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Journal articles on the topic 'Atmospheric corrosivity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Kreislova, K., and M. Vlachova. "Monitoring of the atmospheric corrosivity by resistive sensors." Koroze a ochrana materialu 65, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2021-0011.

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Abstract Atmospheric corrosivity is classified according to EN ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres – Classification, determination and estimation. For the determination and estimation of the corrosivity category, standardized approaches are used. Monitoring of corrosivity with the application of various sensors is an actual trend. The paper gives results of verification of some types of sensors for this monitoring with standardized flat samples at atmospheric test sites in the Czech Republic. The trend of decreasing atmospheric corrosivity is evident in the last decade. Monitoring of the corrosion rate and mapping of the corrosivity become a very important step in preventing failures in long-term atmospheric exposition. This type of monitoring was used on bridge construction to estimate the seasonal effect of de-icing salts deposition, too.

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2

Surnam, B. Y. R., and C. V. Oleti. "Determining the Corrosivity of Atmospheres, through the Weight Loss Method, According to ISO 9223." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.975.

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ISO 9223 can be used to categorize the corrosivity of atmospheres through either corrosion loss measurements or the use of environmental data. Although both methods are expected to give the same result, discrepancies have been found to occur. The present paper analyses this aspect of ISO 9223, focusing on the effects of metal composition, when using carbon steel, in corrosivity categorisation. Low and medium carbon steel were, therefore, exposed outdoors at one site in Mauritius to determine its atmospheric corrosivity. It was found that for medium carbon steel, the corrosivity obtained from corrosion loss results, through the weight loss method, was not in conformance with that obtained through the environmental data. This was not the case with low carbon steel. Taking into consideration the various factors affecting atmospheric corrosion, it was concluded that the carbon content of carbon steel is an important parameter that should be considered in ISO 9223 for more reliable determination of the corrosivity of atmospheres.

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3

Klassen,, R. D., and P. R. Roberge,. "PATTERNS OF ATMOSPHERIC CORROSIVITY." Corrosion Reviews 20, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev.2002.20.1-2.1.

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4

Wesolowski, Mariusz, Aleksandra Rumak, Pawel Iwanowski, and Adam Poswiata. "Assessment of the Impact of Atmospheric Corrosivity on the Cement Concrete Airfield Pavement’s Operation Process." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229560.

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The aim of this research is to assess corrosion in natural atmospheric conditions, based on exposure of material samples and periodic monitoring, and to determine the size of corrosion losses, their form and appearance, as well as changes in physical properties at regular time intervals. Atmospheric corrosion tests were ultimately carried out in order to determine the corrosion resistance of a cement concrete airfield pavement, as well as to assess the type of corrosion and research data in order to determine and estimate the corrosivity of the atmosphere. Atmospheric corrosivity is one of the parameters characterizing the technical condition of airfield pavement functional elements; it makes it possible to estimate a suitable frequency of airfield periodic inspections. Assessments of concrete corrosion and atmospheric corrosivity enable appropriate countermeasures to be taken in order to maintain the airport functional elements in a constant state of technical readiness. In the following study, the prepared samples were exposed to atmospheric conditions in designated places located at selected military airport facilities. Corrosion samples in the form of 50 mm × 100 mm standard samples, 1 mm to 3 mm in thickness, were placed on special frames located within fenced corrosion stations. The corrosion rate rcorr of a specific metal, expressed as a corrosion loss, depends on the environmental conditions. This article presents an atmosphere corrosivity category assessment for low-carbon steel, zinc, copper and aluminum reference samples, taking into account weight or thickness loss after one year of exposure.

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5

TAHARA, Akira. "Atmospheric Corrosivity using Steel Specimens." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 84, no. 6 (2011): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.84.205.

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6

Roberge, P. R., R. D. Klassen, and P. W. Haberecht. "Atmospheric corrosivity modeling — a review." Materials & Design 23, no. 3 (May 2002): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3069(01)00051-6.

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7

Corvo, F., C. Haces, N. Betancourt, L. Maldonado, L. Véleva, M. Echeverria, O. T. De Rincón, and A. Rincon. "Atmospheric corrosivity in the Caribbean area." Corrosion Science 39, no. 5 (May 1997): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(96)00138-2.

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8

Kobus, Joanna, and Rafał Lutze. "Predicting of atmospheric corrosivity and durability of structural materials. Part I. Industrial, urban and rural area." Inżynieria Powierzchni 26, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8776.

