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Journal articles on the topic 'Atomic units'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Obande, O. P. "Atomic Mass: Origin, Units and Constants." Applied Physics Research 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n1p92.

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<p class="1Body">Absolute and relative atomic mass values are obtained in kg/atom, MeV, C, and u for the chemical elements. The results show that: (i) Absolute atomic mass value is, of course, given by the classical mass formula m = hϑ/c<sup>2</sup>; however, rotational speed per radius ω/r correlates with strain τ on the element’s intrinsic electromagnetic (e-m) transverse radiation to give the coefficient k whose value turns out to be atomic mass unit energy equivalent amu/eV = k = τ/(ω/r)<sup>½</sup>. (ii) Each component of the wave-particle doublet plays unique roles in atomic mass phenomenology; these roles readily account for H atom’s seeming fundamentality and preponderance of internal structures in virtually all particulate matter down to the electron. (iii) The mass constants amu/eV and amu/C are linear correlation coefficients of different dimensions of atomic units; the values are thus not specific to particular elements but obtainable from any element including the electron. (iv) The empirical expression e- = F/N<sub>A</sub> is incorrect; theoretically, charge q = m<sub>r</sub>F = m<sub>abs</sub>N<sub>A</sub>F. The error translates to values of N<sub>A</sub>, m<sub>e</sub>, and e/m<sub>e</sub> that are twenty orders of magnitude lower than theoretical values, e.g., e<sup>-</sup><sub>theor.</sub> = 47.062 C c.f. e<sup>-</sup><sub>lit.</sub> = 1.6022 x 10<sup>-19</sup> C. It is posited that the charge determinants ω and τ, might be suppressed or virtually nullified in an external e-m environment above some threshold voltage. (v) The error reflects also in all empirical E/c<sup>2</sup> values. A comparison of empirical and theoretical quantitative expressions for evaluating gravitational (gm) from electrostatic (E/c<sup>2</sup>) atomic mass shows that the former redeems the inherent error to retrieve proximate gm from E/c<sup>2</sup> value. (vi) Given the current literature E/c<sup>2</sup> values, the electron waveform mass does converge with the photon’s value, i.e., m<sub>w(e) </sub>≅ m<sub>photon</sub>. It is submitted, therefore, that particle physics has already struck matter’s fundamental unit in the photon mass, maybe unknowingly for lack of litmus test.</p>

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2

Katiyar, S. C., and S. S. Bajaj. "Tarapur Atomic Power Station Units-1 and 2." Nuclear Engineering and Design 236, no. 7-8 (April 2006): 881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.09.034.

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3

Butrick, Richard. "Systems of sentence logic with trans-atomic units." Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 27, no. 4 (October 1986): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1093636770.

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4

YOSHINO, Ken-ichi. "Units of Atomic Mass; "u," "Da," "amu," and "mmu"." Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan 56, no. 6 (2008): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5702/massspec.56.269.

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5

de Bievre, P., and H. S. Peiser. "'Atomic weight': The name, its history, definition, and units." Pure and Applied Chemistry 64, no. 10 (January 1, 1992): 1535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199264101535.

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6

McKernan, Stuart, and C. Barry Carter. "Characterization of structural units in tilt grain boundaries." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100121004.

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General tilt grain boundaries can be viewed in terms of small structural units of varying complexity. High-resolution electron microscope (HREM) images of these boundaries in many materials show this repetitive similarity of the atomic structure at the boundary plane. The structure of particular grain boundaries has been examined for several special cases and commonly observed configurations include symmetric tilt grain boundaries and asymmetric tilt grain boundaries with one grain having a prominent, low-index facet. Several different configurations of the boundary structure may possibly occur, even in the same grain boundary. There are thus many possible ways to assemble the basic structural units to form a grain boundary. These structural units and their distribution have traditionally been examined by high-resolution electron microscopy. The images of the projection of the atomic columns (or the tunnels between atomic columns) providing a template for constructing “ball-and-stick ” models of the interface.

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7

Vasileva, E. Yu, L. I. Kosarev, N. R. Kuzelev, and A. S. Shtań. "Development of radionuclide computer tomographic units for atomic power engineering." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 41, no. 10-11 (January 1990): 981–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(90)90163-b.

