Relevant bibliographies by topics / Atomic Frequency Comb

Academic literature on the topic 'Atomic Frequency Comb'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Atomic Frequency Comb"

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Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Atomic frequency comb." Nature Photonics 7, no. 2 (January 31, 2013): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.19.

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Savchenkov, A. A., A. B. Matsko, and L. Maleki. "On Frequency Combs in Monolithic Resonators." Nanophotonics 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 363–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0031.

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AbstractOptical frequency combs have become indispensable in astronomical measurements, biological fingerprinting, optical metrology, and radio frequency photonic signal generation. Recently demonstrated microring resonator-based Kerr frequency combs point the way towards chip scale optical frequency comb generator retaining major properties of the lab scale devices. This technique is promising for integrated miniature radiofrequency and microwave sources, atomic clocks, optical references and femtosecond pulse generators. Here we present Kerr frequency comb development in a historical perspective emphasizing its similarities and differences with other physical phenomena. We elucidate fundamental principles and describe practical implementations of Kerr comb oscillators, highlighting associated solved and unsolved problems.
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Stern, Liron, Jordan R. Stone, Songbai Kang, Daniel C. Cole, Myoung-Gyun Suh, Connor Fredrick, Zachary Newman, et al. "Direct Kerr frequency comb atomic spectroscopy and stabilization." Science Advances 6, no. 9 (February 2020): eaax6230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax6230.

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Microresonator-based soliton frequency combs, microcombs, have recently emerged to offer low-noise, photonic-chip sources for applications, spanning from timekeeping to optical-frequency synthesis and ranging. Broad optical bandwidth, brightness, coherence, and frequency stability have made frequency combs important to directly probe atoms and molecules, especially in trace gas detection, multiphoton light-atom interactions, and spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet. Here, we explore direct microcomb atomic spectroscopy, using a cascaded, two-photon 1529-nm atomic transition in a rubidium micromachined cell. Fine and simultaneous repetition rate and carrier-envelope offset frequency control of the soliton enables direct sub-Doppler and hyperfine spectroscopy. Moreover, the entire set of microcomb modes are stabilized to this atomic transition, yielding absolute optical-frequency fluctuations at the kilohertz level over a few seconds and <1-MHz day-to-day accuracy. Our work demonstrates direct atomic spectroscopy with Kerr microcombs and provides an atomic-stabilized microcomb laser source, operating across the telecom band for sensing, dimensional metrology, and communication.
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Steven, T. Cundiff, and Bachana Lomsadze. "Frequency comb-based multidimensional coherent spectroscopy." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920503017.

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We present multidimensional coherent spectroscopy that utilizes frequency combs and multi-heterodyne detection. We demonstrate its capability to measure collective hyperfine resonances in atomic vapor induced by long-range dipole-dipole interactions.
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Lee, Won-Kyu, Eok-Bong Kim, Dae-Su Yee, Ho-Suhng Suh, Chang-Yong Park, Dai-Hyuk Yu, and Sang-Eon Park. "Comparison of Fiber-Based Frequency Comb and Ti:Sapphire-Based Frequency Comb." Journal of the Optical Society of Korea 11, no. 3 (September 25, 2007): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/josk.2007.11.3.124.

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Picqué, Nathalie, and Theodor W. Hänsch. "Frequency comb spectroscopy." Nature Photonics 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2019): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0347-5.

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Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Frequency comb cascade." Nature Photonics 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2014): 819–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.268.

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Won, Rachel. "Frequency comb power." Nature Photonics 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2014): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.32.

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Udem, Thomas. "Frequency comb benefits." Nature Photonics 3, no. 2 (February 2009): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.284.