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The possibilities of monitoring atmospheric corrosivity in Poland in the years 1991–2019 to formulate empirical dependencies of corrosion losses of metals on selected environmental parameters and to build a program for spatial distribution of environmental data and corrosion damage have been presented. Algorithms make it possible to predict atmospheric corrosivity categories for selected industrial, urban and extra-urban areas.

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9

Cao, Xian Long, Yi De Xiao, Hong Da Deng, Peng Jun Cao, and Bi Jia. "Evaluation of Atmospheric Corrosivity by ACM Technique." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.3.

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The atmospheric corrosion has been shown to be an electrochemical process, the atmospheric corrosion behavior of Q235 stell evaluated with ACM (Atmospheric corrosion monitor) electrochemical technique was investigated in the study. The experimental results showed that there existed a close relation between electrochemical data and climatic parameters was confirmed. Taking into consideration accuracy and sensitivity of electrochemical technique, the ISO-standardized time of wetness (TOW) seems to be too conservative. SO2 seems to be more aggressive than chloride on metal corrosion in the early stage of atmospheric corrosion but the complexion reverses in the final stage of atmospheric corrosion. The ratio of corrosion rate from integration of ACM current to corrosion rate from weight loss of test specimens, that is, cell factor is fairly constant at the same test site but varied greatly between test sites. Based on constant cell factors and close relation between electrochemical data and climatic parameters in all test sites, ACM electrochemical technique can evaluate and classify the short-term atmospheric corrosivity as a substitute for gravimetric method, and the verification shows that atmospheric corrosivity classifications according to integration of ACM current and especially to cell factor coincide with the specifications of ISO Standard.

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10

Santana, Juan J., Alejandro Ramos, Alejandro Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Helena C. Vasconcelos, Vicente Mena, Bibiana M. Fernández-Pérez, and Ricardo M. Souto. "Shortcomings of International Standard ISO 9223 for the Classification, Determination, and Estimation of Atmosphere Corrosivities in Subtropical Archipelagic Conditions—The Case of the Canary Islands (Spain)." Metals 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101105.

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The classification, assessment, and estimation of the atmospheric corrosivity are fixed by the ISO 9223 standard. Its recent second edition introduced a new corrosivity category for extreme environments CX, and defined mathematical models that contain dose–response functions for normative corrosivity estimations. It is shown here that application of the ISO 9223 standard to archipelagic subtropical areas exhibits major shortcomings. Firstly, the corrosion rates of zinc and copper exceed the range employed to define the CX category. Secondly, normative corrosivity estimation would require the mathematical models to be redefined introducing the time of wetness and a new set of operation constants.

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11

Natesan,, M., and N. Palaniswamy,. "ATMOSPHERIC CORROSIVITY AND DURABILITY MAPS OF INDIA." Corrosion Reviews 27, Supplement (December 2009): 61–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev.2009.27.s1.61.

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12

Panchenko, Yu M., A. I. Marshakov, L. A. Nikolaeva, and T. N. Igonin. "Estimating the First-year Corrosion Losses of Structural Metals for Continental Regions of the World." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091563.

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The knowledge of the first-year corrosion losses of metals (K1) in various regions of the world is of great importance in engineering applications. The K1 values are used to determine the categories of atmospheric corrosivity, and K1 is also the main parameter in models for the prediction of long-term corrosion losses of metals. In the absence of experimental values of K1, their values can be predicted on the basis of meteorological and aerochemical parameters of the atmosphere using the dose-response functions (DRF). Currently, the DRFs presented in ISO 9223:2012(E) /1/ standard are used for predicting K1 in any region of the world, along with the unified DRFs /2/ and the new DRFs /3/. The predicted values of corrosion losses (K1pr) of carbon steel, zinc, copper and aluminum obtained by various DRFs for various continental regions of the world are presented. In this work we used the atmosphere corrosivity parameters and experimental data on the corrosion losses of metals for the first year of exposure (K1exp) for the locations of the tests performed under the international UN/ECE program, the MICAT project, and the Russian program. For the first time, a comparative assessment of the reliability of various DRFs is given by comparing the values of K1pr and K1ex using graphical and statistical methods. The statistical indicators of reliability of predicting the corrosion losses of metals are calculated for various categories of atmosphere corrosivity. It is shown that the new dose-response functions offer the highest reliability for all categories of atmosphere corrosivity.

