Journal articles on the topic 'Atrazine'
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Solymosi, P., and E. Lehoczki. "Co-Resistance of Atrazine-Resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus Biotypes to other Photosystem II Inhibiting Herbicides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1989): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-1-220.
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Abstract Biotypes of Amaranthus retroflexus L ., A. hybridus L., A. bouchonii Thell. and Chenopodium album L. insensitive to atrazine were collected from maize monoculture where atrazine had been applied extensively. Atrazine-resistant biotypes of A. retroflexus and A. hybridus showed phenmedipham and lenacil co-resistance and atrazine-resistant biotype of C. album showed fenuron co-resistance. An atrazin-resistant biotype of A. bouchonii with co-resistance to diuron was not resistant to fenuron, lenacil and phenmedipham.
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Souza, Matheus de Freitas, Ana Claudia Langaro, Ana Beatriz Rocha de Jesus Passos, Hamurábi Anizio Lins, Tatiane Severo Silva, Vander Mendonça, Antônio Alberto da Silva, and Daniel Valadão Silva. "Adsorption mechanisms of atrazine isolated and mixed with glyphosate formulations in soil." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e0242350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242350.
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In Brazil, the atrazine has been applied frequently to join with glyphosate to control resistant biotypes and weed tolerant species to glyphosate. However, there are no studies about atrazine's behavior in soil when applied in admixture with glyphosate. Knowledge of atrazine's sorption and desorption mixed with glyphosate is necessary because the lower sorption and higher desorption may increase the leaching and runoff of pesticides, reaching groundwaters and rivers. Thereby, the objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption mechanisms of atrazine when isolated and mixed with glyphosate formulations in a Red-Yellow Latosol. The maximum adsorbed amount of atrazine in equilibrium (qe) was not altered due to glyphosate formulations. The time to reach equilibrium was shortest when atrazine was mixed with the Roundup Ready® (te = 4.3 hours) due to the higher adsorption velocity (k2 = 2.3 mg min-1) in the soil. The highest sorption of atrazine occurred when mixed with the Roundup WG®, with the Freundlich sorption coefficient (Kf) equal to 2.51 and 2.43 for both formulation concentrations. However, other glyphosate formulations did not affect the sorption of atrazine. The desorption of atrazine was high for all treatments, with values close to 80% of the initial adsorbed amount, without differences among isolated and mixed treatments. The change in the velocity and capacity of sorption for the atrazine mixed with some glyphosate formulations indicates that further studies should be conducted to identify the mechanisms involved in this process.
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Krutz, L. Jason, Ian C. Burke, Krishna N. Reddy, Robert M. Zablotowicz, and Andrew J. Price. "Enhanced Atrazine Degradation: Evidence for Reduced Residual Weed Control and a Method for Identifying Adapted Soils and Predicting Herbicide Persistence." Weed Science 57, no. 4 (August 2009): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-09-010.1.
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Soilborne bacteria with novel metabolic abilities have been linked with enhanced atrazine degradation and complaints of reduced residual weed control in soils with ans-triazine use history. However, no field study has verified that enhanced degradation reduces atrazine's residual weed control. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare atrazine persistence and prickly sida density ins-triazine-adapted and nonadapted field sites at two planting dates; (2) utilize original and published data to construct a diagnostic test for identifyings-triazine-adapted soils; and (3) develop and validate ans-triazine persistence model based on data generated from the diagnostic test, i.e., mineralization of ring-labeled14C-s-triazine. Atrazine half-life values ins-triazine-adapted soil were at least 1.4-fold lower than nonadapted soil and 5-fold lower than historic estimates (60 d). At both planting dates atrazine reduced prickly sida density in the nonadapted soils (P ≤ 0.0091). Conversely, in thes-triazine-adapted soil, prickly sida density was not different between no atrazine PRE and atrazine PRE at the March 15 planting date (P = 0.1397). A lack of significance in this contrast signifies that enhanced degradation can reduce atrazine's residual control of sensitive weed species. Analyses of published data indicate that cumulative mineralization in excess of 50% of C0after 30 d of incubation is diagnostic for enhanceds-triazine degradation. Ans-triazine persistence model was developed and validated; model predictions for atrazine persistence under field conditions were within the 95% confidence intervals of observed values. Results indicate that enhanced atrazine degradation can decrease the herbicide's persistence and residual activity; however, coupling the diagnostic test with the persistence model could enable weed scientists to identifys-triazine-adapted soils, predict herbicide persistence under field conditions, and implement alternative weed control strategies in affected areas if warranted.
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G., Kiranmayee, Dasari Dedeepya, Aluri Satya Pavani Asritha, Paluru Sri Lakshmi Sowmya, Shanti Silvia Pothuraju, and Meena Vangalapati. "Examining the Role of Material Science in Atrazine Herbicide Biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida MTCC 2252." E3S Web of Conferences 552 (2024): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455201041.
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Atrazine is a chlorinated herbicide of the triazine class. It is used to prevent pre-emergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn), soybean and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. Atrazine's primary manufacturer is Syngenta and it is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States, Canadian, and Australian agriculture. The bacteria used for the bio degradation of Atrazine is Pseudomonas putida. In this study, we report the biodegradation of Atrazine at high initial concentrations. The biodegradation of this Atrazine was investigated using Pseudomonas putida. For Pseudomonas putida optimization parameters like Contact time, Ph, Initial concentration, Temperature, Inoculum volume, Carbon source, Nitrogen source
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Dan, Hugo de Almeida, Alberto Leão de Lemos Barroso, Lilian Gomes de Moraes Dan, Thiago Rezende Finotti, Cleriston Feldkircher, and Vanessa Soares Santos. "Controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho por meio de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 40, no. 4 (December 2010): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-40632010000400017.
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Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar a eficácia do controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), cultivado em sistema plantio direto, em região de Cerrado, por meio da aplicação, em pré-emergência, de herbicidas. Foram realizados dois ensaios, no município de Montevidiu (GO), durante a safra 2007/2008, dispostos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: atrazine (1.600 g ha-1), atrazine + s-metolachor (1.665 g ha-1 + 1.305 g ha-1), s-metolachor (1.680 g ha-1), atrazine + simazine (250 g ha-1 + 250 g ha-1) e testemunha com e sem a presença de plantas daninhas. Aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, constatou-se que os herbicidas atrazine e s-metolachor não foram eficientes no controle de Cenchrus echinatus e Alternanthera tenella, respectivamente. As associações entre os herbicidas atrazina + s-metolachor e atrazine + simazine proporcionaram incrementos significativos no controle de Euphorbia heterophilla e Alternanthera tenella. A presença de plantas daninhas influenciou negativamente na produtividade da cultura.
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Suszek Gonçalves, Morgana, Silvio César Sampaio, Floriano Luiz Suszek, Silvia Renata Machado Coelho, and Isamara Godoi. "ATRAZINE LEACHING IN SOIL SUBMITTED OF SWINE WASTEWATER APPLICATION." IRRIGA 21, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2016v21n1p131-139.
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ATRAZINE LEACHING IN SOIL SUBMITTED OF SWINE WASTEWATER APPLICATION MORGANA SUSZEK GONÇALVES1; SILVIO CÉSAR SAMPAIO2; FLORIANO LUIZ SUSZEK2; SILVIA RENATA MACHADO COELHO2 E ISAMARA GODOI2 1Academic Department of Environmental, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil, morgana@utfpr.edu.br2Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil, silvio.sampaio@unioeste.br, flsuszek@hotmail.com, silvia.coelho@unioeste.br, isgodoi@gmail.com 1 ABSTRACT In this study, swine wastewater (SW) effects on atrazine leaching were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in laboratory in Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil, where soil columns filled with samples of a Rhodic Hapludox soil received the application of 2.5 kg ha-1 of atrazine mass and were incubated for seven days according to the following treatments: T1 (Sterile soil + SW ), T2 (Sterile soil + distilled water), T3 (Non sterile soil + SW) and T4 (Non sterile soil + distilled water). In T1 and T3 treatments SW, corresponding to 435 m3 ha-1, was applied, while in T2 and T4 treatments, 421 m3 ha-1 of distilled water was applied. Atrazine leaching tests were conducted for each treatment and the results showed that the application of SW in the soil increased the atrazine leaching in the soil profile, and consequently the risk of contamination of groundwater. Keywords: herbicide, swine slurry, transport. GONÇALVES, M.S; SAMPAIO, S.C.; SUSZEK, F.L.; COELHO, S.R.M.; GODOI, I.LIXIVIAÇÃO DE ATRAZINA EM SOLO SUBMETIDO À APLICAÇÃO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DA SUINOCULTURA 2 RESUMO Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) na lixiviação de atrazina. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório em Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil, onde colunas de solo preenchidas com amostras de Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, receberam a aplicação de 2,5 kg ha-1 de massa de atrazina e foram incubadas durante sete dias de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 (Solo estéril + ARS); T2 (Solo estéril + água destilada); T3 (Solo não estéril + ARS) e T4 (Solo não estéril + água destilada). Nos tratamentos T1 e T3 foi adicionada ARS, correspondente a 435 m3 ha-1, e nos tratamentos T2 e T4, foram adicionados 421 m3 ha-1 de água destilada. Foram conduzidos ensaios de lixiviação da atrazina para cada tratamento, e os resultados demonstraram que a aplicação de ARS ao solo proporcionou o aumento da lixiviação de atrazina no perfil do solo, e consequentemente a possibilidade de contaminação de águas subterrâneas. Palavras-chave: herbicida, dejeto suíno, transporte.
