Academic literature on the topic 'Atmospheric circulation Australia, Northern'
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Journal articles on the topic "Atmospheric circulation Australia, Northern"
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Wheeler, Matthew C., Harry H. Hendon, Sam Cleland, Holger Meinke, and Alexis Donald. "Impacts of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Australian Rainfall and Circulation." Journal of Climate 22, no. 6 (March 15, 2009): 1482–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2595.1.
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Abstract Impacts of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on Australian rainfall and circulation are examined during all four seasons. The authors examine circulation anomalies and a number of different rainfall metrics, each composited contemporaneously for eight MJO phases derived from the real-time multivariate MJO index. Multiple rainfall metrics are examined to allow for greater relevance of the information for applications. The greatest rainfall impact of the MJO occurs in northern Australia in (austral) summer, although in every season rainfall impacts of various magnitude are found in most locations, associated with corresponding circulation anomalies. In northern Australia in all seasons except winter, the rainfall impact is explained by the direct influence of the MJO’s tropical convective anomalies, while in winter a weaker and more localized signal in northern Australia appears to result from the modulation of the trade winds as they impinge upon the eastern coasts, especially in the northeast. In extratropical Australia, on the other hand, the occurrence of enhanced (suppressed) rainfall appears to result from induced upward (downward) motion within remotely forced extratropical lows (highs), and from anomalous low-level northerly (southerly) winds that transport moisture from the tropics. Induction of extratropical rainfall anomalies by remotely forced lows and highs appears to operate mostly in winter, whereas anomalous meridional moisture transport appears to operate mainly in the summer, autumn, and to some extent in the spring.
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Sun, Jianqi, Jing Ming, Mengqi Zhang, and Shui Yu. "Circulation Features Associated with the Record-Breaking Rainfall over South China in June 2017." Journal of Climate 31, no. 18 (September 2018): 7209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0903.1.
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In June 2017, south China suffered from intense rainfall that broke the record spanning the previous 70 years. In this study, the large-scale circulations associated with the south China June rainfall are analyzed. The results show that the anomalous Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern is a direct influence on south China June rainfall or East Asian early summer rainfall. In addition, the Australian high was the strongest in June 2017 during the past 70 years, which can increase the equatorward flow to northern Australia and activate convection over the Maritime Continent. Enhanced convection over the Maritime Continent can further enhance local meridional circulation along East Asia, engendering downward motion over the tropical western North Pacific and enhancing the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and upward motion over south China, which increases the rainfall therein. In addition, a strong wave train pattern associated with North Atlantic air–sea interaction was observed in June 2017 at Northern Hemispheric mid- to high latitudes; it originated from the North Atlantic and propagated eastward to East Asia, resulting in an anomalous anticyclone over the Mongolian–Baikal Lake region. This anomalous anticyclone produced strong northerly winds over East Asia that encountered the southerly associated with the WPSH over south China, thereby favoring intense rainfall over the region. Case studies of June 2017 and climate research based on data during 1979–2017 and 1948–2017 indicate that the extremities of the atmospheric circulation over south Europe and Australian high and their coupling with the PJ pattern could be responsible for the record-breaking south China rainfall in June 2017.
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Luffman, James J., Andréa S. Taschetto, and Matthew H. England. "Global and Regional Climate Response to Late Twentieth-Century Warming over the Indian Ocean." Journal of Climate 23, no. 7 (April 1, 2010): 1660–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3086.1.
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Abstract The global and regional climate response to a warming of the Indian Ocean is examined in an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model experiments. The most marked changes occur over the Indian Ocean, where the increase in tropical SST is found to drive enhanced convection throughout the troposphere. In the extratropics, the warming Indian Ocean is found to induce a significant trend toward the positive phase of the northern annular mode and also to enhance the Southern Hemisphere storm track over Indian Ocean longitudes as a result of stronger meridional temperature gradients. Convective outflow in the upper levels over the warming Indian Ocean leads to a trend in subsidence over the Indian and Asian monsoon regions extending southeastward to Indonesia, the eastern Pacific, and northern Australia. Regional changes in Australia reveal that this anomalous zone of subsidence induces a drying trend in the northern regions of the continent. The long-term rainfall trend is exacerbated over northeastern Australia by the anomalous anticyclonic circulation, which leads to an offshore trend in near-surface winds. The confluence of these two factors leads to a drying signal over northeastern Australia, which is detectable during austral autumn. The rapid, late twentieth-century warming of the Indian Ocean may have contributed to a component of the observed drying trend over northeastern Australia in this season via modifications to the vertical structure of the tropical wind field.
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Arnup, Sarah J., and Michael J. Reeder. "The Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of the Northern Australian Dryline." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2995–3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3455.1.
