Journal articles on the topic 'Atmospheric hazard'
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1
Stenner, Christian, Andreas Pflitsch, Lee Florea, Kathleen Graham, and Eduardo Cartaya. "Development and persistence of hazardous atmospheres in a glaciovolcanic cave system—Mount Rainier, Washington, USA." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 84, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2021ex0102.
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Glaciovolcanic cave systems, including fumarolic ice caves, can present variable atmospheric hazards. The twin summit craters of Mount Rainier, Washington, USA, host the largest fumarolic ice cave system in the world. The proximity of fumarole emissions in these caves to thousands of mountaineers each year can be hazardous. Herein we present the first assessment and mapping of the atmospheric hazards in the Mount Rainier caves along with a discussion on the microclimates involved in hazard formation and persistence. Our results are compared to applicable life-safety standards for gas exposure in ambient air. We also describe unique usage of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) at high altitude. In both craters, subglacial CO2 traps persist in multiple locations due to fumarole output, limited ventilation, and cave morphology. CO2 concentrations, calculated from O2 depletion, reached maximum values of 10.3 % and 24.8 % in the East and West Crater Caves, respectively. The subglacial CO2 lake in West Crater Cave was persistent, with atmospheric pressure as the main factor influencing CO2 concentrations. O2 displacement exacerbated by low O2 partial pressure at the high summit altitude revealed additional cave passages that can be of immediate danger to life and health (IDLH), with O2 partial pressures as low as 68.3 mmHg. Planning for volcanic research or rescue in or around similar cave systems can be assisted by considering the implications of atmospheric hazards. These findings highlight the formation mechanisms of hazardous atmospheres, exploration challenges, the need for mountaineering and public awareness, and the broader implications to volcanic hazard assessment and research in these environments.
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Cook, Garry D., and Michael J. Nicholls. "Estimation of Tropical Cyclone Wind Hazard for Darwin: Comparison with Two Other Locations and the Australian Wind-Loading Code." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2013.1.
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Abstract The passage of three Australian Category 5 cyclones within 350 km of Darwin (Northern Territory), Australia, during the last decade indicates that that city should have a high wind hazard. In this paper, the wind hazard for Darwin was compared with that for Port Hedland (Western Australia) and Townsville (Queensland) using data from a coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation model and from historical and satellite-era records of tropical cyclones. According to the authoritative statement on wind hazard in Australia, Darwin’s wind hazard is the same as Townsville’s but both locations’ hazards are much less than that of Port Hedland. However, three different estimates in this study indicate that Darwin’s wind hazard at the long return periods relevant to engineering requirements is higher than for both Port Hedland and Townsville. The discrepancy with previous studies may result from the inadequate cyclone records in the low-latitude north of Australia, from accumulated errors from estimates of wind speeds from wind fields and wind–pressure relationships, and from inappropriate extrapolations of short-period records based on assumed probability distributions. It is concluded that the current wind-hazard zoning of northern Australia seriously underestimates the hazard near Darwin and that coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation models could contribute to its revision.
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Woodruff, India, James Kirby, Fengyan Shi, and Stephan Grilli. "ESTIMATING METEO-TSUNAMI OCCURRENCES FOR THE US EAST COAST." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.currents.66.
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Meteorological tsunamis, also called meteo-tsunamis, are significant ocean surface waves generated by atmospheric forcing. The waves typically result from energy transfer from atmosphere to ocean through the Proudman resonance phenomena, where translation speed of the storm system in the atmosphere coincides with the free wave speed of long surface waves. These tsunami-like waves can be hazardous, either through direct inundation of shorelines or through generation of harbor oscillations and other disruptions to maritime activities. The wide continental shelf bathymetry of the United States (US) East Coast provides a long potential fetch length for the resonant generation process, making the region particularly susceptible to meteo-tsunamis. In this study, we carry out a probabilistic analysis of potential meteo-tsunami hazard on the US East Coast, extending the earlier work of Geist et al. (2014) to include a wider range of storm conditions and additional response types including coastally-trapped edge waves. The work, carried out under the auspices of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP), extends the previous efforts of Geist et al. to include a representation of inundation and maritime hazards in at-risk areas. The work is conducted using the fully nonlinear Boussinesq wave model FUNWAVE-TVD (Shi et al., 2012), extended to include atmospheric pressure and wind forcing.
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Phy, Sophea Rom, Ty Sok, Sophal Try, Ratboren Chan, Sovannara Uk, Chhordaneath Hen, and Chantha Oeurng. "Flood Hazard and Management in Cambodia: A Review of Activities, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Direction." Climate 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10110162.
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Cambodia is located in one of the most severe flood-vulnerable zones in mainland Southeast Asia. Flooding is the country’s most recurrent and impactful hazard among other natural hazards. This hazard alone, observed in many river basins, has been inflicting huge damages on livelihoods, social infrastructure, and the country’s economy. This study aims to review the current status of flood hazards, impacts, driving factors, management capacity, and future research directions on floods in Cambodia. The findings of this study suggested that there is still a lack of flood-related studies on flood hazard mapping, risk and damage assessment, and future flood analysis in Cambodia. The existing related studies mainly focused on the Tonle Sap Basin and its tributaries, the Lower Mekong Basin, the whole Mekong River Basin, and some of the tributaries of the Mekong River in Cambodia. The fundamental driving factors of the current flooding in Cambodia are impacts of climate change, land-use change, water infrastructure development, and weather extremes. The applications of mathematical and statistical tests and indices, conceptual and physically-based modeling, artificial intelligence and machine learning, and remote sensing are recommended to focus on future research directions on flood in Cambodia in the areas of land-use change, existing and planned operation of water infrastructure, flood hazard and damage assessment, and flood forecasting. The outcomes from these studies and applications would improve the understanding of flood hazard characteristics, reinforce flood management, and achieve flood damage reduction.
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Zahroh, Nyayu Fatimah, Budi Darmawan Supatmanto, Sholehhudin Al Ayubi, Mahally Kudsy, Edvin Aldrian, Findy Renggono, Jon Arifian, Rino Bachtiar Yahya, and Satyo Nuryanto. "Data integration from intensive observation period in 2016 to detect extreme weather in the vicinity of Jakarta region." MATEC Web of Conferences 229 (2018): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822902006.
