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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Atmospheric'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Martello, Robert 1968. "Land atmosphere interaction and atmospheric mixed layer height evolution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38774.

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2

Franks, Stewart William. "The representation of land surface - atmosphere fluxes for atmospheric modelling." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387430.

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3

Yang, Rena M. Arch Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Atmospheric interventions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97278.

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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 135).
Humans have been sheltering themselves from the harsh elements of their surroundings to maintain comfort since the discovery of the hearth. With the rise of the Industrial Revolution came innovations that made mitigating external conditions convenient and easy. The standard 70 degree Fahrenheit, with 30-candle-feet of illumination, 30-50% humidity, and ventilation became the norm and is replicated and placed regardless of existing conditions, creating homogeneous environments. Our conventional conception of the relationship between architecture and the environment is based on false assumptions that we reside comfortably in the standard air-conditioned 70 degrees, effectively producing desensitizing spaces. For a body to understand and experience space, it is important for these environments to have an atmospheric affect that is absorbed through the senses. Architecture is then seen as a stimulus by provoking and challenging the body and creating a consciousness of body and environment. This thesis states that the sensorial appreciation in architecture can be explored through sequenced and curated experiences of architecture to use, amplify and appease the senses. This creates new atmospheric conditions conceived of relative sequencing and juxtapositions, rather than appeasing and mediating the existing environment. This idea is explored through three interventions on the Harvard Bridge in Boston, Massachusetts that seeks to engage the hostile environmental conditions.
by Rena Yang.
M. Arch.
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4

Lehtola, Amanda M. "Atmospheric Biomorphism." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1208803878.

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5

Steiner, Allison L. "The influence of atmospheric chemistry and climate on atmosphere-biosphere interactions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25751.

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6

Dionne, Pierre 1962. "Numerical simulation of blocking by the resonance of topographically forced waves." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65542.

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7

Holley, Rachel. "Mitigating Atmospherics Path Delays in Radar Interferometry Over Volcanoes - Atmospheric Modelling and Persistent." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519864.

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8

Sefcik, Lesley T. "Biophere-atmosphere interactions Northern hardwood seedling responses to anthropogenic atmospheric resource alteration." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2001. http://d-nb.info/988972131/04.

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9

Sefcik, Lesley T. "Biophere-atmosphere interactions : Northern hardwood seedling responses to anthropogenic atmospheric resource alteration /." Saarbrücken : VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988972131/04.

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10

Robertson, Lynette B. "Radon emissions to the atmosphere and their use as an atmospheric tracer." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14311.

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The naturally-occurring radioactive gases 222Rn and 220Rn are widely used as atmospheric tracers in a variety of applications pertinent to climate and air quality studies, but their use in this context is currently limited by poor knowledge of the spatial and temporal pattern in emissions. The aim of this research was to improve knowledge of 222Rn and 220Rn emissions by investigating their spatial and temporal variation in emissions on various scales. Novel approaches to measuring 222Rn and 220Rn fluxes by the closed chamber method have been developed and compared with some existing methods, and studies of some controlling variables for which there is limited and conflicting information (water table depth, freezing of the soil and snow cover) have been carried out. Studies of the short-term variability in 222Rn emissions made with an automatic chamber showed that outside periods of rain the 222Rn flux was relatively constant (CV = ~ 25 %), but heavy rainfall may temporarily completely suppress the radon flux if the soil surface becomes saturated. On the seasonal time-scale, flux measurements made on a medium- moisture was found to be the most important factor controlling the variations in radon flux; air pressure and temperature were not important. Field measurements and a laboratory study using a soil monolith showed that water table depth was also an important factor for 222Rn flux, but not for 220Rn, due to its much shorter diffusion length. Freezing of the soil surface layer (~ 5cm depth) did not cause a significant reduction in 222Rn or 220Rn flux. Studies of the spatial variability of 222Rn emissions at the local scale showed that 222Rn flux is approximately normally distributed (CV = 55 %), and that soil moisture is an important factor. However, measurements made at 15 sites of different soil type and geology across North Britain showed 222Rn emissions to be log-normally distributed at this larger scale and highly variable (CV = ~ 200%). The 226Ra content of the soil, which ranged from <3 Bq kg-1 to 55 Bq kg-1 was found to account for a large proportion of the observed variability (~ 80 %). The median 222Rn flux was 9.7 Bq m-2 h-1, indicating that the average flux from this region is considerably lower than the global average, as would be expected given the large proportion of peat soils and generally high soil water content and shallow water tables. A 222Rn flux map produced for North Britain using a GIS and empirical model based on soil and geology classifications was able to reproduce the main spatial pattern in emissions, but on the whole, significantly under- predicted the magnitude of fluxes.
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11