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Main, D., T. M. Hird, S. Gao, I. A. Walmsley, and P. M. Ledingham. "Room temperature atomic frequency comb storage for light." Optics Letters 46, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 2960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.426753.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Atomic Frequency Comb"

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Lomsadze, Bachana. "Ionization in direct frequency comb spectroscopy." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15101.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Physics
Brett D. DePaola
Direct frequency comb spectroscopy (DFCS) is currently the highest resolution, absolute frequency spectroscopic technique known. In general, one does DFCS by scanning the repetition rate, f[subscript]r[subscript]e[subscript]p, of a comb laser and measuring fluorescence from the excited states of the specie under study. The technique has already been successfully characterized by a theoretical model that starts with the optical Bloch equations and, with a few simplifying assumptions converts them into linear coupled iterative equations. In the present work we build on that successful model to predict the characteristics of the ion yield from photoionization by the comb laser, as a function of f[subscript]r[subscript]e[subscript]p. We show that the ion spectrum yields the same atomic structure as the fluorescence spectra, but with greater efficiency. Here, we also set up an experiment and test this theory by measuring the ion signal from direct frequency comb spectroscopy. Furthermore, instead of actively controlling the frequency comb parameters, we allow them to drift, passively measuring them and the ion signal simultaneously. The experiments were found to be in agreement with theory, and the passive comb approach was found to be functional, though not as convenient as the conventional active comb.
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Chen, Sophia Lee. "Two-Photon Direct Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Rubidium." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1337650567.

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Woods, Jonathan. "A mode-locked diode laser frequency comb for ultracold atomic physics experiments." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/388517/.

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This thesis is concerned with the development and characterisation of an actively mode locked diode laser system for the provision of a stable optical frequency comb spanning approximately 1 nm around the D2 spectroscopic line of Rubidium. Through large signal sinusoidal modulation of the laser DC injection current at around 3 GHz, Gaussian pulses of 21 ps are achieved with an associated spectral bandwidth in excess of 1 nm, generating pulses of optimal time-bandwidth product 13. An in-house built air-bearing Michelson interferometer is used to confirm the comb-like structure of the optical emission and a modulation frequency detuning range of 10 MHz is determined. Through a proof of principle investigation of CW injection locking of the frequency comb, phase coherence of the CW master laser with the modes of the frequency comb is demonstrated over at least 36 GHz. Via CW injection locking, sidemode suppression of 20.6 dB is achieved resulting in an 18% rise in the pulse temporal width and a concomitant reduction in the time-bandwidth product to 1.44, as well as a power dependant phase locking detuning range of up to 370 MHz. In the closing chapters, two CW lasers are shown to be stabilised to the frequency comb via Optical Phase-Locked Loops, a temperature stabilised fibre Mach-Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated for carrier frequency removal from a phase modulated laser, and a novel intra-cavity trace water vapour detection method is introduced.
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Grinin, Alexey [Verfasser], and Theodor W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hänsch. "Two-photon frequency comb spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen / Alexey Grinin ; Betreuer: Theodor W. Hänsch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222436779/34.

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Bergevin, Jenna, and Jenna Bergevin. "Dual-Comb Spectroscopy of Laser-Induced Plasmas." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625696.