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8

Chen, F. R., and W. J. Chen. "Atomic faceting NiSi2/Si interfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171353.

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Sutton et al and Brokman et al suggested that long period asymmetrical boundary may facet on an atomic scale into short period symmetrical boundaries. This principle was first confirmed in the case of Σ=3 NiSi2(11)1/(15)2 and NiSi2(001)1/(21)2 asymmetrical boundaries in NiSi2 thin film by Chen et al using high resolution TEM. The asymmetrical boundaries contain a mixture of structural units of the (1)1/(11)2 and the (12)1/(12)2 symmetrical boundaries. The structural units of the (1)1/(11)2 is a 6-atom ring, while (12)1/(12)2 boundary has composite 5 and 7-atom rings. This result is consistent with the chain unit model (CUM) proposed by Wang and Vitek which describes the variation of the boundary structure with the inclination of the boundary plane.The principle of CUM was shown to be valid in the Σ=3 NiSi2(11)/(15)Si and NiSi2(21)/(001)Si asymmetrical interfaces. There are four possible atomic faceting structures for an asymmetrical interface. Fig. 1(a) shows the coexistence of two atomic faceting interfacial domains in a NiSi2(11)/(15)Si interface.

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9

Calligari, Paolo, Marco Gerolin, Daniel Abergel, and Antonino Polimeno. "Decomposition of Proteins into Dynamic Units from Atomic Cross-Correlation Functions." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 13, no. 1 (December 6, 2016): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00702.

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10

Kasperovich, A. I., B. I. Kolesov, and N. G. Sandler. "Water-chemical processes in atomic icebreaker reactors and floating power units." Atomic Energy 81, no. 4 (October 1996): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02407068.

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11

Colavecchia, F. D. "Accelerating spectral atomic and molecular collisions methods with graphics processing units." Computer Physics Communications 185, no. 7 (July 2014): 1955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2014.03.026.

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12

Duan, Defang, Fubo Tian, Yunxian Liu, Xiaoli Huang, Da Li, Hongyu Yu, Yanbin Ma, Bingbing Liu, and Tian Cui. "Enhancement of Tc in the atomic phase of iodine-doped hydrogen at high pressures." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 48 (2015): 32335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05218a.

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13

SHEN, JIAN QI. "ISOTROPIC NEGATIVELY-REFRACTING ATOMIC-VAPOR MEDIUM." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 12 (May 20, 2007): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984907012979.

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A new scenario to realize negative refraction with a photonic-resonant vapor material that can exhibit both electric and magnetic responses via multilevel quantum coherence is suggested. Compared with the previous method of artificial composite metamaterial, where the mechanism was considered by means of classical electromagnetic theory and the materials produced have anisotropic millimetre-scale composite structures, the present scheme suggested within the framework of quantum optics can be used to design and fabricate isotropic negatively-refracting materials with atomic-scale microscopic structure units. Such an advantage may lead to a potentially important application in the techniques of superlens and perfect imaging.

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14

Kaptay, G. "On the atomic masses (weights?) Of the elements." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 48, no. 1 (2012): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb111024014k.

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Atomic masses (weights?) is an essential information for mining and metallurgy. The paper discusses four subjects around this problem. First, the classification of all the elements is suggested into 4 classes, based on their isotope features, determining the accuracy of their known atomic masses. As part of that, the class of elements is discussed with uncertain atomic weights in accordance with the 2009 IUPAC recommendations. A better (easier to use) format of atomic weights is presented for this class of elements. Third, it is found not informative to leave empty spaces instead of approximate atomic weights for elements with unstable isotopes. Fourth, the term atomic weight vs the term atomic mass is discussed shortly, in agreement with the SI system of units and in contrary to the questionable IUPAC convection.

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15

Defraigne, Pascale. "JD6 -Time and Astronomy Preface and Posters." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, H15 (November 2009): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131000877x.

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Responsibility for the definition of time scales left the astronomical community some 40 years ago when, in 1967, the second became defined by an atomic transition in the International System of units SI and when International Atomic Time (TAI) was defined as the primary international time scale in 1971.

