compared to the asymptomatic and control groups, indicating that deficits in response monitoring may contribute to the pattern of problematic behaviour observed in people with ADHD.
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Maglinger, Rachel. "An exploration of the components of attentional performance in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and traumatic brain injury : a neurospsychological perspective /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060121.
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Louw, Charmaine. "General practitioners' familiarity attitudes and practices with regard to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/433.
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Edebol, Hanna. "Global Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : Examining Objective Measures of Hyperactivity, Impulsivity and Inattention in Adults." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för psykologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-15186.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine objective laboratory measures of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adult persons and to develop measures for diagnosis and treatment using a psychometric instrument called the Quantified Behavior Test Plus. The instrument objectively quantifies cardinal symptom manifestations in adult ADHD using motion tracking devices and continuous performance testing. Paper I-IV suggest that ADHD predisposes adult persons to perform poorer on continuous performance tasks and to have higher levels of motor activity while performing these tasks as compared to other clinical as well as non-clinical groups. Performance by adults with ADHD is normalized following stimulant treatment which implicates therapeutic effects and measures of response to treatment and remission for ADHD is suggested. Paper I concludes that the psychometric instrument needs to be calibrated with regard to adult ADHD and emphasizes the importance of a composite measure for the disorder. Paper II generates two new measures, the Weighed Core Symptom scale (WCS) - a composite measure of adult ADHD ranging from 0 to 100, and Prediction of ADHD (PADHD) - a categorical variable of the diagnostic status with good predictive power. A majority of participants with ADHD has low points on WCS (indicating high levels of symptoms) and a majority of non-ADHD normative participants has high points on WCS (indicating low levels of symptoms). Paper III examines WCS and PADHD among complex clinical groups with shared symptoms vis-à-vis ADHD. Here, findings from Paper II are replicated since participants with ADHD present the highest level of global symptoms, followed by participants with bipolar II disorder and borderline personality disorder, participant with diconfirmed ADHD and finally, non-clinical participants has the lowest level of global symptoms. In Paper IV, the measures are proposed as indications of response to treatment and remission after titration with stimulant treatment and WCS indicates response to small changes in dose level. The major findings of the present thesis may be summarized as the construction of two new objective measures for ADHD in adult persons with practical implications for diagnosis and treatment. Hyperactivity is the most specific marker of ADHD in both men and women, followed by the cognitive markers of inattention and impulsivity. The composite measure, WCS, quantifies the global amount of ADHD symptoms and provides the most sensitive measure for the disorder. PADHD and WCS may not replace a thorough neuropsychiatric assessment and further studies promoting diagnostic subtype stratification is suggested. Future studies may want to consider these measures in outcome-based investigations of treatment efficacy as well as in the study of neuropsychological endophenotypes. Practical implications include clinical strategies to enhance objectivity during assessment as well as optimizing beneficial effects of treatment and attaining remission.
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Mayer, Kerstin [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Hautzinger. "Neurofeedback of Slow Cortical Potentials for Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder / Kerstin Mayer ; Betreuer: Martin Hautzinger." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1162970103/34.
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Wei, Christina C. "The Role of Response Expectancies in Neuropsychological Performance in Young Adults Concerned about Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367333253.
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Calmenson, Nina. "Academic and Social Functioning of College Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062861/.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complicated psychiatric disorder that is typically first diagnosed in childhood and associated with negative outcomes in adulthood such as poor academic performance and difficulties with social relationships. ADHD can be difficult to accurately diagnose in adulthood, given the absence of clear, agreed upon ADHD symptomology in adults. In the current study, two raters used psychometrically sound instruments and diagnostically valid assessment techniques on an archival dataset to create three distinct groups: ADHD [2/3 with other mental health diagnosis (OMH)], OMH only, and no diagnosis. Findings support the value of comprehensive assessment, combined with a thorough evaluation of the material by a trained clinician, for the accurate diagnosis of ADHD for research purposes. Comparisons were made across groups to infer that college students with ADHD have lower grade point averages and academic self-concept than students without mental health diagnoses. Yet, contrary to much of the current literature, college students with ADHD seem to create as strong, deep, supportive and harmonious relationships with loved ones and close friends as their non-diagnosed peers. Clinicians working with college students with ADHD may use the results of the current study to better inform conceptualization, better recognize the innate resilience college students with ADHD likely have, and inform treatment interventions.