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Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) has widespread applications. It has become a more prominent spectroscopic tool because it has broad spectral coverage with high frequency resolution. We demonstrate the broadband and high resolution of DCS to probe transient events, showing the rst use of DCS of laser-induced plasmas (LIPs). Our measurements span absorption features 7 THz wide, simultaneously detecting Rb D2, K D1 and D2 absorption lines with the ability to resolve the isotope ratios in the Rb D2 line. This technique is more broadband and faster than tunable laser absorption spectroscopy because it eliminates the requirement to scan across transitions. Additionally, DCS makes higher resolution measurements than laser-induced break- down spectroscopy. Our ultimate goal is to use DCS as a technique to ascertain the chemical composition of unknown samples. Our rst demonstration of this technique illustrates that DCS makes broadband, high-resolution measurements with the ability to measure isotope ratios, which is necessary for determining sample composition.
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Wu, Shun. "Direct fiber laser frequency comb stabilization via single tooth saturated absorption spectroscopy in hollow-core fiber." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18373.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Physics
Kristan L. Corwin
Portable frequency references are crucial for many practical on-site applications, for example, the Global Position System (GPS) navigation, optical communications, and remote sensing. Fiber laser optical frequency combs are a strong candidate for portable reference systems. However, the conventional way of locking the comb repetition rate, frep, to an RF reference leads to large multiplied RF instabilities in the optical frequency domain. By stabilizing a comb directly to an optical reference, the comb stability can potentially be enhanced by four orders of magnitude. The main goal of this thesis is to develop techniques for directly referencing optical frequency combs to optical references toward an all-fiber geometry. A big challenge for direct fiber comb spectroscopy is the low comb power. With an 89 MHz fiber ring laser, we are able to optically amplify a single comb tooth from nW to mW (by a factor of 10^6) by building multiple filtering and amplification stages, while preserving the comb signal-to-noise ratio. This amplified comb tooth is directly stabilized to an optical transition of acetylene at ~ 1539.4 nm via a saturated absorption technique, while the carrier-envelope offset frequency, f0, is locked to an RF reference. The comb stability is studied by comparing to a single wavelength (or CW) reference at 1532.8 nm. Our result shows a short term instability of 6 x10^(-12) at 100 ms gate time, which is over an order of magnitude better than that of a GPS-disciplined Rb clock. This implies that our optically-referenced comb is a suitable candidate for a high precision portable reference. In addition, the direct comb spectroscopy technique we have developed opens many new possibilities in precision spectroscopy for low power, low repetition rate fiber lasers. For single tooth isolation, a novel cross-VIPA (cross-virtually imaged phase array) spectrometer is proposed, with a high spectral resolution of 730 MHz based on our simulations. In addition, the noise dynamics for a free space Cr:forsterite-laser-based frequency comb are explored, to explain the significant f0 linewidth narrowing with knife insertion into the intracavity beam. A theoretical model is used to interpret this f0 narrowing phenomenon, but some unanswered questions still remain.
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Magalhães, Daniel Varela. "Desenvolvimento de uma fountain atômica para utilização como padrão primário de tempo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-17012008-161241/.

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Tendo por objetivo principal a implementação de um laboratório de pesquisa em tempo e freqüência, tomamos como primeiro alvo a ser alcançado a realização da definição primária do segundo, conforme estabelecido pelo BIPM, baseado no átomo de 133CS. Seguindo os passos nessa linha de pesquisa, o laboratório construiu um primeiro padrão baseado em feixe efusivo e operado opticamente. Atualmente, os sistemas com maior capacidade de determinação do segundo são os padrões de átomos frios, denominados chafarizes, dado o seu esquema de funcionamento. O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um padrão de tempo e freqüência baseado em um sistema de átomos frios, passando por todas as fases de sua implementação. Tais fases dizem respeito à construção de sistemas de controle de lasers de diodo, síntese de freqüências, avaliação de sinais de tempo e freqüência e controle e aquisição dos sinais de interrogação atômica. Adicionada a isso a necessidade de estabelecer um ambiente próprio ao desenvolvimento de tal experimento. Os resultados observados até aqui permitem que sejam estabelecidas novas metas, em busca do refinamento desse padrão. Além disso, os tipos de sistemas abordados são passíveis de utilização no desenvolvimento de outros padrões, tanto primários como secundários, sendo requisitos fundamentais no estabelecimento de metrologia científica de tempo e freqüência.
Having as a main goal the implementation of a research laboratory in time and frequency, we set the first target to be reached the realization of the primary definition of the second, as stated by BIPM, based on the 133CS atom. Following the steps in this research line our laboratory constructed a first standard based on an effusive beam optically operated. Nowadays, the most capable systems in the determination of the second are the cold atoms standards, called fountains, due to their operation mode. The main subject of this thesis is the development of a time and frequency standard based in cold atoms doing all the steps to implement it. These steps concern to the construction of diode lasers control systems, frequency synthesis, time and frequency signal characterization and atomic interrogation signal acquisition, added the need to the establishment of an appropriate environment to develop such experiment. The observed results until now allowed the determination of the new goals in the search of the standard refinement. Moreover, the kind of systems described here can be used in the development of other standards, either primary or secondary, being fundamental requisites in the establishment of time and frequency scientific metrology.
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Silva, Flavio Teles Carvalho da. "Metrologia de tempo e frequência: relógio de feixe de césio e chafariz com átomos frios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-14102014-163814/.