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Abstract The diurnal and seasonal variations of the northern Australian dryline are examined by constructing climatologies of low-level dynamic and thermodynamic variables taken from the high-resolution Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s Limited Area Prediction Scheme (LAPS) forecasts from 2000 to 2003. The development of the dryline is analyzed within the framework of the frontogenesis function applied to the mixing ratio and the airstream diagnostics of Cohen and Schultz. A case study of 12–13 October 2002 illustrating the airmass boundaries over the Australian region is also examined. Daytime surface heating produces sea-breeze circulations around the coast and a large inland heat trough that extends east–west along northern Australia. At night, air parcels accelerate toward low pressure, increasing convergence and deformation within the heat trough. This sharpens the moisture gradient across the tropical and continental airmass boundary into a dryline. This is different than the dryline of the Great Plains in the United States, which generally weakens overnight. The Australian dryline is strongest in spring just poleward of the Gulf of Carpentaria, where the moisture gradient across the heat trough is enhanced by the coast, and the axis of dilatation is closely aligned with mixing ratio isopleths. The dryline is weakest in winter, when the heat trough is weak. The LAPS 3-h forecasts are in good agreement with observations obtained from the Automatic Weather Station network. The 3-h forecasts capture the observed diurnal and seasonal cycle of the airmass boundaries. However, the sea-breeze circulation and ageostrophic flow into the surface heat trough is limited by the model resolution. The LAPS 3-h forecasts may therefore underestimate the nocturnal intensification of the dryline, especially since the inland moisture content is overestimated.
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Shulmeister, James, Justine Kemp, Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons, and Allen Gontz. "Constant wind regimes during the Last Glacial Maximum and early Holocene: evidence from Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England Tablelands, eastern Australia." Climate of the Past 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2016): 1435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1435-2016.
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Abstract. Here we present the results of a multi-proxy investigation – integrating geomorphology, ground-penetrating radar, and luminescence dating – of a high-elevation lunette and beach berm in northern New South Wales, eastern Australia. The lunette occurs on the eastern shore of Little Llangothlin Lagoon and provides evidence for a lake high stand combined with persistent westerly winds at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM – centring on 21.5 ka) and during the early Holocene (ca. 9 and 6 ka). The reconstructed atmospheric circulation is similar to the present-day conditions, and we infer no significant changes in circulation at those times, as compared to the present day. Our results suggest that the Southern Hemisphere westerlies were minimally displaced in this sector of Australasia during the latter part of the last ice age. Our observations also support evidence for a more positive water balance at the LGM and early Holocene in this part of the Australian sub-tropics.
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Pepler, Acacia S. "Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (summer 2015-16): strong El Niño peaks and begins to weaken." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 66, no. 4 (2016): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es16023.
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Southern hemisphere circulation patterns and associated anomalies for austral summer 2015-16 are reviewed, with an emphasis on the tropical Pacific as well as Australian rainfall and temperatures. Following the peak of El Niño in November 2015, summer 2015-16 featured continued near-record El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific but saw the emergence of cooler subsurface waters in the equatorial Pacific. A moderate Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) pulse and positive Southern Annular Mode (SAM) ontributed to average to above average rainfall across much of Australia, while the Maritime Continent and parts of far northern Australia saw continued below average rainfall.Sea surface temperatures during summer 2015-16 were the warmest on record for the southern hemisphere oceans, with very warm ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean and Australian region, including the warmest summer sea surface temperatures on record around Tasmania. Air temperatures were also warmer than normal across Australia throughout the season, with a significant heatwave in southeast Australia during December.
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Hague, Ben. "Seasonal climate summary for the southern hemisphere (summer 2016–17): a season of extremes despite neutral ENSO, IOD." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19005.
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This is a summary of the southern hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns and meteorological indices for summer 2016–17; an account of seasonal rainfall and temperature for the Australian region is also provided. Although indices for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) represented typical neutral condition for these drivers, evidence of other climate drivers can be found in the land, ocean and atmosphere data from this time. The Southern Annular Mode appeared to have had some effect on rainfall in the east of Australia, and the Madden–Julian Oscillation active periods produced heavy rain in the tropical north. Despite neutral ENSO and IOD, extreme temperatures, in some areas highest on record, occurred in northern NSW and southern Queensland. High sea-surface temperatures caused further severe bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef.
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Shi, Ge, Wenju Cai, Tim Cowan, Joachim Ribbe, Leon Rotstayn, and Martin Dix. "Variability and Trend of North West Australia Rainfall: Observations and Coupled Climate Modeling." Journal of Climate 21, no. 12 (June 15, 2008): 2938–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1908.1.