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Meteorological hazard has been frequently occurred in Indonesia due to torrential rains. It is important to examine the characteristics of the atmosphere during rainy seasons for hazard mitigation. National Laboratory of Weather Modification Technology has conducted a short Intensive Observation Program (IOP) from January 18th to February 16th, 2016 to collect meteorological data in the vicinity of Jakarta Region. During that period several instruments have been used, such as Radar, Microwave Profiling Radiometer, Automatic Weather Station, and Radiosonde. This paper examines the comparison of atmospheric parameters obtained from Radiosonde and Profiling Radiometer during extreme weather days. The results showed that there were significant differences of instability indices of Radiosonde and Profiling Radiometer data: 15 points for KI, 6 points for TT and 100 points for SWEAT. The atmospheric stability indices of the Profiling Radiometer tended to be lower than Radiosonde. A radar image showing a rainstorm as well as rain rate information validates atmospheric index stability data. Radar and atmospheric instability indices data integration can be used as one of the parameters to forecast extreme weather events and as an early warning system of hazard mitigation.
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Bertrand, Darrian, and Mark Shafer. "Defining Hazards." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00236.1.
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Abstract State hazard mitigation plans guide state and local agencies in actions they may take to reduce their vulnerability to extreme events. However, because they are written for a general audience, they must be written in a way for a layperson to understand. In many cases, the people writing these plans are not meteorologists or do not have access to meteorological expertise. Consequently, descriptions of hazards may be taken from websites, other documents, or perhaps authoritative sources. This leads to inconsistencies in the way hazards are portrayed in the plans, which increases the difficulty of translating proposed actions to local governments or to other states. This article delves into the issue of these variances and how it affects those who write state hazard mitigation plans. For this brief text, the hazards discussed in state plans that fall in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program (SCIPP)’s region are covered with a comparison of definitions from the National Weather Service (NWS) and the American Meteorological Society (AMS). States within the SCIPP region include Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. This study found that it is more common for states to use key words from NWS and AMS hazard definitions than to use exact definitions. The goal of this article is to prompt a discussion about the inconsistency of terminology used in state hazard mitigation plans and to spread awareness of this issue so that future plans can keep their unique elements while providing a better description and understanding of the included hazards.
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Sillmann, Jana, Simone Russo, Sebastian Sippel, and Kristina Alnes. "From Hazard to Risk." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 8 (August 2018): 1689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0327.1.
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Rädler, Anja T., Pieter Groenemeijer, Eberhard Faust, and Robert Sausen. "Detecting Severe Weather Trends Using an Additive Regressive Convective Hazard Model (AR-CHaMo)." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 3 (March 2018): 569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0132.1.
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AbstractA statistical model for the occurrence of convective hazards was developed and applied to reanalysis data to detect multidecadal trends in hazard frequency. The modeling framework is based on an additive logistic regression for observed hazards that exploits predictors derived from numerical model data. The regression predicts the probability of a severe hazard, which is considered as a product of two components: the probability that a storm occurs and the probability of the severe hazard, given the presence of a storm [P(severe) = P(storm) × P(severe|storm)]. The model was developed using lightning data as an indication of thunderstorm occurrence and hazard reports across central Europe. Although it uses only two predictors per component, it is capable of reproducing the observed spatial distribution of lightning and yields realistic annual cycles of lightning, hail, and wind fairly accurately. The model was applied to ERA-Interim (1979–2016) across Europe to detect any changes in lightning, hail, and wind hazard occurrence. The frequency of conditions favoring lightning, wind, and large hail has increased across large parts of Europe, with the exception of the southwest. The resulting predicted occurrence of 6-hourly periods with lightning, wind, and large hail has increased by 16%, 29%, and 41%, respectively, across western and central Europe and by 23%, 56%, and 86% across Germany and the Alps during the period considered. It is shown that these changes are caused by increased instability in the reanalysis rather than by changes in midtropospheric moisture or wind shear.
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Petean, Ioan, Aurora Mocanu, Gertrud-Alexandra Păltinean, Raluca Ţărcan, Dana Florina Muntean, Liana Mureşan, George Arghir, and Maria Tomoaia-Cotişel. "Physico-chemical study concerning atmospheric particulate matter hazard." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Chemia 62, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbchem.2017.4.03.
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Madonia, Paolo, Marianna Cangemi, Giulia Casamento, Cipriano Di Maggio, Rosario Di Pietro, Marco Interlandi, Gianfranco Barraco, Roberto D’Aleo, and Francesco Di Trapani. "Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations in Caves Protected as Nature Reserves and Related Gas Hazard." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111760.
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Atmospheric CO2 concentrations can reach high levels inside natural caves, representing a hazardous condition for both humans frequenting the underground environment and its safeguard due to the corrosion of speleothems induced by the acidification of atmospheric moisture. These issues are particularly critical for the eco-sustainable management of caves protected as nature reserves and undergoing touristic exploitation. In this paper we present the results of the C6 project, which was activated in 1999 for the monitoring of air quality inside three caves protected as nature reserves in Sicily (Italy). Near-real-time and spot measurements of air temperature and CO2 concentration have been carried out since the year 2000, giving the opportunity of evaluating the gas hazard for visitors and its potential impact on the protected underground environments, as well as the influence of meteorological and hydrological conditions in driving carbon dioxide accumulations. The analysis of data acquired in the hypogeal atmosphere, and their comparison with analogous epigeal measures, indicates that carbon dioxide accumulation is controlled by a complex interaction among cave topography, meteorological dynamics, gaseous exchanges between groundwaters and the atmosphere, and human fruition. This last factor, under particular conditions, can surprisingly diminishing underground CO2 concentrations.
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Safatov, Alexandr, Irina Andreeva, Galina Buryak, Olesia Ohlopkova, Sergei Olkin, Larisa Puchkova, Irina Reznikova, et al. "How Has the Hazard to Humans of Microorganisms Found in Atmospheric Aerosol in the South of Western Siberia Changed over 10 Years?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051651.
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One of the most important components of atmospheric aerosols are microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the hazard to humans, both from individual microorganisms which are present in atmospheric bioaerosols as well as from their pool. An approach for determining the hazard of bacteria and yeasts found in atmospheric bioaerosols for humans has previously been proposed. The purpose of this paper is to compare our results for 2006–2008 with the results of studies obtained in 2012–2016 to identify changes in the characteristics of bioaerosols occurring over a decade in the south of Western Siberia. Experimental data on the growth, morphological and biochemical properties of bacteria and yeasts were determined for each isolate found in bioaerosol samples. The integral indices of the hazards of bacteria and yeast for humans were constructed for each isolate based on experimentally determined isolate characteristics according to the approach developed by authors in 2008. Data analysis of two datasets showed that hazard to humans of culturable microorganisms in the atmospheric aerosol in the south of Western Siberia has not changed significantly for 10 years (trends are undistinguishable from zero with a confidence level of more than 95%) despite a noticeable decrease in the average annual number of culturable microorganisms per cubic meter (6–10 times for 10 years).
