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Ventress, Lucy Jane. "Atmospheric Sounding using IASI." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7ad570a3-35ad-4d98-93bb-7e1549afcdcd.
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The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) provides atmospheric observations with high spectral resolution and its data have been shown to have a significant positive impact on global Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and trace gas retrievals. A fundamental component of the retrieval of atmospheric composition is the radiative transfer model used to simulate the observations. An accurate representation of the expected emission spectrum measured by the satellite is essential given that differences in the reproduced atmospheric spectra propagate through a retrieval procedure and produce an altered estimate of the atmospheric state. The importance of the assumptions within the forward model are discussed and it is established that in the simulation of spectra from satellite-borne instruments the choice of the model parameters can have a large impact upon the resulting output. These assumptions are explored in the context of the Reference Forward Model (RFM), which is further configured to optimise its output for simulating the IASI spectrum in the troposphere. In order to ascertain the consistency of different radiative transfer models, comparisons are carried out between the RFM and the Radiative Transfer model for TOVS (RTTOV) in order to quantify any discrepancies in the reproduction of IASI measurements. Good agreement is shown across the majority of the spectrum, with exceptions caused by CO2 line mixing effects and the H2O continuum. Alongside model comparisons, the RFM is validated against real IASI measurements. Being a Fourier Transform Spectrometer, there are a large number of channels available from the IASI instrument, which leads to a very large quantity of data. However, this can lead to problems within retrievals and data assimilation. Choosing an optimal subset of the channels is an established method to reduce the amount of data; maintaining the information contained within it whilst eliminating spectral regions with large uncertainties. The method currently used at the UK Met Office to select their spectral channels is re-assessed and a modified method is presented that improves upon the modelling of spectrally correlated errors.
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Marinan, Anne Dorothy. "Improving nanosatellite capabilities for atmospheric sounding and characterization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105599.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 207-218).
Measurements of atmospheric temperature, pressure, water vapor, and composition are important to users in the Earth science, defense, and intelligence communities. Nanosatellites (with mass < 10 kg, such as CubeSats) can support miniaturized instruments for atmospheric sounding and characterization. Nanosatellite constellations can improve spatial and temporal coverage of Earth and can produce data consistent with the current state of the art at reduced cost compared with larger satellites. Nanosatellites are also used for on-orbit technology demonstrations due to low cost and higher risk posture. We focus on CubeSats as a host platform for instruments and technology demonstrations for three kinds of atmospheric sensors: (i) passive microwave radiometers, (ii) atmospheric occultation experiments and (iii) coronagraphic direct imaging of exoplanets. Microwave radiometers (MWR) measure brightness temperatures in multiple channels across bands centered on atmospheric absorption features. MWRs require stable cold and warm calibration targets for accurate measurements. CubeSat MWRs, such as MicroMAS (the Micro-sized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite) and MiRaTA (Microwave Radiometer Technology Acceleration), use deep space as a cold target with a noise diode as the warm target instead of larger calibration targets. However, noise diodes drift, and a better calibration method is needed to meet the desired measurement precision. Occultation experiments measure electromagnetic signals received from a transmitter as it passes behind the Earth from the perspective of the receiver. In the neutral atmosphere, the measurements yield profiles of temperature, pressure and in certain configurations, composition. We consider radio and optical wavelengths. GPS Radio Occultation (GPSRO) instruments measure phase delay in signals transmitted from GPS satellites that travel through the atmosphere to a low earth orbit (LEO) receiver. GPSRO measurements are inherently well calibrated, because the primary interaction is of an electromagnetic wave through a medium, and have high accuracy and vertical resolution. We show that it is possible to make several GPSRO measurements per day that are collocated spatially and temporally with space-based MWR measurements and that using these measurements enables better MWR calibration by measuring noise diode drift. Occultation observations using several near infrared optical wavelengths can measure absorption features to characterize atmospheric species and abundances. Intersatellite optical links are used for these measurements, but transmissions deep in the atmosphere experience scintillation and distortion. Wavefront control systems could be used to compensate for atmosphere-induced aberrations. Wavefront control systems are also needed to obtain reflection absorption spectra of exoplanet atmospheres, where photons from the host star are reflected by the planet. A space-based telescope equipped with an internal coronagraph can make high contrast measurements off-axis using high spatial frequency wavefront control systems to correct for speckles, imperfections, and other distortions that would degrade the measurement. High actuator count deformable mirrors (DMs) are needed, and Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) DMs can provide a cost-effective, compact solution. We describe our design for a nanosatellite platform using a wavefront sensor to characterize the on-orbit performance of MEMS DMs. We present results from these new approaches to improve atmospheric sounding and characterization missions using nanosatellites. Our hardware analysis for MiRaTA demonstrates that the CubeSat GPSRO instrument noise performance supports the calibration of the noise diode to improve the CubeSat MWR measurement accuracy from > 0.75 K to 0.25 K. We simulate and experimentally demonstrate a CubeSat wavefront control system using a MEMS DM that can be used to characterize the performance of MEMS DMs, sensitive to 10's of nm motion and up to three times the 1.5 pm-stroke of the DMs, which is useful for future applications in both atmospheric near infrared occultation as well as in exoplanet direct imaging space telescopes. Each of these contributions improves current nanosatellite capabilities or uses nanosatellites to advance technologies in future larger systems for atmospheric sounding and characterization of Earth and exoplanets.
by Anne Dorothy Marinan.
Ph. D.
3
Ward, Dale Michael 1963. "Atmospheric sounding from satellite solar occultation refraction measurements." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282495.