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Abstract Since 1950, there has been an increase in rainfall over North West Australia (NWA), occurring mainly during the Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer season. A recent study using twentieth-century multimember ensemble simulations in a global climate model forced with and without increasing anthropogenic aerosols suggests that the rainfall increase is attributable to increasing Northern Hemisphere aerosols. The present study investigates the dynamics of the observed trend toward increased rainfall and compares the observed trend with that generated in the model forced with increasing aerosols. It is found that the observed positive trend in rainfall is projected onto two modes of variability. The first mode is associated with an anomalously low mean sea level pressure (MSLP) off NWA instigated by the enhanced sea surface temperature (SST) gradients toward the coast. The associated cyclonic flows bring high-moisture air to northern Australia, leading to an increase in rainfall. The second mode is associated with an anomalously high MSLP over much of the Australian continent; the anticyclonic circulation pattern, over northern Australia, determines that when rainfall is anomalously high, west of 130°E, rainfall is anomalously low east of this longitude. The sum of the upward trends in these two modes compares well to the observed increasing trend pattern. The modeled rainfall trend, however, is generated by a different process. The model suffers from an equatorial cold-tongue bias: the tongue of anomalies associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation extends too far west into the eastern Indian Ocean. Consequently, there is an unrealistic relationship in the SH summer between Australian rainfall and eastern Indian Ocean SST: the rise in SST is associated with increasing rainfall over NWA. In the presence of increasing aerosols, a significant SST increase occurs in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. As a result, the modeled rainfall increase in the presence of aerosol forcing is accounted for by these unrealistic relationships. It is not clear whether, in a model without such defects, the observed trend can be generated by increasing aerosols. Thus, the impact of aerosols on Australian rainfall remains an open question.
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Li, Xiao-Feng, Jingjing Yu, and Yun Li. "Recent Summer Rainfall Increase and Surface Cooling over Northern Australia since the Late 1970s: A Response to Warming in the Tropical Western Pacific." Journal of Climate 26, no. 18 (September 9, 2013): 7221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00786.1.
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Abstract Rainfall over northern Australia (NA) in austral summer is the largest water source of Australia. Previous studies have suggested a strong zonal-dipole trend pattern in austral summer rainfall since 1950, with rainfall increasing in northwest Australia (NWA) but decreasing in northeast Australia (NEA). The dynamics of rainfall increase in NWA was linked to sea surface temperature (SST) in the south Indian Ocean and the rainfall decrease in NEA was associated with SST in the northeast Indian Ocean. This study reports that, in contrast to a zonal-dipole trend pattern, a dominant wetting pattern over NA has recently been observed in the post-1979 satellite era. The recent NA rainfall increase also manifests as the first leading mode of summer rainfall variability over the Australian continent. Further investigation reveals that SST in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) has replaced the SST in the south and northeast Indian Ocean as the controlling factor responsible for the recent NA rainfall increase. Direct thermal forcing by increasing TWP SST gives rise to an anomalous Gill-type cyclone centered around NA, leading to anomalously high rainfall. As such, the increasing SST in the TWP induces over 50% of the observed rainfall wetting trend over NA. The increased rainfall in turn induces land surface cooling in NA. This mechanism can be confirmed with results obtained from sensitivity experiments of a numerical spectral atmospheric general circulation model. Thus, increasing SST in the TWP has contributed much of the recent summer rainfall increase and consequently the surface cooling over NA.
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Lee, S. Y., and T. Y. Koh. "Teleconnection between Australian winter temperature and Indian summer monsoon rainfall." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 22, 2011): 26415–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-26415-2011.
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Abstract. The large-scale circulation over the Indian Ocean during the boreal summer raises the question of whether atmospheric conditions in Australia could influence conditions over the Indian subcontinent, despite the long passage of air over the Indian Ocean. Using a combination of reanalysis, satellite and in situ data, we argue that unusually low temperature over inland Australia during austral winter can enhance evaporation rate over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, and hence enhance rainfall over western India after 10–18 days. Since extreme winter temperature in Australia is often associated with cold-air outbreaks, the above mechanism can be an example of how southern hemispheric mid-latitude weather can influence northern hemispheric monsoon rainfall.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Atmospheric circulation Australia, Northern"
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Robinson, Dennis P. "Diagnostic studies of extratropical intraseasonal variability in the northern hemisphere." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04102006-125331/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.Dickinson, Robert, Committee Member ; Black, Robert, Committee Chair ; Cunnold, Derek, Committee Member ; Fu, Rong, Committee Member ; Knox, John, Committee Member.
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Dever, Edward Paul 1964. "Subtidal cross-shelf circulation on the Northern California shelf." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58154.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-157).
by Edward Paul Dever.
Ph.D.
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Quadrelli, Roberta. "Patterns of climate variability of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10058.
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Cheng, Xinhua. "Linear and nonlinear aspects of the northern hemisphere wintertime variability in the 500 hPa height field /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10027.
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Ersek, Vasile. "Analyses of common elements and oxides in the paleosols of the Bahamas and of the northern Mariana Islands." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2004. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-05062004-102739.