James, Alexander. "Impacts of meteoric material on Earth's atmosphere : laboratory studies with atmospheric implications." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16617/.

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Analogues were developed for Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) and Meteoric Smoke Particles (MSPs). Candidate materials were characterised and compared to the present understanding of the nature of IDPs and MSPs. Knowledge and understanding from meteoritics was used to inform open questions in atmospheric chemistry. The elemental composition, structural, surface and size distribution properties of the candidates was compared to micrometeorites and remote measurements of MSPs. Both relatively rare carbonaceous and the more common ordinary chondritic meteorites and terrestrial minerals were shown to be useful analogues for IDPs, whilst synthetic materials were identified as analogues for MSPs. Uptake of HNO3 and HO2, based on laboratory experiments, was implemented in a global modelling study. The uptake processes were assessed to determine the region(s) and season(s) in which they would affect atmospheric chemistry. This heterogeneous chemistry augmented previous understanding of gas-phase chemistry, with a view to understanding all sources and sinks of atmospheric species. Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) runs including uptake were compared to control runs with only gas-phase chemistry. Uptake of both HNO3 and HO2 was shown to alter chemistry in the polar vortex, including effects on many secondary species and feedbacks on each other. Heterogeneous nucleation kinetics of nitric acid hydrates in Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) was investigated in the laboratory. SiO2 particles were used as analogues for MSPs processed in acidic solution and the phase which formed was investigated. A newly developed drop freeze assay capable of quantifying heterogeneous nucleation kinetics was used. Nucleation events observed in μl droplets were parameterised using current theoretical models and the results compared to atmospheric observations. The measured heterogeneous nucleation kinetics of the Dihydrate, which then readily converts to the Trihydrate, on SiO2 were shown to be capable of explaining the concentrations of crystals observed in the atmosphere.
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12

Gunawardena, Rohith. "Atmospheric methyl iodide." Full text open access at:, 1985. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,91.

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13

Han, Dawei. "Atmospheric Hydrocarbon Analysis." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4588.

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This treatise studied two correlated important issues in atmospheric chemistry: real-time monitoring of ambient air and removal mechanisms of atmospheric hydrocarbons. An analytical system was designed for the purpose of identification and measurement of sub-ppb level hydrocarbons of different reactivities in air samples. This analytical system was then applied to a series of smog-chamber studies which simulated the removal of reactive hydrocarbons from the atmosphere by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Six representative atmospheric hydrocarbons ( hexane, octane, toluene, m-xylene, a-xylene and mesitylene) were selected for these experiments. The experimental data indicated that the decay of atmospheric hydrocarbons under laboratory conditions is entirely due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The conclusion drawn from a time-resolved plume study that aromatic molecules decay much faster than could be accounted for solely by reaction with hydroxyl radicals was not verified; this indicates a difference between laboratory study and the study in the real atmosphere, and some physical factors besides chemical mechanism might take a more significant role in removing aromatics faster from the atmosphere.
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14

Yiġit, Erdal. "Modelling atmospheric vertical coupling : role of gravity wave dissipation in the upper atmosphere." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17972/.