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A, Revathi, and Pugazhendy K. "Protective effect of Pisonia alba in atrazine toxicityon biochemical marker enzymes in the liver tissue of albino wister rat Rattus norvegicus." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 6, no. 6 (December 16, 2021): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2021.v06.i06.035.
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The goal of this study was to see if Pisonia alba might protect the albino wister rat Rattus norvegicus from the herbicide atrazine's toxicity effects on AST, ALT, ACP, and ALP. Rattus norvegicus were inebriated with a sublethal dose of atrazine (0.25 mg of atrazine) for 28 days in this experiment. When compared to the control, the biochemical manufacturing enzymes in the liver were found to be higher. During the treatment of atrazine-intoxicated rats with P. alba, they were returned to a near-normal level (Group III and IV). The outcomes that were noticed were thoroughly explained.
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Stradtman, Sydney C., and Jennifer L. Freeman. "Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Associated with Exposure to the Herbicide Atrazine." Toxics 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090207.
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Atrazine is an herbicide commonly used on crops to prevent broadleaf weeds. Atrazine is an endocrine-disrupting chemical mainly targeting the neuroendocrine system and associated axes, especially as a reproductive toxicant through attenuation of the luteinizing hormone (LH). Current regulatory levels for chronic exposure are based on no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of these LH alterations in rodent studies. Atrazine has also been studied for its effects on the central nervous system and neurotransmission. The European Union (EU) recognized the health risks of atrazine exposure as a public health concern with no way to contain contamination of drinking water. As such, the EU banned atrazine use in 2003. The United States recently reapproved atrazine’s use in the fall of 2020. Research has shown that there is a wide array of adverse health effects that are seen across multiple models, exposure times, and exposure periods leading to dysfunction in many different systems in the body with most pointing to a neuroendocrine target of toxicity. There is evidence of crosstalk between systems that can be affected by atrazine exposure, causing widespread dysfunction and leading to changes in behavior even with no direct link to the hypothalamus. The hypothetical mechanism of toxicity of atrazine endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity can therefore be described as a web of pathways that are influenced through changes occurring in each and their multiple feedback loops with further research needed to refine NOAELs for neurotoxic outcomes.
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Sembodo, Dad Resiworo Jekti, Nana Ratna Wati, Herry Susanto, and Sugiatno Sugiatno. "Uji Sifat Campuran Bahan Aktif Atrazin, Nikosulfuron, Mesotrion pada Beberapa Jenis Gulma." JURNAL AGROTROPIKA 23, no. 1 (April 28, 2024): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ja.v23i1.8689.
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The aim of this research was to know effectiveness and characteristic of mixing herbicide active ingredients atrazine, mesotrion, and nikosulfuron on several weed specieses. The trial conducted in the green house at South Lampung from December 2021 until February 2022. This Research arranged in a Randomized Completely Design. Treatment consists of four types of herbicides with six level of dosage active ingredient, namely of single herbicides is atrazin 200 g/l (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g ha-1), nikosulfuron 20 g/l (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 40 g ha-1), mesotrion 40 g/l (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g ha-1), and herbicides combination of atrazine, nikosulfuron, and mesotrion 200/20/40 OD (0, 32.5, 65, 130, 260, and 520 g ha-1). The target weed were 3 type of broadleaves weeds (Ageratum conyzoides, Euphorbia hirta, and Richardia brasiliensis), 3 type of grasses weeds (Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, and Rottboellia cochinchinensis), and sedges weed (Cyperus rotundus). Multiplicative Survival Model method used in this research because atrazin, nikosulfuron, and mesotrion have different mode of action. Results showed that an active ingredient mixture of atrazin 200 g/l, nikosulfuron 20 g/l, and mesotrion 40 g/l has LD50 expectation value of 155.96 g ha-1 and LD50 treatment of 74.27 g ha-1 with the co-toxicity value was 2.10 (co-toxicity >1), it means that the characteristic oh the herbiscides mixture is synergist or not antagonist. Keywords: herbicide mixture, atrazine, mesotrion, nikosulfuron, LD50, Multiplicative Survival Model
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Sembodo, Dad Resiworo Jekti, and Nana Ratna Wati. "Uji Efektivitas Campuran Herbisida Berbahan Aktif Atrazin dan Topramezon terhadap Beberapa Jenis Gulma." JURNAL AGROTROPIKA 20, no. 2 (October 3, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ja.v20i2.5164.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mixing herbicides with the active ingredients atrazine and topramezone in controlling weeds and to determine the nature of the mixture of the two active ingredients. This research was conducted in a plastic house in Natar District, South Lampung Regency from October 2020 - January 2021. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments consisted of three types of herbicides with six dosage levels of the active ingredients, namely the single herbicide Atrazine 300 g/l (0, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, and 600 g ai ha-1), Topramezon 10 g/l (0. 1.25 , 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 g ai ha-1), and the herbicide mixture of Atrazine 300 g/l + Topramezone 10 g/l (0. 38.75, 77.50, 155, 310, and 620 g ai ha-1) , and repeated 6 times. The target weeds included broadleaf weeds (Ageratum conyzoides and Synedrella nodiflora), grass groups (Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa colonum, and Eleusine indica), and the puzzle group (Cyperus iria). The herbicides atrazine and topramezone have different ways of working so that the analytical method used is the Multiplicative Survival Model (MSM) method. The results showed that mixing the herbicide Atrazine 300 g/l + Topramezon 10 g/l had an expected LD50 value of 46.28 g ai ha-1 and a treatment LD50 of 27.22 g ai ha-1 with a co-toxicity value of 1.7 (Co-toxicity > 1) so that it is synergistic.Key words: Atrazin, Topramezon, mixing herbicide, Multiplicative Survival Model, weed, LD50
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Vo, Thi My Chi, Minh Phap Dao, and Thanh Son Dao. "Growth of duckweed upon exposure to aluminum and atrazine in the laboratory conditions." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 9, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol9.no2.pp106-111.
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The trace metals and pesticides are commonly found in surface water receiving industrial and agricultural effluents. However, the potential negative effects of these compounds on aquatic ecosystems have not been deeply studied. Hence, the aim of this study is to assess the single and combined effects of aluminum (Al) and atrazine on the development and growth rate of duckweed, Lemna minor L. The single exposures were implemented with either Al or atrazine at the concentration of 5, 50 and 500 µg L-1 and a binary exposure was conducted with 50 µg L-1 of Al and 5 µg L-1 of atrazine for two weeks. The results revealed that both Al and atrazine at the concentration of 500 µg L-1 strongly inhibited the development and growth rate of the duckweed. On the contrary, the mixture of Al and atrazine showed antagonistic effects on the plant. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the combined effects of these two contaminants on the duckweed. Therefore, our results could be useful for environmental managers in setting up and adjusting the safe guideline values in Vietnam for Al and atrazine in natural waters in term of ecological health protection.
Kim loại nặng và thuốc trừ sâu thường được tìm thấy trong các nguồn nước mặt, nơi tiếp nhận nước thải công nghiệp và nông nghiệp. Tuy nhiên, những ảnh hưởng tiềm tàng mang tính tiêu cực của những hợp chất này đối với hệ sinh thái thủy vực chưa được nghiên cứu đầy đủ. Do đó, mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá những ảnh hưởng riêng lẻ và kết hợp của nhôm (Al) và atrazine lên sự phát triển và tốc độ sinh trưởng của bèo tấm, Lemma minor L. Sự phơi nhiễm riêng lẻ với Al hoặc atrazine được thực hiện ở các nồng độ 5, 50 và 500 µg L-1, trong khi đó, quá trình phơi nhiễm kết hợp được tiến hành với Al tại nồng độ 50 µg L-1 và atrazine tại nồng độ 5 µg L-1 trong hai tuần. Kết quả cho thấy cả Al và atrazine ở nồng độ phơi nhiễm 500 µg L-1 kìm hãm mạnh mẽ sự phát triển và tốc độ sinh trưởng của bèo tấm. Ngược lại, sự kết hợp Al và atrazine dẫn kết tác động triệt tiêu trên bèo tấm. Theo sự hiểu biết của chúng tôi, đây là ghi nhận đầu tiên về những ảnh hưởng kết hợp của hai chất gây ô nhiễm này lên bèo tấm. Vì vậy, những kết quả này có thể hữu ích cho các nhà quản lý môi trường tại Việt Nam trong việc thiết lập và điều chỉnh các giá trị an toàn đối với Al và Atrazie trong môi trường nước tự nhiên về khía cạnh bảo vệ sức khỏe sinh thái.
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Weimer, Monte R., Beth A. Swisher, and Kenneth P. Vogel. "Metabolism as a Basis for Differential Atrazine Tolerance in Warm-Season Forage Grasses." Weed Science 36, no. 4 (July 1988): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075160.