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16

Takata, Naoki, Kenichi Ikeda, Fusahito Yoshida, H. Nakashima, and Hiroshi Abe. "Grain Boundary Structure and Its Energy of <110> Symmetric Tilt Boundary in Copper." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.807.

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In the present study, grain boundary energy and atomic structure of <110> symmetric tilt boundaries in copper were evaluated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. From the simulations, the grain boundary energy of <110> symmetric tilt boundaries depended on misorientation angle and there were large energy cusps at the misorientation angles which corresponded to (111) S 3 and (113) S 11 symmetric tilt boundaries. It was found that the atomic structure of each <110> symmetric tilt boundary was described by the combination of three kinds of structural units which consisted of (331) S 19, (111) S 3 and (113) S 11 symmetric tilt boundaries and two single crystal units which consisted of (110) S 1and (001) S 1 single crystals. From the the analysis of the excess free volume in each grain boundary, it was found that the energy of structural units depended on the excess free volume of the units and that the misorientation dependence of grain boundary energy agreed with that of the free volume in grain boundaries.

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17

Petley, B. W. "The atomic units, the kilogram and the other proposed changes to the SI." Metrologia 44, no. 1 (January 16, 2007): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/1/010.

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18

Kim, J. "Fundamental structural units of the Escherichia coli nucleoid revealed by atomic force microscopy." Nucleic Acids Research 32, no. 6 (March 26, 2004): 1982–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh512.

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19

Welz, B. "Symbols and units for integrated absorbance in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS)." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 47, no. 8 (July 1992): 1043–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(92)80097-z.

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20

Yang, M. H., J. H. Li, and B. X. Liu. "The fractal correlation between relaxation dynamics and atomic-level structures observed in metallic glasses by computer simulation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 25 (2017): 16850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02205k.

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Hierarchical clustering analysis shows that the activating atoms are excited in a cooperative and avalanche-like model to form activating units. Interestingly, a fractal correlation is found between the number and size of the activating units.

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21

Craig, Robert G. A. "Two-input programmable optical processing units." Applied Optics 31, no. 32 (November 10, 1992): 6840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.31.006840.

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22

Xie, Chunli, and Jianguo Ren. "A Dynamical Reliability Prediction Algorithm for Composite Service." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/917903.

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Dynamic selection and dynamic binding and rebinding at runtime are new characters of composite services. The traditional static reliability prediction models are unsuitable to dynamic composite services. A new reliability predicting algorithm for composite services is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a composite service is decomposed into composition unites (executing path, composite module and atomic service) according to their constituents. Consequently, a hierarchical graph of all composite units is constructed. Lastly, a new dynamic reliability prediction algorithm is presented. Comparing with the traditional reliability model, the new dynamic reliability approach is more flexible, which does not recompute reliability for all composite units and only computes the reliability of the effected composite units. In addition, an example to show how to measure the reliability based on our algorithm is designed. The experimental results show our proposed methods can give an accurate estimation of reliability. Furthermore, a more flexible sensitivity analysis is performed to determine which service component has the most significant impact on the improvement of composite service reliability.

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23

Wang, W. Z., X. Z. Zhou, Z. Q. Yang, Y. Qi, and H. Q. Ye. "A decagonal quasicrystal with rhombic and hexagonal tiles decorated with icosahedral structural units." IUCrJ 7, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252520004297.

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The structure of a decagonal quasicrystal in the Zn58Mg40Y2 (at.%) alloy was studied using electron diffraction and atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging techniques. This stable Frank–Kasper Zn–Mg–Y decagonal quasicrystal has an atomic structure which can be modeled with a rhombic/hexagonal tiling decorated with icosahedral units at each vertex. No perfect decagonal clusters were observed in the Zn–Mg–Y decagonal quasicrystal, which differs from the Zn–Mg–Dy decagonal crystal with the same space group P10/mmm. Y atoms occupy the center of `dented decagon' motifs consisting of three fat rhombic and two flattened hexagonal tiles. About 75% of fat rhombic tiles are arranged in groups of five forming star motifs, while the others connect with each other in a `zigzag' configuration. This decagonal quasicrystal has a composition of Zn68.3Mg29.1Y2.6 (at.%) with a valence electron concentration (e/a) of about 2.03, which is in accord with the Hume–Rothery criterion for the formation of the Zn-based quasicrystal phase (e/a = 2.0–2.15).