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Recently, an increasing number of modelling and observational studies have looked at the signatures of small-scale waves, such as gravity waves (GWs) of meteorological origin, in the upper atmosphere. General circulation models require an appropriate GW parameterisation to reproduce a realistic global circulation. Existing schemes implemented into GCMs lack a physically proper wave dissipation mechanism above the turbopause. For more self-consistent wave propagation in GCMs, and to estimate their dynamic and energetic importance in the upper atmosphere, it is crucial to account for realistic upper atmospheric dissipation processes. The UCL Coupled Middle Atmosphere-Thermosphere-2 (CMAT2) general circulation model was developed in order to investigate atmospheric vertical coupling. This model is an updated version of its predecessor CMAT. Three GW parameterisations of different characteristics have been implemented into CMAT2. While they all, to some extent, reproduce the necessary mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) dynamics, artificial dissipation above the turbopause is a problem in all these schemes. Therefore, an extended spectral non-linear GW parameterisation, which incorporates more physically realistic GW dissipation, has been developed. Using an offline column model, the sensitivity of GW propagation and dissipation in the thermosphere-ionosphere has been studied. Considerable GW propagation into the upper atmosphere is demonstrated. The associated wave forcing and heating are significant. This new extended scheme has been implemented in CMAT2. Its dynamical effects on the circulation of the upper atmosphere have been investigated. Results demonstrate the importance of GW momentum flux divergence in the thermosphere-ionosphere. The extended scheme improves the model simulations markedly with respect to an empirical model.
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15

Mohr, Karen Irene. "An investigation of land/atmosphere interactions : soil moisture, heat fluxes, and atmospheric convection /." Digital version:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9992875.

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16

McElroy, Kenneth L. "The atmospheric emission method of calculating the neutral atmosphere and changed particle densities in the upper atmosphere." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23548.

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17

L'Écuyer, Tristan Simon. "Water dimer atmospheric absorption." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24864.pdf.

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18

Oldham, Christopher John. "Applications of Atmospheric Plasmas." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07062009-135218/.

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Surface modification techniques using plasmas have generally been completed in a low pressure environment due to Pd (pressure x gap distance) considerations influencing the behavior of plasma generation. Generally, plasmas produced in a low pressure environment are of a non-thermal or cold nature. The basic feature of non-thermal plasmas is the majority of electrical energy used to generate the plasma is primarily used to produce energetic electrons for generating chemical species. Low pressure plasmas serve many purposes for materials processing. Since the plasma environment is contained within a closed vessel, the plasma can be controlled very easily. Low pressure plasmas have been used in many industries but the complexity associated with the large pumping stations and limitation to batch processing has motivated new work in the area of atmospheric plasmas. Atmospheric plasmas offer both economic and technical justification for use over low pressure plasmas. Since atmospheric plasmas can be operated at ambient conditions, lower costs associated with continuous processing and a decrease in the complexity of equipment validate atmospheric plasma processing as a next generation plasma-aided manufacturing processes. In an effort to advance acceptance of atmospheric plasma processing into industry, a process was developed, the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), in order to generate a homogeneous and non-thermal plasma discharge at ambient conditions. The discharge was applied to the reduction of known food borne pathogens, deposition of thin film materials, and modification of lignocellulosic biomass.
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19

Garcia, Marina. "A.R.T. | Atmospheric. Retail. Therapy." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1590877.

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Few activities today force us to interact in the way shopping does. Most retail stores today lack creativity and freshness because they do not provide a stimulating and personal experience. Shopping has been, and continues to be, a big factor within the urban landscape. Some would consider it to be the “last remaining form of public activity.” There is also a great need for more public space that encourages “existential existence.” As we exist in the World, we seek out a type of collective dwelling that gives us a sense of individuality. Retail can be a collaborative space that nourishes participation and allows for a meaningful experience.

This thesis proposes a fashion retail space in which art, inspiration, and exchange can thrive in the public realm of consumerism. Through the “essence of experience” patrons will have a higher understanding of fashion as art. Once this is accomplished the relationship of fashion to the social pulse can be felt. We benefit from unique and memorable experiences; in fact they allow us to achieve our sense of self and “existential existence.” Shopping has become one of the most common activities in which people are forced to interact with others. Thus, a retail space is where art, inspiration, and memory thrive. Through the “essence of experience” patrons can have a higher understanding of fashion as art. An overlap exists in ‘existential spatiality’ and the creation of art. Fashion and architecture are interpretations of societal situations and revelations. Experiencing fashion will clearly illustrate this connection for patrons within this space.