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13

Evans, W., J. T. Mathis, and J. N. Cross. "Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea." Biogeosciences 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-365-2014.

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Abstract. Ocean acidification is the hydrogen ion increase caused by the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, and is a focal point in marine biogeochemistry, in part, because this chemical reaction reduces calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation states (Ω) to levels that are corrosive (i.e., Ω ≤ 1) to shell-forming marine organisms. However, other processes can drive CaCO3 corrosivity; specifically, the addition of tidewater glacial melt. Carbonate system data collected in May and September from 2009 through 2012 in Prince William Sound (PWS), a semienclosed inland sea located on the south-central coast of Alaska and ringed with fjords containing tidewater glaciers, reveal the unique impact of glacial melt on CaCO3 corrosivity. Initial limited sampling was expanded in September 2011 to span large portions of the western and central sound, and included two fjords proximal to tidewater glaciers: Icy Bay and Columbia Bay. The observed conditions in these fjords affected CaCO3 corrosivity in the upper water column (< 50 m) in PWS in two ways: (1) as spring-time formation sites of mode water with near-corrosive Ω levels seen below the mixed layer over a portion of the sound, and (2) as point sources for surface plumes of glacial melt with corrosive Ω levels (Ω for aragonite and calcite down to 0.60 and 1.02, respectively) and carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) well below atmospheric levels. CaCO3 corrosivity in glacial melt plumes is poorly reflected by pCO2 or pHT, indicating that either one of these carbonate parameters alone would fail to track Ω in PWS. The unique Ω and pCO2 conditions in the glacial melt plumes enhances atmospheric CO2 uptake, which, if not offset by mixing or primary productivity, would rapidly exacerbate CaCO3 corrosivity in a positive feedback. The cumulative effects of glacial melt and air–sea gas exchange are likely responsible for the seasonal reduction of Ω in PWS, making PWS highly sensitive to increasing atmospheric CO2 and amplified CaCO3 corrosivity.

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14

Evans, W., J. T. Mathis, and J. N. Cross. "Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2013): 14887–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14887-2013.

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Abstract. Ocean acidification is the hydrogen ion increase caused by the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, and is a focal point in marine biogeochemistry, in part, because this chemical reaction reduces calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation states (Ω) to levels that are corrosive (i.e. Ω ≤ 1) to shell-forming marine organisms. However, other processes can drive CaCO3 corrosivity; specifically, the addition of tidewater glacial melt. Carbonate system data collected in May and September from 2009 through 2012 in Prince William Sound (PWS), a semi-enclosed inland sea located on the south-central coast of Alaska that is ringed with fjords containing tidewater glaciers, reveal the unique impact of glacial melt on CaCO3 corrosivity. Initial limited sampling was expanded in September 2011 to span large portions of the western and central sound, and included two fjords proximal to tidewater glaciers: Icy Bay and Columbia Bay. The observed conditions in these fjords affected CaCO3 corrosivity in the upper water column (<50 m) in PWS in two ways: (1) as spring-time formation sites of mode water with near-corrosive Ω levels seen below the mixed layer across the sound, and (2) as point sources for surface plumes of glacial melt with corrosive Ω levels (Ω for aragonite and calcite down to 0.60 and 1.02, respectively) and carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) well below atmospheric levels. CaCO3 corrosivity in glacial melt plumes is poorly reflected by pCO2 or pHT, indicating that either one of these carbonate parameters alone would fail to track Ω in PWS. The unique Ω and pCO2 conditions in the glacial melt plumes enhances atmospheric CO2 uptake, which, if not offset by mixing or primary productivity, would rapidly exacerbate CaCO3 corrosivity in a positive feedback. The cumulative effects of glacial melt and air-sea gas exchange are likely responsible for the seasonal widespread reduction of Ω in PWS; making PWS highly sensitive to increasing atmospheric CO2 and amplified CaCO3 corrosivity.

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15

VELEVA, L., and L. MALDONADO. "Classification of atmospheric corrosivity in humid tropical climates." British Corrosion Journal 33, no. 1 (January 1998): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bcj.1998.33.1.53.

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16

Santana, J. J., J. Santana, J. E. González, D. de la Fuente, B. Chico, and M. Morcillo. "Atmospheric corrosivity map for steel in Canary Isles." British Corrosion Journal 36, no. 4 (October 2001): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000705901101501721.