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McDaniel, Brent. "Intraseasonal Dynamical Evolution of the Northern Annular Mode." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6965.
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Recent observational and modeling studies indicate a robust dynamical coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere during boreal winter. This coupling occurs in association with the Northern Annular Mode (NAM), which itself accounts for a significant fraction of the variability of the extratropical circulation. While monthly NAM dynamics have been studied previously, the mechanisms that give rise to NAM variability on short intraseasonal timescale are still unclear.
We perform regression analyses, case studies, and composites based on periods of dynamical growth/decay to investigate the roles of the different proposed mechanisms in driving the atmospheric variability observed in association with the NAM on short intraseasonal timescales. More specifically, lag-regression analyses are used to identify the mean canonical structures present during the evolution of a typical NAM event. Illustrative case studies of robust stratospheric NAM events but with different tropospheric signals are contrasted in order to identify the underlying dynamical reasons for the observed differences. Finally, composite analyses of NAM tendencies are performed to isolate the structural and dynamical evolution of NAM events. Zonal-mean and three-dimensional eddy-flux diagnoses are used to examine the role of eddy-mean flow interaction in driving the wind tendencies characteristic of the NAM. In particular, Plumb flux analyses are employed to quantify the contribution of regional stationary wave anomalies toward the zonal mean wind tendency field. Potential vorticity inversions are also used to determine the role of stratospheric anomalies in inducing tropospheric circulations.
The case study analyses indicate that preexisting tropospheric PV anomalies can mask the downward penetration of an initial stratospheric NAM signal into the troposphere. PV inversions further suggest that a minimum requirement for a direct downward stratospheric influence is that the stratospheric NAM signal be robust in the lower stratosphere.
The dynamical composites show a remarkable degree of reverse symmetry between the zonal-mean dynamical evolution of positive and negative NAM events. Anomalous Eliassen-Palm fluxes are observed in the troposphere and stratosphere, consistent with index of refraction considerations and an indirect downward influence of the stratosphere on the troposphere. The patterns of anomalous wave driving, primarily due to low-frequency planetary scale waves, provide the main forcing of the zonal mean wind tendency field. Regional wave activity fluxes indicate that the wave driving pattern represents the manifestation of planetary scale anomalies over the North Atlantic.
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Jonsson, Christina E. "Holocene climate and atmospheric circulation changes in northern Fennoscandia interpretations from lacustrine oxygen isotope records /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of physical geography and quaternary geology, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29343.
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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2009.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 5: In progress.
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Raphael, Marilyn N. "Atmospheric circulation and poleward sensible heat flux variations associated with the recent Northern hemisphere warming /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148768340144254.
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Friedmann, S. Julio (Samuel Julio). "Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and tectonic evolution of the 1.86 Ga El Sherana and Edith River Groups, Northern Territory, Australia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60422.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1990.Accompanied by one map on folded leaf in pocket.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-61).
by S. Julio Friedmann.
M.S.
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Maliniemi, V. (Ville). "Observations of solar wind related climate effects in the Northern Hemisphere winter." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526213545.
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Abstract
This thesis studies the long-term relation between the solar wind driven energetic particle forcing into the atmosphere and the tropospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere winter. The work covers the period of more than one hundred years since the turn of the 20th century to present. The thesis makes a statistical analysis of satellite measurements of precipitating energetic electrons, sunspot number data and geomagnetic activity, and compares them with temperature and pressure measurements made at the Earth's surface.
Recent results, both observational and from chemistry climate models, have indicated significant effects in the Earth's middle atmosphere due to the energetic electrons precipitating from the magnetosphere. These effects include the formation of reactive hydrogen and nitrogen oxides in the high latitude mesosphere and the depletion of ozone caused by them. Ozone is a radiatively active and important gas, which affects the thermal structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere. Accordingly, the depletion of ozone can intensify the large scale stratospheric circulation pattern called the polar vortex. Winter weather conditions on the surface have been shown to be dependent on the polar vortex strength.
This thesis shows that there is a significant relation between the average fluxes of medium energy (ten to hundred keVs) precipitating electrons and surface temperatures in parts of the Northern Hemisphere in winter time. Temperatures are positively correlated with electron fluxes in North Eurasia and negatively correlated in Greenland during the period 1980-2010 which is covered by direct satellite observations of precipitating particles. This difference is especially notable when major sudden stratospheric warmings and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), which both are known to affect the polar vortex strength, are taken into account. When extended to the late 19th century, the analysis shows that a similar temperature pattern is predominated during the declining phase of the sunspot cycle. The high speed solar wind streams and energetic particle precipitation typically maximize also at the declining phase of the solar cycle. This specific temperature pattern is related to the variability of the northern annular mode (NAM), which is the most significant circulation pattern in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Before the space era, geomagnetic activity measured by ground observations can be used as a proxy for energetic particle precipitation. Earlier studies have found a significant positive correlation between geomagnetic activity and NAM since the 1960s. We find that, when the QBO measured at 30 hPa height is in the easterly phase, a positive correlation is extended to the beginning of 1900s. We also show that high geomagnetic activity causes a stronger effect in the Northern Hemisphere winter than high sunspot activity, especially in the Atlantic and Eurasia.