The “body of architecture” is a direct reference to the human body framework it provides. Through the play of various volumetric and architectural elements, this space will create a feeling or mood that promoting emotional satisfaction. Material compatibility is critical for both garment and spatial design. Composure and seduction, architects compose movement within a space, fashion designers compose movement of the human silhouette. Scale and light are other elements that run parallel to architecture and fashion. All these things produce memory, as well as impact who we are to become and the quality of how we exist. This project will be a mix of gallery, lab, retail and performance space, resulting in an existential space.

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20

Sukhapan, Jariya. "Surfactants in atmospheric aerosols." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251504.

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21

Angel, Laurence Ambrose. "Reactions of atmospheric ions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297548.

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22

Davidson, Nicholas Mark. "Atmospheric processing of aerosols." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8298/.

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The chemistry of aerosol particles is critical to the influence said particles have over human health, air quality and the distribution of nutrients across the world. Current models estimate that windborne dust represents the movement of thousands of teragrams of solid material of varying composition and solubility across continents and into the world’s oceans. Understanding the composition and surface reactivity of anthropogenic particles from industry, agriculture and vehicle emissions is vital to understanding their potential impact on the world, and the structure and behaviour of inhalable pharmaceuticals is a strong determinant of their efficacy. The following work examines a broad selection of natural and anthropogenic particulate samples with synchrotron-based techniques, including analysis of ship emissions collected directly from stacks for the first time. The effect of simulated atmospheric acid processing on the solubility of iron on coal fly ash is evaluated, and optical trapping is used in conjunction with analytical techniques to observe the influence of relative humidity on the properties of pharmaceutical aerosols and aqueous droplets containing fluorescent protein solutions.
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23

Peng, Tao-Yong. "Atmospheric stationary wave modelling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11247.

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Stationary waves are vitally important in the general circulation of the atmosphere. These planetary scale waves are generally attributed to large scale orography and diabatic heating. The purpose of the present study is to investigate stationary waves as a linear response to the large scale orography and steady-state diabatic heating by developing a linear steady-state spectral model with the primitive equations in the global domain, in which Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling as well as biharmonic horizontal diffusion are included. We use perturbation theory to linearize the nonlinear system of primitive equations with respect to the zonally symmetric component of the dependent variables. The structure of the dependent variables is described by truncated series of spherical harmonics in the horizontal and orthogonal functions in the vertical. The model solution is obtained by way of linear superimposition of zonal waves calculated in the spectral domain for each zonal wave. The three dimensional wave activity flux, which was derived by Plumb (1985) for linear quasi-geostrophic stationary waves on a zonal mean flow, as well as the EP flux are used as a diagnostic method for studying the three dimensional structure of wave propagation. The Plumb flux is a conservable measure of the wave activity flux which reduces to EP flux in the zonal mean, and is non-divergent for steady, conservative, linear waves. The results of this thesis may present new insights into forcing mechanisms of the stationary waves. The numerical experiments for the response to idealised orography in northern middle latitudes and actual global orography show that the northern middle latitude orographic forcing, in particular the Tibetan Plateau, plays the most important role in the maintenance of the orographically forced stationary waves in the middle and upper troposphere as well as lower stratosphere, while forcing by the orographic effect of the Antarctic plateau is also very important, but restricted only to the lower troposphere of the southern high latitudes.
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24

Walther, Connie. "Atmospheric Circulation in Antarctica." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-199278.

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Validation of the Regional Climate Model HIRHAM with measurements, especially from radiosondes and GPS-signal-retrieval. Analysis of synoptical structures in Antarctica and comparison of the precipitation in different phases of the Antarctic Oscillation.
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25

Reichler, Thomas J. "Long-range atmospheric predictability /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3071001.

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26

Ventress, Lucy Jane. "Atmospheric Sounding using IASI." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7ad570a3-35ad-4d98-93bb-7e1549afcdcd.