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17

Faifer, Marco, Sara Goidanich, Christian Laurano, Chiara Petiti, Sergio Toscani, and Michele Zanoni. "Laboratory measurement system for pre-corroded sensors devoted to metallic artwork monitoring." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.855.

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<p>The monitoring of environmental corrosivity around works of cultural heritage is a key task in the field of both active and preventive conservation. In the case of metallic artworks, this task can be performed by means of coupons or sensors realised with the same materials as the artworks to be conserved. In this work, a measurement system for the development and testing of sensors for atmospheric corrosivity monitoring is presented. The metrological features of the measurement system operated in conjunction with a developed sensor are analysed. The sensor allows for considering the different corrosion behaviours due to the presence of corrosion layers on the object to be preserved. The first developed sensors are made of pre-corroded copper and their resistance is measured. The developed system allows for monitoring thickness loss of over 3 nm in the temperature range of 23 °C – 39 °C. The performed analysis demonstrated that the system presents an efficient laboratory setup for the development and characterisation of sensors for atmospheric corrosivity monitoring.</p><div> </div>

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18

Huang, Juncong, Xiaobo Meng, Zhijun Zheng, and Yan Gao. "Optimization of the atmospheric corrosivity mapping of Guangdong Province." Materials and Corrosion 70, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810306.

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19

Rincon,, Alvaro, A. I. De Rincon,, Mariela Fernandez,, and Edgar Loaiza,. "Measurement of Pollution Atmospheres in a Tropical Region and its Atmospheric Corrosivity Maps." Corrosion Reviews 18, no. 6 (December 2000): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev.2000.18.6.473.

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20

Motoda, Shin-ichi, Yonosuke Suzuki, Tadashi Shinohara, Yoichi Kojima, Shigeo Tsujikawa, Wataru Oshikawa, Shosuke Itomura, Toshiro Fukushima, and Shigeto Izumo. "ACM (Atmospheric Corrosion Monitor) Type Corrosion Sensor to Evaluate Corrosivity of Marine Atmosphere." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 43, no. 10 (1994): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.43.550.

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21

Wu, Mengchun, Renyuan Li, Yusuf Shi, Mustafa Altunkaya, Sara Aleid, Chenlin Zhang, Wenbin Wang, and Peng Wang. "Metal- and halide-free, solid-state polymeric water vapor sorbents for efficient water-sorption-driven cooling and atmospheric water harvesting." Materials Horizons 8, no. 5 (2021): 1518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0mh02051f.

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Metal- and halide-free, solid-state polymeric water vapor sorbents are developed with improved water sorption capacity, reduced corrosivity, and solid state, leading to efficient water-sorption-driven cooling and atmospheric water harvesting.

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22

KATAYAMA, Hideki, Shinjiro YAGYU, and Shigeyuki MATSUNAMI. "Prediction of Atmospheric Corrosivity from Environmental Data by Machine Learning." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 71, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.71.193.

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23

Fujii, Kazumi, and Kenya Ohashi. "Atmospheric Corrosivity Estimation by Multi-channel Quartz Crystal Microbalance Method." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 62, no. 5 (2013): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr.62.176.

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24

To, Dara, Tadashi Shinohara, and Osamu Umezawa. "Experimental Investigation on the Corrosivity of Atmosphere through the Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring (ACM) Sensors." ECS Transactions 75, no. 29 (January 4, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07529.0001ecst.

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25

Chatisathien, Polporn, and Nuttapon Suttitam. "Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior Assessment of Carbon Steel Pipes Using Cyclic Salt Spray Test." Key Engineering Materials 658 (July 2015): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.42.

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Accelerated atmospheric corrosion behavior of carbon steel pipes subjected to cyclic salt spray test was performed according to ISO 14993 – Corrosion of metals and alloys – Accelerated testing involving cyclic exposure to salt mist, “dry” and “wet” conditions [1]. In order to investigate the effect of degree of exposure to environment of inner surface of the pipe on corrosion behavior of inner surface of the specimens, degree of completeness of weldment, 0%, 50%, 80%, and 100%, of steel cover plate is varied. Exposure times in this study are 168, 336, and 504 hours which can be correlated to 10, 20, and 30 years exposed to C3 corrosivity category according to the definition of ISO 9223 – Corrosion of metals and alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres – Classification, determination and estimation [2,3]. After testing, visual inspection on outer and inner surfaces of the specimens were performed. In addition, average corrosion rate of the specimens were performed according to ISO 8407 – Corrosion of metals and alloys – Removal of corrosion products from corrosion test specimens [4]. The results show that as-received steel pipe specimens exhibited great degree of corrosion attack on the inner surface of the specimens while slight amount of corrosion was observed from the welded pipe specimens.