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Adams, Ishmael, Sumita Ghosh, and Goran Runeson. "Access to Early Warning for Climate Change-Related Hazards in Informal Settlements of Accra, Ghana." Climate 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10050062.
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Climate change-related hazards will aggravate and impact differently on urban societies. Although early warning systems will be important for reducing the hazard risks in cities, the nature of early warning systems that are available to residents of informal settlements remains less understood. This paper aimed to assess the early warning systems through which informal dwellers reduce their hazard risks in an African city. Using Accra as the case, data were collected from 582 households using a structured questionnaire along with 25 institutional key informant interviews and 14 focus discussions with state and settlement actors in this study. Findings of the paper show that a mix of formal and informal early warning systems are utilized by residents of informal settlements, but the majority of them perceived state disaster management institutions as not performing optimally in their resident settlements. The nature of land ownership in the informal settlements influenced their political exclusion and state institutions’ decisions not to locate weather monitoring equipment in their settlements. Respondents without the security of land tenure perceived state disaster management institutions as not performing optimally, which negatively affects their capacity to respond to climate change-related hazards. The paper thus recommends the incorporation of informal early warning systems into city-wide hazard early warning systems through participatory planning in Accra and similar contexts. Future scholars may extend this discourse by examining the effect of the use of informal early warning systems on the uptake of formal hazard early warning sources in informal settlements.
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Adams, Ishmael, Sumita Ghosh, and Goran Runeson. "Access to Early Warning for Climate Change-Related Hazards in Informal Settlements of Accra, Ghana." Climate 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10050062.
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Climate change-related hazards will aggravate and impact differently on urban societies. Although early warning systems will be important for reducing the hazard risks in cities, the nature of early warning systems that are available to residents of informal settlements remains less understood. This paper aimed to assess the early warning systems through which informal dwellers reduce their hazard risks in an African city. Using Accra as the case, data were collected from 582 households using a structured questionnaire along with 25 institutional key informant interviews and 14 focus discussions with state and settlement actors in this study. Findings of the paper show that a mix of formal and informal early warning systems are utilized by residents of informal settlements, but the majority of them perceived state disaster management institutions as not performing optimally in their resident settlements. The nature of land ownership in the informal settlements influenced their political exclusion and state institutions’ decisions not to locate weather monitoring equipment in their settlements. Respondents without the security of land tenure perceived state disaster management institutions as not performing optimally, which negatively affects their capacity to respond to climate change-related hazards. The paper thus recommends the incorporation of informal early warning systems into city-wide hazard early warning systems through participatory planning in Accra and similar contexts. Future scholars may extend this discourse by examining the effect of the use of informal early warning systems on the uptake of formal hazard early warning sources in informal settlements.
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Pattiaratchi, Charitha B., and E. M. S. Wijeratne. "Are meteotsunamis an underrated hazard?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2053 (October 28, 2015): 20140377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0377.
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Meteotsunamis are generated by meteorological events, particularly moving pressure disturbances due to squalls, thunderstorms, frontal passages and atmospheric gravity waves. Relatively small initial sea-level perturbations, of the order of a few centimetres, can increase significantly through multi-resonant phenomena to create destructive events through the superposition of different factors. The global occurrence of meteotsunamis and the different resonance phenomena leading to amplification of meteotsunamis are reviewed. Results from idealized numerical modelling and field measurements from southwest Australia are presented to highlight the relative importance of the different processes. It is shown that the main influence that leads to amplification of the initial disturbance is due to wave shoaling and topographic resonance. Although meteotsunamis are not catastrophic to the extent of major seismically induced basin-scale events, the temporal and spatial occurrence of meteotsunamis are higher than those of seismic tsunamis as the atmospheric disturbances responsible for the generation of meteotsunamis are more common. High-energy events occur only for very specific combinations of resonant effects. The rareness of such combinations is perhaps the main reason why destructive meteotsunamis are exceptional and observed only at a limited number of sites globally.
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de Leeuw, Frank A. A. M. "Assessment of the atmospheric hazards and risks of new chemicals: Procedures to estimate “hazard potentials”." Chemosphere 27, no. 8 (October 1993): 1313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90226-u.
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Japkarayeva, A. S., and K. B. Massenov. "ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF TARAZ CITY." EurasianUnionScientists 6, no. 68 (2019): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2019.6.68.430.
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Cintineo, John L., Michael J. Pavolonis, Justin M. Sieglaff, Lee Cronce, and Jason Brunner. "NOAA ProbSevere v2.0—ProbHail, ProbWind, and ProbTor." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0242.1.
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ABSTRACTSevere convective storms are hazardous to both life and property and thus their accurate and timely prediction is imperative. In response to this critical need to help fulfill the mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA and the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) at the University of Wisconsin (UW) have developed NOAA ProbSevere—an operational short-term forecasting subsystem within the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system, providing storm-based probabilistic guidance to severe convective hazards. ProbSevere extracts and integrates pertinent data from a variety of meteorological sources via multiplatform multiscale storm identification and tracking in order to compute severe hazard probabilities in a statistical framework, using naïve Bayesian classifiers. Version 1 of ProbSevere (PSv1) employed one model—the “probability of any severe hazard” trained on the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) criteria. Version 2 of ProbSevere (PSv2) implements four models, three naïve Bayesian classifiers trained to specific hazards: 1) severe hail, 2) severe straight-line wind gusts, 3) tornadoes; and a combined model for any of the aforementioned hazards, which takes the maximum probability of the three classifiers. This paper overviews the ProbSevere system and details the construction and selection of predictors for the models. An evaluation of the four models demonstrated that v2 is more skillful than v1 for each severe hazard with higher critical success index scores and that the optimal probability threshold varies by region of the United States. The discussion highlights PSv2 in NOAA’s Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) and current and future research for convective nowcasting.
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Hartke, Samantha H., Daniel B. Wright, Dalia B. Kirschbaum, Thomas A. Stanley, and Zhe Li. "Incorporation of Satellite Precipitation Uncertainty in a Landslide Hazard Nowcasting System." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1741–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0295.1.