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24

Banerjee, N., and Aroonkumar Beesham. "Isotropic Cosmological Model in Generalized Scalar Tensor Theory with Bulk Viscosity." International Journal of Modern Physics D 06, no. 01 (February 1997): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271897000091.

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In this paper both exponential and power law solutions for the flat Robertson–Walker cosmological model have been derived in a generalized Brans–Dicke theory, where the parameter ω is a function of the scalar field, along with a bulk viscous fluid. The solutions are obtained in Dicke's revised units and these are also given in the original atomic units via the conformal transformation prescribed by Dicke.

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25

Lombardi, Federico, Alessandro Lodi, Ji Ma, Junzhi Liu, Michael Slota, Akimitsu Narita, William K. Myers, Klaus Müllen, Xinliang Feng, and Lapo Bogani. "Quantum units from the topological engineering of molecular graphenoids." Science 366, no. 6469 (November 28, 2019): 1107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay7203.

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Robustly coherent spin centers that can be integrated into devices are a key ingredient of quantum technologies. Vacancies in semiconductors are excellent candidates, and theory predicts that defects in conjugated carbon materials should also display long coherence times. However, the quantum performance of carbon nanostructures has remained stunted by an inability to alter the sp2-carbon lattice with atomic precision. Here, we demonstrate that topological tailoring leads to superior quantum performance in molecular graphene nanostructures. We unravel the decoherence mechanisms, quantify nuclear and environmental effects, and observe spin-coherence times that outclass most nanomaterials. These results validate long-standing assumptions on the coherent behavior of topological defects in graphene and open up the possibility of introducing controlled quantum-coherent centers in the upcoming generation of carbon-based optoelectronic, electronic, and bioactive systems.

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26

Dauphin, Y. "The nanostructural unity of Mollusc shells." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.243.

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AbstractCalcite and aragonite shell layers of the main classes of Molluscs are composed of monocrystalline units (prisms, tablets, laths or fibres). Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy studies show these units are composed of small round granules with a thin cortex (amorphous calcium carbonate and/or organic matrix). These granules are organo-mineral composites. A comparison of the size and shape of the granules in different taxa (Mollusca, Brachiopoda) suggests a possible relationship with taxonomy and/or phylogeny.

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27

Oh, Seungbae, Sudong Chae, Bum Jun Kim, Kyung Hwan Choi, Woo-Sung Jang, Jimin Jang, Yasmin Hussain, et al. "Synthesis of a one-dimensional atomic crystal of vanadium selenide (V2Se9)." RSC Advances 8, no. 59 (2018): 33980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06398b.

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The synthesis and dispersion of a new one-dimensional (1D) material, V₂Se₉, in which chain-shaped molecular units with strong covalent bonds are assembled in a crystal structure via weak van der Waals attraction between chains, were carried out.

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28

Yu, J. H., L. Q. Shen, D. Şopu, B. A. Sun, and W. H. Wang. "Critical growth and energy barriers of atomic-scale plastic flow units in metallic glasses." Scripta Materialia 202 (September 2021): 114033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114033.

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29

Bernecker, C. A., P. A. Sanders, and R. G. Mistrick. "Reflected Luminance Patterns in Visual Display Units." Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 24, no. 2 (July 1995): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00994480.1995.10748114.

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30

Cubillas, Pablo, Kimberley Etherington, Michael W. Anderson, and Martin P. Attfield. "Crystal growth of MOF-5 using secondary building units studied by in situ atomic force microscopy." CrystEngComm 16, no. 42 (2014): 9834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce01710b.

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Crystal growth of the metal–organic framework, MOF-5, using basic zinc benzoate, [Zn₄O(O₂CC₆H₅)₆], was studied in real time using atomic force microscopy.

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31

Bunker, P. R., Ian M. Mills, and Per Jensen. "The Planck constant and its units." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 237 (November 2019): 106594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.106594.