A comprehensive knowledge of the Earth's climate system and all its drivers is crucial for the future projection of climate. Solar variability effects have been estimated to produce only a small factor to the global climate change. However, there is increasing evidence, including the results presented in this thesis, that the different forms of solar variability can have a substantial effect to regional and seasonal climate variability. With this new evidence, the solar wind related particle effects in the atmosphere are now gaining increasing attention. These effects will soon be included in the next coupled model inter comparison project (CMIP6) as an additional solar related climate effect. This emphasizes the relevance of this thesis.
Books on the topic "Atmospheric circulation Australia, Northern"
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Boyle, James S. Northern winter circulations for the period 1974-1983. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1987.
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Moffatt, Ian. The greenhouse effect: Science and policy in the Northern Territory, Australia. Darwin, Australia: Australian National University, North Australia Research Unit, 1992.
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Steinrücke, Jürgen. Changes in the Northern-hemispheric zonal circulation in the Atlantic-European sector since 1881 and their relationship to precipitation frequencies in the Mediterranean and Central Europe. Bochum: Geographisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität, 1999.
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Vorobʹev, V. N. Arkticheskiĭ antit͡siklon i dinamika klimata severnoĭ poli͡arnoĭ oblasti: V.N. Vorobʹev, N.P. Smirnov = Arctic high and climate dynamics in the northern polar region / V.N. Vorobyev, N.P. Smirnov. Sankt-Peterburg: Izd-vo RGGMU, 2003.
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Klimaticheskie posledstvii͡a︡ i͡a︡dernoĭ voĭny: Vybrosy i rasprostranenie opticheski aktivnykh primeseĭ v atmosfere. Moskva: Vychislitelʹnyĭ t͡s︡entr AN SSSR, 1985.
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Zhao, Hongxu. Tropical and extra-tropical atmospheric circulation variability in the northern hemispheric troposphere. 2007.
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F, D'Andrea, ed. Atmospheric model intercomparison project (AMIP), Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking as simulated by 15 atmospheric general circulation models in the period 1979-1988. [Geneva: World Meteorological Organization], 1996.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Long range forecasts of the Northern Hemisphere anomalies with antecedent sea surface temperature patterns. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.
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Tibaldi, Stefano, and Franco Molteni. Atmospheric Blocking in Observation and Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.611.
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The atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres is usually dominated by westerly winds and by planetary-scale and shorter-scale synoptic waves, moving mostly from west to east. A remarkable and frequent exception to this “usual” behavior is atmospheric blocking. Blocking occurs when the usual zonal flow is hindered by the establishment of a large-amplitude, quasi-stationary, high-pressure meridional circulation structure which “blocks” the flow of the westerlies and the progression of the atmospheric waves and disturbances embedded in them. Such blocking structures can have lifetimes varying from a few days to several weeks in the most extreme cases. Their presence can strongly affect the weather of large portions of the mid-latitudes, leading to the establishment of anomalous meteorological conditions. These can take the form of strong precipitation episodes or persistent anticyclonic regimes, leading in turn to floods, extreme cold spells, heat waves, or short-lived droughts. Even air quality can be strongly influenced by the establishment of atmospheric blocking, with episodes of high concentrations of low-level ozone in summer and of particulate matter and other air pollutants in winter, particularly in highly populated urban areas.Atmospheric blocking has the tendency to occur more often in winter and in certain longitudinal quadrants, notably the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, blocking episodes are generally less frequent, and the longitudinal localization is less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere.Blocking has aroused the interest of atmospheric scientists since the middle of the last century, with the pioneering observational works of Berggren, Bolin, Rossby, and Rex, and has become the subject of innumerable observational and theoretical studies. The purpose of such studies was originally to find a commonly accepted structural and phenomenological definition of atmospheric blocking. The investigations went on to study blocking climatology in terms of the geographical distribution of its frequency of occurrence and the associated seasonal and inter-annual variability. Well into the second half of the 20th century, a large number of theoretical dynamic works on blocking formation and maintenance started appearing in the literature. Such theoretical studies explored a wide range of possible dynamic mechanisms, including large-amplitude planetary-scale wave dynamics, including Rossby wave breaking, multiple equilibria circulation regimes, large-scale forcing of anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies, finite-amplitude non-linear instability theory, and influence of sea surface temperature anomalies, to name but a few. However, to date no unique theoretical model of atmospheric blocking has been formulated that can account for all of its observational characteristics.When numerical, global short- and medium-range weather predictions started being produced operationally, and with the establishment, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, it quickly became of relevance to assess the capability of numerical models to predict blocking with the correct space-time characteristics (e.g., location, time of onset, life span, and decay). Early studies showed that models had difficulties in correctly representing blocking as well as in connection with their large systematic (mean) errors.Despite enormous improvements in the ability of numerical models to represent atmospheric dynamics, blocking remains a challenge for global weather prediction and climate simulation models. Such modeling deficiencies have negative consequences not only for our ability to represent the observed climate but also for the possibility of producing high-quality seasonal-to-decadal predictions. For such predictions, representing the correct space-time statistics of blocking occurrence is, especially for certain geographical areas, extremely important.