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AbstractMany existing models that predict landslide hazards utilize ground-based sources of precipitation data. In locations where ground-based precipitation observations are limited (i.e., a vast majority of the globe), or for landslide hazard models that assess regional or global domains, satellite multisensor precipitation products offer a promising near-real-time alternative to ground-based data. NASA’s global Landslide Hazard Assessment for Situational Awareness (LHASA) model uses the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) product to issue hazard “nowcasts” in near–real time for areas that are currently at risk for landsliding. Satellite-based precipitation estimates, however, can contain considerable systematic bias and random error, especially over mountainous terrain and during extreme rainfall events. This study combines a precipitation error modeling framework with a probabilistic adaptation of LHASA. Compared with the routine version of LHASA, this probabilistic version correctly predicts more of the observed landslides in the study region with fewer false alarms by high hazard nowcasts. This study demonstrates that improvements in landslide hazard prediction can be achieved regardless of whether the IMERG error model is trained using abundant ground-based precipitation observations or using far fewer and more scattered observations, suggesting that the approach is viable in data-limited regions. Results emphasize the importance of accounting for both random error and systematic satellite precipitation bias. The approach provides an example of how environmental prediction models can incorporate satellite precipitation uncertainty. Other applications such as flood and drought monitoring and forecasting could likely benefit from consideration of precipitation uncertainty.
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Wang, Wen Yong, Nan Chen, and Xiao Juan Ma. "Research on Atmospheric Environmental Capacity Model of Urban Agglomeration." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1311.
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The urban agglomeration is the area with industrial centralization, dense population and vehicles collecting, which is the heavily air polluted place but also the place with demand of hi-quality atmosphere. The only condition to assure the city clusters in sustainable development is that the economy and the environment shall be advanced in coordination, i.e. the economy shall be kept fast developing while the air quality shall satisfy the citizen’s healthy existence and the biologic balance. The basic measure to realize such condition is to control the total amount of pollutants discharged not exceed the atmospheric environmental capacity(AEC) ,in short, implementing the capacity total quantity control(CTQC).so calculate the value of atmospheric environmental capacity is very important. On account that this thesis has considered comprehensively the relations among ambient air quality to come up to national ambient air quality standard(NAAQS), the investment for controlling the pollution and the loss by contamination hazard, an optimized atmospheric environmental capacity model is established with the bi-objective functions of least investment for controlling the pollution and loss by contamination hazard as well as the restricting condition is atmospheric environmental quality meet the NAAQS. Taking the northern urban agglomeration in Leshan City as an example we have calculated the actual SO2 atmospheric environmental capacity and provided an instance for the model’s promotion of application.
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Mufaidah, Vievi Ruldi, and Endang Dwiyanti. "HAZARD IDENTIFICATION OF WELDING IN CONFINED SPACE OF THE CEMENT PRODUCTION COMPANY." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v17i1.2022.132-144.
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Introduction: Maintenance of a electrostatic precipitator cooler machine involving welding activities in confined spaces, so the company of cement production need to understand the existing hazard by conducting hazard identification. Welding are related with physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical hazards that can cause accidents and occupational illnesses. When the welding is carried out in confined spaces, it can increasing the hazards include chemical hazards in the air, configuration of the building structure, poor airflow, or any combination of existing hazards. Methods: This research aimed to conduct hazard identification on welding activities in confined spaces. The research design used a descriptive observational with cross sectional approach. The research population was the workers who repair the electrostatic precipitator cooler machines. Sample of this research were selected using the Purposive sampling method, 2 welders in the rapping bar and 1 safetyman. Primary data was collected by conducting observation and interviews using checklist sheet, secondary data was obtained by collecting company profile and daily safety reports. Result: The results of the analysis showed that the identified hazards of welding activities in confined space are 5 of mechanical hazards, 4 of atmospheric hazards, 5 of ergonomics hazards, 5 of falling hazards, 6 of physical hazards, 5 chemical hazards, and 4 electrical hazards. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research was the dominant potential hazard come from physical hazards consisting of inadequate light, welding sparks, optical radiation, noise, high pressure gas and hoses. Some hazards inflict accidents and illness due to work on welding in confined space are welding sparks, fume, oxygen and asitelyn gases, as well as toxic and carcinogenic substance i.e. cement and coal dust. Keywords: confined space, hazard identification, welding
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Wang, Wen Yong, Xiao Juan Ma, and Bo Jun Ke. "Study on Sulfur Dioxide Atmospheric Environmental Capacity of Chengdu Urban Agglomeration." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.488.
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located in the west of Sichuan Basin and composed of Chengdu City, Mianyang City, Deyang City, Ziyang City, and Meishan City, Chengdu urban agglomeration is an area where industry, population and motor vehicles are densely distributed. Therefore, there are acute conflicts between the economic development and atmospheric environmental protection. On one hand, lots of pollutants emitted by industry and motor vehicles enter the atmosphere and adversely affect the environmental air quality. On the other hand, the dense population needs good air quality. Since the current environmental air quality standards cannot fully protect human health and ecological balance, in the calculation of the atmospheric environmental capacity for urban agglomerations, in addition to pollution control investment and environmental quality up to standards, the pollution hazard losses should also be considered. In the present paper, according to the specific conditions of Chengdu urban agglomeration, a multi-source mode and dual-objective optimized atmospheric environmental capacity model was developed with the minimum pollution control investment and pollution hazard losses serving as the objective function and the environmental air quality up to standard serving as the constraint. The Sulfur Dioxide atmospheric environmental capacity of Chengdu urban agglomeration was calculated by using this model so as to provide basic data for the total capacity control of Chengdu urban agglomeration.
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Božiček, Amalija, Bojan Franc, and Božidar Filipović-Grčić. "Early Warning Weather Hazard System for Power System Control." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 12, 2022): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062085.
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Power systems and their primary components, mostly the transmission and distribution of overhead lines, substations, and other power facilities, are distributed in space and are exposed to various atmospheric and meteorological conditions. These conditions carry a certain level of risk for reliable electrical power delivery. Various atmospheric hazards endanger the operation of power systems, where the most significant are thunderstorms, wildfire events, and floods which can cause various ranges of disturbances, faults, and damages to the power grid, or even negatively affect the quality of life. By utilizing a weather monitoring and early warning system, it is possible to ensure a faster reaction against different weather-caused fault detections and elimination, to ensure a faster and more adequate preparation for fighting extreme weather events, while maintaining overhead line protection and fault elimination. Moreso, it is possible to bypass overhead lines that have the highest risk of unfavorable meteorological events and hazards, and reroute the energy, thus providing electricity to endangered areas in times of need while minimizing blackouts, and consequently, improving the quality of human life. This paper will present an analysis of the various risks of atmospheric phenomena, in the meteorological and climate context, and discuss various power system components, the power system control, operations, planning, and power quality. A concept with the main functionalities and data sources needed for the establishment of an early warning weather hazard system will be proposed. The proposed solution can be used as a utility function in power system control to mitigate risks to the power system due to atmospheric influences and ongoing climate change.