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Atrazine metabolism was studied in four warm-season forage grasses to determine if metabolism was the basis for differential atrazine tolerance among the grasses. Big bluestem and switchgrass are atrazine tolerant while indiangrass and sideoats grama are atrazine susceptible in the seedling stage. Metabolism of atrazine in big bluestem and switchgrass occurred primarily by glutathione conjugation. The major metabolic product isolated from indiangrass and sideoats grama was theN-deethylated metabolite of atrazine. Glutathione conjugation by big bluestem and switchgrass occurred at a faster rate thanN-dealkylation of atrazine in indiangrass and sideoats grama. Differential tolerance to atrazine among the grasses studied was probably due to the metabolic route by which they detoxify atrazine and the rate of metabolism for that specific route. Intraspecific differences in atrazine tolerance in indiangrass were due to the amount of metabolite produced in relationship to the amount of parent atrazine remaining in the shoot tissue. The more tolerant indiangrass lines had a higher metabolite to parent atrazine ratio than susceptible lines. This study confirmed differences in seedling atrazine tolerance of four indiangrass lines observed in previous greenhouse studies.
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Whaley, Cory M., Gregory R. Armel, Henry P. Wilson, and Thomas E. Hines. "Comparison of Mesotrione Combinations with Standard Weed Control Programs in Corn." Weed Technology 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-042r1.1.
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Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate total POST weed control in corn with mixtures of mesotrione, atrazine, and the commercial mixture of nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine at registered and reduced rates. Treatments were compared with nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine POST, andS-metolachlor plus atrazine PRE alone and followed by (fb) nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine POST. All treatments controlled common lambsquarters 8 wk after the postemergence treatments (WAPT). Common ragweed control with POST mesotrione plus nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine combinations was greater than 89%. Mesotrione plus the registered rate of nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine POST controlled common ragweed more effectively than the PRE treatment alone. Addition of atrazine to mesotrione improved common ragweed control by at least 38 percentage points over mesotrione alone. Nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine at the registered rate and in mixtures with mesotrione controlled morningglory species (pitted and ivyleaf morningglory) 89 to 91%. Large crabgrass control varied between 2002 and 2003. In 2002, large crabgrass control was 58 to 76% with all POST treatments, but in 2003, nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine POST alone controlled large crabgrass greater than 86%. Large crabgrass was more effectively controlled by treatments withS-metolachlor plus atrazine PRE than by the total POST treatments in 2002. Giant foxtail was controlled at least 97% with nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine treatments.S-metolachlor plus atrazine PRE fb nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine POST controlled all weed species greater than 85%. Corn yields by total POST treatment combinations of mesotrione plus either rate of nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine were comparable toS-metolachlor plus atrazine PRE alone or fb nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron plus atrazine POST.
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Vargha, M., Z. Somlai, Z. Takáts, and K. Márialigeti. "Microbiological impact of atrazine pollution in river sediment and soil." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 52, no. 3 (November 1, 2004): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.52.2004.3.11.
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Atrazine is a frequently detected pollutant in agricultural soils, groundwater and surface waters. Microbial degradation was confirmed in soils, and recently several atrazine-degrading bacteria have been isolated. Degradation in aquifers, however, is not well understood, and to date, atrazine degraders have not been isolated from water. In the present study, the impact of atrazine was assessed in agricultural soil and river sediment and the composition of the atrazine-degrading bacterial community in the soil and sediment was compared. Atrazine pollution increased the number and diversity of the endogenous atrazine degraders in both environments. Proteobacteria were predominant atrazine degraders in soils, whereas the community of atrazine-degrading bacteria in sediment consisted mostly of coryneforms.
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New-Aaron, Moses, Olufemi Abimbola, Raheleh Mohammadi, Oluwaseun Famojuro, Zaeema Naveed, Azar Abadi, Jesse E. Bell, Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, and Eleanor G. Rogan. "Low-Level Groundwater Atrazine in High Atrazine Usage Nebraska Counties: Likely Effects of Excessive Groundwater Abstraction." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 13241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413241.
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Recent studies observed a correlation between estrogen-related cancers and groundwater atrazine in eastern Nebraska counties. However, the mechanisms of human exposure to atrazine are unclear because low groundwater atrazine concentration was observed in counties with high cancer incidence despite having the highest atrazine usage. We studied groundwater atrazine fate in high atrazine usage Nebraska counties. Data were collected from Quality Assessed Agrichemical Contaminant Nebraska Groundwater, Parameter–Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), and water use databases. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis were performed. Domestic wells (59%) were the predominant well type. Groundwater atrazine was affected by well depth. Clusters consisting of wells with low atrazine were characterized by excessive groundwater abstraction, reduced precipitation, high population, discharge areas, and metropolitan counties. Hence, low groundwater atrazine may be due to excessive groundwater abstraction accompanied by atrazine. Human exposure to atrazine in abstracted groundwater may be higher than the estimated amount in groundwater.
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Bühler, Michaela, Arno Bogenrieder, Heinrich Sandermann, and Dieter Ernst. "Heteroplasmy and atrazine resistance in Chenopodium album and Senecio vulgaris." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 71, no. 7-8 (July 1, 2016): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-0163.
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Abstract Atrazine-resistant weeds are well known, and the resistance is primarily caused by a point mutation in the psbA chloroplast gene encoding the photosystem II D1 protein. Heteroplasmy, the presence of different types of chloroplasts in an individual plant, is also very common. Thus, atrazine-resistant weeds may also partly possess the atrazine-binding sequence and vice versa. The region of the psbA gene containing the mutation was sequenced from atrazine-resistant and atrazine-sensitive Chenopodium album and Senecio vulgaris plants. In atrazine-sensitive C. album plants, the expected AGT triplet was found. The atrazine-resistant plants contained the expected base substitution (AGT to GGT); however, in addition the AGT triplet was found. The atrazine-resistant S. vulgaris plants contained the expected GGT sequence, whereas the atrazine-sensitive plants contained both the AGT and GGT sequences. This clearly indicates that in addition to Gly264 also Ser264 is present in atrazine-resistant plants, and vice versa in atrazine-sensitive plants, indicating heteroplasmy in these weeds.
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Soltani, Nader, Christian Willemse, and Peter H. Sikkema. "What Are the Most Efficacious Herbicides Applied Postemergence for Control of Multiple-Herbicide-Resistant Canada Fleabane [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] in Corn?" Journal of Agricultural Science 15, no. 9 (August 15, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n9p1.
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Multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) Canada fleabane [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] control has become a major concern for corn producers in Ontario. Postemergence (POST) herbicides are critical for the control of emerged MHR Canada fleabane in corn. A study that consisted of five field experiments was conducted in southwestern Ontario in fields with confirmed MHR Canada fleabane to evaluate various herbicide mixtures applied POST for the control of MHR Canada fleabane in corn. Glyphosate + 2,4-D amine, glyphosate/2,4-D choline, glyphosate + clopyralid, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/mesotrione/bicyclopyrone, glyphosate + tolpyralate + atrazine, glyphosate + dicamba, glyphosate + dicamba/atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/mesotrione/ atrazine, glyphosate + mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate + bromoxynil + atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/ mesotrione/bicyclopyrone/atrazine, glyphosate/S-metolachlor/mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione, glyphosate + tembotrione + bromoxynil, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione + atrazine, and glyphosate + tembotrione + atrazine applied POST provided 63-99% control, 77-100% density reduction, and 88-100% shoot biomass reduction of MHR Canada fleabane in corn. MHR Canada fleabane interference reduced corn yield up to 58%; reduced MHR Canada fleabane interference with all herbicide treatments resulted in corn yield similar to the weed-free control. Results of this study indicate that among the herbicide mixtures evaluated glyphosate + mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate + bromoxynil + atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/ mesotrione/bicyclopyrone/atrazine, glyphosate/S-metolachlor/mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione, glyphosate + tembotrione + bromoxynil, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione + atrazine, and glyphosate + tembotrione + atrazine applied POST provided the most consistent control of MHR Canada fleabane in corn.
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Benoit, Lauren, Nader Soltani, David C. Hooker, Darren E. Robinson, and Peter H. Sikkema. "Efficacy of HPPD-inhibiting herbicides applied preemergence or postemergence for control of multiple herbicide resistant waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer]." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0320.
Full textAbstract:
Research was conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine the relative efficacy of five HPPD-inhibitors, tank-mixed with atrazine, for the control of multiple herbicide resistant waterhemp. At 12 wk after application (WAA), isoxaflutole + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine, and tembotrione + atrazine, applied preemergence (PRE), controlled waterhemp 90%, 87%, and 81%, respectively. None of the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides applied PRE controlled waterhemp similar to the weed-free control 12 WAA. Applied postemergence, topramezone + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine, tolpyralate + atrazine, and tembotrione + atrazine controlled waterhemp 87%, 94%, 97%, and 98% 12 WAA, respectively, and were all similar to the weed-free control.
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Lavignac, Nathalie, Keith R. Brain, and Christopher J. Allender. "Concentration dependent atrazine–atrazine complex formation promotes selectivity in atrazine imprinted polymers." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 22, no. 1 (July 2006): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.03.017.