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Measurements of the refractive bending of solar radiation passing through the limb of the Earth's atmosphere can be utilized to recover vertical profiles of density and temperature. These parameters obtained using the technique of solar refractive sounding could be used to improve satellite solar occultation trace species retrievals and to monitor potential trends in upper atmospheric temperatures. The solar refractive sounding method is described in detail and applied to data available from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II). The meteorological profiles derived from the SAGE II data are not consistently accurate enough for general use due to poor vertical sampling and measurement uncertainties. However, the qualitatively decent results provide optimism for future development and implementation of solar occultation refractive sounders. Better techniques for measuring solar refraction and the potential improvements in the retrievals are also discussed.
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Tice, Dane Steven. "Ground-based near-infrared remote sounding of ice giant clouds and methane." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4f09f270-a25c-4d36-96d3-13070a594eaa.
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The ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, are the two outermost planets in our solar system. With only one satellite flyby each in the late 1980’s, the ice giants are arguably the least understood of the planets orbiting the Sun. A better understanding of these planets’ atmospheres will not only help satisfy the natural scientific curiosity we have about these distant spheres of gas, but also might provide insight into the dynamics and meteorology of our own planet’s atmosphere. Two new ground-based, near-infrared datasets of the ice giants are studied. Both datasets provide data in a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that provides good constraint on the size of small scattering particles in the atmospheres’ clouds and haze layers. The broad extent of both telescopes’ spectral coverage allows characterisation of these small particles for a wide range of wavelengths. Both datasets also provide coverage of the 825 nm collision-induced hydrogen-absorption feature, allowing us to disentangle the latitudinal variation of CH4 abundance from the height and vertical extent of clouds in the upper troposphere. A two-cloud model is successfully fitted to IRTF SpeX Uranus data, parameterising both clouds with base altitude, fractional scale height, and total opacity. An optically thick, vertically thin cloud with a base pressure of 1.6 bar, tallest in the midlatitudes, shows strong preference for scattering particles of 1.35 μm radii. Above this cloud lies an optically thin, vertically extended haze extending upward from 1.0 bar and consistent with particles of 0.10 μm radii. An equatorial enrichment of methane abundance and a lower cloud of constant vertical thickness was shown to exist using two independent methods of analysis. Data from Palomar SWIFT of three different latitude regions.
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Remedios, J. J. "Spectroscopy for remote sounding of the atmosphere." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291593.
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Livesey, Nathaniel. "Small scale features in atmospheric temperature fields measured by ISAMS." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282197.
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Srong, E. Kimberley. "Spectral parameters of methane for remote sounding of the Jovian atmosphere." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0f870f86-c546-461d-aca7-61f1ccc249df.
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Spectroscopic measurements in the infrared have proven to be a valuable source of information about the Jovian atmosphere. However, numerous questions remain, many of which will be addressed by the Galileo μission, due to arrive at Jupiter in December, 1995. One of the instruments on Galileo is the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), which will measure temperature structure, cheμical composition, and cloud properties. The objective of the work described in this thesis was to investigate the transmittance properties of the Jovian atmosphere and, in particular, to obtain transmittance functions of CH4 for future use in the planning and interpretation of NIMS measurements. This thesis begins with a review of our current understanding of the Jovian atmosphere (Chapter 1), and a description of the Galileo μission and the design and objectives of NIMS (Chapter 2). It is then shown (Chapter 3) that absorption bands of CH4 doμinate the nearinfrared spectrum of Jupiter, but that line data for CH4 are currently inadequate over much of the NIMS spectral range (0.7-5.2 /μi). For the purposes of NIMS, which has a low resolution of 0.25 /μi, the spectrum of CH4 can be characterised using band models of transmittance as a function of temperature, pressure, and abundance. The theory of band modelling is presented, and previous band-modelling studies of CH4 are reviewed and are also shown to be inadequate for NIMS (Chapter 4). An experimental investigation was therefore undertaken to record CH4 spectra under Jovian conditions of low temperature, large abundance, and H2-broadening. The experimental resources used to obtain these spectra are described (Chapter 5), the generation of the transmittance spectra is discussed, and their quality is assessed (Chapter 6). The range of frequencies and laboratory conditions covered by these spectra (listed in Appendix A) makes them one of the most comprehensive data sets of this kind yet published. These spectra were subsequently used to derive transmittance functions for CH4 (Chapter 7). A variety of models were fitted to the self-broadened CH4 spectra, and the Goody and Malkmus random band models, using the Voigt lineshape, are shown to provide the best fits. These two models were then fitted to the combined set of self- and H2-broadened CH4 spectra. The parameters fitted with the Goody-Voigt model are included in this thesis (Appendices B and C). Finally, the application of these new band model fits to the problem of Jovian remote sounding is addressed (Chapter 8). This includes an assessment of the reliability of extrapolation to Jovian conditions, a calculation of the level in the Jovian atmosphere that will be sounded by observations of CH4 absorption, and a calculation of how the uncertainties in the fitted band model will affect the retrieval of atmospheric parameters from NIMS spectra. This thesis concludes with a detailed summary, and with suggestions for future investigations which will help to maximise the return of information from NIMS.
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McNally, A. P. "Satellite sounding of tropospheric temperature and humidity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276585.
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Jay, Victoria Louise. "Remote sounding of the atmosphere by high-resolution spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365439.
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Nixon, Conor A. "Remote sounding of the atmosphere of Titan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7cefe10f-442d-40dc-99aa-982d7b2ed38c.