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Ashley, Walker S., Stephen Strader, Douglas C. Dziubla, and Alex Haberlie. "Driving Blind: Weather-Related Vision Hazards and Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00026.1.
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Abstract Visibility-related weather hazards have significant impacts on motor vehicle operators because of decreased driver vision, reduced roadway speed, amplified speed variability, and elevated crash risk. This research presents a national analysis of fog-, smoke-, and dust storm–associated vehicular fatalities in the United States. Initially, a database of weather-related motor vehicle crash fatalities from 1994 to 2011 is constructed from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data. Thereafter, spatiotemporal analyses of visibility-related (crashes where a vision hazard was reported at time of event) and vision-obscured (driver’s vision was recorded as obscured by weather, and a weather-related vision hazard was reported) fatal vehicular crashes are presented. Results reveal that the annual number of fatalities associated with weather-related, vision-obscured vehicular crashes is comparable to those of more notable and captivating hazards such as tornadoes, floods, tropical cyclones, and lightning. The majority of these vision-obscured crash fatalities occurred in fog, on state and U.S. numbered highways, during the cool season and during the morning commuting hours of 0500 to 0800 local time. Areas that experience the greatest frequencies of vision-obscured fatal crashes are located in the Central Valley of California, Appalachian Mountain and mid-Atlantic region, the Midwest, and along the Gulf Coast. From 2007 to 2011, 72% of all vision-obscured fatal crashes occurred when there was no National Weather Service weather-related visibility advisory in effect. The deadliest weather-related visibility hazard crashes during the period are exhibited, revealing a spectrum of environmental and geographical settings that can trigger these high-end events.
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Di Virgilio, Giovanni, Melissa Anne Hart, and Ningbo Jiang. "Meteorological controls on atmospheric particulate pollution during hazard reduction burns." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 9 (May 8, 2018): 6585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6585-2018.
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Abstract. Internationally, severe wildfires are an escalating problem likely to worsen given projected changes to climate. Hazard reduction burns (HRBs) are used to suppress wildfire occurrences, but they generate considerable emissions of atmospheric fine particulate matter, which depend upon prevailing atmospheric conditions, and can degrade air quality. Our objectives are to improve understanding of the relationships between meteorological conditions and air quality during HRBs in Sydney, Australia. We identify the primary meteorological covariates linked to high PM2.5 pollution (particulates < 2.5 µm in diameter) and quantify differences in their behaviours between HRB days when PM2.5 remained low versus HRB days when PM2.5 was high. Generalised additive mixed models were applied to continuous meteorological and PM2.5 observations for 2011–2016 at four sites across Sydney. The results show that planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and total cloud cover were the most consistent predictors of elevated PM2.5 during HRBs. During HRB days with low pollution, the PBLH between 00:00 and 07:00 LT (local time) was 100–200 m higher than days with high pollution. The PBLH was similar during 10:00–17:00 LT for both low and high pollution days, but higher after 18:00 LT for HRB days with low pollution. Cloud cover, temperature and wind speed reflected the above pattern, e.g. mean temperatures and wind speeds were 2 ∘C cooler and 0.5 m s−1 lower during mornings and evenings of HRB days when air quality was poor. These cooler, more stable morning and evening conditions coincide with nocturnal westerly cold air drainage flows in Sydney, which are associated with reduced mixing height and vertical dispersion, leading to the build-up of PM2.5. These findings indicate that air pollution impacts may be reduced by altering the timing of HRBs by conducting them later in the morning (by a matter of hours). Our findings support location-specific forecasts of the air quality impacts of HRBs in Sydney and similar regions elsewhere.
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Qin, Rongshui, Jiping Zhu, and Nima Khakzad. "Multi-hazard failure assessment of atmospheric storage tanks during hurricanes." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 68 (November 2020): 104325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104325.
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Erfani, R., L. Chouinard, and L. Cloutier. "De-aggregated hazard of freezing rain events." Atmospheric Research 145-146 (August 2014): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.024.
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Bosma, Christopher D., Daniel B. Wright, Phu Nguyen, James P. Kossin, Derrick C. Herndon, and J. Marshall Shepherd. "An Intuitive Metric to Quantify and Communicate Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Hazard." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): E206—E220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0075.1.
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Abstract Recent tropical cyclones (TCs) have highlighted the hazards that TC rainfall poses to human life and property. These hazards are not adequately conveyed by the commonly used Saffir–Simpson scale. Additionally, while recurrence intervals (or, their inverse, annual exceedance probabilities) are sometimes used in the popular media to convey the magnitude and likelihood of extreme rainfall and floods, these concepts are often misunderstood by the public and have important statistical limitations. We introduce an alternative metric—the extreme rain multiplier (ERM), which expresses TC rainfall as a multiple of the climatologically derived 2-yr rainfall value. ERM allows individuals to connect (“anchor,” in cognitive psychology terms) the magnitude of a TC rainfall event to the magnitude of rain events that are more typically experienced in their area. A retrospective analysis of ERM values for TCs from 1948 to 2017 demonstrates the utility of the metric as a hazard quantification and communication tool. Hurricane Harvey (2017) had the highest ERM value during this period, underlining the storm’s extreme nature. ERM correctly identifies damaging historical TC rainfall events that would have been classified as “weak” using wind-based metrics. The analysis also reveals that the distribution of ERM maxima is similar throughout the eastern and southern United States, allowing for both the accurate identification of locally extreme rainfall events and the development of regional-scale (rather than local-scale) recurrence interval estimates for extreme TC rainfall. Last, an analysis of precipitation forecast data for Hurricane Florence (2018) demonstrates ERM’s ability to characterize Florence’s extreme rainfall hazard in the days preceding landfall.
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Rogozhin, E. A., S. N. Somala, O. O. Erteleva, F. F. Aptikaev, and S. Chanda. "Seismic Hazard of Garhwal Region, Himalaya." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 56, no. 11 (December 2020): 1315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433820110079.
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Emrich, Christopher T., and Susan L. Cutter. "Social Vulnerability to Climate-Sensitive Hazards in the Southern United States." Weather, Climate, and Society 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011wcas1092.1.