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26

Shinohara, Tadashi, Shin-ichi Motoda, and Wataru Oshikawa. "Evaluation of Corrosivity in Atmospheric Environment by ACM (Atmospheric Corrosion Monitor) Type Corrosion Sensor." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.61.

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An ACM (Atmospheric Corrosion Monitor) type corrosion sensor, consisting of a Fe-Ag galvanic couple was developed and applied for the evaluation of corrosivity of atmospheric environments. The sensor was designed considering mass-production and good reproducibility of results, making it convenient for long-term corrosion data acquisition. Besides the sensor output, I, temperature, relative humidity (RH) were also recorded by a microcomputer. By analyzing the magnitude and time variation of I, the occurrence and duration of rain, dew and dry periods, Train, Tdew and Tdry, respectively, could be distinguished and determined. And by referencing to the empirical I-RH calibrating curve, the amount of deposited sea salt, Ws, could also be estimated. It was also found that the corrosion loss could be estimated in both indoor and outdoor sites by analyzing sensor output. Corrosivities of some kinds of exposure sites, not only outdoor environments but also indoor environments, were evaluated by using the ACM sensor.

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27

Kobus, Joanna, and Rafał Lutze. "Predicting of atmospheric corrosivity and durability of structural materials. Part II. Impact of urban traffic pollution." Inżynieria Powierzchni 26, no. 2 (September 26, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2277.

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The results of the atmospheric corrosivity assessment in the immediate vicinity of streets of different traffic volume in Warsaw, Krakow and Katowice are derived . On the bases of annual exposures in 2014–2018 years an equation describing the impact of environmental parameters and street traffic volume on corrosion losses of zinc and zinc coating on steel was selected.

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28

Rosas Perez, M. A., E. Gallardo Castan, G. Lugo Islas, A. Galicia Badillo, J. L. Ramirez Reyes, N. Garcia Navarro, J. Perez Tellez, and J. S. Oseguera Lopez. "Evaluation of Atmospheric Corrosivity Indexes in the City of Tuxpan Veracruz." ECS Transactions 64, no. 26 (April 30, 2015): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06426.0135ecst.

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29

Klassen, R. D., and P. R. Roberge. "Aerosol transport modeling as an aid to understanding atmospheric corrosivity patterns." Materials & Design 20, no. 4 (August 1999): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3069(99)00025-4.

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30

Kreislova, Katerina, Lubomir Mindos, Hana Geiplova, and Marketa Parakova. "Prediction of Materials and Coating Durability Based on Atmospheric and Laboratoty Tests." Materials Science Forum 844 (March 2016): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.844.75.

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All industries are interesting in the durability/service life of products, structures, equipment, plants, etc. One factor affecting this is corrosion resistance. There are many methods for received such data. Methods supporting standardized data are long-term atmospheric corrosion tests, mapping of corrosivity, field tests on real structures including the evaluation of long-term exposed materials and coatings. The choice of suitable accelerated test is very important for receiving the reasonable information.

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31

Kim, Jin-Hyung, and Jong-Kwon Lee. "Atmospheric corrosion rate and corrosivity categories of industrial metals in Asan area." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 14, no. 10 (October 31, 2013): 4653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2013.14.10.4653.

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32

Gallardo Castan, E., G. Lugo Islas, J. L. Ramirez Reyes, N. Garcia Navarro, A. Galicia Badillo, J. Perez Tellez, and M. A. Rojas Hernandez. "Evaluation of Atmospheric Corrosivity Indexes in The City of Poza Rica Veracruz." ECS Transactions 47, no. 1 (September 24, 2013): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/04701.0189ecst.

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33

Toyoda, Etsuko, Masamitsu Watanabe, Mineharu Suzuki, Hiroshi Ando, Yasuhiro Higashi, Toru Tanaka, Morihiko Matsumoto, Toshihiro Ichino, and Yoshimori Miyata. "Efficient Sampling Method for Evaluating Atmospheric Corrosivity Using Sputter-Cleaned Metal Surface." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 54, no. 1 (2005): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.54.31.

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34

Surnam, Baboo Y. R. "Three years outdoor exposure of low carbon steel in Mauritius." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2013-1328.