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The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) provides atmospheric observations with high spectral resolution and its data have been shown to have a significant positive impact on global Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and trace gas retrievals. A fundamental component of the retrieval of atmospheric composition is the radiative transfer model used to simulate the observations. An accurate representation of the expected emission spectrum measured by the satellite is essential given that differences in the reproduced atmospheric spectra propagate through a retrieval procedure and produce an altered estimate of the atmospheric state. The importance of the assumptions within the forward model are discussed and it is established that in the simulation of spectra from satellite-borne instruments the choice of the model parameters can have a large impact upon the resulting output. These assumptions are explored in the context of the Reference Forward Model (RFM), which is further configured to optimise its output for simulating the IASI spectrum in the troposphere. In order to ascertain the consistency of different radiative transfer models, comparisons are carried out between the RFM and the Radiative Transfer model for TOVS (RTTOV) in order to quantify any discrepancies in the reproduction of IASI measurements. Good agreement is shown across the majority of the spectrum, with exceptions caused by CO2 line mixing effects and the H2O continuum. Alongside model comparisons, the RFM is validated against real IASI measurements. Being a Fourier Transform Spectrometer, there are a large number of channels available from the IASI instrument, which leads to a very large quantity of data. However, this can lead to problems within retrievals and data assimilation. Choosing an optimal subset of the channels is an established method to reduce the amount of data; maintaining the information contained within it whilst eliminating spectral regions with large uncertainties. The method currently used at the UK Met Office to select their spectral channels is re-assessed and a modified method is presented that improves upon the modelling of spectrally correlated errors.
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27

Tice, Dane Steven. "Ground-based near-infrared remote sounding of ice giant clouds and methane." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4f09f270-a25c-4d36-96d3-13070a594eaa.

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The ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, are the two outermost planets in our solar system. With only one satellite flyby each in the late 1980’s, the ice giants are arguably the least understood of the planets orbiting the Sun. A better understanding of these planets’ atmospheres will not only help satisfy the natural scientific curiosity we have about these distant spheres of gas, but also might provide insight into the dynamics and meteorology of our own planet’s atmosphere. Two new ground-based, near-infrared datasets of the ice giants are studied. Both datasets provide data in a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that provides good constraint on the size of small scattering particles in the atmospheres’ clouds and haze layers. The broad extent of both telescopes’ spectral coverage allows characterisation of these small particles for a wide range of wavelengths. Both datasets also provide coverage of the 825 nm collision-induced hydrogen-absorption feature, allowing us to disentangle the latitudinal variation of CH4 abundance from the height and vertical extent of clouds in the upper troposphere. A two-cloud model is successfully fitted to IRTF SpeX Uranus data, parameterising both clouds with base altitude, fractional scale height, and total opacity. An optically thick, vertically thin cloud with a base pressure of 1.6 bar, tallest in the midlatitudes, shows strong preference for scattering particles of 1.35 μm radii. Above this cloud lies an optically thin, vertically extended haze extending upward from 1.0 bar and consistent with particles of 0.10 μm radii. An equatorial enrichment of methane abundance and a lower cloud of constant vertical thickness was shown to exist using two independent methods of analysis. Data from Palomar SWIFT of three different latitude regions.
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Burton, Kenneth R. "Influence of Antarctic oscillation on intraseasonal variability of large-scale circulations over the Western North Pacific /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FBurton.pdf.

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29

Fan, Meizhu. "Low frequency North Atlantic SST variability weather noise forcing and coupled response /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3421.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 190. Thesis director: Edwin K. Schneider. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Climate Dynamics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 9, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-189). Also issued in print.
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30

Larson, Kristin Ann. "Tropical climate sensitivities : clouds, water vapor, radiation and large-scale circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10015.

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31

Lorenz, David Joseph. "Wave-mean-flow interaction and the annular mode /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10036.

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32

Eichelberger, Scott James. "The effects of meridional heating gradients on the atmospheric general circulation and its variability /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10029.

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33

Parrish, Paul David. "Global retrievals of upper-tropospheric phosphine from the Cassini/CIRS Jupiter encounter." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:02252dd8-be35-433e-9b2d-bc12e9332773.