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Yang, Kun. Observed Regional Climate Change in Tibet over the Last Decades. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.587.
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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed. Surface warming, which depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern (warming in most of the TP but cooling in the westernmost TP), was consistent with glacial changes. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, with a sudden increase in precipitable water in 1998. Both triggered more deep clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s and started to recover in 2002, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between Asian high latitudes and low latitudes.The climate changes over the TP have changed energy and water cycles and has thus reshaped the local environment. Thermal forcing over the TP has weakened. The warming and decrease in wind speed lowered the Bowen ratio and has led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling has been enhanced, mainly through outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly enhanced solar radiation reflection. The trend in both energy terms has contributed to the weakening of thermal forcing over the Plateau. The water cycle has been significantly altered by the climate changes. The monsoon-impacted region (i.e., the southern and eastern regions of the TP) has received less precipitation, more evaporation, less soil moisture and less runoff, which has resulted in the general shrinkage of lakes and pools in this region, although glacier melt has increased. The region dominated by westerlies (i.e., central, northern and western regions of the TP) received more precipitation, more evaporation, more soil moisture and more runoff, which together with more glacier melt resulted in the general expansion of lakes in this region. The overall wetting in the TP is due to both the warmer and moister conditions at the surface, which increased convective available potential energy and may eventually depend on decadal variability of atmospheric circulations such as Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and an intensified Siberian High. The drying process in the southern region is perhaps related to the expansion of Hadley circulation. All these processes have not been well understood.
Book chapters on the topic "Atmospheric circulation Australia, Northern"
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Hamilton, Kevin. "Free and forced interannual variability of the circulation in the extratropical northern hemisphere middle atmosphere." In Atmospheric Science Across the Stratopause, 227–39. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm123p0227.
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FANG, ZHI-FANG. "STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SEA ICE AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DURING WINTERTIME." In Observation, Theory and Modeling of Atmospheric Variability, 131–41. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812791139_0006.
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Whiteman, C. David. "Atmospheric Scales of Motion and Atmospheric Composition." In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0010.
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Weather phenomena occur over a very broad range of scales of space and time, from the global circulation systems that extend around the earth’s circumference to the small eddies that cause cigarette smoke to swirl and mix with clear air. Each circulation can be described in terms of its approximate horizontal diameter and lifetime. Large-scale weather systems, such as hemispheric wave patterns called Rossby waves, monsoons, high and low pressure centers, and fronts, are called synopticscale weather systems. Temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind measurements collected simultaneously all over the world are used to analyze and forecast the evolution of these systems, which have diameters greater than 200 km (125 mi) and lifetimes of days to months. Mesoscale weather events include diurnal wind systems such as mountain wind systems, like breezes, sea breezes, thunderstorms, and other phenomena with horizontal scales that range from 2 to 200 km (1 to 125 mi) and lifetimes that range from hours to days. Mesoscale meteorologists use networks of surface- based instruments, balloon-borne sounding systems, remote sensing systems (e.g., radar, lidar, and sodar), and aircraft to make observations on these scales. Microscale meteorology focuses on local or small-scale atmospheric phenomena with diameters below 2 km (1 mi) and lifetimes from seconds to hours, including gusts and turbulence, dust devils, thermals, and certain cloud types. Microscale studies are usually confined to the layer of air from the earth’s surface to an altitude where surface effects become negligible (approximately 1000 feet or 300 m at night and 5000 feet or 1500 m during the day). A fourth and less rigorously defined term, the regional scale, denotes circulations and weather events occurring on horizontal scales from 500 to 5000 km (310 to 3100 mi). The regional scale is thus smaller than synoptic scale, but larger than mesoscale. The term is often used to describe events that occur within more or less homogeneous physiographic provinces (e.g., the Pacific Northwest region). Major mountain ranges impact the weather on the synoptic scale. They anchor large-scale pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere, cause low and high pressure weather systems to form, and produce large-scale seasonal wind systems in Asia and North America.