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Toner, Michele Eva. "Students diagnosed with AD/HD and their first year at university : a theory of developing empowerment." University of Western Australia. Graduate School of Education, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0108.
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The past decade has witnessed students with disabilities attending university in everincreasing numbers. In particular, many countries, including Australia, now report that students with so-called 'invisible disabilities' comprise the vast majority of those seeking support from Student Disability Services at university. Despite this increase, relatively few researchers have investigated the processes involved in the university education of students with disabilities, particularly during their crucial first year, when the highest rate of student attrition occurs across the board. The substantial body of research which has investigated the 'first year experience' for university students in Australia and the United States of America has ignored the issues unique to students with disabilities during this critical period. At the same time, some researchers, predominantly in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, have studied the tertiary education of students with disabilities. However, the subject has received less attention in Australia. Also, certain categories of university students with disabilities have been overlooked. In particular, university students diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) appear to be one of the groups that have attracted little attention worldwide, despite the vast body of research that exists on children and, increasingly, on adults with the diagnosis. These students constituted the focus of the study reported in this thesis. The aim of this study was to develop substantive theory about how university students who are diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) deal with their first year. The study is conceptualised within the social theory of symbolic interactionism. A central research question and a series of related guiding questions were used as the starting point for data collection. Data collection was conducted largely through in-depth, individual, face-to-face semistructured interviews, and participant observation consistent with the interpretivist qualitative research tradition. In addition, informal interviews, telephone interviews and documents provided supplementary data for the study. Data analysis, which occurred concurrently with data collection, employed the open coding method consistent with the grounded theory model and the development and testing of propositions. The central proposition of the substantive theory generated from this study is that students diagnosed with AD/HD experience a sense of developing empowerment as they progress through three stages in their first year at university. The first stage in the theory of developing empowerment is entitled the development of empowerment through realising a dream. The second stage is entitled the development of empowerment through becoming proactive. The final stage is entitled the development of empowerment through the feeling of belonging. The theory of developing empowerment provides a new perspective on how university students with a diagnosis of AD/HD deal with their first year of study. A number of implications for further theory development, policy and practice are drawn from it. There are also several recommendations for further research.
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Errington, Tara. "The treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The impact on marital relationships and family functioning." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106508.
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This mixed method pilot study examined whether the treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) would have an impact on marital relationships and family functioning. Eight patients receiving treatment from an adult ADHD Research Program and their spouses completed two questionnaires measuring marital adjustment and family functioning prior to and following 12 weeks of treatment. Follow-up semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with five of the couples. Quantitative results indicated that adults with ADHD observed an improvement in marital relationships following treatment. However, spouses did not observe a significant change. Neither adults with ADHD, nor their spouses reported family functioning changing as a result of treatment. The qualitative interviews suggested that adults with ADHD were more likely to describe their relationships as improving, whereas spouses were more cautious in their interpretation of their relationships following treatment. Neither adults with ADHD, nor their spouses reported changes in family functioning following treatment. In general, both adults with ADHD and their spouses supported the use of multimodal treatment for the treatment of ADHD.<br>Cette étude pilote utilise une méthode mixte pour examiner si le traitement d'un partenaire ayant le trouble de déficit de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) avait un effet sur les relations conjugales et fonctionnement de la famille. Huit patients qui ont reçu le traitement du programme de recherche du TDAH et leurs conjoints ont terminé deux questionnaires, qui mesurent l'état de leur relation conjugale et le fonctionnement de la famille, avant et après 12 semaines du traitement. Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été complétés avec cinq couples. Le résultat quantitatif suggère que les adultes avec le TDAH montrent des améliorations à leurs relations conjugales. Mais, leurs conjoints n'avaient pas observé cette amélioration. Ni les adultes avec le TDAH et ni leurs conjoints ont observé un changement dans le fonctionnement de la famille. Les entretiens qualitatifs suggèrent que les adultes avec le TDAH étaient plus susceptibles de décrire que leurs relations améliorent, mais les conjoints étaient plus prudents avec leurs interprétations de leurs relations après le traitement. Ni les adultes avec le TDAH et ni leurs conjoints ont observé un changement dans le fonctionnement de la famille après le traitement. En général, les adultes avec le TDAH et leurs conjoints soutenues utilisé un traitement multimodale pour le traitement du TDAH.