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Vennapusa, Amaranatha Reddy, Felipe Faleco, Bruno Vieira, Spencer Samuelson, Greg R. Kruger, Rodrigo Werle, and Mithila Jugulam. "Prevalence and Mechanism of Atrazine Resistance in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Nebraska." Weed Science 66, no. 5 (September 2018): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.38.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractResistance to atrazine (a photosystem II [PSII] inhibitor) is prevalent in waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) J. D. Sauer] across the U.S. Midwest. Previous research suggests that target-site mutation or rapid metabolism of atrazine mediated by glutathioneS-transferase (GST) conjugation confers resistance inA. tuberculatusfrom Illinois. The distribution and mechanism of resistance to atrazine inA. tuberculatuspopulations from Nebraska (NE) are unknown. In this research we (1) evaluated the response and frequency of resistance in NEA. tuberculatusto soil-applied PSII (metribuzin and atrazine) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (sulfentrazone) inhibitors, as well as POST-applied atrazine; and (2) determined the mechanism of atrazine resistance in NEA. tuberculatus. The chloroplasticpsbAgene, coding for a D1 protein (the target site of atrazine) was sequenced in 85 plants representing 27 populations ofA. tuberculatus. Furthermore, 24 plants selected randomly from four atrazine-resistant (AR) populations were used to determine the metabolism of atrazine via GST conjugation. Results from the soil-applied herbicide evaluation suggest that metribuzin (0.56 kg ai ha−1) and sulfentrazone (0.28 kg ai ha−1) were effective onA. tuberculatusmanagement. PRE and POST screenings against atrazine in the greenhouse indicate that atrazine (1.345 kg ai ha−1) was not effective on 39% and 73% of theA. tuberculatuspopulations evaluated (total of 109 and 85 populations, respectively), suggesting the prevalence of atrazine resistance inA. tuberculatusin NE. Sequence analysis of thepsbAgene found no known point mutations conferring atrazine resistance. However, the AR plants conjugated atrazine via GST activity faster than the known atrazine-susceptibleA. tuberculatus. Overall, the outcome of this study demonstrates the predominance of metabolism-based resistance to atrazine inA. tuberculatusfrom NE, which may predispose this species to evolve resistance to other herbicides. The use of integrated management strategies forA. tuberculatusis crucial for the control of this troublesome species.
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Singh, Jasbir, Patrick J. Shea, Lakhwinder S. Hundal, Steve D. Comfort, Tian C. Zhang, and David S. Hage. "Iron-enhanced remediation of water and soil containing atrazine." Weed Science 46, no. 3 (June 1998): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500089578.
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Atrazine is the most widely used herbicide in the U.S. and has been detected in surface water and groundwater. Technologies are needed for onsite and in situ remediation of water and soil containing atrazine. We investigated the potential of using fine-grained, zero-valent iron (Fe0) to remove atrazine and promote its degradation in contaminated water and soil. Atrazine loss from aqueous solution increased with increasing Fe0concentration (w/v). Agitating 20 μg14C-ring-labeled atrazine L−1with 10% Fe0(w/v) removed 92% of the14C from solution within 48 h. Only about 4% of the14C lost from solution was extractable from the iron with 3 mM CaCl2(readily available pool), 81% was extractable with CH3CN (potentially available pool), and 11% was unextractable residues. A companion experiment indicated that most of the14C extracted from the iron with 3 mM CaCl2after the 48-h Fe0treatment was unaltered atrazine, while the CH3CN extract contained approximately 33% atrazine and 48% was unidentified atrazine transformation products. Treating a highly contaminated solution (20 mg atrazine L−1) with 20% Fe0(w/v) removed 88% of the14C (added as14C-ring-labeled atrazine) from solution within 48 h. Deethylatrazine was the main atrazine transformation product detected in solution after treatment, but small amounts of deisopropylatrazine, didealkylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine were also found. Treating Sharpsburg surface soil containing 1 mg atrazine kg−1with Fe0(2%, w/w) increased atrazine mineralization from 4.1 to 11.2% after 120 d. Pyrite (4% FeS2, w/w) also increased atrazine mineralization in surface soil, but was less effective in the presence of NO3−or SO42−(100 mg kg−1soil). Adding 2% Fe0(w/w) and 100 mg NO3−kg−1to contaminated subsurface soil increased atrazine mineralization from 0.4 to 8.2% within 120 d, and unextractable residues increased from 4.6 to 9.8%. These results indicate iron can sorb atrazine and promote its transformation in water and soil.
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Herzberg, M., C. G. Dosoretz, S. Tarre, M. Beliavski, and M. Green. "Biological granulated activated carbon fluidized bed reactor for atrazine remediation." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 11-12 (June 1, 2004): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0845.
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To show that an adsorbing biofilm carrier (GAC) can be advantageous for atrazine bioremediation over a non-adsorbing carrier, fluidized bed (FB) reactors were operated under atrazine limiting concentrations using Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP as the atrazine degrading bacteria. The following interrelated subjects were investigated: 1) atrazine adsorption to GAC under conditions of atrazine partial penetration in the biofilm, 2) differences in atrazine degradation rates and 3) stability of atrazine biodegradation under non-sterile anoxic conditions in the GAC reactor versus a reactor with a non-adsorbing biofilm carrier. Results from batch adsorption tests together with modeling best described the biofilm as patchy in nature with covered and non-biofilm covered areas. Under conditions of atrazine partial penetration in the biofilm, atrazine adsorption occurs in the non-covered areas and is consequently desorbed at the base of the biofilm substantially increasing the active biofilm surface area. The double flux of atrazine to the biofilm in the GAC reactor results in lower effluent atrazine concentrations as compared to a FB reactor with a non-adsorbing carrier. Moreover, under non-sterile denitrification conditions, atrazine degradation stability was found to be much higher (several months) using GAC as a biofilm carrier while non-adsorbing carrier reactors showed sharp deterioration within 30 days due to contamination of non-atrazine degrading bacteria.
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Gaynor, J. D., and A. S. Hamill. "Timing of atrazine application for control of quackgrass (Agropyron repens)." Phytoprotection 74, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706039ar.
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The use of foliar or soil applied atrazine to control quackgrass (Agropyron repens) in corn (Zea mays) was investigated. Atrazine treatments to control quackgrass significantly increased corn yield. Spring tillage without atrazine had little or no long term effect on quackgrass stand. A single application of 4.5 kg a.i. atrazine ha-1 applied in the fall or spring provided no better control of quackgrass than a split application of 2.25 kg a.i. atrazine ha-1 in either the foliage or bare soil experiments. Quackgrass recovery and soybean (Glycine max) yield were measured for 2 yr afterthe last atrazine application. Quackgrass did not recover to any significant extent within 2 yr after the cessation of the treatments on any of the atrazine treated plots. Atrazine residues from the previous fall applications significantly reduced soybean yield. Two years after the last atrazine treatment, soybean yields were similar, regardiess of former spring or fall atrazine application.
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Derakhshan, Zahra, Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Mohammad Faramarzian, Mehdi Mokhtari, and Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi. "Evaluation of volcanic pumice stone as media in fixed bed sequence batch reactor for atrazine removal from aquatic environments." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 11 (September 17, 2016): 2569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.424.
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Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) is a component of S-triazine. Its characteristics make it a pollutant of ecosystems and a probable human carcinogen. The present study evaluated volcanic pumice stone as a suitable media for biological growth and biofilm development in a fixed-bed sequencing batch reactor (FBSBR) for atrazine removal from aquatic environments. The FBSBR was fed with synthetic wastewater containing sucrose and atrazine at four hydraulic retention times to assess biodegradation of atrazine by a microbial consortium for removal from aquatic environments. The maximum efficiency for atrazine and soluble chemical oxygen demand removal were 97.9% and 98.9%, respectively. The results of this research showed that the Stover–Kincannon model was a very good fit (R2 > 99%) for loading atrazine onto the FBSBR. Increasing the initial concentration of atrazine increased the removal efficiency. There was no significant inhibition of the mixed aerobic microbial consortia by the atrazine. Atrazine degradation depended on its initial concentration in the wastewater and the amount of atrazine in the influent. Although this system shows good potential for atrazine removal from aqueous environments, that remaining in the effluent does not yet meet international standards. Further research is required to make this system effective for removal of atrazine from the environment.
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Shaner, Dale, and Aaron Hager. "Detecting and Confirming Accelerated Atrazine Dissipation in Illinois." Weed Technology 28, no. 2 (June 2014): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00108.1.
Full textAbstract:
Enhanced dissipation of atrazine has been documented in many parts of the world where the herbicide has been extensively used. Atrazine is widely used in corn in Illinois, but enhanced dissipation in the field has not been documented. In this study, the dissipation of atrazine was measured in three fields. Two of the fields (URB-1 and URB-2) had not been treated with atrazine for 3 and 4 yr, respectively, whereas the third field (ORR-1) had received annual applications of atrazine for 9 yr. A laboratory assay conducted on soil collected from these fields prior to atrazine application indicated that soil from ORR-1 had enhanced atrazine dissipation (half life [DT50] 1.7 d). Soil from fields URB-1 and URB-2 dissipated atrazine much slower (DT50 was 13 and 11d, respectively). In the field, the rates of atrazine dissipation were similar to those measured in the laboratory. The DT50s were 2.4, 8.4, and 12.6 d for ORR-1, URB-2, and URB-1, respectively. Testing the soils collected from the fields at the last sampling time for atrazine dissipation showed that all of them had enhanced atrazine dissipation, suggesting that the soil microbial populations had adapted to the presence of atrazine in the field.
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Boydston, Rick A., and Fred W. Slife. "Postemergence Control of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) in Corn (Zea mays) with Tridiphane and Triazine Combinations." Weed Science 35, no. 1 (January 1987): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500026862.