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Abstract The southern United States is no stranger to hazard and disaster events. Intense hurricanes, drought, flooding, and other climate-sensitive hazards are commonplace and have outnumbered similar events in other areas of the United States annually in both scale and magnitude by a ratio of almost 4:1 during the past 10 years. While losses from climate-sensitive hazards are forecast to increase in the coming years, not all of the populations residing within these hazard zones have the same capacity to prepare for, respond to, cope with, and rebound from disaster events. The identification of these vulnerable populations and their location relative to zones of known or probably future hazard exposure is necessary for the development and implementation of effective adaptation, mitigation, and emergency management strategies. This paper provides an approach to regional assessments of hazards vulnerability by describing and integrating hazard zone information on four climate-sensitive hazards with socioeconomic and demographic data to create an index showing both the areal extent of hazard exposure and social vulnerability for the southern United States. When examined together, these maps provide an assessment of the likely spatial impacts of these climate-sensitive hazards and their variability. The identification of hotspots—counties with elevated exposures and elevated social vulnerability—highlights the distribution of the most at risk counties and the driving factors behind them. Results provide the evidentiary basis for developing targeted strategic initiatives for disaster risk reduction including preparedness for response and recovery and longer-term adaptation in those most vulnerable and highly impacted areas.
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Prata, Fred. "Detection and Avoidance of Atmospheric Aviation Hazards Using Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142309.
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Atmospheric aviation hazards due to turbulence, poor visibility, high-altitude ice crystals and volcanic ash and gases are known problems for aviation and can cause both economic damage to engines and airframes as well as having the potential to cause the engines to stall in flight with possible loss of the aircraft. Current space- and ground-based assets allow observations of some of these hazards and their detection and movement can be forecast using modern computer weather forecasting and dispersion models. These largely strategic resources have proved very valuable but somewhat limited in the tactical sense, where commercial aviation must make rapid decisions in order to avoid an undetected or un-forecast hazardous cloud or atmospheric condition. Here we investigate the use of multi-spectral (two channels or more) infrared imaging from an aircraft perspective, and show that it is possible to use this information to provide tactical awareness tools for use by aviators and other stakeholders. This study has a strong focus on volcanic ash as an aviation hazard but also includes applications to some forms of clear air turbulence (CAT), to high-altitude ice crystals (HAIC) and windblown desert dust. For volcanic ash detection, the research shows that current two-channel satellite-based infrared techniques provide acceptable discrimination and quantification, but two-channel infrared imaging airborne solutions have significant drawbacks. Because of the limitation of two-channel methods, infrared spectroscopic techniques are investigated and it is shown they can significantly reduce the confusion caused by meteorological hydrometeors and potentially provide information on other atmospheric hazards to aviation, such as HAIC and some forms of turbulence. Not only are these findings important for on-going efforts to incorporate IR imaging onto commercial aircraft, but they also have relevance to the increasing use of drones for hazard detection, research and monitoring. Uncooled infrared bolometric imaging cameras with spectroscopic capabilities are available and we describe one such system for use on airborne platforms.
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Mohammed, Murphy Ponce. "River Flood Hazard Modeling: Forecasting Flood Hazard for Disaster Risk Reduction Planning." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 11 (November 3, 2019): 2309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091413.
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The objective of the study is to create a flood hazard model of Tarlac River and to calibrate the model based on data gathered from the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. The study employed analytical method wherein the 1D flood modeling was utilized. GIS, DEM data, rainfall data, river analysis system, HEC-GeoRAS, hydrologic modeling system, and HEC-GeoHMS were utilized. The different flood models revealed that Tarlac River is not expected to be overtopped by flood water as regards the different extreme rainfall events considered in the present study. The RAS model simulation was based on the concept that there is no base flow observed within the river reach before the occurrence of any extreme rainfall event. Henceforth, there is still no 100 percent assurance that the river reach will not be overtopped with the occurrence of initial base flow in combination with the occurrence of higher extreme rainfall events. Further studies or investigations should be delved into such combination of events. Possible levee breach of the Tarlac River as well as the possible incorporation of flood mitigating interventions in future modeling scenarios can be likewise considered.
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Thomas, Matthew A., and Ting Lin. "Illustrative Analysis of Probabilistic Sea Level Rise Hazard." Journal of Climate 33, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 1523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0320.1.
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AbstractSea level rise results from several contributing physical processes, including ocean thermal expansion and glacier and ice sheet mass loss. Future projections of sea level remain highly uncertain due to several sources of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. Quantifying different sources of sea level rise involves considering possible pathways of future radiative forcing and integrating models of different sea level rise processes. The probabilistic hazard analysis strategy has been proposed for combining sea level rise prediction models and climate forcing scenarios to examine sea level rise prediction uncertainty and the sources of this uncertainty. In this study we carry out an illustrative probabilistic sea level rise hazard analysis using ensembles of sea level rise predictions and emissions scenarios from the literature. This illustrative analysis allows us to estimate the probability that sea level rise will exceed a specified threshold at a given location and time and highlights how sea level rise uncertainty is sensitive to scenario inputs and sea level rise projection modeling choices. Probabilistic hazard is depicted for Earth using sea level rise hazard maps. We also demonstrate how hazard deaggregation can help us quantify the relative contributions of sea level rise sources, prediction models, and climate forcing scenarios to sea level rise hazard. The ice sheet contribution to sea level rise has a large impact on probabilistic projection of sea level rise due to the disagreements between current ice sheet models related to differences in modeling ice sheet instability.
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Ashley, Walker S., and Stephen M. Strader. "Recipe for Disaster: How the Dynamic Ingredients of Risk and Exposure Are Changing the Tornado Disaster Landscape." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00150.1.
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Abstract Tornado disasters and their potential are a product of both hazard risk and underlying physical and social vulnerabilities. This investigation appraises exposure, which is an important component and driver of vulnerability, and its interrelationship with tornado risk in the United States since the mid-twentieth century. The research demonstrates how each of these dynamic variables have evolved individually and interacted collectively to produce differences in hazard impact and disaster potential at the national, regional, and local scales. Results reveal that escalating tornado impacts are driven fundamentally by growing built-environment exposure. The increasing tornado disaster probability is not uniform across the landscape, with the mid-South region containing the greatest threat based on the juxtaposition of an immense tornado footprint risk and elevated exposure/development rates, which manifests—at least for one important impact marker—in the area’s high mortality rate. Contemporary, high-impact tornado events are utilized to emphasize how national- and regional-level changes in exposure are also apparent at the scale of the tornado. The study reveals that the disaster ingredients of risk and exposure do vary markedly across scales, and where they have increasing and greater overlap, the probability of disaster surges. These findings have broad implications for all weather and climate hazards, with both short- and long-term mitigation strategies required to reduce future impacts and to build resilience in the face of continued and amplifying development in hazard-prone regions.