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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in the Mauritian atmosphere over a three-year period. Atmospheric corrosion is a serious problem in Mauritius. Design/methodology/approach – Carbon steel samples were exposed outdoors at various sites. Mass loss analysis was performed to determine the corrosion behaviour of the metal over the exposure period. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman tests were performed to investigate the formation of the corrosion products on the carbon steel surface. Findings – It was found that the corrosion loss at two of the sites considered did not vary clearly according to the bilogarithmic law. Time of wetness was found to be a main factor affecting atmospheric corrosion in Mauritius. The corrosivity of the atmosphere was found to lie between categories C3 and C4, according to ISO 9223. Originality/value – The results can be of essential help to the construction industry, especially as steel buildings are becoming very common in Mauritius. Moreover, as Mauritius is a tropical island, the results obtained can be useful in other tropical islands.

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35

Shinohara, Tadashi, Akira Tahara, Yuji Hosoya, Shin-ichi Motoda, and Wataru Oshikawa. "W18I Evaluation of corrosivity in atmospheric environment by ACM (Atmospheric Corrosion Monitor) type corrosion sensor(International Workshop on "New Frontiers of Smart Materials and Structural Systems")." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2006.14 (2006): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2006.14.328.

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36

Ríos Rojas, John Fredy, Diego Escobar Ocampo, Edwin Arbey Hernández García, and Carlos Enrique Arroyave Posada. "Atmospheric corrosivity in Bogota as a very high-altitude metropolis questions international standards." DYNA 82, no. 190 (May 11, 2015): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n190.46256.

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<p>This paper presents the first systematic atmospheric corrosion assessment in Bogota. Main facts about the study are related with special characteristics of the City, such as population (more than eight million inhabitants), and altitude (2600 m over the sea level). Relative humidity, temperature, and SO2 concentration were measured. Simultaneously, corrosion rate of AIS/SAE 1006 plain steel was measured along one year. Results show that atmospheric corrosion is between C<sub>2</sub> – C<sub>3</sub> levels, according to the ISO 9223 standard. Nevertheless, estimations from meteorological parameters produce lower corrosivities and, taking into account SO2 concentrations, corrosivities in places with higher relative humidity, are higher than corrosivities measured on steel coupons. In general, the main pollution problem is particulate matter, but higher corrosion rates were directly associated with SO2 levels. Gaps between found results and international estimation methodologies are evident. Some explanations about that, are proposed.<strong></strong></p>

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37

Panchenko, Yu M., and P. V. Strekalov. "Calculating Corrosion Parameters of Sheet and Wire (Helical) Samples when Classifying Atmospheric Corrosivity." Protection of Metals 39, no. 6 (November 2003): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:prom.0000007853.37672.20.

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38

Forslund, M., and C. Leygraf. "A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Probe Developed for Outdoor In Situ Atmospheric Corrosivity Monitoring." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 143, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1836546.

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Košťúr, Roman, and Matilda Zemanová. "Identification of corrosion products on iron artefact from Bratislava castle." Acta Chimica Slovaca 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2021-0001.

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Abstract Corrosion layers of an iron artefact were characterized to study long-term exposition of iron in Slovakia. The iron artefact from Bratislava castle has been coated with a strong layer of corrosion products and masonry residues. Corrosion products were characterized by different methods including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and µ-Raman Spectroscopy. Magnetite and goethite on the surface are confirmed typical corrosion products from long-term atmospheric exposure in environment with corrosivity category C-2 (low).

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Fujii, Kazumi, Kenya Ohashi, and Tadahiko Hashimoto. "An Attempt to Estimate the Atmospheric Corrosivity by Multi-Channel Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 56, no. 10 (2007): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr.56.458.

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Forslund, M., J. Majoros, and C. Leygraf. "A Sensor System for High Resolution In Situ Atmospheric Corrosivity Monitoring in Field Environments." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 144, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 2637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837876.

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Suleiman, Mabruk I., Mohammad A. Rakib, Hala Kelani, Mustafa Karakaya, Mohamed Al Musharfy, Abraham George, and Nilesh Chandak. "Thermal dissociation of sulfur species: Analyzing variations in corrosivity of different condensate feedstock." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 74 (2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018075.