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Esta tese faz parte de um programa de estabelecimento de metrologia científica de tempo e frequencia no Brasil. Com este objetivo, estamos desenvolvendo dois padrões de frequência atômicos: um feixe térmico de 133Cs bombeado opticamente, em funcionamento, e outro de átomos frios, em fase de conclusão. Para caracterizarmos o relógio de feixe, realizamos a medida de sua razão sinal ruído, do perfil de velocidade do feixe térmico e dos deslocamentos de frequências presentes neste padrão. A estabilidade de frequência de curto período medida neste relógio e de σ(τ) =(1.78x10-11) x τ-1/2 . O processo de construção de relógio de átomos frios (sistemas de vácuo, sistema de controle, cavidade e sintetizadores de microondas) é apresentado em detalhes
This work is part of the program of the establishment of time and frequency metrology in Brazil. To realize this objective we are developing two atomic frequency standards: optically pumped cesium-beam frequency standard, currently in operation, and an atomic fountain, which is in progress. The performance of the Cs beam standard was evaluated by the measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio, velocity distribution and some major frequency shifts. The measurement short-term stability is σ(τ) =(1.78x10-11) x τ-1/2 . The atomic fountain construction process (vacuum chamber, the control system, microwave cavities and synthesizers) is described in detail
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Bebeachibuli, Aida. "Relógio atômico a feixe efusivo de 133Cs: estudo da estabilidade e da acuracia como função do deslocamento da frequência atômica devido ao efeito zeeman de segunda ordem, ao cavity pulling e ao rabi pulling." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76131/tde-12092007-114223/.

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Em 1967, a definição do segundo passou a ser baseada nas propriedades atômicas dos átomos de 133Cs. O instrumento utilizado para reproduzir esta definição é um relógio atômico. Neste trabalho iremos apresentar os progressos feitos no programa brasileiro de metrologia científica de tempo e freqüência. A proposta deste trabalho de dissertação é a caracterização do nosso padrão. Nós estudaremos os deslocamentos presentes em um relógio atômico, como o efeito Zeeman Quadrático, Δ ν/ ν0 =5,4×10-13 o ?Cavity Pulling?, Δ ν/ ν0 = 1,27×10-13 e o ?Rabi Pulling?, Δν/ν0 =1,3×10?13 entre outros, que são induzidas na freqüência hiperfina do césio. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho podem ser resumidos da seguinte forma: uma incerteza global de 1,44×10-12 e uma estabilidade a curto prazo dada pela raíz quadrada da variância de Allan 1,8×10-10Τ-0,5. Estes resultados foram medidos após as seguintes mudanças efetuadas em nosso padrão: determinamos a potência ótima injetada na cavidade afim de aumentar o sinal e assegurar que os átomos sofram uma transição π/2; melhoramos o controle do campo magnético estático aplicado ao longo da cavidade de interrogação resultando em um campo magnético mais homogêneo; e, diminuímos a temperatura de operação do forno do relógio tal que a velocidade média dos átomos presente no feixo atômico diminui significativamente. Todas estas mudanças resultaram no ganho de uma ordem de grandeza na acuracia e na estabilidade de nosso relógio.
Since 1967, the definition of the second is based on the atomic properties of the 133Cs atom. The device that realises this definition is an atomic clock. In this work, we present the progress made in the last year on Brazilian scientific time and frequency program. The aim of this dissertation work is the caracterization of our standard. We report the major sifts present in our atomic clock due to Quadratic Zeeman effect, Δν/ν0 =5,4×10-13 Cavity Pulling, Δν/ν0 =1,27×10-13 Rabi Pulling, Δν/ν0 =1,3×10-13 and other ones, which induced a shift in the hiperfine levels frequency of the performances: a global uncertainty of 1,44×10-12 and a short term stability of 1,8×10-10Τ-0,5 .The results were obtained after these changes: we have determined the optimum microwave power injected into the cavity in order to increase the signal and assure that the atoms suffer a π/2 pulse; we have also minimizes the field inhomogeneity by improving the control of the static magntic field along the interaction region; we have decreased the temperature of the clock oven in order to obtain a slower atomic beam. All this changes has increased our accuracy and our stability of about one order.
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Firmino, Marcel Eduardo. "Construção de um sistema experimental para desaceleração de átomos." Universidade de São Paulo, 1991. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-19032009-103705/.

