Academic literature on the topic 'Atmospheric pressure Northern Territory Darwin'
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Journal articles on the topic "Atmospheric pressure Northern Territory Darwin"
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Cook, Garry D., and Michael J. Nicholls. "Estimation of Tropical Cyclone Wind Hazard for Darwin: Comparison with Two Other Locations and the Australian Wind-Loading Code." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2013.1.
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Abstract The passage of three Australian Category 5 cyclones within 350 km of Darwin (Northern Territory), Australia, during the last decade indicates that that city should have a high wind hazard. In this paper, the wind hazard for Darwin was compared with that for Port Hedland (Western Australia) and Townsville (Queensland) using data from a coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation model and from historical and satellite-era records of tropical cyclones. According to the authoritative statement on wind hazard in Australia, Darwin’s wind hazard is the same as Townsville’s but both locations’ hazards are much less than that of Port Hedland. However, three different estimates in this study indicate that Darwin’s wind hazard at the long return periods relevant to engineering requirements is higher than for both Port Hedland and Townsville. The discrepancy with previous studies may result from the inadequate cyclone records in the low-latitude north of Australia, from accumulated errors from estimates of wind speeds from wind fields and wind–pressure relationships, and from inappropriate extrapolations of short-period records based on assumed probability distributions. It is concluded that the current wind-hazard zoning of northern Australia seriously underestimates the hazard near Darwin and that coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation models could contribute to its revision.
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Cook, Garry D., and Michael J. Nicholls. "Reply." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 1 (January 2012): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-059.1.
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AbstractA reexamination of the wind hazard from tropical cyclones for the city of Darwin (Northern Territory), Australia, by Cook and Nicholls concluded that its wind hazard is substantially underestimated by its allocation to region C in the Australian wind code. This conclusion was dismissed by Harper et al. on the basis of interpretation of anemometer records and Dvorak central pressure estimates as well as criticism of the simple technique and data used to interpret historic records. Of the 44 years of historical anemometer records presented by Harper et al. for Darwin, however, only one record was for a direct hit by an intense tropical cyclone. The other records derive from distant and/or weak tropical cyclones, which are not applicable to understanding the wind hazard at long return periods. The Dvorak central pressure estimates from which Harper et al. conclude that Port Hedland (Western Australia), Australia, has a greater wind hazard than Darwin does, when back transformed to Dvorak current-intensity values and gust speeds, indicate the converse. The simple technique used to derive wind hazard from historical cyclone occurrence is defended in detail and shown to produce estimates of wind hazard that are close to those accepted for five locations on the hurricane-affected coastline of the U.S. mainland. Thus the criticisms by Harper et al. of Cook and Nicholl’s work are shown to be invalid and the original conclusion that Darwin’s wind hazard is substantially underestimated in the current Australian wind code is supported.
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Duff, G. A., B. A. Myers, R. J. Williams, D. Eamus, A. O'Grady, and I. R. Fordyce. "Seasonal Patterns in Soil Moisture, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Tree Canopy Cover and Pre-dawn Water Potential in a Northern Australian Savanna." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 2 (1997): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96018.
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The wet–dry tropics of northern Australia are characterised by extreme seasonal variation in rainfall and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit, although temperatures are relatively constant throughout the year.This seasonal variation is associated with marked changes in tree canopy cover, although the exact determinants of these changes are complex. This paper reports variation in microclimate (temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD)), rainfall, soil moisture, understorey light environment (total daily irradiance), and pre-dawn leaf water potential of eight dominant tree species in an area of savanna near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Patterns of canopy cover are strongly influenced by both soil moisture and VPD. Increases in canopy cover coincide with decreases in VPD, and occur prior to increases in soil moisture that occur with the onset of wet season rains. Decreases in canopy cover coincide with decreases in soil moisture following the cessation of wet season rains and associated increases in VPD. Patterns of pre-dawn water potential vary significantly between species and between leaf phenological guilds. Pre-dawn water potential increases with decreasing VPD towards the end of the dry season prior to any increases in soil moisture. Decline in pre-dawn water potential coincides with both decreasing soil moisture and increasing VPD at the end of the dry season. This study emphasises the importance of the annual transition between the dry season and the wet season, a period of 1–2 months of relatively low VPD but little or no effective rainfall, preceded by a 4–6 month dry season of no rainfall and high VPD. This period is accompanied by markedly increased canopy cover, and significant increases in pre-dawn water potential, which are demonstrably independent of rainfall. This finding emphasises the importance of VPD as a determinant of physiological and phenological processes in Australian savannas.
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SRIVASTAVA, H. N., and S. S. SINGH. "EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PARAMETERS USED IN LONG RANGE FORECASTING OF INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON." MAUSAM 44, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v44i1.3743.