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The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument onboard the Cassini spacecraft will be used to probe the atmosphere and surface of Saturn's giant moon Titan. This thesis describes an investigation of the capabilities of CIRS as a remote sounding instrument. To enable infrared spectra to be computed, a radiative transfer code has been adapted for Titan's atmosphere. The atmospheric model, including gases and aerosol particles, was refined by comparison of synthetic spectra with results from the IRIS instrument of the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Characteristics of the instrument have been deduced from laboratory measurements. The size and shape of the field of view was found for the mid-infrared detectors. A Fourier code was developed to transform the raw data (interferograms). Blackbody spectra taken with the flight instrument were analysed to calculate the noise equivalent radiance for the detectors of all three focal planes. Finally, the data regarding instrument performance was used in combination with the predictive radiative transfer code to consider in detail the extent to which gaseous bands and other spectral features will be observable for a variety of limb and nadir viewing modes. Current observing strategies are reviewed and recommendations for scientific emphasis in the light of the actual instrument performance are made.
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Montroty, Rémi. "Vortex "Bogusing" using advanced microwave sounding unit data, applied to hurricane floyd." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80334.
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A case study of hurricane Floyd (1999) is performed using the Penn State/NCAR MM5 model. Hurricane Floyd was the third most costly hurricane to have hit the United States.To predict accurately the track and evolution of the hurricane, a vortex bogusing technique has been devised. A more realistic initial vortex was specified and introduced into the large-scale analysis for model initialization. The technique used follows closely that described by Zhu et al. (2002) where Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data are employed to retrieve the temperature of the hurricane vortex. An algorithm is then applied to compute the sea level pressure, geopotential heights, winds and moisture content. Three experiments initialized with three different data sets were performed, using respectively the original Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) analysis, the bogus-vortex modified CMC analysis with the original CMC sea surface temperature (SST) field, and a bogus-vortex modified CMC analysis with a spatially-constant SST of 28°C. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Culf, Alistair David. "Acoustic sounding and numerical modelling of the atmospheric boundary layer at Halley, Antarctica." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306457.
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Randall, Robb M. "Using Limited Time Periods as a Means to Evaluate Microwave Sounding Unit Derived Tropospheric Temperature Trend Methods." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194417.
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Limited Time Period (LTP) running trends are used to evaluate Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) derived tropospheric temperature trend methods in an attempt to alleviate documented considerable disagreements between tropospheric datasets so investigation into the atmospheric variability is able to move forward.Regression derived coefficients were used to combine lower stratosphere (LS) and mid-troposphere to lower stratosphere (MT) simulated MSU channels from RATPAC radiosonde data. This protocol is used to estimate tropospheric temperature trends and compared to actual RATPAC derived tropospheric temperature trends. It is found that the statistical LS/MT combination results in greater than 50% error over some LTP. These errors are found to exist when strong cooling in the stratosphere is coincident with periods when the level separating cooling from warming is above the tropopause.LTP trends are also created from various MSU difference time series between the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) and Remote Sensing System (RSS) group's lower troposphere (LT) and MT channels. Results suggest the greatest discrepancies over time periods where NOAA-11 through NOAA-15 adjustments was applied to the raw LT data over land. Discrepancies are shown to be dominated by differences in diurnal correction methods due to orbital drift. Comparison of MSU data with radiosonde data indicate that RSS's method of determining diurnal effects is overestimating the correction in the LT channel. Diurnal correction signatures still exist in the RSS LT time series and are likely affecting the long term trend with a warm bias.These findings suggest atmospheric amplification is not happening in the atmosphere using globally averaged data over the MSU era. There is evidence however from the radiosonde data that shows greater warming in the ~300-500 hPa layer than at the surface during some LTP in the complete radiosonde database. This temporal change in temperature trends warrants further studies on this subject.This research suggests overall that the temporal changes in temperature trend profiles and their causes are extremely important in our understanding of atmospheric changes and are themselves, not well characterized.
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Verdes, Carmen [Verfasser]. "Deriving atmospheric temperature and instrumental pointing from millimeter, sub-millimeter limb sounding measurements / vorgelegt von Carmen Verdes." Berlin : Logos-Verl, 2003. http://d-nb.info/97557678X/34.
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Xu, Jian [Verfasser], Adrian [Akademischer Betreuer] Doicu, Richard [Akademischer Betreuer] Bamler, and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Bühler. "Inversion for limb infrared atmospheric sounding / Jian Xu. Gutachter: Richard Bamler ; Stefan Bühler ; Adrian Doicu. Betreuer: Adrian Doicu." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072500787/34.
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Deiml, Michael [Verfasser]. "Development of a Small Satellite Remote Sensing Payload for Passive Limb Sounding of the Atmospheric Oxygen Emission / Michael Deiml." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1148443630/34.
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Chellini, Giovanni. "Assessment of the capability of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and the ERA5 reanalysis to detect specific humidity inversions at an Arctic site." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Specific humidity inversions are extremely frequent in the Arctic atmosphere, and they are strongly intertwined with the energy budget, by affecting downward longwave radiation and cloud processes. Despite their importance, they have been the focus of a limited number of studies, and our knowledge of their characteristics is limited because of the lack of in situ data in the region, and the presence of large errors in moisture variables in reanalyses. Retrievals from satellite infrared sounders could fill this knowledge gap. In this thesis, the capability of two benchmark satellite sounders, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), to detect specific humidity inversions at an Arctic site, Ny-Ålesund, is systematically assessed for the first time. Additionally, an accurate characterization of specific humidity inversions above Ny-Ålesund is performed employing radiosonde data, and the capability to detect Arctic specific humidity inversions of the next-generation reanalysis ERA5 is also assessed. The assessment is performed by comparing specific humidity inversion statistics from radiosondes to analogous statistics obtained from co-located IASI and AIRS retrievals, as well as ERA5 fields. Results show that ERA5 provides a good representation of specific humidity inversion characteristics, while IASI and AIRS retrievals display strong limitations in capturing Arctic specific humidity inversions.