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Neste trabalho apresentamos a construção e teste de um sistema experimental que nos permite produzir um fluxo intenso de átomos lentos. Discutimos o desenho e construção do solenóide que compensa o efeito Doppler que surge durante o processo de desaceleração, as câmaras de vácuo, o forno que gera o feixe atômico e o sistema ótico utilizado. Estudamos a técnica de desaceleração de átomos pelo ajuste Zeeman. Uma nova técnica de observação que consiste no acompanhamento da fluorescência do feixe ao longo do caminho de desaceleração é usada, o que nos permite uma observação direta do processo.
This work presents the development and test of an experimental set-up which allows to produce a very strong slow motion atomic beam. We discuss the calculation and construction of the solenoid to compensate the Doppler effect arising during the deceleration process, vacuum chambers, the oven which produces the atomic beam and the optical system used. We have studied the Zeeman-tuned technique to slow an atomic beam of sodium atoms. A new technique to study the deceleration which Consist in monitoring the fluorescence along the deceleration path is used, which allow us a direct observation of the process.
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Book chapters on the topic "Atomic Frequency Comb"

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Stowe, Matthew C., Michael J. Thorpe, Avi Pe'er, Jun Ye, Jason E. Stalnaker, Vladislav Gerginov, and Scott A. Diddams. "Direct frequency comb spectroscopy." In Advances In Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 1–60. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-250x(07)55001-9.

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Udem, Thomas. "Frequency combs and precision spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen." In Current Trends in Atomic Physics, 142–215. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837190.003.0004.

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A laser frequency comb allows the phase coherent conversion of the very rapid oscillations of visible light of some 100s of THz down to frequencies that can be handled with conventional electronics. This capability has enabled the most precise laser spectroscopy experiments yet, which have allowed the testing of quantum electrodynamics, to determine fundamental constants and to construct an optical atomic clock. The chapter reviews the development of the frequency comb, derives its properties, and discusses its application for high resolution spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen.
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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Structure of the Atom." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0014.

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The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is known as its electronic structure. Since electrons determine all the chemical and most physical properties of an atomic system, it is important to understand the electronic structure. Much of our understanding has come from spectroscopy, the analysis of the light absorbed or emitted by a substance. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy; light is the most familiar type of electromagnetic radiation. But radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, and many other similar phenomena are also types of electromagnetic radiation. All these exhibit wavelike properties, and all travel through a vacuum at the speed of light. The wavelike propagation of electromagnetic radiation can be described by its frequency (ν), wavelength (λ), and speed (c). Wavelength (lambda, λ): The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two successive peaks or troughs. Frequency (nu, ν): The frequency of a wave is the number of waves (or cycles) that pass a given point in space in one second. The unit is expressed as the reciprocal of seconds (s−1) or as hertz (Hz). A hertz is one cycle per second (1 Hz = 1 s−1). Speed of light (c): The speed of light in a vacuum is one of the fundamental constants of nature, and does not vary with the wavelength. It has a numerical value of 2.9979 × 108 m/s, but for convenience we use 3.0 × 108 m/s. These measurements are related by the equation: Speed of light =Wavelength×Frequency c = λν This expression can be rearranged to give: λ = c/v, or ν = c/λ Wave number (⊽): The wave number is a characteristic of a wave that is proportional to energy. It is defined as the number of wavelengths per unit of length (usually in centimeter, cm).Wave number may be expressed as ⊽ =1/λ While electromagnetic radiation behaves like a wave, with characteristic frequency and wavelength, experiment has shown that electromagnetic radiation also behaves as a continuous stream of particles or energy packets.
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Baggott, Jim. "De Broglie’s Derivation of λ‎ = h/p." In The Quantum Cookbook, 73–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827856.003.0005.