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EEmpirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF),. associated with the; parameters for long range forecasting of Indian summer monsoon onset and seasonal. rainfall have been discussed. It was found that the percentage of variance explained was 77 and 67 respectively through the first four EOF. The highest correlation coefficient with the onset date was found for the first function which showed the maximum influence of Cobar (Australia) and Darwin (Australia) zonal winds on the onset date. It was interesting to note that for rainfall prediction predominant effect on the first EOF was noticed of 50 hPa ridge over northern hemisphere, Eurasian snow cover, Argentina pressure (negatively correlated) and 500 hpa ridge, 10 hPa Balboa wind, north, central India and east coast minimum temperatures, and northern hemisphere temperature. However, the Influence of EI-Nino, equatorial pressure and Darwin pressure (Including Tahiti minus Darwin) and Himalayan snow cover was almost negligible. The eigen index for the onset date suggests a complementary method for its application In long range prediction of summer monsoon onset date.
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Harper, Bruce A., John D. Holmes, Jeffrey D. Kepert, Luciano B. Mason, and Peter J. Vickery. "Comments on “Estimation of Tropical Cyclone Wind Hazard for Darwin: Comparison with Two Other Locations and the Australian Wind-Loading Code”." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 1 (January 2012): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-10-05011.1.
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AbstractCook and Nicholls recently argued in this journal that the city of Darwin (Northern Territory), Australia, should be located in wind region D rather than in the current region C in the Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1170.2 wind actions standard, in which region D has significantly higher risk. These comments critically examine the methods used by Cook and Nicholls and find serious flaws in them, sufficient to invalidate their conclusions. Specific flaws include 1) invalid assumptions in their analysis method, including that cyclones are assumed to be at the maximum intensity along their entire path across the sampling circle even after they have crossed extensive land areas; 2) a lack of verification that the simulated cyclone tracks are consistent with the known climatological data and in particular that the annual rate of simulated cyclones at each station greatly exceeds the numbers recorded for the entire Australian region; and 3) the apparent omission of key cyclones when comparing the risk at Darwin with two other locations. It is shown here that the number of cyclones that have affected Port Hedland (Western Australia), a site in Australia’s region D, greatly exceeds the number that have influenced Darwin over the same period for any chosen threshold of intensity. Analysis of the recorded gusts from anemometers at Port Hedland and Darwin that is presented here further supports this result. On the basis of this evidence, the authors conclude that Darwin’s tropical cyclone wind risk is adequately described by its current location in region C.
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Latysheva, I. V., K. A. Loshchenko, and S. Zh Vologzhina. "Circulation Factors in Climate Change in the Baikal Region." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 42 (2022): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2022.42.119.
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The paper presents the results of research conducted on large-scale and zonal atmospheric factors of climate variability over the territory of the Baikal region, which, according to Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) is considered to be one of the regions characterized by highest rates of climate change. On the basis of trend, correlation, and spectrum analyses, investigation was made of high- and low-frequency components in multidecadal timescales of climatic indices dynamics, which determine and distinguish variability in pressure fields and geopotential at high latitudes in the Northern hemisphere, in the northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans throughout the time period of 1950–2017. In the dynamics of climate indices, cyclicity is manifested. It reflects the contribution of short-term and long-term variations, which are close in duration to the variability of continental and oceanic centers of atmospheric action in the Northern Hemisphere. Among climatic indices, the highest levels of correlation with changes in average monthly temperatures in the city of Irkutsk can be traced for the Scandinavian index. With an increase in surface pressure in the territory of Scandinavia, the contribution of advective heat and moisture fluxes from the Atlantic is weakened. The latter have a warming effect in the winter months on the territory of the Irkutsk region. Particular emphasis was put on searching for causes of increasingly arid climate in the Baikal region in summer months of 2000–2017, when the number of forest fires in the region rose dramatically.
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Collis, Scott, Alain Protat, Peter T. May, and Christopher Williams. "Statistics of Storm Updraft Velocities from TWP-ICE Including Verification with Profiling Measurements." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 8 (August 2013): 1909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0230.1.
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AbstractComparisons between direct measurements and modeled values of vertical air motions in precipitating systems are complicated by differences in temporal and spatial scales. On one hand, vertically profiling radars more directly measure the vertical air motion but do not adequately capture full storm dynamics. On the other hand, vertical air motions retrieved from two or more scanning Doppler radars capture the full storm dynamics but require model constraints that may not capture all updraft features because of inadequate sampling, resolution, numerical constraints, and the fact that the storm is evolving as it is scanned by the radars. To investigate the veracity of radar-based retrievals, which can be used to verify numerically modeled vertical air motions, this article presents several case studies from storm events around Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, in which measurements from a dual-frequency radar profiler system and volumetric radar-based wind retrievals are compared. While a direct comparison was not possible because of instrumentation location, an indirect comparison shows promising results, with volume retrievals comparing well to those obtained from the profiling system. This prompted a statistical analysis of an extended period of an active monsoon period during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Results show less vigorous deep convective cores with maximum updraft velocities occurring at lower heights than some cloud-resolving modeling studies suggest.