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32

Favre-Nicolin, Vincent, Johann Coraux, Marie-Ingrid Richard, and Hubert Renevier. "Fast computation of scattering maps of nanostructures using graphical processing units." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 3 (April 2, 2011): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811009009.

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Scattering maps from strained or disordered nanostructures around a Bragg reflection can be either computed quickly using approximations and a (fast) Fourier transform or obtained using individual atomic positions. In this article, it is shown that it is possible to compute up to 4 × 1010 reflections atoms s−1using a single graphics card, and the manner in which this speed depends on the number of atoms and points in reciprocal space is evaluated. An open-source software library (PyNX) allowing easy scattering computations (including grazing-incidence conditions) in the Python language is described, with examples of scattering from non-ideal nanostructures.

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33

Vorobjev, Yu N. "Block-units method for conformational calculations of large nucleic acid chains. I. Block-units approximation of atomic structure and conformational energy of polynucleotides." Biopolymers 29, no. 12-13 (October 1990): 1503–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360291202.

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34

Milton, Martin J. T. "A new definition for the mole based on the Avogadro constant: a journey from physics to chemistry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1953 (October 28, 2011): 3993–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0176.

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The mole is the most recent addition to the set of base units that form the International System of Units, although its pre-cursor the ‘gram-molecule’, had been in use by both physicists and chemists for more than 120 years. A proposal has been published recently to establish a new definition for the mole based on a fixed value for the Avogadro constant. This would introduce consistent relative uncertainties for the molar and the atomic masses while making no change to the system of relative atomic masses (‘atomic weights’). Although the proposal would have little impact on the measurement uncertainty of practical work, it has stimulated considerable debate about the mole and the nature of the quantity amount of substance. In this paper, the rationale for the new definition is explained against the background of changes in the way the quantity amount of substance has been used, from its first use during the early development of thermodynamics through to the use of the ‘number of gram-molecules’ at the end of the nineteenth century.

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35

Thoan, Nguyen-Hoang, Nguyen-Trung Do, Nguyen-Ngoc Trung, and Le-Van Vinh. "The structural correlation and mechanical properties in amorphous hafnium oxide under pressure." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 22n24 (August 31, 2020): 2040149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220401499.

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The classical molecular dynamics (MD) technique was used to investigate the atomistic structure of amorphous hafnium oxide (HfO2) under pressure. The local atomic structure and the liquid-solid transition of HfO2 were analyzed for the pair radical distribution functions, bond angle distributions and coordination number. The simulation reveals that although the fractions of structural units HfO[Formula: see text] and OHf[Formula: see text] strongly change with the density, the partial bond angle distributions of these structural units are almost identical for all constructed models. This result has enabled us to establish a relationship between the bond angle distributions and the fractions of structural units.

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36

Fabian, M., N. Dulgheru, K. Antonova, A. Szekeres, and M. Gartner. "Investigation of the Atomic Structure of Ge-Sb-Se Chalcogenide Glasses." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7158079.

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Glasses with composition of GexSb40-xSe60 (x= 40, 35, 32, 27, 20, 15 at. %) have been synthesized. Neutron and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to study the atomic glassy structure, and Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations were applied to model the 3-dimensional atomic configurations and thorough mapping of the atomic parameters, such as first and second neighbour distances, coordination numbers, and bond-angle distributions. The results are explained with formation of GeSe4 and SbSe3 structural units, which correlate with the Ge/Sb ratio. For all the studied compositions, the Ge-Se, Sb-Se, Ge-Ge, and Se-Se bonds are significant. RMC simulations reveal the presence of Ge-Sb and Sb-Sb bonds, being dependent on Ge/Sb ratio. All atomic compositions satisfy formal valence requirements, i.e., Ge is fourfold coordinated, Sb is threefold coordinated, and Se is twofold coordinated. By increasing the Sb content, both the Se-Ge-Se bonds angle of 107±3° and Se-Sb-Se bonds angle of 118±3° decrease, respectively, indicating distortion of the structural units. Far infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopic measurements conducted in the range of 50-450 cm-1 at oblique (75°) incidence radiation have revealed clear dependences of the IR band’s shift and intensity on the glassy composition, showing features around x=27 at.% supporting the topological phase transition to a stable rigid network consisting mainly of SbSe3 pyramidal and GeSe4 tetrahedral clusters. These results are in agreement with the Reverse Monte Carlo models, which define the Ge and Sb environment.