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Whatever was going to replace classical physics in the description of radiation and atomic phenomena had to confront the difficult task of somehow reconciling the wave-like and particle-like aspects of light in a single structure. An important clue would come from Einstein’s E=mc2. We tend to want to associate mass (and linear momentum) with material particles. But the Planck–Einstein relation E=hν connects energy with frequency, a determinedly wave-like property. So, here are two very simple yet fundamental equations connecting energy to mass and energy to frequency. Can they be combined? Louis de Broglie thought so, and in 1923 he generalized the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 by extending it to all material particles, and most notably to electrons. The de Broglie relation λ=h/p can be derived quite straightforwardly by comparing the Lorentz transformations for energy and momentum with those for a system of plane waves.
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Zubairy, M. Suhail. "Birth of Quantum Mechanics—Planck, Einstein, Bohr." In Quantum Mechanics for Beginners, 81–99. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854227.003.0006.

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In this chapter, three problems whose resolution laid the foundation of quantum mechanics are discussed. First the pioneering work of Max Planck is described who explained the spectrum of light emitted from a so-called blackbody by making a bold ansatz that the energy associated with the oscillations of electrons comes in packets or quanta of energy. Second it is shown how Einstein invoked Planck’s hypothesis to explain the photoelectric effect by arguing that light should come in packets or quanta of energy and this energy should be proportional to the frequency. Electrons are emitted if the energy of the quantum of light, which has come to be known as a photon, is higher than a critical value. The third problem relates to the atomic structure of hydrogen. A full description is given of how Bohr applied a quantization condition to explain the emission of light at certain specific frequencies.
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Atkins, Peter. "A Preliminary Remark: Water and Friends." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0004.

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Water is the most miraculous of fluids. As well as being ubiquitous on Earth and essential for life as we know it, it has remarkable properties which at first sight don’t seem to be consistent with its almost laughably simple chemical composition. Each molecule of water consists of a single oxygen atom (O) and two hydrogen atoms (H); its chemical formula is therefore, as just about everyone already knows, H2O. Here is one odd but hugely important anomalous property. A water molecule is only slightly heavier than a methane molecule (CH4; C denotes a carbon atom) and an ammonia molecule (NH3, N denotes a nitrogen atom). However, whereas methane and ammonia are gases, water is a liquid at room temperature. Water is also nearly unique in so far as its solid form, ice, is less dense than its liquid form, so ice floats on water. Icebergs float in water; methanebergs and ammoniabergs would both sink in their respective liquids in an extraterrestrial alien world, rendering their Titanics but not their Nautiluses safer than ours. Another very important property is that water is an excellent solvent, being able to dissolve gases and many solids. One consequence of this ability is that water is a common medium for chemical reactions. Once substances are dissolved in it, their molecules can move reasonably freely, meet other dissolved substances, and react with them. As a result, water will figure large in this book and this preliminary comment is important for understanding what is to come. You need to get to know the H2O molecule intimately, for from it spring all the properties that make water so miraculous and, more prosaically, so useful. The molecule also figures frequently in the illustrations, usually looking like 1, where the red sphere denotes an O atom and the pale grey spheres represent H atoms. Actual molecules are not coloured and are not made up of discrete spheres; maybe 2 is a better depiction, but it is less informative. I shall use the latter representation only when I want to draw your attention to the way that electrons spread over the atoms and bind them together.
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Malinovskaya, Svetlana A., and Gengyuan Liu. "Adiabatic Passage Control Methods for Ultracold Alkali Atoms and Molecules via Chirped Laser Pulses and Optical Frequency Combs." In Advances in Quantum Chemistry, 241–94. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiq.2018.02.001.

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Lorber, B., and R. Giegé. "Biochemical Aspects and Handling of Macromolecular Solutions and Crystals." In Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199636792.003.0006.