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Zeng, Xiping, Wei-Kuo Tao, Scott W. Powell, Robert A. Houze, Paul Ciesielski, Nick Guy, Harold Pierce, and Toshihisa Matsui. "A Comparison of the Water Budgets between Clouds from AMMA and TWP-ICE." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-050.1.
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Abstract Two field campaigns, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) and the Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), took place in 2006 near Niamey, Niger, and Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, providing extensive observations of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) near a desert and a tropical coast, respectively. Under the constraint of their observations, three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations are carried out and presented in this paper to replicate the basic characteristics of the observed MCSs. All of the modeled MCSs exhibit a distinct structure having deep convective clouds accompanied by stratiform and anvil clouds. In contrast to the approximately 100-km-scale MCSs observed in TWP-ICE, the MCSs in AMMA have been successfully simulated with a scale of about 400 km. These modeled AMMA and TWP-ICE MCSs offer an opportunity to understand the structure and mechanism of MCSs. Comparing the water budgets between AMMA and TWP-ICE MCSs suggests that TWP-ICE convective clouds have stronger ascent while the mesoscale ascent outside convective clouds in AMMA is stronger. A case comparison, with the aid of sensitivity experiments, also suggests that vertical wind shear and ice crystal (or dust aerosol) concentration can significantly impact stratiform and anvil clouds (e.g., their areas) in MCSs. In addition, the obtained water budgets quantitatively describe the transport of water between convective, stratiform, and anvil regions as well as water sources/sinks from microphysical processes, providing information that can be used to help determine parameters in the convective and cloud parameterizations in general circulation models (GCMs).
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Drosdowsky, Wasyl, and Matthew C. Wheeler. "Predicting the Onset of the North Australian Wet Season with the POAMA Dynamical Prediction System." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-13-00091.1.
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Abstract A forecast product focusing on the onset of the north Australian wet season using a dynamical ocean–atmosphere model is developed and verified. Onset is defined to occur when a threshold rainfall accumulation of 50 mm is reached from 1 September. This amount has been shown to be useful for agricultural applications, as it is about what is required to generate new plant growth after the usually dry period of June–August. The normal (median) onset date occurs first around Darwin in the north and Cairns in the east in late October, and is progressively later for locations farther inland away from these locations. However, there is significant interannual variability in the onset, and skillful predictions of this can be valuable. The potential of the Predictive Ocean–Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA), version 2, for making probabilistic predictions of onset, derived from its multimember ensemble, is shown. Using 50 yr of hindcasts, POAMA is found to skillfully predict the variability of onset, despite a generally dry bias, with the “percent correct” exceeding 70% over about a third of the Northern Territory. In comparison to a previously developed statistical method based solely on El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the POAMA system shows improved skill scores, suggesting that it gains from additional sources of predictability. However, the POAMA hindcasts do not reproduce the observed long-term trend in onset dates over inland regions to an earlier date despite being initialized with the observed warming ocean temperatures. Understanding and modeling this trend should lead to further enhancements in skill.
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Liess, Stefan, Saurabh Agrawal, Snigdhansu Chatterjee, and Vipin Kumar. "A Teleconnection between the West Siberian Plain and the ENSO Region." Journal of Climate 30, no. 1 (January 2017): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0884.1.
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The Walker circulation is linked to extratropical waves that are deflected from the Northern Hemisphere polar regions and travel southeastward over central Asia toward the western Pacific warm pool during northern winter. The wave pattern resembles the east Atlantic–west Russia pattern and influences the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) region. A tripole pattern between the West Siberian Plain and the two centers of action of ENSO indicates that the background state of ENSO with respect to global sea level pressure (SLP) has a significant negative correlation to the West Siberian Plain. The correlation with the background state, which is defined by the sum of the two centers of action of ENSO, is higher than each of the pairwise correlations with either of the ENSO centers alone. The centers are defined with a clustering algorithm that detects regions with similar characteristics. The normalized monthly SLP time series for the two centers of ENSO (around Darwin, Australia, and Tahiti) are area averaged, and the sum of both regions is considered as the background state of ENSO. This wave train can be detected throughout the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Its origins can be traced back to Rossby wave activity triggered by convection over the subtropical North Atlantic that emanates wave activity toward the West Siberian Plain. The same wave train also propagates to the central Pacific Ocean around Tahiti and can be used to predict the background state over the ENSO region. This background state also modifies the subtropical bridge between tropical eastern Pacific and subtropical North Atlantic leading to a circumglobal wave train.