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37

Векман, А. В., and Б. Ф. Демьянов. "Базовые элементы структуры границ зерен наклона. Часть 2. Оси разориентации [110] и [111]-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-." Физика твердого тела 63, no. 1 (2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.01.50398.398.

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The computer simulation methods have been applied to calculate structure and energy of symmetric tilt grain boundaries (GB) with the misorientation axes [110] and [111]. The calculations have been carried out with the use of the structural-vacancy model. The study of the atomic structure has been carried out within the entire range of misorientation angles. The reverse density of coincidence sites in special grain boundaries has amounted Σ≤57. The calculations have been carried out with the use of the Morse pair potential and the Cleri-Rosato many-body potential. When calculated with different potentials, the dependence of GB energy on the misorientation angle has a similar form, and the atomic structure completely coincides. It has been shown that the structure of any GB with the misorientation axes [110] and [111] may be represented by a limited number of basic structural units. All found basic structural units defined as units of A, B, C and D types are based on the structures of special grain boundaries. Such special GBs shall be Σ3(111), Σ3(112), Σ11(113) and Σ9(114) for GBs with the misorientation axis [110], and as regarding GBs with the misorientation axis [111], such special GBs shall be Σ3(112), Σ7(123) and Σ13(134). Ranges of angles within which certain basic structural units are found have been defined.

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38

XIE, XIAN NING, HONG JING CHUNG, and ANDREW THYE SHEN WEE. "SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY BASED NANOSCALE PATTERNING AND FABRICATION." COSMOS 03, no. 01 (November 2007): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607707000207.

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Nanotechnology is vital to the fabrication of integrated circuits, memory devices, display units, biochips and biosensors. Scanning probe microscope (SPM) has emerged to be a unique tool for materials structuring and patterning with atomic and molecular resolution. SPM includes scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this chapter, we selectively discuss the atomic and molecular manipulation capabilities of STM nanolithography. As for AFM nanolithography, we focus on those nanopatterning techniques involving water and/or air when operated in ambient. The typical methods, mechanisms and applications of selected SPM nanolithographic techniques in nanoscale structuring and fabrication are reviewed.

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39

Karim, Mohammad A., Abdul Ahad S. Awwal, and Abdallah K. Cherri. "Polarization-encoded optical shadow-casting logic units: design." Applied Optics 26, no. 14 (July 15, 1987): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.002720.

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40

Pozhar, L. A., A. T. Yeates, F. Szmulowicz, and W. C. Mitchel. "Small atomic clusters as prototypes for sub-nanoscale heterostructure units with pre-designed electronic properties." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 71, no. 3 (August 2005): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2005-10106-3.

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Chen, Min, and Yinan Zhang. "Tracking the molecular evolution of photosynthesis through characterization of atomic contents of the photosynthetic units." Photosynthesis Research 97, no. 3 (September 2008): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-008-9356-4.

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Bronnikov, K. A., V. D. Ivashchuk, M. I. Kalinin, S. A. Kononogov, V. N. Melnikov, and V. V. Khruschov. "On the New Definitions for the SI Base Units. Why the Atomic Kilogram is Preferable." Measurement Techniques 58, no. 2 (May 2015): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-015-0674-6.

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Borovkov, V. M., N. N. Davidenko, N. �. Molodkina, and N. I. Zhuk. "Increasing the efficiency of VV�R atomic power plant units in the period before refueling." Soviet Atomic Energy 72, no. 2 (February 1992): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01121096.

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Wang, Zheng, and Wei-Hua Wang. "Flow units as dynamic defects in metallic glassy materials." National Science Review 6, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 304–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy084.