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Corbin, Benjamin Andrew. "Spectral measurements of hydrogen Lyman-alpha in the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter using a sounding rocket and the Hubble Space Telescope." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/63036.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 297-304).
The Lyman-alpha emission is a key signature of the presence of hydrogen, and from this emission many properties of planetary atmospheres can be analyzed. Two projects are studying this emission on two planets for two different scientific purposes. On Venus, the Lyman-alpha emission is being studied to measure the deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) ratio of the atmosphere's exobase. One of the mysteries of Venus is why it is so dry compared to Earth, and this measurement will constrain how much water Venus has lost since planetary formation. The measurement will be made using a telescope with a spectrograph launched on a sounding rocket scheduled for launch in early 2012 from White Sands Missile Range. On Jupiter, the Lyman-alpha emission was observed to better characterize an anomalously bright region near the equator called the Lyman-alpha Bulge. Images and spectra taken by the Hubble Space Telescope while the Bulge was on the limb were analyzed. The brightness and scale height of the atmosphere along the limb was derived from the image data.. The spectral data confirm evidence of a superthermal component and that is moving more than 15 km/s faster than remaining hydrogen. This analysis shows evidence that the Bulge is influenced by similar processes that create equatorial anomalies similar to the ones on Earth.
by Benjamin Andrew Corbin.
S.M.
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VOCINO, ANTONIO. "Potential of EUMETSAT MTG-IRS hyperspectral sounder for improving nowcasting and very short range forecast atmospheric models." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/303314.
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Obiettivo delle attività di ricerca descritte in questa tesi è lo studio dell’utilizzo dei dati iperspettrali IR per la diagnosi dell’instabilità atmosferica ed il rilevamento anticipato di sistemi convettivi.
Lo studio è stato condotto nell’ambito del progetto MTG-IRS Near Real Time, concepito e coordinato da EUMETSAT per potenziare la preparazione degli utenti sulle potenzialità dello strumento IRS a supporto della meteorologia ed in particolare delle attività di previsioni a brevissima scadenza.
In dettaglio, i prodotti iperspettrali di levello 2 di IRS, generati a partire da
dati reali di IASI e CrIS e distribuiti da EUMETSAT, sono stati processati
in quasi tempo reale insieme a dati ausiliari geograficamente co-localizzati ed indipendenti al fine di valutare la correlazione tra il segnale (cioè il contenuto informativo dei prodotti di livello 2) ed il fenomeno meteorologico (l’instabilità convettiva).
Lo studio comprende anche il riprocessamento di una serie di casi di studio
significativi sull’Italia. I risultati della ricerca mostrano che lo sfruttamento
dei dati iperspettrali nel settore delle previsioni a brevissima scadenza è in
grado di potenziare la capacità e la prontezza a livello utente dei moderni
Servizi Meteorologici operativi per quanto riguarda il rilevamento in anticipo
dei fenomeni intensi.In this thesis the research activities aiming at the investigation on the use of hyperspectral IR data for the diagnosis of atmospheric instability and the early detection of convective systems are shown. The study was carried out in the framework of MTG-IRS Near Real Time Demonstration Project, conceived and leaded by EUMETSAT to enhance the user awareness on the potential of the IRS instrument in support to the meteorology and in particular to the nowcasting activities. In detail, the proxy IRS hyperspectral level 2 products, generated from real IASI and CrIS data and distributed by EUMETSAT, were processed in near real time together with auxiliary colocated and independent datasets to assess the correlation between the signal (i.e. the information content of level 2 products) and the weather phenomenon (convective instability). The reprocess of a set of significant case studies over Italy was also included in the study. Research results show that the exploitation of hyperspectral data in the field of nowcasting applications could enhance the capacity and user-readiness of modern, operational Meteorological Services with respect to the early detection of severe weather.
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Friederich, Felix [Verfasser], and J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Orphal. "Auswirkungen präzipitierender Teilchen auf NO und NO2 der oberen Stratosphäre und unteren Mesosphäre: Messungen des Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) / Felix Friederich. Betreuer: J. Orphal." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052263615/34.
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Turquety, Solène. "Mesure de l'ozone troposhérique à partir d'observations satellitaires dans le domaine de l'infrarouge." Paris 6, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011409.
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Irwin, Patrick Gerard Joseph. "Remote sounding of the Martian atmosphere." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293413.
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Pierangelo, Clemence. "Apports du sondage infrarouge à l 'étude des aérosols atmosphériques : applications aux instruments HIRS et AIRS : caractérisation des aérosols en épaisseur optique, en altitude et en taille." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011661.
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SANO, PAOLO. "The Cloud dynamics and radiation database (CDRD) approach for precipitation retrieval by means of satellite based microwave radiometry." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1329.
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Questa tesi affronta alcuni aspetti della stima delle precipitazioni attraverso misure a microonde effettuate da satellite.
Sebbene le tecniche di telerilevamento con radiometri a microonde per la stima delle precipitazioni si siano sviluppate notevolmente negli ultimi anni, ulteriori sviluppi sono apparsi necessari ed alcuni aspetti di queste tecniche costituiscono temi di ricerca attualmente in corso.