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Tuck, Adrian F. "Initial Survey of Observations." In Atmospheric Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199236534.003.0005.
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The observations are our starting point in this book, having been obtained from research aircraft in the last two decades. Justification for this approach can be found in Section 1.3 and by noting that there are no known analytical solutions to the Navier–Stokes equation, preventing the possibility of a priori prediction of the atmosphere’s turbulent structure. We note the pioneering power spectral analysis of wind, temperature, and ozone from commercial Boeing 747 aircraft (Nastrom and Gage 1985) and the more recent data from Airbus 340 aircraft under the aegis of the MOZAIC programme (Marenco et al. 1998). Multifractal analysis was first applied to observations from an IL-12 aircraft in the tropics (Chigirinskaya et al. 1994) and has been applied to a large body of observations taken from ER- 2, WB57F, DC-8, and G4 aircraft, with dropsondes from the last of these; Chapters 2, 4 and 5 are largely devoted to the results. Many of these data were obtained in the lower stratosphere from the ER-2 in the course of investigating ozone loss in both Arctic and Antarctic regions, where there exists a reasonably well-defined, durable circulation system offering clear dynamical, chemical, and radiative signatures. A more climate-driven imperative exists to investigate the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, largely pursued with the WB57F. The recent G4 and dropsonde data were acquired in the troposphere over the eastern Pacific Ocean, in the course of investigating northern hemisphere winter storms there. The utility of balloons and then, 120 years later, from 1903, of powered aircraft for exploring atmospheric properties, were immediately obvious. The Second World War saw aircraft attaining stratospheric altitudes, revealing a very dry lower stratosphere with westerly winds in winter and easterlies in summer, with accumulation of high ozone abundances in polar regions (Brewer 1944; Dobson et al. 1945; Brewer et al. 1948; Brewer 1949; Murgatroyd and Clews 1949; Bannon et al. 1952).
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Fisher, Daniel. "Phenomenological Displacements." In The Oxford Handbook of the Phenomenology of Music Cultures, C29.S1—C29.N22. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190693879.013.29.
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Abstract This chapter explores the mediatization of grief and mourning in northern Australia. Its ethnographic focus is the death of a renowned singer and the initial silencing and subsequent re-sounding of recordings of his voice. In order to grasp what was at stake in these events, the analysis privileges recent work on atmospheres and ethics, attending in particular to the sense of disturbance that his death evoked, and the atmospheric density and authority its demand for attention entailed. In a fundamental sense the chapter asks how sovereignty feels and sounds, a problem I broach ethnographically by attending to those atmospheric disturbances that accompany death and displacement in northern Australia. Through ethnographic and phenomenological attention to musical media, I examine the ways that Indigenous authority (rom) is reaffirmed and remade in the era of its mediatization in modes of atmospheric attunement and co-composition.
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Graf, William L. "Plutonium in the Rio Grande System." In Plutonium and the Rio Grande. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089332.003.0012.
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The water, sediment, landform, and vegetation systems of the Northern Rio Grande provide the environmental framework within which plutonium moves and is stored. Plutonium enters the Northern Rio Grande from two sources: atmospheric fallout and releases from operations of Los Alamos National Laboratory that enter the main stream by transport through Los Alamos Canyon. This chapter describes the nature and timing of plutonium loading in the river’s sediment system as a means of identifying those years when sedimentation is likely to have accumulated those deposits with the highest concentrations of plutonium. This chapter also discusses plutonium in river water, sediments in transit, and sediments deposited along and stored along the channel, as well as the various mean values of plutonium concentrations found in the region of Los Alamos. The review includes plutonium in the regional environments around Los Alamos, including the compartments of river water, active sediments, flood-plain deposits, and reservoir deposits, as well as the plutonium concentrations in the sediments of Los Alamos Canyon. Most of the plutonium in atmospheric fallout is from the testing of nuclear weapons. Five nations have detonated a total of 484 nuclear devices in the atmosphere, 466 with known dates. These explosions have injected plutonium into the general atmospheric circulation, resulting in a global distribution of fallout as the material returns to the surface. There are three types of fallout: local, tropospheric, and stratospheric. Local or early fallout arrives within a day of the detonation and consists of particles 100 to 200 microns in diameter (fine sand) transported in the lower atmosphere and deposited within several hundred kilometers of the site of the explosion. Finer particles travel greater distances and disperse over greater areas. Tropospheric fallout arrives within a month of the detonation and consists of particles less than 100 microns in diameter (mostly silt size), transported in the lower atmosphere. The global atmospheric circulation transports tropospheric fallout around the world in a band about 30 degrees latitude wide, centered on the site of the explosion. Most of the tropospheric fallout delivers plutonium to the earth’s surface in precipitation, with only about 10 percent occurring as dry fall.