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The quality and quantity of the macromolecular samples are important prerequisites for successful crystallizations. Proteins and nucleic acids extracted from living cells or synthesized in vitro differ from small molecules by additional properties intrinsic to their chemical nature and their larger size. They are frequently difficult to prepare at a high degree of purity and homogeneity. Besides traces of impurities, harsh treatments may decrease their stability and activity through different kinds of alterations. Consequently, the quality of biomacromolecules depends on the way they are prepared and handled. As a general rule purity and homogeneity are regarded as conditions sine qua non. Accordingly, purification, stabilization, storage, and handling of macromolecules are essential steps prior to crystallization attempts. Other difficulties in crystal growth may come from the source of the biological material. It is advisable to have at disposal a few milligrams of material when starting first crystallization trials although structures were solved with submilligram quantities of protein (1). Once crystals suitable for X-ray analysis can be produced, additional material is often needed to improve their quality and size and to prepare heavy-atom derivatives. It is thus essential that isolation procedures are able to supply enough fresh material of reproducible quality. Similar situations are encountered with multi-macromolecular assemblies (e.g. viruses, nucleosomes, ribosomal particles, or their subunits). This chapter discusses biochemical methods used to prepare and characterize macromolecules intended for crystallization assays. Practical aspects concerning manipulation and qualitative analyses of soluble proteins will be emphasized. The cases of nucleic acids and membrane proteins are described in more detail in Chapters 8 and 9. Peculiar aspects of molecular biology that are important for crystallogenesis are presented in Chapter 3. They include the design of engineered macromolecules with new physical properties or modified to simplify purification or crystallographic analysis. Finally, methods for identification of macromolecular content of crystals and measurements of their density are presented as well. Many biological functions are sustained by classes of proteins and nucleic acids universally present in living organisms so that the source of macromolecules may seem unimportant. In fact, better crystallization conditions or better diffracting crystals are frequently found by switching from one organism to another.
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Öhrström, Lars. "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Airship." In The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199661091.003.0006.

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Joseph Späh had to feed his dog; nothing strange about that. The problem was that Ulla, an Alsatian, was mostly confined to the freight room—off limits to passengers. Had everything gone according to schedule, this would not have been an issue either, except for gruff remarks from crewmen not appreciating the needs of this canine friend and co-worker in Späh’s stage act. But this flight did not go according to plan, and Späh’s frequent visits to the rear of the Hindenburg would give him problems in the years to come. The US Department of Energy, and its counterparts in Europe and Japan, are currently spending billions on developing the use of hydrogen for future energy applications—for example, as a fuel for cars and buses. The main advantage is the clean combustion of this fuel: two molecules of hydrogen gas will combine with one molecule of oxygen and give two molecules of water. The future belongs, perhaps, to the ‘hydrogen economy’, but unfortunately for its proponents, the popular history of hydrogen as a fuel is bound up with the tragedy of the Hindenburg. We will get back to Joseph Späh’s poor dog in a while, but for now ponder the fact that over the dog, and above everyone else aboard the comfortable and luxurious Hindenburg , there were huge ‘bags’ filled with hydrogen—the lightest of all the elements, with only one proton and one electron. It has the lowest density of any gas, and is formed by two hydrogen atoms combined together via a single chemical bond, made by sharing the two negatively charged electrons between the two positively charged nuclei. This H2 gas had carried the world’s largest airship from Frankfurt to Lakehurst outside New York, and before that on successful tours all over the globe during the preceding year. These days, we tend to wonder how people could even contemplate the idea of travelling around in what can be described as a flying bomb.
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Blow, David. "Diffraction." In Outline of Crystallography for Biologists. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198510512.003.0008.

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Diffraction refers to the effects observed when light is scattered into directions other than the original direction of the light, without change of wavelength. An X-ray photon may interact with an electron and set the electron oscillating with the X-ray frequency. The oscillating electron may radiate an X-ray photon of the same wavelength, in a random direction, when it returns to its unexcited state. Other processes may also occur, akin to fluorescence, which emit X-rays of longer wavelengths, but these processes do not give diffraction effects. Just as we see a red card because red light is scattered off the card into our eyes, objects are observed with X-rays because an illuminating X-ray beam is scattered into the X-ray detector. Our eye can analyse details of the card because its lens forms an image on the retina. Since no X-ray lens is available, the scattered X-ray beam cannot be converted directly into an image. Indirect computational procedures have to be used instead. X-rays are penetrating radiation, and can be scattered from electrons throughout the whole scattering object, while light only shows the external shape of an opaque object like a red card. This allows X-rays to provide a truly three-dimensional image. When X-rays pass near an atom, only a tiny fraction of them is scattered: most of the X-rays pass further into the object, and usually most of them come straight out the other side of the whole object. In forming an image, these ‘straight through’ X-rays tell us nothing about the structure, and they are usually captured by a beam stop and ignored. This chapter begins by explaining that the diffraction of light or X-rays can provide a precise physical realization of Fourier’s method of analysing a regularly repeating function. This method may be used to study regularly repeating distributions of scattering material. Beginning in one dimension, examples will be used to bring out some fundamental features of diffraction analysis. Graphic examples of two-dimensional diffraction provide further demonstrations. Although the analysis in three dimensions depends on exactly the same principles, diffraction by a three-dimensional crystal raises additional complications.
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Conference papers on the topic "Atomic Frequency Comb"