Full textAbstract:
Postemergence applications of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) oxirane] and atrazine, and tridiphane and cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} resulted in 90% or better control of giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) less than 2.5 cm in height. Delaying the application of tridiphane plus atrazine or atrazine alone reduced the control of giant foxtail in 1984, control of giant foxtail over 2.5 cm in height was significantly greater with a mixture of tridiphane and atrazine (0.4 and 1.7 kg ai/ha) than with atrazine alone (2.2 kg/ha) or tridiphane plus cyanazine (0.6 and 1.8 kg/ha). Two successive applications of tridiphane and atrazine combinations controlled giant foxtail 8 to 16 cm tall (four to five leaves). Cultivation following applications of tridiphane plus atrazine improved giant foxtail control but was less effective than a second application of atrazine or tridiphane plus atrazine. Giant foxtail control in greenhouse experiments was similar to control obtained in the field. Tridiphane plus atrazine controlled 70% of giant foxtail in the four- to five-leaf stage, while atrazine applied alone resulted in only 23% control, indicating a synergistic effect.
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Ross, Gilbert, and Timothy Pastoor. "Letters: Atrazine ban premature | Atrazine is safe." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 13 (July 2007): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0724339.
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Jing, Sun, Ma Xiu Lan, Wang Wen, Zhang Jing, Zhang Hao, and Wang Yu Jun. "Adsorption characteristics of atrazine on different soils in the presence of Cd(II)." Adsorption Science & Technology 38, no. 7-8 (June 5, 2020): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617420928845.
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In this study, the effects of temperature, pH, and biochar under cadmium stress on the adsorption characteristics of atrazine in soils in northeast China were studied by batch adsorption method. In the atrazine–Cd(II) coexistence system, the adsorption of atrazine by the soils reached equilibrium within 24 h, but there were some differences in sorption capacities of the three types of soil and the order of adsorption is albic soil > black soil > saline-alkaline soil. With the concentration of atrazine increased, the adsorption capacity of atrazine in the three types of soil gradually increased, the upward trend became more obvious with the ambient temperature of the solution decreased. The adsorption kinetics curves of atrazine in the three types of soil conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir model. When atrazine and Cd(II) coexist in soils, the decrease in atrazine adsorption in the soil may be due to the competitive interaction between the two chemicals. Cd(II) occupies part of the adsorption site of atrazine, thus saturating the active site in soils. Since atrazine is a weakly alkaline pesticide, the lower the pH of the soil, the higher the affinity of atrazine for the soil. After adding biochar to the soil, the functional groups in biochar can form π bond with atrazine, which promotes the fixation of atrazine in the soil. The results show that the prevention of atrazine and cadmium leaching can be achieved by appropriately adjusting the pH, temperature, clay content, and organic matter of the soils.
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Chahal, Parminder S., Mithila Jugulam, and Amit J. Jhala. "Mechanism of atrazine resistance in atrazine- and HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) from Nebraska." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0268.
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Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is one of the most problematic weed species in agronomic crops in the United States. A Palmer amaranth biotype multiple-resistant to atrazine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors was reported in a seed corn production field in Nebraska. Rapid detoxification mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and increased HPPD gene expression were reported as the mechanisms of mesotrione resistance in atrazine- and HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype from Nebraska; however, the mechanism of atrazine resistance is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate target site or non-target site based mechanisms conferring atrazine resistance in Palmer amaranth from Nebraska. 14C-atrazine absorption and translocation studies revealed that reduced atrazine absorption or translocation were not involved as one of the mechanisms of atrazine resistance. Instead, greater 14C-atrazine absorption and recovery in treated leaves were observed in resistant compared with susceptible Palmer amaranth. No known mutations including Ser264Gly substitution in the psbA gene causing target site based atrazine resistance were observed. However, the parent 14C-atrazine was metabolized rapidly <4 h after treatment in resistant plants, conferring enhanced atrazine metabolism as the mechanism of resistance.
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Salhoff, Craig R., and Alex R. Martin. "Kochia scopariaGrowth Response to Triazine Herbicides." Weed Science 34, no. 1 (January 1986): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500026412.
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Greenhouse-grown kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad. # KCHSC] seedlings from populations having either a 13-yr triazine history or no triazine history were sprayed postemergence with 0, 2, or 20 kg/ha atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-[1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine]. Fresh weight was reduced 20% in triazine history kochia treated with 20 kg/ha atrazine. Seedlings with no triazine history were killed by 2 kg/ha atrazine. Biotypes resistant to atrazine were also resistant to five other triazine herbicides. Biotypes susceptible to atrazine were susceptible to the other triazines. Atrazine-resistant biotypes were more susceptible to 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] than atrazine-susceptible biotypes, but atrazine history had no effect on response to diuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea].
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Olson, Brian L. S., David L. Regehr, Keith A. Janssen, and Philip L. Barnes. "Tillage System Effects on Atrazine Loss in Surface Water Runoff." Weed Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0004450x.
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Atrazine detection in drinking water has raised questions about how to reduce levels of this herbicide. Field experiments were conducted near Ottawa, KS, to determine atrazine levels in runoff from grain sorghum grown under three tillage systems in three growing seasons. Atrazine at 1.12 kg ai/ha was applied several weeks before planting to areas where no-till (NT), ridge-till (RT), and chisel-disk (CD) systems were used, followed by an additional 0.56 kg ai/ha applied at planting. Surface-water runoff was collected from enclosed metal frames within each tillage system, and total water runoff and atrazine concentration were determined and used to compute total atrazine loss. Atrazine loss was less from CD than from the other tillage systems in years when atrazine was soil incorporated. Atrazine loss was highly variable among years and tillage systems. This suggests that other factors besides till systems influenced atrazine runoff.
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Al-Khatib, Kassim, Rick Boydston, Robert Parker, and E. Patrick Fuerst. "Atrazine Phytotoxicity to Common Bean and Redroot Pigweed under Different Temperatures." Weed Science 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051754.
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The basis for increased phytotoxicity of foliar-applied atrazine at high temperature in common bean and redroot pigweed was investigated. Plants were grown under low (15/10 C), medium (25/20 C), or high (35/30 C) temperature regimes. Atrazine absorption by plants grown under different temperatures increased with increasing temperatures in both species. Greater than 90% of absorbed atrazine remained in treated leaves and translocation was not altered by temperature in both species. Metabolism of atrazine by both hydroxylation and glutathione-conjugation was greater in plants grown at 35/30 than 15/10 C in both species. Foliar-applied atrazine reduced extractable photosystem II (PS II) activity as temperature increased in both species. Studies were also conducted on thylakoid membranes from plants not treated with atrazine. The I50for atrazine inhibition of PS II decreased and affinity of atrazine binding to thylakoid membranes increased as temperature increased in both species. We concluded that the increased phytotoxicity of atrazine at high temperatures is caused by enhanced foliar absorption and greater affinity of atrazine for the binding site.
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Shigematsu, Yoshio, Sarinee Chaicharoen, Fumihiko Sato, and Yasuyuki Yamada. "Tolerance of Cultured Amaranthus retroflexus Cells to Atrazine." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1993): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-425.
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Resistance to s-triazine-herbicides in weeds is the most widespread and extensively studied of all intraspecific herbicide-resistance. It is of interest that the resistant biotype appears in some limited genera such as Amaranthus spp. and Chenopodium spp. much more frequently than in many other significant weeds. We examined the response of cultured Amaranthus retroflexus cells to atrazine in comparison with those of several other plant species to understand what causes this differentially inter-specific response. Atrazine scarcely inhibited the cell growth of either atrazine-resistant and susceptible-Amaranthus cells. Tobacco cells, however, could not grow as cultured Amaranthus cells in high concentrations of atrazine even under heterotrophic culture conditions. Atrazine-resistant tobacco cells were also sensitive to high concentrations of atrazine. The inhibition of cell growth by this secondary effect of atrazine was also observed in cultured wheat and rice cells. Atrazine-sensitive Chenopodium cells are relatively more resistant to high concentrations of atrazine. The importance of potential tolerance to the secondary effects of atrazine is discussed with respect to the frequent occurrence of triazine- resistant biotypes in limited plant species.
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Baidhawi, Baidhawi. "The Effectiveness of Mixing Herbicides and Manual Weed Control on Corn (Zea mays L)." Jurnal Agrium 19, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/agrium.v20i2.12509.
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Field trials were conducted in Januay 2021 cropping seasons to evaluate some herbicide mixtures and manual weed control method in the maize production. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments as follows: Metolachlor + atrazine (1.0 + 2.0 kg a.i./ha), metolachlor + atrazine (2.0 + 2.5 kg a.i./ha), metolachlor + atrazine (3.0 + 3.0 kg a.i./ha), pendimethlin + atrazine ( 1.0 + 2.0 kg a.i./ha), pendimethlin + atrazine (2.0 + 2.5 kg a.i./ha), pendimethlin + atrazine (3.0 + 3.0 kg a.i./ha), metolachlor + atrazine (1.0 + 2.0 kg a.i./ha) plus one supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) and pendimethlin + atrazine (1.0 + 2.0 kg a.i./ha) plus one SHW at 6 WAS, hand weeding at 3 and 6 WAS and a weedy check. These treatments used in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The rsults showed that metolachlor + atrazine and pendimethalin + atrazine at 1.0 + 2.0 kg a.i./ha plus one SHW at 6 WAS significantly reduced weed infestation and gave higher maize grain yield and economic returns. These methods are therefore recommended to farmers as alternative to two hand weeding at 3 and 6 WAS.
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Soltani, N., L. L. Van Eerd, R. J. Vyn, C. Shropshire, and P. H. Sikkema. "Weed control, environmental impact and profitability with glyphosate tank mixes in glyphosate-tolerant corn." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09084.