L’attività svolta in questa tesi ha riguardato, in primo luogo, la costruzione e lo sviluppo dell’algoritmo BAMPR (Bayesian Algorithm for Microwave-based Precipitation Retrieval), basato sulla teoria di Bayes, per la stima della precipitazione attraverso l’elaborazione dei dati (temperature di brillanza) forniti dai radiometri SSM/I, SSMIS e AMSR-E. La prima parte della tesi descrive l’algoritmo completo realizzato, richiamando la teoria di Bayes e descrivendo anche le tecniche di “screening” utilizzate per il corretto trattamento dei dati dei vari “pixel”. Particolare attenzione è stata data inoltre alla descrizione della base di dati usata (CRD - Cloud Radiation Database) e ai test effettuati su di essa.
La seconda parte dell’attività ha riguardato l’introduzione, nella procedura di stima della precipitazione, di variabili dinamiche e termodinamiche (“dynamical tags”) da associare alle temperature di brillanza (Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database (CDRD) approach). Questo sviluppo dell’algoritmo è mirato alla riduzione dei problemi di “ambiguità” (o “non unicità”) che rappresentano attualmente un grave limite della metodologia di stima. I risultati ottenuti con il “nuovo” BAMPR, con l’introduzione delle variabili dinamiche e termodinamiche, in due applicazioni a perturbazioni meteorologiche verificatesi sul Lazio, sono descritti nella seconda parte della tesi. In tale parte è infine presentato un confronto della nuova metodologia sviluppata con le prestazioni dell’algoritmo NESDIS (NOAA).In this thesis we have investigated some important issues regarding the retrieval of precipitation from satellite-based microwave measurements. Although microwave radiometry retrieval techniques for the estimation of rainfall have advanced considerably over the past years, further developments are still necessary and some aspects of these techniques are currently being investigated in research activities. The activity we have carried out in this thesis concerned first the implementation and the development of the complete BAMPR (Bayesian Algorithm for Microwave-based Precipitation Retrieval) algorithm, based on the Bayesian estimation theory, for the SSM/I, SSMIS and AMSR-E data (brightness temperatures) processing. The complete algorithm is described in the first part of the thesis, together with the screening procedures we have selected for the correct processing of pixels. The characteristics of the database used (Cloud Radiation Database), and some tests we have performed on it are also presented. The activity was then focused on the introduction of the “dynamical tags” in the retrieval procedure of BAMPR, to be combined with brightness temperatures (Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database (CDRD) approach). This development we have carried out on the algorithm is aimed at reducing the “ambiguity” or the “non-uniqueness” of the database that is a severe limit for retrieval methodology. The results obtained with the “new” BAMPR algorithm, using three “dynamical tags”, in two case studies over Lazio, are described in the second part of the thesis. A comparison between the “new” BAMPR algorithm and the operational algorithm NESDIS of NOAA is also presented.
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Cohn, Stephen Arthur. "Investigations of atmospheric turbulence with radar and thermodynamic soundings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17296.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1992.Includes bibliographical references (p. 237-244).
by Stephen Arthur Cohn.
Ph.D.
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Adlen, Samuel John Morris. "Remote sounding of the Martian atmosphere with Mars climate sounder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413986.
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Gasiewski, Albin John. "Atmospheric temperature soundings and precipitation cell parameter estimation using passive 118-GHz O2 observations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14423.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1989.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Support from a Hewlett-Packard Faculty Development Fellowship. Support from NASA. NAG 5-10
by Albin John Thomas Gasiewski.
Ph.D.
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Nazerali, Nasruddin A. "Effects of lateral heterogeneity on 1D D.C. resistivity and transient electromagnetic soundings in Kuwait." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101343.
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Thesis: S.M. in Geophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 112-117).
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) of treated wastewater is a viable sustainable water management option for Kuwait. A geophysical survey to characterize the target aquifer in the Dammam Formation was conducted to obtain one-dimensional (1D) resistivity using the D.C. resistivity (DCR) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) methods. For DCR, we implement a systematic approach to obtain a 1 D vertical profile using fixed-thickness and variable-thickness layer inversion techniques in succession. The optimal model has 6 layers above the half-space depth of 101 m, consisting of 3 surface layers down to 15 m depth and 3 intermediate layers, which correspond to the formations of the Kuwait Group overlying the Dammam Formation. Anomalies in the data which cannot be attributed to noise or error are not adequately fit by the best set of ID models. The possibility that lateral heterogeneity explains the variation in the data is explored using approximate 2D resistivity inversion. A comparison of the 1D vertical profile obtained from the approximate 2D image with the 1D layered model indicates that, in our case, 1D analysis provides a sufficient picture of the subsurface despite the evidence of possible lateral heterogeneities in the subsurface. Such heterogeneity is explained by the occurrence of gatch (caliche) in the Fars and Ghar formations of the Kuwait Group. The comparison between DCR and TEM indicates that the TEM data is not sensitive to a relatively resistive layer that is resolved by the 1D DCR inversion, or to the resistive heterogeneities that are indicated in the DCR data with respect to the best fit. We obtain the top of the Dammam formation - or the aquitard on top of the Dammam - as the model half-space depth at approximately 100 m below the surface in both data sets.
by Nasruddin Abbas Nazerali.
S.M. in Geophysics
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Lossow, Stefan. "Observations of water vapour in the middle atmosphere." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8167.