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On December 30th 2000, the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft reached the perijove milestone in its continuing journey to the Saturnian system. During an extended six-month encounter, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) returned spectra of the Jovian atmosphere, rings and satellites from 10 to 1400 cm^-1 (1000 to 7 µm) at a programmable spectral resolution of 0.5 to 15 cm^-1. The improved spectral resolution of CIRS over previous infrared instrument-missions to Jupiter, the extended spectral range and higher signal-to-noise performance provide significant advantages over previous data-sets. Both optimal-estimation retrieval and radiance-differencing are used to investigate the global variation of upper-tropospheric temperature, ammonia, phosphine and cloud opacity between ± 60˚ latitude. The analysis methods are shown to successfully reproduce Jovian conditions with results consistent with previous investigations. The composition results in particular are well characterised and suggest an important role played by mixing and transport within the upper-troposphere. Interpretation and validation of the retrieved results is conducted via the construction of a simple dynamic model incorporating transport, diffusion and (photo)chemistry.
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34

Avice, Guillaume. "Origin and evolution of atmospheric xenon and other noble gases : geodynamical and atmospheric implications." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0032/document.

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L'origine de l'atmosphère terrestre demeure énigmatique. De plus, de nombreux évènements tels que les contributions de matière extraterrestre, le dégazage de la Terre solide ou encore les fuites de l'atmosphère vers l'espace ont modifié la composition de l'atmosphère au cours du temps. Ces travaux de thèse visaient à analyser précisément la composition de l'atmosphère ancienne piégée dans des roches âgées de plusieurs milliards d'années afin de mieux contraindre son origine et son évolution. L'analyse des isotopes du xénon, un gaz rare, démontre qu'une fraction de l'atmosphère terrestre ne peut avoir été apportée par les météorites mais plutôt par des corps riches en eau et en éléments volatils tels que les comètes. De plus, la composition isotopique de l'atmosphère a évolué au cours du temps jusqu'à il y a deux milliards d'années environ. Cette évolution du fractionnement est peut-être concomitante à celle l'oxygénation progressive de l'atmosphère qui a permis le développement de la vie telle que nous la connaissons aujourd'hui
The origin of the Earth's atmosphere remains poorly understood. Its elemental and isotopic compositions have been shaped by numerous events in the history of our planet, such as extraterrestrial contributions, mantle degassing, atmospheric escape etc. This study aimed to analyze the composition of atmospheric gases trapped in several billion years old samples in order to better understand the origin and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere. Isotope analyses of xenon, a noble gas, demonstrate that part of the atmosphere was not brought by meteorites but might have been delivered to the Earth's atmosphere by volatile-rich bodies such as comets. Furthermore, the isotopic composition of atmospheric Xe evolved over geological ages and can be linked to the progressive oxidation of the atmosphere that permitted the emergence and development of modern forms of life
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35

Annaloro, Julien. "Elaboration of collisional-radiative models applied to atmospheric entry into the Earth and Mars atmospheres." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00915497.

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L'entrée hypersonique d'un objet dans la haute atmosphère d'une planète entraîne la création d'un plasma à la suite de la compression très intense du gaz incident à l'objet. Cette compression s'effectue dans une couche de choc présentant une grande richesse en déséquilibres dont la méconnaissance limite notre capacité à prédire avec précision les contributions convective, radiative et catalytique de la densité de flux d'énergie pariétale, pourtant cruciale pour l'optimisation du dimensionnement du système de protection thermique de l'objet. Les contributions précédentes dépendent fortement des densités de population des états excités qui échappent à un comportement de type boltzmanien et présentent une distribution dépendant des phénomènes élémentaires collisionnels et radiatifs. Dans ces circonstances, le but de ces travaux était d'étudier, dans les situations d'entrée dans l'atmosphère de Mars et de la Terre, le comportement des états excités de mélanges complexes (CO2 -N2 -Ar et N2 -O2 -Ar, respectivement) basée sur le développement de modèles collisionnels-radiatifs (CR) électro-vibrationnels spécifiques. Deux modèles CR ont ainsi été développés : CoRaM-MARS pour l'atmosphère martienne (22 espèces, 10^6 processus élémentaires) et CoRaM-AIR pour l'atmosphère terrestre (13 espèces, 500000 processus élémentaires). Ces modèles, mis en œuvre dans une approche lagrangienne à pression et température constantes dans des conditions thermodynamiques représentatives des situations d'entrée (notamment le cas FIRE II pour les entrées terrestres), ont montré que le rayonnement présente une influence très faible sur la cinétique des mélanges étudiés et que les écarts à la distribution de Boltzmann sont systématiques. Le très grand nombre d'états à prendre en compte interdit une intégration directe des modèles CR précédents dans des codes aérodynamiques. Cependant, une réduction à l'azote de ces modèles a été réalisée. Le modèle CR ainsi constitué (CoRaM-N2 , 5 espèces, 150 états, 40000 processus élémentaires) a été intégré à un code eulérien traitant les écoulements monodimensionnels d'après-choc ou de tuyère divergente. L'accord avec des résultats expérimentaux acquis en tube à choc à fort nombre de Mach est très satisfaisant. Pour des applications 2D ou 3D, des taux globaux ont par ailleurs été déterminés théoriquement pour (1) l'ionisation/recombinaison par impact électronique de l'azote, de l'oxygène, du carbone et de l'argon, (2) la dissociation/recombinaison de N2 , O2 par impact de N, N2 , O, O2 et (3) la dissociation/recombinaison de CO2 par impact de lourd. La comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux montre un accord en général très satisfaisant. Les taux directs et inverses étant calculés de manière indépendante, il est montré que leur rapport s'écarte de la constante d'équilibre globale correspondante à mesure que la température augmente.
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36