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Nordberg, Tiina. "”Jag älskar mitt jobb, det är bara sammanhanget jag är i som är fel!” : Hur personer med ADHD upplever sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för psykologi, pedagogik och sociologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-16277.
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Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur personer med ADHD upplever sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö. Förhoppningen var att få ökad kunskap och ökad förståelse för hur dessa upplevelser såg ut. Den tidigare forskningen visade att personer med ADHD i större utsträckning hade fler byten av jobb, mer ofta arbetade deltid, samt hade fler sjukskrivningsdagar. Den tidigare forskningen visade även att kontexten hade stor betydelse för hur de upplevde sina symptom. Rätt sammanhang innebar att personer med ADHD kunde omvandla sina brister till styrkor. Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens resultat bygger på intervjuer med nio personer, som bearbetades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Baserat på analysen framkom fem huvudkategorier, vilket var de faktorer som bäst beskrev de medverkandes upplevelse av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Dessa var: arbetsuppgifternas utformning, krav, arbetets betydelse, socialt klimat och egenbestämmande. Studiens resultat visade på både likheter och skillnader kopplat till den tidigare forskningen, vilket indikerade att det krävs individanpassade åtgärder för att kunna hjälpa och stötta personer med ADHD i arbetslivet.<br>The purpose of this study was to find out how people with ADHD experienced their psychosocial work environment. The hope was to gain increased knowledge and understanding of these experiences. Previous research showed that people with ADHD to a greater extent had more job changes, more often worked part-time and had more sick leave days. Previous research also showed that the context was of great importance for how they experienced their symptoms. The suitable contextmeant that people with ADHD could turn their shortcomings into strengths. The study was conducted using a qualitative method and semi-structured interviews. The results of the study are based on interviews with nine people, which were processed using thematic analysis. Based on the analysis, five main categories emerged, which were the factors that best described the participants’ experience of the psychosocial work environment. These were: the design of the tasks, requirements, importance of the work, social climate and self-determination. The results of the study showed both similarities and differences linked to the previous research, which indicated that individualized measures are required to be able to help and support people with ADHD in working life.
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McDonough, Michael C. "Adult attentional functioning in families with children diagnosed as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539618398.
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The purpose of this study was to explore what differences, if any, existed between individuals and families with or without children diagnosed as Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Information was gathered to identify subjects according to such demographic and situational variables as age, race, education, occupation, income, and performance on tasks requiring sustained attention and concentration. to further understand possible etiology each subject completed a neuropsychological battery. Collected data was analyzed to determine if the differences were significant.;The subjects were selected from the author's private practice and the local churches and schools that refer to that practice. Each subject completed a biographical questionnaire, the Gordon Diagnostic System (GDS) and the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, Form I, Adult version (LNNB). Chi-square analysis, t-tests, and difference of proportions tests were used to examine the collected data.;The groups were similar in terms of age. There were no statistically significant differences between groups on the LNNB. Several of the differences on the GDS measures of vigilance and distractibility did not achieve statistical significance.;Significant differences were noted on variables including education levels, response times during measures of sustained attention, concentration and distractibility, and historical behavioral checklists. A trend analysis of the findings was offered suggesting visual processing as contributing to the delays in response time. The performance of individuals demonstrating problems with attention, concentration, and distractibility revealed significant problems with writing and mathematics. Implications, conclusions, and suggestions for further research were offered.
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Leskin, Lorraine Phyllis Stewart. "Attentional networks and working memory in posttraumatic stress disorder /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400968391&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-73). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Kettaneh, Amani A. "Quality of Life Among Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Comparative Study Between the Three Presentations of ADHD." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/edsrc_etds/21.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been the subject of much research and controversy. Although ADHD was once believed to affect only children, recent research indicates that the symptoms of ADHD persist past childhood and adolescence, well into college age and adulthood. ADHD negatively impacts several life domains, such as perceived general health, college education, employment, social life, and psychological health. For some, this negative impact results in lowering the level of quality of life (QOL) or life-satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to describe the experiences that influence the level of QOL among different presentations of adults with ADHD. Information was gathered by using a survey and qualitative interviews with different presentations of adults with ADHD to collect and analyze their perceptions (thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and opinions) about the impact of this condition on their QOL level and different life domains.