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Stern, Liron, Jordan Stone, Songbai Kang, Daniel Cole, John Kitching, Scott Diddams, and Scott Papp. "Direct Kerr-frequency-comb atomic stabilization." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2018.fw3e.5.

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Rugierro, Jérôme, Romain Lauro, Jean-Louis Le Gouët, and Thierry Chanelière. "Light Storage Using an Atomic Frequency Comb." In International Quantum Electronics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iqec.2009.ithm3.

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Yu, Nan, Quentin Vinckier, Ivan Grudinin, Daniel Rieländer, and Massimo Tinto. "Application of optical frequency comb in LISA space laser interferometry." In Optical, Opto-Atomic, and Entanglement-Enhanced Precision Metrology II, edited by Selim M. Shahriar and Jacob Scheuer. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2554138.

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Stone, Jordan, Travis Briles, Liron Stern, Daryl Spencer, Tara Drake, John Kitching, Kartik Srinivasan, Scott Diddams, and Scott Papp. "Stable Kerr Solitons for Optical-Frequency Synthesis and Direct Frequency-Comb Atomic Spectroscopy." In Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iprsn.2018.im3i.3.

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Arslanov, Narkis M., and Sergey Moiseev. "Quantum memory on atomic frequency comb in a plasmon-polariton waveguide." In International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics 2021, edited by Konstantin V. Rudenko and Vladimir F. Lukichev. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2625231.

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Yasui, Shoichiro, Masaya Hiraishi, Atsushi Ishizawa, Hiroo Omi, Tomohiro Inaba, Xuejun Xu, Reina Kaji, Satoru Adachi, and Takehiko Tawara. "Remarkable Improvement of Atomic-Frequency-Comb Memory Efficiency by Comb Transfer Method in 167Er3+:Y2SiO5 under Zero Magnetic Field." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.fth5l.5.

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We demonstrated atomic frequency comb (AFC) quantum memory in 167Er3+:Y2SiO5 under zero magnetic field by using optical frequency comb (OFC), which enables to quickly and easily produce AFCs with high efficiency over a wide bandwidth.
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Taherizadegan, Shahrzad, Jacob H. Davidson, Sourabh Kumar, Roohollah Ghobadi, Daniel Oblak, and Christoph Simon. "Demonstration of a Model For Cavity-Enhanced Atomic Frequency Comb Quantum Memory." In Quantum 2.0. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/quantum.2022.qm4b.6.

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Matveev, Arthur, Dylan C. Yost, Alexey Grinin, Theodor W. Hänsch, and Thomas Udem. "Two-photon Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Atomic Hydrogen with Chirped Laser Pulses." In Laser Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ls.2015.ltu5g.1.

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Leopardi, Holly, Josue Davila-Rodriguez, Jeff Sherman, Franklyn Quinlan, Scott Diddams, and Tara Fortier. "Absolute frequency comb comparisons and the measurement of optical atomic clock transitions." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2018.sm1l.4.

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Dutta, Subhojit, Yuqi Zhao, Uday Saha, Demitry Farfurnik, Elizabeth A. Goldschmidt, and Edo Waks. "An atomic frequency comb memory in rare-earth doped thin-film lithium niobate." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.ff3k.7.

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We demonstrate compact chip-integrated atomic frequency comb storage in rare-earth doped thin-film lithium niobate. Our optical memory exhibits a broad storage bandwidth exceeding 100 MHz, and optical storage time of over 250 ns.
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