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Eight field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period at Exeter (one site in 2005 and 2006) and Ridgetown (three sites in 2005, two sites in 2006 and one site in 2007), Ontario, to evaluate different postemergence glyphosate tank mixes for weed management in glyphosate-tolerant corn. Treatments included a weedy check, a single application of glyphosate, a sequential application of glyphosate and tank mixes of glyphosate plus either atrazine, dicamba/atrazine, mesotrione, s-metolachlor plus atrazine, s-metolachlor/atrazine, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dimethenamid plus atrazine. A single application of glyphosate, the sequential application of glyphosate and tank mixes of glyphosate plus either atrazine, dicamba/atrazine, mesotrione, s-metolachlor plus atrazine, s-metolachlor/atrazine, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dimethenamid plus atrazine provided 92-100% control of redroot pigweed, 87-100% control of common ragweed, 74-100% control of common lambsquarters, and 43-100% control of green foxtail. All herbicide treatments had a higher yield than the weedy check. There were no differences in corn yield among the herbicide treatments evaluated. The glyphosate alone or in tank mix combination with mesotrione or dicamba/diflufenzopyr programs had the lowest environmental impact. Glyphosate plus atrazine and dicamba/diflufenzopyr were the most profitable weed management programs in glyphosate-tolerant corn.Key words: Atrazine, dicamba, diflufenzopyr, dimethenamid, glyphosate, mesotrione, pendimethalin, rimsulfuron, s-metolachlor, Zea mays L.
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Đedović, Suzana, Monika Stojanova, Jovan Bojkovski, Igor Kljujev, Vera Karličić, Blažo Lalević, and Vera Raičević. "Changes in Pseudomonas sp. CY growth in the presence of atrazine." Zemljiste i biljka 72, no. 2 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2302001d.
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Microbial degradation, compared with many other degradation processes, is the most important pathway for the depletion of triazine herbicides in soil. The aim of this study was to determine the growth potential of Pseudomonas sp. CY in the presence of atrazine and additional carbon (sodium citrate) and nitrogen (ammonium-nitrate) sources. The experiment was performed with five treatments: i) 100 mg/L atrazine (control); ii) One hundred mg/L atrazine + sodium citrate (0.3 %, w/v); iii) One hundred mg/L atrazine + sodium citrate (0.3 %, w/v) + ammonium nitrate (0.6 %, w/v); iv) Atrazine (300 mg/L) + sodium citrate (0.3 %, w/v) and v) Atrazine (500 mg/L) + sodium citrate (0.3 %, w/v). The bacterial count was determined after incubation (7 days at 30°C) using the agar plate method, while atrazine degradation was determined by measuring the optical density at 221 nm. Pseudomonas sp. CY can partially utilize atrazine as the sole source of carbon and energy. The highest values of the bacterial count were determined at the highest initial atrazine concentrations; however, bacterial growth was not detected in these treatments. A significant impact of citrate on bacterial growth and atrazine degradation was observed, while the addition of nitrate decreased the atrazine degradation rate. This study confirmed that Pseudomonas sp. CY can be used as a prominent candidate for the remediation of atrazine-affected environments.
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Fleming, Gwen F., F. William Simmons, Loyd M. Wax, Robert E. Wing, and Merle E. Carr. "Atrazine Movement in Soil Columns as Influenced by Starch-Encapsulation and Acrylic Polymer Additives." Weed Science 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051924.
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Alternative herbicide formulations may have the potential to reduce atrazine leaching. This study was conducted to determine if starch-encapsulation produced using an extrusion process or several acrylic polymer additives reduced atrazine leaching in soil columns packed with Plainfield sand (98% sand and 0.7% organic matter). Three watering regimes were evaluated to determine the effects of water volume and rate of application on atrazine movement When 7.6 cm of water (0.44-pore volumes) was applied over 2 h, polymer treatments reduced atrazine movement from the soil surface by 9 to 21% compared to atrazine without the additives. With increased water volume and time, the effectiveness of several polymer treatments diminished. Acrysol ASE-108 and G110 polymers (mixed with atrazine at a 1:1 ratio) most effectively reduced atrazine leaching over all watering regimes. Starch encapsulation was more effective than any polymer additive in retarding atrazine movement Increasing the water volume from 7.6 to 15.2 cm (0.88-pore volumes) did not increase leaching of starch-encapsulated atrazine. Ninety-nine percent of the starch-encapsulated atrazine was retained in the top 5 cm of the column compared to only 18 and 13% of the dry flowable formulation (DF) when 0.44- and 0.88-pore volumes of water were applied over 2 and 4 h, respectively. When 0.88-pore volumes of water were applied over 12 d, 81% of the starch-encapsulated atrazine was retained in the upper 5 cm of the column compared to only 5% of the DF formulation of atrazine. This study indicates that starch encapsulation reduces atrazine movement to a greater extent than polymer additives and suggests that starch encapsulation may be an effective method of reducing atrazine leaching.
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P, Janaki, Meena S, Chinnusamy C, Murali Arthanari P, and Nalini K. "Field Persistence of Repeated Use of Atrazine in Sandy Clay Loam Soil under Maize." Madras Agricultural Journal 99, September (2012): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100133.
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Field experiments were conducted with maize as a test crop during 2006-2009 to study the effect of atrazine on its persistence and residue in soil and crop produce as influenced by the quantity of application and seasons. The treatments imposed were control, 0.5 and 1.0 kg ai of atrazine ha-1 and were replicated thrice in randomized block design. For residue analysis, the soil samples were collected at periodical intervals from 0 day to harvest and the crop produce were also sampled at post harvest. The atrazine was determined using GC equipped with FID detector. Persistence of atrazine in soil showed a gradual degradation with advancement in crop growth. The application of atrazine at recommended dose left no residue in the soil whereas the application of atrazine at double the recommended dose recorded 0.056 ppm of atrazine residue in the post harvest soil. Pooled data showed that the dissipation of atrazine was biphasic in nature and the degradation was faster at higher dose of application than at the lower dose. Degradation of atrazine in soil followed first order kinetics and the mean half life of atrazine was 21.54 days. Persistence of atrazine was also influenced by the season and years of application.
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Boydston, Rick A., and Fred W. Slife. "Alteration of Atrazine Uptake and Metabolism by Tridiphane in Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) and Corn (Zea mays)." Weed Science 34, no. 6 (November 1986): 850–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067990.
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Partially purified glutathione-s-transferase (GST) isolated from corn (Zea maysL.) seedlings was about 14-fold higher in specific activity than GST isolated from giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) seedlings. Greater amounts of GST activity were present in leaf tissue than in stem tissue. Four-leaf giant foxtail seedlings contained about threefold more reduced glutathione per gram fresh weight in the leaves than one- to two-leaf giant foxtail seedlings. When atrazine and reduced glutathione were used as substrates, tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane] inhibited isolated GST from corn with an I50of about 5μM and from giant foxtail with an I50slightly lower. Tridiphane inhibited the metabolism of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] to water-soluble metabolites in giant foxtail leaves but not in corn leaves. Unmetabolized atrazine levels tended to be greater in giant foxtail seedlings treated with tridiphane plus atrazine than in plants treated with atrazine alone. Tridiphane applied 12 h before atrazine increased the uptake of atrazine in both corn and five-leaf giant foxtail seedlings. The amount of atrazine metabolism to water-soluble metabolites increased in corn leaves but remained constant in giant foxtail leaves when atrazine uptake was increased. Tridiphane and atrazine combinations impaired net photosynthetic rates more than atrazine alone in giant foxtail seedlings but did not increase chlorophyll fluorescence. There was no decrease in net photosynthetic rate 12 h following applications of atrazine or tridiphane plus atrazine on corn leaves. Tridiphane did not decrease photosynthesis or increase chlorophyll fluorescence in either species when applied alone.
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TAKANO, HUDSON KAGUEYAMA, AUGUSTO KALSING, DAURI APARECIDO FADIN, ROGERIO SILVA RUBIN, RODRIGO NEVES, and LUIZ HENRIQUE MARQUES. "CHEMICAL WEED MANAGEMENT IN GRAIN SORGHUM AND SELECTIVITY OF ATRAZINE + S-METOLACHLOR TO DIFFERENT HYBRIDS." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 17, no. 3 (December 21, 2018): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v17n3p460-473.