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Ferreira, Victor. "Inversion de spectres infrarouges en émission thermique de la basse atmosphère terrestre enregistrés sous ballon par transformée de Fourier en visée au nadir : préparation de la mission spatiale IASI." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066053.
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Otarola, Angel Custodio. "The Effects of Turbulence in an Absorbing Atmosphere on the Propagation of Microwave Signals Used in an Active Sounding System." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194254.
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Proper and precise interpretation of radio occultation soundings of planetary atmospheres requires understanding the signal amplitude and phase variations caused by random perturbations in the complex index of refraction caused by atmospheric turbulence. This research focuses on understanding the turbulence and its impact on these soundings.From aircraft temperature, pressure and humidity measurements we obtained a parametric model for estimating the strength of the atmospheric turbulence in the troposphere. We used high-resolution balloon measurements to understand the spatial spectrum of turbulence in the vertical dimension.We also review and extend electromagnetic scintillation theory to include a complex index of refraction of the propagating medium. In contrast to when the fluctuations in only the real component of the index of refraction are considered, this work quantifies how atmospheric turbulent eddies contribute to the signal amplitude and phase fluctuations and the amplitude frequency correlation function when the index of refraction is complex. The generalized expressions developed for determining the signal's amplitude and phase fluctuations can be solved for planar, spherical or beam electromagnetic wave propagation.We then apply our mathematical model to the case of a plane wave propagating through a homogenous turbulence medium and estimate the amplitude variance for signals at various frequencies near the 22 GHz and 183 GHz water vapor absorption features. The theoretical results predict the impact of random fluctuations in the absorption coefficient along the signal propagation path on the signal's amplitude fluctuations. These results indicate that amplitude fluctuations arising from perturbations of the absorption field can be comparable to those when the medium has a purely real index of refraction. This clearly indicates that the differential optical depth approach devised by Kursinski et al. (2002) to ratio out the effects of turbulence on signals passing through a medium of a purely real index of refraction must be modified to include the effects of turbulent variations in the imaginary part of the refractivity.
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McCarthy, Alexander Michael. "Convective Cores in Continental and Oceanic Thunderstorms: Strength, Width, and Dynamics." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1493652830874675.
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Raabe, Armin, Michael Bender, and Jens Wickert. "Final results of the DFG funded project “Development of a tomographic water vapour sounding system based on GNSS data”." Universität Leipzig, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16410.
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Since 2008 a group of scientists of the Leipzig Institute of Meteorology (LIM) and the German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam (GFZ) develops a method to derive water vapour profiles out of continuously available GNSS data (Global Navigation Satellite System). The aim of this project - supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - was to develop a processing system with related scientific algorithms, which uses data of regional GNSS ground networks to derive 3D water vapour distributions above these stations. This systems use the line of sight water vapour information from each ground station to every GNSS satellite in view (slants) as basis of a 3D tomographic reconstruction. At this time these reconstructions are based on GNSS data of about 330 German or near Germany located groundstations. This leads to a horizontal resolution of the
reconstructed 3D water vapour field up to 40km and a vertical resolution of about 0.5km from the upper part of troposphere down to the atmospheric boundary layer (1km height).Seit 2008 befasst sich eine Arbeitsgruppe von Wissenschaftlern am LIM und dem GFZ in Potsdam im Rahmen eines DFG-geförderten Projektes mit der Ableitung von dreidimensionalen Wasserdampfverteilungen in der Atmosphäre aus Beobachtungsdaten regionaler GNSS-Bodennetze (GlobaleNavigationsSatellitenSysteme). Die Wasserdampfverteilungen können aus der atmosphärischen Information entlang der Sichtlinien zwischen den Bodenstationen und den sichtbaren GNSS-Satelliten (sogenannte Slants) berechnet werden. Diese zahlreichen Sichtlinien ermöglichen eine tomographische Verarbeitung der Daten. Der entwickelte tomographische Algorithmus nutzt derzeit bis zu 330 deutsche und nahe Deutschland gelegene GNSS-Stationen, was eine horizontale Auflösung der resultierenden 3D-Felder von 40km und einer vertikalen Auflösung von 0,5km bis hinab zur atmosphärischen Grenzschicht (bis 1 km über dem Boden) ermöglicht
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Moore, Matthew J. "Evolution of boundary layer height in response to surface and mesoscale forcing." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FMoore.pdf.
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Granier, Claire. "Les especes metalliques dans la haute atmosphere terrestre (70-110 km) : etude experimentale par sondage laser et modelisation." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066269.
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Le developpement et la mise en oeuvre de systemes de mesure par sondage laser sont presentes, les resultats obtenus concernent les atomes de sodium et de fer, et les atomes d'ions calcium. Ces resultats sont interpretes de facon theorique au moyen d'un modele a une dimension verticale. Les discussions des cycles des reactions chimiques entre les differents composes neutres et ionises, et des rapports d'abondance entre le sodium, le calcium et le fer resultant de l'ablation des meteorites conduisent a l'elaboration d'un modele global des especes metalliques
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Baldy, Serge. "Les mécanismes de génération et de dispersion de bulles provenant du déferlement des vagues : observations, analyse et modèle." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22056.