Homola, Matthew Carl. "Atmospheric icing on wind turbines." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for teknisk kybernetikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15209.

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37

Stenberg, Gustav. "Advancement of atmospheric research tools." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/14/.

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38

Mastine, Michael. "Atmospheric optical ring network protocols." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68044.

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The protocols used for an Atmospheric Optical Ring Network (AORN) are investigated. Performance under bad-weather conditions are of particular interest. Under these bad-weather conditions, the Gilbert-Elliott model is the fading channel model used in the simulation of the network. Appropriate channel parameters are obtained and then protocol modifications are tested. Performance plots are obtained showing the effects on performance of lowering the token timeout value and the addition of additional parity bits in the datalink layer of the network. Furthermore, the performance is plotted as function of the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) data block length for different values of channel parameters.
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39

Mills, Craig S. "Laboratory studies of atmospheric oxidants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421017.

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40

Hall, I. W. "Kinetic studies of atmospheric reactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236263.

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41

Parr, A. Douglas. "Radical reactions of atmospheric importance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291531.

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42

Pinot, de Moira John C. "Laser studies of atmospheric chemistry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299100.

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43

Cheema, Shabaz Ahmad. "The atmospheric oxidation of alkanols." Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310212.

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44

Hurley, Jane Gray. "Atmospheric, oceanic and planetary physics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496917.

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45

Aplin, Karen Louise. "Instrumentation for atmospheric ion measurements." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326194.

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46

Ashworth, Kirsti. "Atmospheric impacts of biofuel cultivation." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654455.

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Biogenic volatile organic compounds play a key role in governing the rate of chemical production and loss of tropospheric ozone and formation of secondary organic aerosol, important atmospheric constituents which affect both climate and air quality. Isoprene is the most important of these compounds, both in terms of quantity emitted and subsequent reactions. The effects of changes in isoprene emissions due to land use change driven by the cultivation of biofuel feedstock crops in the near-future (2020s) have been evaluated. Two realistic biofuel cultivation scenarios were developed, based on current government targets for the replacement of transportation fuel with bio-ethanol and biodiesel. A series of simulations, using isoprene emissions, atmospheric chemistry and climate models, were performed to quantify the impacts. The two biofuel cultivation scenarios yield roughly the same quantity of fuel (180 Mt of oil equivalent per year), in line with projected global demands for biofuel in the 2020s. In each case, global annual isoprene emissions rose by around 1 %. The resulting changes in ground-level ozone concentrations were markedly different, with increases of as much as 10 ppbv over parts of Europe as a result of cultivation in the mid-latitudes, but decreases across much of the tropics due to oil palm cultivation. If co-located emissions of NOx from oil palm processing were included, ozone levels rose by up to 5 ppbv over SE Asia, highlighting the importance of controlling NOx emissions. The increases in ozone over Europe are projected to result in 1300 premature deaths and a 4% reduction r III in the wheat harvest. This is the first time that changes in biogenic emissions resulting from realistic land use changes driven by biofuel cultivation have been considered. The projected impacts on air quality and health indicate that such emissions are important in assessing the overall environmental effect of biofuels.
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47

Pelly, Joanna L. "The predictability of atmospheric blocking." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369089.