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ABSTRACT - Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is one cereal crop that faces huge problems with weed interference mostly because the lack of selective herbicides. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of herbicide alternatives for weed control in grain sorghum as well as the selectivity of atrazine + s-metolachlor to different hybrids. Three field trials were designed as a randomized complete block with four replications. All experiments were conducted in Jardinópolis-SP and Mogi Mirim-SP during the 2015/16 growing season. Two trials included acetochlor, flumioxazin, fluroxypyr, mesotrione and s-metolachlor, applied in pre or post-emergence, in association or not with atrazine. A third trial was carried out with rates of the premix containing atrazine + s-metolachlor applied to the following hybrids: 1G100, 1G220, 1G230, 1G244, 1G282, 50A10, 50A40, 50A50 and 50A70. The pre‑emergence herbicides that exhibited satisfactory efficacy of weed control and selectivity to sorghum crop were flumioxazin, atrazine + mesotrione and atrazine + s-metolachlor. For post‑emergence, atrazine, atrazine + acetochlor, atrazine + s-metolachlor and atrazine + fluroxypyr were the best treatments for both efficacy and selectivity. The application of atrazine + s-metolachlor at the evaluated rates was considered selective to the nine hybrids assessed.Keywords: acetochlor, fluroxypyr, mesotrione, herbicide tolerance, weed control. MANEJO QUÍMICO DE PLANTAS DANINHAS EM SORGO GRANÍFERO E SELETIVIDADE DE ATRAZINE + S-METOLACHLOR PARA DIFERENTES HÍBRIDOS RESUMO – O sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor) é um dos cereais de verão que mais enfrenta problemas com plantas daninhas em razão da interferência destas espécies e carência de herbicidas para controlá-las. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e segurança de herbicidas alternativos no controle de plantas daninhas em sorgo granífero, assim como a seletividade de atrazine + s-metolachlor para diferentes híbridos. Três experimentos foram realizados em campo com delineamento de blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições, sendo conduzidos em Jardinópolis-SP e/ou Mogi Mirim-SP, ao longo da safra 2015/16. Em dois experimentos, acetochlor, flumioxazin, fluroxypyr, mesotrione e s-metolachlor foram avaliados em pré e/ou pós-emergência da cultura, em associação ou não (isolados) com atrazine. O terceiro experimento foi realizado com doses crescentes de atrazine + s-metolachlor e os híbridos de sorgo granífero 1G100, 1G220, 1G230, 1G244, 1G282, 50A10, 50A40, 50A50 e 50A70. Os tratamentos com controle satisfatório de plantas daninhas e seletividade à cultura, em pré-emergência, foram flumioxazin, atrazine + mesotrione e atrazine + s-metolachlor. Em pós-emergência, eles foram atrazine, atrazine + acetochlor, atrazine + s-metolachlor e atrazine + fluroxipyr. A aplicação de atrazine + s-metolachlor nas doses testadas foi seletiva para os nove híbridos avaliados.Palavras-chave: acetochlor, fluroxypyr, mesotrione, tolerância a herbicidas, controle de plantas daninhas. metolachlor at the evaluated rates was selective to the nine hybrids assessed.
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Aislabie, J., D. Hunter, J. Ryburn, R. Fraser, G. L. Northcott, and H. J. Di. "Atrazine mineralisation rates in New Zealand soils are affected by time since atrazine exposure." Soil Research 42, no. 7 (2004): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03096.
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To understand more clearly the groundwater contamination potential of herbicides applied to New Zealand soils, experimental field plots were established on 2 different soil types: Himatangi, a sandy dune soil, and Kiripaka, a silty clay derived from basalt. A mix of triazine herbicides, containing atrazine, terbuthylazine, and hexazinone, was applied to the plots at 10 kg a.i./ha. At various times after application, soil was removed from the plots and analysed for residual levels of herbicides, in vitro rates of mineralisation of 14C-ring-labelled atrazine, and numbers of atrazine-degrading microbes. Atrazine and terbuthylazine were below detectable levels (<0.01 mg/kg) in Himatangi topsoil 18 months after pesticide application but still detectable in topsoil from the Kiripaka site. Hexazinone was detectable in topsoil from both soil plots 18 months after application. Atrazine adsorption isotherms were constructed for topsoil and subsoil from both plots, with estimated Kf values ranging from 0.53 to 4.69 μg1–n mLn/g. A single application of atrazine was sufficient to enhance the rate of 14C-atrazine mineralisation in vitro by topsoil from both plots, and subsoil from the Kiripaka site. Rates of mineralisation of atrazine in the soil from the plots increased 1–6 months after pesticide application and remained elevated for 18–24 months. The numbers of atrazine degraders detected did not correlate with atrazine mineralisation rates. An atrazine-degrading bacterium, identifed as Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, was isolated from Himatangi soil exhibiting enhanced rates of atrazine-mineralisation activity.
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Metzger, Brendan A., Nader Soltani, Alan J. Raeder, David C. Hooker, Darren E. Robinson, and Peter H. Sikkema. "Tolpyralate Efficacy: Part 2. Comparison of Three Group 27 Herbicides Applied POST for Annual Grass and Broadleaf Weed Control in Corn." Weed Technology 32, no. 6 (December 2018): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.81.
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AbstractTolpyralate is a new Group 27 pyrazolone herbicide that inhibits the 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase enzyme. In a study of the biologically effective dose of tolpyralate from 2015 to 2017 in Ontario, Canada, tolpyralate exhibited efficacy on a broader range of species when co-applied with atrazine; however, there is limited published information on the efficacy of tolpyralate and tolpyralate+atrazine relative to mesotrione and topramezone, applied POST with atrazine at label rates, for control of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. In this study, tolpyralate applied alone at 30 g ai ha−1 provided >90% control of common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, common ragweed, Powell amaranth/redroot pigweed, and green foxtail at 8 weeks after application (WAA). Addition of atrazine was required to achieve >90% control of wild mustard, ladysthumb, and barnyardgrass at 8 WAA. Tolpyralate+atrazine (30+1,000 g ai ha−1) and topramezone+atrazine (12.5+500 g ai ha−1) provided similar control at 8 WAA of the eight weed species in this study; however, tolpyralate+atrazine provided >90% control of green foxtail by 1 WAA. Tolpyralate+atrazine provided 18, 68, and 67 percentage points better control of common ragweed, green foxtail, and barnyardgrass, respectively, than mesotrione+atrazine (100+280 g ai ha−1) at 8 WAA. Overall, tolpyralate+atrazine applied POST provided equivalent or improved control of annual grass and broadleaf weeds compared with mesotrione+atrazine and topramezone+atrazine.
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Brighenti, Alexandre Magno, Leonardo Henrique Ferreira Calsavara, and Yago Vieira Guerra Varotto. "Preemergence herbicides on weed control in elephant grass pasture." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 1 (February 2017): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017411024516.
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ABSTRACT Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is an important forage crop that has been proposed as a potential feedstock for bioenergy production. However, weed interference is a major factor limiting elephant grass production. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 to evaluate preemergence herbicides for selective weed control in an elephant grass pasture. Herbicide treatments included atrazine + S-metolachlor, atrazine + simazine, ametryn, ethoxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, diuron + hexazinone, sulfentrazone, imazethapyr, and atrazine at label use rates. Weedy and weed-free treatments were included. Atrazine + S-metolachlor, atrazine + simazine, ametryn, ethoxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, and atrazine did not cause phytotoxicity on elephantgrass 35 days after treatment (DAT). However, diuron + hexazinone and imazethapyr were the most phytotoxic on elephantgrass, resulting in 81 and 70% phytotoxicity in 2014, and 7 and 6% phytotoxicity in 2015 respectively 35 DAT. All treatments provided effective weed control (>81%) with the exception of ethoxysulfuron (0 and 11% in 2014 and 2015, respectively), and atrazine (59% in 2014). These results show that atrazine + S-metolachlor, atrazine + simazine, ametryn, ethoxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, and atrazine were selectives when applied in preemergence in elephant grass pasture.
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Bararpour, Taghi, Ralph R. Hale, Gurpreet Kaur, Bhupinder Singh, Te-Ming P. Tseng, Tessie H. Wilkerson, and Cammy D. Willett. "Weed Management Programs in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." Agriculture 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080182.
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A field study was conducted in Arkansas over three years to evaluate various herbicide treatments, including sequential and tank-mix applications for weed control in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The herbicide treatments used were quinclorac, atrazine + dimethenamid-p, S-metolachlor followed by (fb) atrazine + dicamba, dimethenamid-p fb atrazine, S-metolachlor + atrazine fb atrazine, S-metolachlor + mesotrione, and S-metolachlor fb prosulfuron. All herbicide treatments provided excellent (90% to 100%) control of Ipomoea lacunosa, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula, and Sida spinosa by 12 weeks after emergence. Quinclorac and S-metolachlor fb prosulfuron provided the lowest control of Ipomoea lacunosa, Urochloa platyphylla, Amaranthus palmeri, and Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula. Weed interference in the non-treated control reduced grain sorghum yield by 50% as compared to the weed-free control. S-metolachlor + mesotrione and S-metolachlor fb prosulfuron reduced sorghum yields by 1009 to 1121 kg ha−1 compared to other herbicide treatments. The five best herbicide treatments in terms of weed control and grain sorghum yield were quinclorac, atrazine + dimethenamid-p, S-metolachlor fb atrazine + dicamba, dimethenamid-p fb atrazine, and the standard treatment of S-metolachlor + atrazine fb atrazine.
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Walker, SR, WH Hazard, AF Mich, and BA Silver. "Effect of herbicides on black pigweed and sesbania pea, and yields of five grain sorghum cultivars in central Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880327.
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Six experiments were conducted in central Queensland to compare the efficacy of some post-emergence herbicides and mixtures in controlling black pigweed (Trianthema portulacastrum) and sesbania pea (Sesbania cannabina). The herbicides tested were atrazine, 2,4-D, dicamba, picloram plus 2,4-D, and fluroxypyr and mixtures of atrazine with 2,4-D, dicamba, picloram plus 2,4-D, fluroxypyr or tridiphane. In addition, 4 experiments were conducted to assess the tolerance of 5 sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor) to some of these individual herbicides and atrazine mixtures. Small black pigweed and sesbania pea (< 10 cm diameter) were controlled with atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ ha, while for larger black pigweed (up to 15 cm diameter) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha and atrazine mixtures were effective and for sesbania pea (up to 12 cm high) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D at 35 + 140 g a.i./ha, fluroxypyr at 0.3 kg a.i./ha and atrazine mixtures were effective. In general, control of both weeds by mixtures with atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha was as effective as atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha alone. In the tolerance experiments the treatments were applied at 18-20 days after planting when the number of sorghum leaves was 4-6. Spraying with 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-D consistently caused injury symptoms, delayed flowering and sometimes reduced grain yield. However, the susceptibility of sorghum to these treatments varied with seasons and cultivars. Overall, yield reductions were less when 2,4-D, dicamba and MCPA were applied at lower rates in the atrazine mixtures than when applied alone. All sorghum cultivars were tolerant of atrazine at 4.5 kg/ha. For effective control of both weeds, for crop safety and for minimum atrazine residues after harvest, we recommend that the weeds black pigweed and sesbania pea be sprayed when less than 10 cm in diameter or height, respectively, with atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha.