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Traditionally, total sulfur content of a crude or condensate feedstock introduced to atmospheric distillation units in a refinery has been used as a measure to predict the high temperature corrosivity of these feeds. Such predictions were also utilized to decide on selection of materials of construction for refinery facilities processing condensate, and many chronic problems, sometimes leading to failure of materials have been reported. In reality, in addition to the total sulfur content, it is important to conduct a profiling of the distribution of the various types of sulfur components in the condensate or crude oil. A pilot plant, mimicking the thermal conditions in a condensate preheat train, was utilized to generate trends of H2S generation under various process conditions. The experimental variables included temperature, pressure, condensate feed rates, and sweep gas flow rates. Yields of H2S generation for the different conditions have been trended for the parametric studies. Such trends were compared for two different condensate feedstock, as a fundamental step towards understanding why different condensate feedstock exhibit significantly different pattern of H2S generation, and hence different corrosivity under similar high temperature processing conditions. Chromatograms of all sulfur containing species, as well as key types of sulfur-containing species have been presented to demonstrate why the H2S yield patterns can vary among different condensates.

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López-Ortega, Ainara, Raquel Bayón, and José Luís Arana. "Evaluation of Protective Coatings for High-Corrosivity Category Atmospheres in Offshore Applications." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081325.

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The interest in renewable energies obtained from the resources availed in the ocean has increased during the last few years. However, the harsh atmospheric conditions in marine environments is a major drawback in the design of offshore structures. The protective systems that are employed to preserve offshore steel structures are regulated by several standards (ISO 12944, NORSOK M-501), which classify the corrosivity category of offshore installations as C5-M and Im2. In this work, three coatings employed in offshore components protection have been evaluated according to these standards by performing weathering aging tests in different climatic cabinets. The coatings studied were a thermally sprayed carbide coating with an organic sealant (C1), a thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA) coating with an organic topcoat (C2), and an epoxydic organic coating reinforced with ceramic platelets (C3). The only coating that reached the higher categories in all the tests was the C2 coating. The C1 coating presented ferric corrosion products coming from the substrate in some of the tests, and blistering was detected in the C3 coating.

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Fujii, Kazumi, Kenya Ohashi, Tadahiko Hashimoto, and Nobuyoshi Hara. "Atmospheric Corrosivity Estimation at Electrical Control Unit Room by Multichannel Quartz Crystal Microbalance Corrosion Sensors." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 53, no. 2 (2012): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2011238.

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Kreislová, K., H. Geiplová, I. Skořepová, J. Skořepa, and D. Majtás. "Nové mapy korozní agresivity Èeské republiky / Up-dated maps of atmospheric corrosivity for Czech Republic." Koroze a ochrana materialu 59, no. 3 (November 1, 2015): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2015-0019.

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Atmosférická koroze a klasifi kace agresivity atmosfér je dlouhodobým předmětem studia SVUOM. Ve spolupráci s CGS byly v roce 2001 vytvořeny mapy korozních rychlostí a korozních tříd pro uhlíkovou ocel, patinující ocel, zinek, měď, bronz a hliník. Tento článek uvádí aktuální přístup k modelování atmosférické koroze v České republice, který je založen na modifi kovaných funkcích zahrnujících klimatická data, znečištění ovzduší a nově i vliv rozmrazujících solí v okolí dálnic.

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Pipko, I. I., S. P. Pugach, N. I. Savelieva, V. A. Luchin, O. V. Dudarev, V. I. Sergienko, and I. P. Semiletov. "Carbonate characteristics of the Gulf of Anadyr waters." Доклады Академии наук 487, no. 3 (August 17, 2019): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524873328-332.

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The first field data describing the dynamics of the carbonate system, aragonite saturation state, and CO2 fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere in the Gulf of Anadyr in the late autumn season are presented. It was established that during this period the gulf waters absorbed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate of -22,5 mmol m‑2 day‑1, which determined the “classical” mechanism of seawater acidification due to uptake of excess atmospheric CO2. In general, surface waters of the gulf were supersaturated with respect to aragonite. The exception was the highly dynamic region of Anadyr Strait, where the vertical distribution of the investigated parameters was homogeneous, the surface waters were close to equilibrium with respect to aragonite, and CO2 flux was directed to the atmosphere. Bottom waters of the gulf, in contrast, were characterized by significant seasonal corrosivity with respect to aragonite due primarily to remineralization of organic matter to CO2. It was shown that during the late fall relatively salty and acidic, quasi-equilibrium with respect to aragonite, and oxygen-depleted waters with high concentrations of nutrients and CO2 have been entered the Chirkov Basin and further the Arctic Ocean with the Navarin current.