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Knorr, Wolfgang, Frank Dentener, Jean-François Lamarque, Leiwen Jiang, and Almut Arneth. "Wildfire air pollution hazard during the 21st century." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 14 (July 31, 2017): 9223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9223-2017.
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Abstract. Wildfires pose a significant risk to human livelihoods and are a substantial health hazard due to emissions of toxic smoke. Previous studies have shown that climate change, increasing atmospheric CO2, and human demographic dynamics can lead to substantially altered wildfire risk in the future, with fire activity increasing in some regions and decreasing in others. The present study re-examines these results from the perspective of air pollution risk, focussing on emissions of airborne particulate matter (PM2. 5), combining an existing ensemble of simulations using a coupled fire–dynamic vegetation model with current observation-based estimates of wildfire emissions and simulations with a chemical transport model. Currently, wildfire PM2. 5 emissions exceed those from anthropogenic sources in large parts of the world. We further analyse two extreme sets of future wildfire emissions in a socio-economic, demographic climate change context and compare them to anthropogenic emission scenarios reflecting current and ambitious air pollution legislation. In most regions of the world, ambitious reductions of anthropogenic air pollutant emissions have the potential to limit mean annual pollutant PM2. 5 levels to comply with World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines for PM2. 5. Worst-case future wildfire emissions are not likely to interfere with these annual goals, largely due to fire seasonality, as well as a tendency of wildfire sources to be situated in areas of intermediate population density, as opposed to anthropogenic sources that tend to be highest at the highest population densities. However, during the high-fire season, we find many regions where future PM2. 5 pollution levels can reach dangerous levels even for a scenario of aggressive reduction of anthropogenic emissions.
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Brettle, Mike. "Weather as a hazard: Weather over the water." Weather 57, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/004316502760053594.
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Diodato, Nazzareno, Olga Petrucci, and Gianni Bellocchi. "Scale-invariant rainstorm hazard modelling for slopeland warning." Meteorological Applications 19, no. 3 (March 21, 2011): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.259.
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Rezapour, Mehdi, and Tom E. Baldock. "Classification of Hurricane Hazards: The Importance of Rainfall." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 1319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-14-00014.1.
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Abstract A new hazard index is presented to estimate and rank hurricane severity according to a storm’s damage and death toll after landfall on the continental United States. The index uses three characteristic meteorological aspects of hurricanes: wind, torrential rainfall, and storm surge, each with an individual subindex. Rainfall is identified as an important and frequently dominant hazard in terms of damage and death toll, but is not included in any current hazard scales or indices. The new rainfall subindex adopts rainfall intensity, storm rainfall area, and the forward speed of the system to estimate the rainfall hazard. The new hazard index, applied to recent U.S. hurricanes (2003–12), has better skill than existing scales in terms of ranking the severity of the events by both damage and death toll. Further, the index can provide good quantitative estimates of dollar values for damage and death toll, whereas previous models provide only a scale or ranking. The index provides a basis for improved hazard planning and emergency response, and may also be useful for insurance and risk management processes.
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Sergacheva, Evgeniya, and Tamara Filippova. "DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANTS HAZARD CLASSES AT GAS CONDENSATE DEPOSITS." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2021-1-1-272-273.
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Gustafsson, K. Ove S., Rolf Persson, Frank Gustafsson, Folke Berglund, Julia Hedborg, and Jonas Malmquist. "Lidar Measurements Supporting the Ocular Hazard Distance Calculation Using Atmospheric Attenuation." EPJ Web of Conferences 119 (2016): 17008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201611917008.
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Lambrecht, K. M., B. J. Hatchett, L. C. Walsh, M. Collins, and Z. Tolby. "Improving Visual Communication of Weather Forecasts with Rhetoric." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0186.1.
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Abstract Communicating weather-related hazards to the public can be a challenge for meteorologists, particularly given the nature of confidence levels in forecasting science. Despite these challenges, communicating high-impact weather remains extremely important because it has implications for the safety, health, and resilience of impacted communities. Because the dynamics of this issue are complex, solutions to weather hazard communication benefit from interdisciplinary solutions and multiple types of expertise. Our work demonstrates how rhetoric, a foundational communication discipline, can be applied to improving weather forecast communication. Applying a rhetorical framework allows the identification of communication strategies that not only invite public involvement but encourage users to act as conduits for weather information distribution. As a result, trust can be developed between the National Weather Service (NWS) and public audiences. The initial results support the hypothesis that effective public communication from NWS messaging can be improved by incorporating the concept of “commonplaces,” which are the expressions of beliefs, values, and norms that construct community attitudes toward weather or natural hazard forecasts, into visual communication techniques such as NWS Weather Stories.
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EIDSVIK, KARL J. "Predicted hazard area for a polar low." Tellus A 39A, no. 4 (August 1987): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00316.x.
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Cook, Garry D., and Michael J. Nicholls. "Reply." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 1 (January 2012): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-059.1.
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AbstractA reexamination of the wind hazard from tropical cyclones for the city of Darwin (Northern Territory), Australia, by Cook and Nicholls concluded that its wind hazard is substantially underestimated by its allocation to region C in the Australian wind code. This conclusion was dismissed by Harper et al. on the basis of interpretation of anemometer records and Dvorak central pressure estimates as well as criticism of the simple technique and data used to interpret historic records. Of the 44 years of historical anemometer records presented by Harper et al. for Darwin, however, only one record was for a direct hit by an intense tropical cyclone. The other records derive from distant and/or weak tropical cyclones, which are not applicable to understanding the wind hazard at long return periods. The Dvorak central pressure estimates from which Harper et al. conclude that Port Hedland (Western Australia), Australia, has a greater wind hazard than Darwin does, when back transformed to Dvorak current-intensity values and gust speeds, indicate the converse. The simple technique used to derive wind hazard from historical cyclone occurrence is defended in detail and shown to produce estimates of wind hazard that are close to those accepted for five locations on the hurricane-affected coastline of the U.S. mainland. Thus the criticisms by Harper et al. of Cook and Nicholl’s work are shown to be invalid and the original conclusion that Darwin’s wind hazard is substantially underestimated in the current Australian wind code is supported.