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48

Law, Barry Ka-Ping. "Statistical classification of atmospheric regimes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387806.

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Meteorologists have spent decades attempting to predict the weather over extended periods of time. Complex models of up to several million variables can only produce reliable predictions of up to four days. By representing the atmosphere in a multi-dimensional 'phase space', we hope to find preferred areas of this space where the weather will persist. Using a simple simulation model we applied 9 clustering methods, some of which are new, to the simulated data. These methods represent 3 different levels of interactions between the user and the method. While developing new cluster methods, we also developed an outlier method which is shown to be better than 16 current multivariate outlier methods, based on a real dataset. The results of the simulation studies indicate that the more interaction between the user and the method, the better the outcome. Next we adapted the usual Ward's, and Caussinus and Ruiz's clustering methods to take time into consideration. This created 6 new time constraint clustering methods which we applied to simulated data from a new time dependent simulated model. Consistent patterns were found and the results also indicate that if we apply the usual Ward's clustering method on suspected time dependent data then we would achieve the best outcome only 35% of the time, at most. Finally we looked at ways of sieving transient observations from cluster groups and highlighting significant transitions by applying several techniques to a meteorological dataset.
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Smith, Carina Alice. "The atmospheric photochemistry of formaldehyde." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432746.

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50

Ponczek, Milena. "Understanding Atmospheric Mineral Dust Photochemistry." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1190.

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Les minéraux absorbent la lumière proche des UV (comme TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO) présents dans les aérosols minéraux interagissent avec les gaz traces présents dans l'atmosphère et peuvent initier une nouvelle chimie hétérogène photo-induite potentiellement significative et actuellement peu documentée. Cette thèse vise à aborder différentes questions sur la réactivité des poussières minérales vers les composés organiques et évaluer l'impact de ces interactions sur plusieurs aspects des sciences de l'atmosphère. Nous avons étudié expérimentalement l'interaction physico-chimique d'aérosols minéraux, purs ou revêtus de matériaux organiques/inorganiques avec des gaz traces de plusieurs familles chimiques (alcools, cétones, acides carboxyliques), dans des conditions simulées proches de l'environnement reel (concernant l'humidité, la concentration en phase gazeuse, la longueur d'onde et l'intensité de l'irradiation, la pression et la température) évaluant les effets des conditions ambiantes sur la cinétique de capture et la génération de produits en phase gazeuse. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats montrent clairement que les reactions photochimique des poussières minérales doit être considéré comme une source de composés réactifs et comme un processus clé affectant leur action sur la nucléation de la glace et les noyaux de condensation des nuages
Minerals that absorb light near UV/Vis present in dust aerosols interact with trace gases in the atmosphere and can initiate a new and potentially significant photo-induced heterogeneous chemistry, which is currently poorly documented. This thesis aims to address different issues of mineral dust reactivity towards organic compounds and, therefore, assesses the impact of these interactions on several aspects of atmospheric sciences. We investigated experimentally the physicochemical interaction of mineral aerosols (synthetic and natural), pure or coated with organic/inorganic materials with trace gases from several chemical families (alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids, etc.), under simulated conditions close to the real environment (regarding to humidity, concentration in the gas phase, wavelength and intensity of irradiation, pressure and temperature). In a first approach, we studied the uptake of oxygenated organics onto different dust proxies such as SiO2, TiO2 and Arizona test dust (ATD) evaluating the effects of ambient conditions on the uptake kinetics and product generation. Then, we discussed the chemistry of 5 dicarboxylic acids (C4-C8) on ATD particles upon UV-A irradiation monitoring products in the gas phase as well as those whose stay adsorbed on the particulate phase. Lastly, we investigated the influence of nitrate anions on the uptake of acetone on ATD and SiO2 and in the photochemical product formation of glutaric acid on ATD. Overall, our results clearly show that photochemical processing of dust aerosols should be considered as a source of reactive compounds and as a key process affecting their action as ice nucleation and cloud condensation nuclei
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