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GOTS, Volodymyr, Oles LASTIVKA, Oleksandr TOMIN, and Vyacheslav MEHET. "THE ROLE OF SILICATE FILLERS ON THE FORMATION PROPERTIES OF POWDER COATINGS." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 10 (June 27, 2022): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.10.2022.117-123.

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The current state of the Ukrainianeconomy causes to resolve a range of questions related to the improvement of production and increasein the ecological safety of products, including paintand-varnishes materials, in combination with ensuring high operational properties of coatings based onthem.The formation of high-quality paints and varnishes with a long service life without compromising the ecology of the environment when usingthem, is largely determined by the composition andphysical and mechanical properties of paints andvarnishes.The main disadvantage of using liquid paints andvarnishes traditional for the Ukrainian market rangeis the content of solvents in their composition up to40%, which inevitably leads to their emission during production and application, as well as environmental pollution. This problem can be solved byscaling up production using eco-friendly powdercoating.According to the research results, we have obtained eco-friendly paint-and-varnishes coatings ofhigh corrosion resistance based on powder coatingcontaining silicates as a filler in the form of metakaolin and talc.Using the mentioned range of fillers in the powder coating contributes to the decrease in the peelingwidth to 2.13 mm and metal corrosion width to 1.38mm after testing in the salt spray chamber with thecondensation of 5 % of the sodium chloride watersolution and places obtained coatings into atmospheric corrosivity categories С3 and С4 accordingto ІSO 12944-2:2017, which creates conditions forusing these compositions in the context of the excessive corrosivity.

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Fujii, Kazumi, Kenya Ohashi, and Teruyuki Aono. "In-situ Monitoring Test on Corrosivity of Atmospheric Environment Where Electrical Control Unit Was Set Up." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 56, no. 5 (2007): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr.56.215.

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Muhammad, Zulfri, Ali Nurdin, Husaini, and Mulyati Sri. "Mapping Corrosivity Steel Construction at Atmospheric Conditions in Langsa Town Center and Palm Oil Mill Industry." Key Engineering Materials 892 (July 13, 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.892.25.

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Corrosion is one of the main causes of early failure of infrastructure both for public housing facilities and public facilities in downtown Langsa. This corrosion is caused by air pollution generated from motor vehicle and household industry exhaust fumes and exhaust smoke from the nearest palm oil mill industry from the city of Langsa. Related to air pollution, its sustainability should be a concern regarding environmental impacts that occur, one of which is atmospheric corrosion. This study aims to analyze the impact of the effects of pollution on infrastructure corrosion on construction steel which is often used on infrastructure in the city of Langsa and the palm oil mill industry. There are five types of steel model infrastructure consisting of strips of plate steel, elbow steel, cylinder steel, plate steel, and low carbon steel market have become specimens. Calculation of corrosion rate using the method of mass loss by reference to ASTM standard G50, the location selected above buildings in downtown Langsa and palm oil mill industry. The results of the study for one year showed the level of corrosion rate that occurred in 5 types of steel construction is still relatively safe or its relative corrosion resistance can be classified in the outstanding category (<1 mil per year). The conclusion is that 5 types of construction steel that have been tested, are resistant to corrosion, and are suitable for use as the main construction material in Langsa City and the palm oil mill industrial environment.

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Yan, Luchun, Yupeng Diao, and Kewei Gao. "Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting the Atmospheric Corrosion Rate of Low-Alloy Steel Using Random Forest-Based Models." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 3266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153266.

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As one of the factors (e.g., material properties, surface quality, etc.) influencing the corrosion processes, researchers have always been exploring the role of environmental factors to understand the mechanism of atmospheric corrosion. This study proposes a random forest algorithm-based modeling method that successfully maps both the steel’s chemical composition and environmental factors to the corrosion rate of low-alloy steel under the corresponding environmental conditions. Using the random forest models based on the corrosion data of three different atmospheric environments, the environmental factors were proved to have different importance sequence in determining the environmental corrosivity of open and sheltered exposure test conditions. For each exposure test site, the importance of environmental features to the corrosion rate is also ranked and analyzed. Additionally, the feasibility of the random forest model to predict the corrosion rate of steel samples in the new environment is also demonstrated. The volume and representativeness of the corrosion data in the training data are considered to be the critical factors in determining its prediction performance. The above results prove that machine learning provides a useful tool for the analysis of atmospheric corrosion mechanisms and the evaluation of corrosion resistance.

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