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Abstract In a crystalline material, structural defects such as dislocations or twins are well defined and largely determine the mechanical and other properties of the material. For metallic glass (MG) with unique properties in the absence of a long-range lattice, intensive efforts have focused on the search for similar ‘defects’. The primary objective has been the elucidation of the flow mechanism of MGs. However, their atomistic mechanism of mechanical deformation and atomic flow response to stress, temperature, and failure, have proven to be challenging. In this paper, we briefly review the state-of-the-art studies on the dynamic defects in metallic glasses from the perspective of flow units. The characteristics, activation and evolution processes of flow units as well as their correlation with mechanical properties, including plasticity, strength, fracture, and dynamic relaxation, are introduced. We show that flow units that are similar to structural defects such as dislocations are crucial in the optimization and design of metallic glassy materials via the thermal, mechanical and high-pressure tailoring of these units. In this report, the relevant issues and open questions with regard to the flow unit model are also introduced and discussed.

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Cuif, J. P., Y. Dauphin, B. Farre, G. Nehrke, J. Nouet, and M. Salomé. "Distribution of sulphated polysaccharides within calcareous biominerals suggests a widely shared two-step crystallization process for the microstructural growth units." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.233.

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AbstractSynchrotron-based XANES characterization of sulphated sulphur combined with atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (imaging and diffraction) allow insights into the crystallization of the calcareous units produced by invertebrates. As a result of a series of converging data, reticulate crystallization of the amorphous Ca-carbonate molecules conveyed to the micron-thick growth layer by the sumicrometric organo-mineral units seems a reasonable hypothesis, providing us with a method of explaining the multiple and taxonomy-linked ‘vital effects’ which have long been recognized among the calcareous biocrystals.

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Orlandi, P. "Minimal flow units for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence." Physica Scripta 91, no. 8 (July 14, 2016): 084005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/91/8/084005.

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McClenaghan, Nathan D., and Dario M. Bassani. "Photocapture of dynamic hydrogen-bonded assemblies." International Journal of Photoenergy 6, no. 4 (2004): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x04000236.

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Recent advances in the continuing study of [2+2] photodimerization reactions in supramolecular, non-covalent systems are presented. The covalent photocapture of small dynamic assemblies which are formed using weak hydrogen-bonding interactions between two different complementary units, barbiturates and melamines, is discussed. One unit serves as a photo-inert supramolecular template capable of bringing two photoactive units together using multiple hydrogen-bonds. The second type of unit unites the corresponding, complementary hydrogen-bonding motif with a photoactive unit. Irradiation of the supramolecular assemblies leads to photodimerization of adjacent units and generation of an imprinted site for the template. Moieties which are adapted to participate in photodimerization reactions are styrene, cinnamate, stilbene and fullerene units. The results are interpreted on the basis of topochemical reaction control.

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Mijoule, C., J. M. Leclercq, S. Odiot, and S. Fliszár. "Charge distributions and chemical effects. XXXVI. Charge analysis involving configuration interaction: application to alkanes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-292.

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An analysis of atomic charges is presented for simple alkanes. Basically, Mulliken's scheme is followed, except for the partitioning of CH overlap populations. This achieves a relative ordering of atomic charges which is independent of the basis sets used in abinitio calculations. The absolute magnitude of atomic charges, however, is basis set dependent. Extensive geometry and scale factor optimizations yield the following results (in 10−3 e units) for the carbon net charge in ethane: 69.4 (STO-3G), 55.1 (STO-3G + CI), 42.8 (4-31G), and 37.8 (4-31G + CI). It appears that charge analyses converge toward the empirical result, 35.1 × 10−3 e, provided they are carried out after configuration interaction involving reasonably large optimized basis sets.

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Mangadlao, J. D., A. C. C. de Leon, M. J. L. Felipe, and R. C. Advincula. "Electrochemical fabrication of graphene nanomesh via colloidal templating." Chemical Communications 51, no. 36 (2015): 7629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01831e.

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A simple fabrication of graphene nanomesh (GNM) was accomplished by arraying polystyrene (PS) spheres onto a CVD-deposited graphene, electro-deposition of carbazole units, removal of PS template and electrochemical oxidative etching. The GNM was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy.

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Wake, David, Anthony Nkansah, Nathan J. Gomes, Christophe Lethien, Cathy Sion, and Jean-Pierre Vilcot. "Optically Powered Remote Units for Radio-Over-Fiber Systems." Journal of Lightwave Technology 26, no. 15 (August 2008): 2484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2008.927171.

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