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Arslan, Zubeyde Filiz, Martin M. Williams, Roger Becker, Vincent A. Fritz, R. Ed Peachey, and Tom L. Rabaey. "Alternatives to Atrazine for Weed Management in Processing Sweet Corn." Weed Science 64, no. 3 (September 2016): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-16-00001.1.
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Atrazine has been the most widely used herbicide in North American processing sweet corn for decades; however, increased restrictions in recent years have reduced or eliminated atrazine use in certain production areas. The objective of this study was to identify the best stakeholder-derived weed management alternatives to atrazine in processing sweet corn. In field trials throughout the major production areas of processing sweet corn, including three states over 4 yr, 12 atrazine-free weed management treatments were compared to three standard atrazine-containing treatments and a weed-free check. Treatments varied with respect to herbicide mode of action, herbicide application timing, and interrow cultivation. All treatments included a PRE application of dimethenamid. No single weed species occurred across all sites; however, weeds observed in two or more sites included common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, morningglory species, velvetleaf, and wild-proso millet. Standard treatments containing both atrazine and mesotrione POST provided the most efficacious weed control among treatments and resulted in crop yields comparable to the weed-free check, thus demonstrating the value of atrazine in sweet corn production systems. Timely interrow cultivation in atrazine-free treatments did not consistently improve weed control. Only two atrazine-free treatments consistently resulted in weed control and crop yield comparable to standard treatments with atrazine POST: treatments with tembotrione POST either with or without interrow cultivation. Additional atrazine-free treatments with topramezone applied POST worked well in Oregon where small-seeded weed species were prevalent. This work demonstrates that certain atrazine-free weed management systems, based on input from the sweet corn growers and processors who would adopt this technology, are comparable in performance to standard atrazine-containing weed management systems.
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Shelton, Daniel R., Ali M. Sadeghi, Jeffrey S. Karns, and Cathleen J. Hapeman. "Effect of Wetting and Drying of Soil on Sorption and Biodegradation of Atrazine." Weed Science 43, no. 2 (June 1995): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500081212.
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Short term incubations (4 d) were conducted to assess the effect of a wetting/drying cycle on atrazine sorption, as well as biodegradation, as a function of various atrazine concentrations (ca. 5, 10, and 25 μg g−1soil) and levels of added crop residues (0, 5, and 10% cornstalks by weight), using a technique that allowed independent analysis of soluble and sorbed atrazine. Soil solution atrazine concentrations decreased, and KdSincreased with increasing crop residues. The sorptive capacity of cornstalks for atrazine was estimated to be 860 μg g−1vs 28 μg g−1for unamended soil. Drying and rewetting resulted in lower soil solution concentrations and decreased extraction efficiencies (13 to 22%) for sorbed atrazine; the effect was most pronounced with added cornstalks. High recoveries of14C from soils (combustion data) indicated that atrazine was not lost to volatilization. Rapid rates of biodegradation were observed in cornstalkamended soils shortly after rewetting; degradation was not observed in unamended soil. A longer incubation (6 wk) was conducted with ca. 10 μg g−1atrazine and 5% cornstalks to assess metabolites and kinetics of biodegradation. Atrazine disappearance was observed after ca. 2 wk with concomitant production of deethyl- and deisopropyl-atrazine at a ratio of ca. 2:1. Dealkylated-atrazine accumulated after ca. 3 wk; there was no evidence for hydroxy-atrazine production. These data suggest that biodegradation may play an important role in atrazine losses in the field despite wetting/drying cycles. In addition, there may be apparent losses of atrazine due to decreased extraction efficiencies as a consequence of wetting/drying cycles, resulting in underestimation of field residues.
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Soltani, N., C. Shropshire, and P. H. Sikkema. "Control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in corn." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10065.
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Nine field trials (five with PRE and four with POST herbicides) were conducted in 2006 to 2009 on various Ontario farms with heavy common cocklebur infestations to determine the effectiveness of PRE and POST herbicides for the control of common cocklebur in corn. There was no commercially significant corn injury from the PRE herbicides evaluated. Saflufenacil, saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p, isoxaflutole + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine and dicamba/atrazine, applied PRE provided 85, 85, 76, 73 and 67% control of common cocklebur in corn 8 wk after emergence (WAE), respectively. Common cocklebur shoot dry weight was reduced 84, 80, 79, 75 and 68% with saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p, isoxaflutole + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine, saflufenacil and dicamba/atrazine, respectively. There was no effect on corn yield compared with the weedy control with the PRE herbicides evaluated. The application of 2,4-D/atrazine POST resulted in unacceptable injury (28%) in corn. Dicamba/atrazine, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, dicamba and mesotrione + atrazine provided up to 98, 95, 90 and 90% control of common cocklebur 8 wk after application (WAA), respectively. All POST herbicide treatments increased corn yield compared with the non-treated control. Saflufenacil and saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p applied PRE and dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, dicamba/atrazine or mesotrione + atrazine applied POST have potential to provide good to excellent control of common cocklebur in corn under Ontario environmental conditions.
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Struthers, J. K., K. Jayachandran, and T. B. Moorman. "Biodegradation of Atrazine by Agrobacterium radiobacter J14a and Use of This Strain in Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 3368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.9.3368-3375.1998.
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ABSTRACT We examined the ability of a soil bacterium, Agrobacterium radiobacter J14a, to degrade the herbicide atrazine under a variety of cultural conditions, and we used this bacterium to increase the biodegradation of atrazine in soils from agricultural chemical distribution sites. J14a cells grown in nitrogen-free medium with citrate and sucrose as carbon sources mineralized 94% of 50 μg of [14C-U-ring]atrazine ml−1 in 72 h with a concurrent increase in the population size from 7.9 × 105 to 5.0 × 107 cells ml−1. Under these conditions cells mineralized the [ethyl-14C]atrazine and incorporated approximately 30% of the 14C into the J14a biomass. Cells grown in medium without additional carbon and nitrogen sources degraded atrazine, but the cell numbers did not increase. Metabolites produced by J14a during atrazine degradation include hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine, and deethyl-hydroxyatrazine. The addition of 105 J14a cells g−1 into soil with a low indigenous population of atrazine degraders treated with 50 and 200 μg of atrazine g−1soil resulted in two to five times higher mineralization than in the noninoculated soil. Sucrose addition did not result in significantly faster mineralization rates or shorten degradation lag times. However, J14a introduction (105 cells g−1) into another soil with a larger indigenous atrazine-mineralizing population reduced the atrazine degradation lag times below those in noninoculated treatments but did not generally increase total atrazine mineralization.
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Rattray, D. J., J. Standley, D. M. Silburn, D. M. Freebairn, and K. P. Spann. "Atrazine degradation and transport in runoff on a Black Vertosol." Soil Research 45, no. 8 (2007): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07028.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia communities are concerned about atrazine being detected in drinking water supplies. It is important to understand mechanisms by which atrazine is transported from paddocks to waterways if we are to reduce movement of agricultural chemicals from the site of application. Two paddocks cropped with grain sorghum on a Black Vertosol were monitored for atrazine, potassium chloride (KCl) extractable atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), and desisopropylatrazine (DIA) at 4 soil depths (0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, 0.10–0.20, and 0.20–0.30 m) and in runoff water and runoff sediment. Atrazine + DEA + DIA (total atrazine) had a half-life in soil of 16–20 days, more rapid dissipation than in many earlier reports. Atrazine extracted in dilute potassium chloride, considered available for weed control, was initially 34% of the total and had a half-life of 15–20 days until day 30, after which it dissipated rapidly with a half life of 6 days. We conclude that, in this region, atrazine may not pose a risk for groundwater contamination, as only 0.5% of applied atrazine moved deeper than 0.20 m into the soil, where it dissipated rapidly. In runoff (including suspended sediment) atrazine concentrations were greatest during the first runoff event (57 days after application) (85 µg/L) and declined with time. After 160 days, the total atrazine lost in runoff was 0.4% of the initial application. The total atrazine concentration in runoff was strongly related to the total concentration in soil, as expected. Even after 98% of the KCl-extractable atrazine had dissipated (and no longer provided weed control), runoff concentrations still exceeded the human health guideline value of 40 µg/L. For total atrazine in soil (0–0.05 m), the range for coefficient of soil sorption (Kd) was 1.9–28.4 mL/g and for soil organic carbon sorption (KOC) was 100–2184 mL/g, increasing with time of contact with the soil and rapid dissipation of the more soluble, available phase. Partition coefficients in runoff for total atrazine were initially 3, increasing to 32 and 51 with time, values for DEA being half these. To minimise atrazine losses, cultural practices that maximise rain infiltration, and thereby minimise runoff, and minimise concentrations in the soil surface should be adopted.