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Les travaux presentes dans ce memoire ont pour principal objectif: contribuer a l'evaluation des transferts ocean-atmosphere induits par les bulles, par l'etude des mecanismes de generation et de dispersion de bulles provenant du deferlement des vagues. L'essentiel des travaux est constitue par le developpement d'une methode de mesure de bulles, l'obtention et l'analyse de resultats experimentaux sur les populations de bulles generees par le deferlement des vagues et le developpement d'un modele theorique concernant les processus de generation et de dispersion des bulles par un champ de vagues deferlantes. Methode de mesure basee sur l'analyse des intensites diffusees produites par le passage d'une bulle dans un faisceau laser. Cette methode permet d'obtenir directement la probabilite de densite de concentration des bulles en fonction de leur diametre, ainsi que divers parametres complementaires. Les populations de bulles correspondant a differents champs de vagues generes dans la grande soufflerie de simulation des echanges ocean-atmosphere de l'i. M. S. T. Ont ete determinees a differents niveaux, soit en dessous du creux des vagues soit entre le creux et la crete des vagues. Les resultats obtenus sur la concentration, le groupement et la vitesse des bulles permettent l'identification de deux zones: une zone de generation pres de la surface et sur une zone de dispersion en dessous. Le modele theorique propose prend en compte le processus d'injection des bulles en profondeur et l'incorpore, sous la forme d'un terme source, a une equation de dispersion des bulles. Un raisonnement de similitude, comparable a celui utilise dans la theorie de la zone inertielle de kolmogorov, permet de determiner ce terme source. La comptabilite des donnees experimentales disponibles avec les resultats theoriques obtenus parait confirmer la validite du modele propose
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Van, Der Mescht Deon. "Mountain wave turbulence in the lee of the Hex River Mountains." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20240.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite recorded mountain wave related aircraft accidents in South Africa, very little literature exists on South African mountain waves. This study discusses the results of a mountain wave study in the Hex River Mountains in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The aim of this study was to measure mountain wave turbulence on the lee side of the mountains by conducting weather balloon soundings on the upwind and lee sides of the mountains. These soundings were performed over four days in the winter and spring, with each field day representing different synoptic scale weather conditions. Lee wave rotors were detected from several of the lee wave soundings. Significant values of horizontal vorticity around a north-south axis (y-component horizontal vorticity) were detected. The instrumentation was highly sensitive and able to measure even weak up and downdraft velocities associated with the rotors. Strong downdrafts were measured some mountain waves, but no strong downdrafts were detected near rotors which occurred below the mountain waves. The two dimensional positions of balloons were only available after a considerable amount of reanalysis. If this data can be made available onsite shortly after soundings, it can be used to decide where to move launch sites to, in order to obtain optimal results.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van gedokumenteerde berggolf-verwante vliegongelukke, bestaan baie min literatuur oor Suid Afrikaanse berggolwe. Hierdie tesis bespreek die resultate van ‘n berggolfstudie in die Hexrivier Berge in the Weskaap Provinsie van Suid- Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die berggolfturbulensie aan die lykant van die berge te meet deur middel van weerballonopstygings aan beide die winden lykante van die berge. Hierdie opstygings is oor ‘n tydperk van vier winter en lente dae uitgevoer, met elkeen van die dae wat verskillende sinoptiese weersomstandighede verteenwoordig het. Rotors is waargeneem in die data van verskeie ballonopstygings wat aan die lykant uitgevoer is. Beduidende waardes van horisontale vortisiteit rondom ‘n noord-suid as (y-komponent horisontale vortisiteit) is gemeet. Die instrumentasie was hoogs sensitief en kon selfs swak op- en afstrominge meet. Sterk afstrominge is waargeneem in berggolwe, maar nie in die omgewing van rotors wat onmder die berggolwe voorgekom het nie. Die twee-dimensionele posisies van ballonne was slegs na aansienlike heranaliese van die data beskikbaar. Indien hierdie data kort na opstygings beskikbaar is tydens veldwerk, kan dit help met besluite oor alternatiewe posisies waarvandaan ballonopstygings gedoen kan word ten einde optimale resultate te bekom.
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Cheng-HsiuChiu and 邱政修. "The measurement of atmospheric DC electric field by Sounding Balloon." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46579292963098842179.
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碩士國立成功大學
太空天文與電漿科學研究所
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The atmospheric electric field plays an important role in the theoretical models of the global electric circuit and the various types of the transient luminous events. In this thesis work, we develop a new experiment method to have an in-situ measurement of the vertical electric field up to the altitude of 30km to explore its spatial and temporal variation and the charge distribution. A lightweight electric field meter (EFM) is developed to measure the potential difference between two probes with a fixed distance and the electric field is derived directly by its definition. An in-lab facility with two parallel slabs to produce uniform electric field is designed carefully for the purpose of the calibration and test of the EFM. The metrological balloon is used as the flight carrier to deliver a 1kg-class payload to 30km height. We also develop compact and lightweight aviation electronics to obtain ambient metrological parameters. The results of the flight in May 31, 2012 are analyzed and reported in this thesis. The electric field meter flied over a growing convection system and measured the vertical electric field as well as ambient temperature, humidity, and magnetic field vector successfully. An exponential-decaying background electric field with altitude is observed. And we also identify several layer-distributed charges in different height, and the electric field become electrically neutral in the turbulent zone due the difficulty of the charge separation. A significantly variation of the electric field is also identified in the proximity of the convection system.
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Toohey, Matthew. "Comparing Remote Sounding Measurements of a Variable Stratosphere." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/19099.
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The measurement of trace gases through remote sounding techniques has led to a better understanding of the processes controlling the structure and variability of the stratosphere. Differences between measurements over space and time are due to atmospheric variability and instrument errors: thus, comparison of measurements can be used to test our knowledge of both.