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Birkeland, K. W., C. J. Mock, and J. J. Shinker. "Avalanche extremes and atmospheric circulation patterns." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819030.
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AbstractAvalanche forecasters can better anticipate avalanche extremes if they understand the relationships between those extremes and atmospheric circulation patterns. We investigated the relationship between extreme avalanche days and atmospheric circulation patterns at four sites in the western United States: Bridger Bowl, Montana; Jackson Hole, Wyoming; Alta, Utah; and Taos, New Mexico. For each site, we calculated a daily avalanche hazard index based on the number and size of avalanches, and we defined abnormal avalanche events as the top 10% of days with recorded avalanche activity. We assessed the influence of different variables on avalanche extremes, and found that high snow water equivalent and high snowfall correspond most closely to days of high avalanche hazard. Composite-anomaly maps of 500 hPa heights during those avalanche extremes clearly illustrate that spatial patterns of anomalous troughing prevail, though the exact position of the troughing varies between sites. These patterns can be explained by the topography of the western United States, and the low-elevation pathways for moisture that exist to the west of each of the sites. The methods developed for this research can be applied to other sites with long-term climate and avalanche databases to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric patterns associated with extreme avalanche days.
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Li, Haochuan, Ziye Gu, Jie Chen, Jiabo Yin, and Lei Gu. "Severe Socioeconomic Exposures Due to Enhanced Future Compound Flood-Heat Extreme Hazards in China." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122089.
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As the climate warms, a new hazard, compound flood-heat extreme (CFH) events, characterized by the rapid succession of devastating floods and deadly heat (or vice-versa), are becoming increasingly frequent, threatening infrastructure and ecosystems. However, how this CFH hazard will change under future anthropogenic warming in China and their potential population and economic exposures remains unexamined. Here, we systematically quantify the projected changes in bivariate CHF hazards for 187 catchments in China during the 2071–2100 period relative to the 1985–2014 period and investigate the potential population and gross domestic product (GDP) exposure, by developing a climatic-hydrological-socioeconomic modelling chain. We find that there is a nationwide increase in CFH hazards and the historical 30-year CFH episodes are projected to increase by 10 times in southern catchments. Under the synergistic impacts of changing CFH episodes and population (GDP), a mass of people in southern (0.79–2.13 thousand/km2) and eastern (1.68 thousand/km2) catchments and an enormous sum of GDP in eastern catchments (400–912 million/km2) will be exposed to increasing CFH hazards. Our results highlight the necessity of improving both societal resilience and mitigation solutions to address such weather-related hazards.
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Pongpiachan, Siwatt, Akihiro Iijima, and Junji Cao. "Hazard Quotients, Hazard Indexes, and Cancer Risks of Toxic Metals in PM10 during Firework Displays." Atmosphere 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9040144.
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Egozcue, J. J., and C. Ramis. "Bayesian hazard analysis of heavy precipitation in eastern Spain." International Journal of Climatology 21, no. 10 (2001): 1263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.688.
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Baghbanan, Parasto, Yousef Ghavidel, and Manuchehr Farajzadeh. "Spatial analysis of spring dust storms hazard in Iran." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 139, no. 3-4 (December 10, 2019): 1447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-03060-y.
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Zahibo, Narcisse, Efim Pelinovsky, Tatiana Talipova, Alexander Rabinovich, Andrey Kurkin, and Irina Nikolkina. "Statistical analysis of cyclone hazard for Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles." Atmospheric Research 84, no. 1 (March 2007): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.03.008.
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Argyle, Elizabeth M., Jonathan J. Gourley, Zachary L. Flamig, Tracy Hansen, and Kevin Manross. "Toward a User-Centered Design of a Weather Forecasting Decision-Support Tool." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0031.1.
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ABSTRACT Hazard Services is a software toolkit that integrates information management, hazard alerting, and communication functions into a single user interface. When complete, National Weather Service forecasters across the United States will use Hazard Services for operational issuance of weather and hydrologic alerts, making the system an instrumental part of the threat management process. As a new decision-support tool, incorporating an understanding of user requirements and behavior is an important part of building a system that is usable, allowing users to perform work-related tasks efficiently and effectively. This paper discusses the Hazard Services system and findings from a usability evaluation with a sample of end users. Usability evaluations are frequently used to support software and website development and can provide feedback on a system’s efficiency of use, effectiveness, and learnability. In the present study, a user-testing evaluation assessed task performance in terms of error rates, error types, response time, and subjective feedback from a questionnaire. A series of design recommendations was developed based on the evaluation’s findings. The recommendations not only further the design of Hazard Services, but they may also inform the designs of other decision-support tools used in weather and hydrologic forecasting. Incorporating usability evaluation into the iterative design of decision-support tools, such as Hazard Services, can improve system efficiency, effectiveness, and user experience.
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Wang, Chao-Lin, Shao-Bo Zhong, Guan-Nan Yao, and Quan-Yi Huang. "BME Spatiotemporal Estimation of Annual Precipitation and Detection of Drought Hazard Clusters Using Space–Time Scan Statistics in the Yun-Gui-Guang Region, Mainland China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 8 (August 2017): 2301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0385.1.
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AbstractDrought disasters cause great economic losses in China every year, especially in its southwest, and they have had a major influence on economic development, lives, and property. In this study, precipitation and drought hazards were examined for a region covering Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi Provinces to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of different drought hazard grades in this region. Annual precipitation data from 90 meteorological stations in or around the study area were collected and organized for the period of 1964–2013. A spatiotemporal covariance model was calculated and fitted. The Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) method, which considers physical knowledge bases to reduce errors, was used to provide an optimal estimation of annual precipitation. Regional annual precipitation distributions were determined. To analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of the drought hazard, the annual standardized precipitation index was used to measure drought severity. A method that involves space–time scan statistics was used to detect the most likely spatiotemporal clusters of the drought hazards. Test-significance p values for all of the calculated clusters were less than 0.001, indicating a high significance level. The results showed that Yunnan Province was a drought-prone area, especially in its northwest and center, followed by Guizhou Province. In addition, Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces were cluster areas of severe and extreme drought. The most likely cluster year was 1966; it was clustered five times during the study period. In this study, the evolutionary process of drought hazards, including spatiotemporal distribution and spatiotemporal clustering characteristics, was considered. The results may be used to provide support for prevention and mitigation of drought in the study area such as optimizing the distribution of drought-resisting resources, drought monitoring, and evaluating potential drought impacts.