Comparisons of measurements over long time periods are used to identify trends. Balloon-borne infrared emission radiometer instruments have been used to make measurements of midlatitude stratospheric HNO3 spanning a period of twelve years. The timing of the measurements is notable, since they occur before and well after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, which significantly perturbed HNO3 levels, complicating prior trend analyses. No significant differences are found between the HNO3 retrievals, although large measurement uncertainties preclude any conclusion concerning trends.
Comparisons of measurements that are closely spaced in space and time are useful for satellite validation, where one aims to reduce the effect of atmospheric variability on the estimation of systematic and random errors. A novel technique for the estimation of systematic error, which differentiates between additive and multiplicative bias, is introduced. In a comparison of measurements by the ACE-FTS and Aura MLS instruments, significant multiplicative biases are identified and described.
In order to validate the reported random errors (RREs) of measurements, satellite validation studies often focus on measurements in the tropical stratosphere, where variability is weak. The scatter in tropical measurements can then be used as an upper limit on instrument precision. In an analysis of tropical measurements by the ACE-FTS, scatter is found to be roughly consistent with the RREs for H2O and CO. The scatter in measurements of O3, HNO3, and N2O, while larger than the reported random errors, is roughly consistent with the variability simulated in the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model. This work implies that the random error of the ACE-FTS measurements is smaller than the weak natural variability of the tropical stratosphere.
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Petersen, Jacob. "Retrieval of water vapour measurements by the SALI sounding rocket experiment at a wavelength of 936 nm /." 2004. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss&rft%5Fval%5Ffmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss:MQ99373.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-174). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss&rft%5Fval%5Ffmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss:MQ99373
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Kung, Li Kou, and 李國光. "Limb correction of MSU data and its impact on Atmospheric Sounding Retrieval." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58843052449873405869.
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Huang, chen-ging, and 黃成健. "Atmospheric Transmittance Model for AMSU's channels and its application in sounding retrievals." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13862445869046811400.
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Homeyer, Cameron R. "Extratropical Tropopause Transition Layer Characteristics from High-Resolution Sounding Data." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-05-7660.
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Accurate determination of the tropopause is important for applications such as dynamical analysis and forecasting, radiative transfer calculations, and the diagnosis of chemical transport in the atmosphere. In this paper, we examine how well the extratropical tropopause is determined in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) high-resolution Global Forecast System (GFS) model analysis over the continental United States using high-resolution aircraft and radiosonde data. The GFS analyses and sounding data compare well, with r.m.s. differences of approximately 600m, which is comparable to the vertical resolution of the model. The GFS tropopause is a good proxy in areas without in situ observations, but near the subtropical jet the GFS analysis often mistakenly identifies the secondary rather than the primary tropopause. We also explore an alternative method to identify the tropopause by fitting a smoothed step-function to the static stability profile. This new approach provides a measure of the depth of the troposphere-stratosphere transition and facilitates the study of the dynamical behavior of the tropopause region. In particular, using the transition depth, we are able to identify the statistical behavior of temperature in profiles with deep or shallow tropopause transition layers.
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"Atmospheric Sounding Data as Tools for Forecasting Severe Hail and Ozone Accumulation in Arizona during the North American Monsoon." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53485.
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abstract: Monsoon hazards routinely affect the community, economy, and environment of the American Southwest. A common link for hazard development during the North American Monsoon concerns the interplay between temperature, moisture, and wind in the vertical atmosphere controlled by an unstable monsoon circulation. This dissertation investigates vertical atmospheric patterns using in-situ sounding data, specifically, 1) environments favorable for severe hail on the Colorado Plateau, 2) significant parameters distinguishing unhealthy versus healthy ozone days in Phoenix, Arizona, and 3) vertical profile alignments associated with distinct ranges in ozone concentrations observed in Phoenix having defined health impacts.
The first study (published in the Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science) determines significant variables on Flagstaff, Arizona 12Z rawinsonde data (1996-2009) found on severe hail days on the Colorado Plateau. Severe hail is related to greater sub-300 hectopascals (hPa) moisture, a warmer atmospheric column, lighter above surface wind speeds, more southerly to southeasterly oriented winds throughout the vertical (except at the 700 hPa pressure level), and higher geopotential heights.
The second study (published in Atmospheric Environment) employs principal component, linear discriminant, and synoptic composite analyses using Phoenix, Arizona rawinsonde data (2006-2016) to identify common monsoon patterns affecting ozone accumulation in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Unhealthy ozone occurs with amplified high-pressure ridging over the Four Corners region, 500 hPa heights often exceeding 5910 meters, surface afternoon temperatures typically over 40°C, lighter wind speeds in the planetary boundary layer under four ms-1, and persistent light easterly flow between 700-500 hPa countering the daytime mountain-valley circulation.
The final study (under revision in Weather and Forecasting) assesses composite atmospheric sounding analysis to forecast Air Quality Index ozone classifications of Good, Moderate, and collectively categories exceeding the U.S. EPA 2015 standard. The analysis, using Phoenix 12Z rawinsonde data (2006-2017), identifies the existence of “pollutant dispersion windows” for ozone accumulation and dispersal in Phoenix.
Ultimately, monsoon hazards result from a complex and evolving vertical atmosphere. This dissertation demonstrates the viability using available in-situ vertical upper-air data to anticipate recurring atmospheric states contributing to specific hazards. These results will improve monsoon hazard prediction in an effort to protect public and infrastructure.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2019
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Li, Zhenglong. "Improvements and applications of atmospheric soundings from geostationary platform /." 2009. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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