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Fleming, James R. "Global Warming? The Early Twentieth Century." In Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195078701.003.0014.
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In the first half of the twentieth century, most scientists did not believe that increased CO2 levels would result in global warming. It was thought that at current atmospheric concentrations, the gas already absorbed all the available long-wave radiation; thus any increases in CO2 would not change the radiative heat balance of the planet but might augment plant growth. Other mechanisms of climatic change, although highly speculative, were given more credence, especially changes in solar luminosity, atmospheric transparency, and the Earth’s orbital elements. By the 1950s, as temperatures around the Northern Hemisphere reached early-twentieth-century peaks, global warming first found its way onto the public agenda. Concerns were expressed in both the scientific and popular press about rising sea levels, loss of habitat, and shifting agricultural zones. Amid the myriad mechanisms that could possibly account for climatic changes, several scientists, notably G. S. Callendar, Gilbert Plass, Hans Suess, and Roger Revelle, focused on possible links between anthropogenic CO2 emissions, the geochemical carbon cycle, and climate warming. By 1900, most of the chief theories of climate change had been proposed, if not yet fully explored: changes in solar output; changes in the Earth’s orbital geometry; changes in terrestrial geography, including the form and height of continents and the circulation of the oceans; and changes in atmospheric transparency and composition, in part due to human activities. Of course, there were many others. New climate theories were being proposed and new work was being done on heat budgets, spectroscopy, and the rising CO2 content of the atmosphere. Evidence for glaciation in low latitudes was explained by Wladimir Köppen and Alfred Wegener as the result of continents drifting northward under climate zones controlled mainly by latitude. Although this theory was not widely accepted by geologists, it is now seen as a first step in paleoclimatic reconstruction. In the 1930s, the Serbian astronomer and geophysicist Milutin Milanković, building on earlier work, outlined a comprehensive “astronomical theory of the ice ages” that viewed them as caused by periodic changes in the Earth’s orbital elements. Atmospheric heat budgets were constructed early in the twentieth century by William Henry Dines and George Clark Simpson, among others.
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Graham, Alan. "Middle Eocene through Early Miocene North American Vegetational History: 50-16.3 Ma." In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (North of Mexico). Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113426.003.0009.
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During the Middle Eocene through the Early Miocene, erosion of the Appalachian Mountains exceeded uplift and there was a net reduction in elevation. In the Rocky Mountains uplift continued through the Middle Eocene (end of the Laramide orogeny), waned in the Middle Tertiary, and then increased beginning at about 10 Ma. Earlier reconstructions placed paleoelevations in the Rocky Mountains during the Middle Eocene through the Early Miocene at approximately half the present relief. The maximum elevation in the Front Ranges during the latest Eocene was estimated at ~2500 m (~8000 ft; MacGinitie, 1953). Recent approximations are for nearly modern elevations in several areas by the Eocene-Oligocene. Extensive Eocene volcanism deposited ash and blocked drainage systems, augmenting uplift and facilitating the preservation of extensive fossil floras and faunas. In the far west the beginning of Tertiary volcanism in the Sierra Nevada is dated at ~ 33 Ma near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. A drying trend becomes evident in the Middle Eocene and reduced moisture, along with the waning of volcanic activity in the Oligocene, restricted conditions favorable to fossilization. The number of Oligocene floras in the northern Rocky Mountains is considerably fewer than in younger deposits to the west. In the absence of extensive plate reorganization and orogeny, CO2 concentration decreased, which contributed to a temperature decline that continued through the Cenozoic and intensified in the Late Tertiary. Recall from Chapter 2 (sections on orogeny and volcanism) that uplift plays a role in determining long-term climate by creating rainshadows, altering atmospheric circulation patterns, and increasing the erosion of silicate rocks that causes a drawdown of CO2. This allows heat to escape from the troposphere and results in lower temperatures. Marine benthic temperatures were ~10°C in the early Late Eocene and ~2°C near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, assuming an essentially ice-free Earth during that time, and increased to ~5-6°Cnear the end of the Early Miocene. Temperatures over land in the midnorthern latitudes are estimated to have dropped by ~12°C between the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene (Wolfe, 1992a).
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Young, Kenneth R., and Paul E. Berry. "Flora and Vegetation." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0013.
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South America’s shape, size, and geographic position, now and in the past, have acted to influence the development of diverse coverings of land surfaces with plants of different sizes, adaptations, and origins. Underlying geologic structures have been exposed to weathering regimes, thereby resulting in a multiplicity of landforms, soil types, and ecological zones. The most notable large-scale features are the Andes, which curl along the western margin of the continent, and the broad swath of the Amazon lowlands in the equatorial zone. However, there are also extensive, more ancient mountain systems in the Brazilian Shield of east-central Brazil and the Guiana Shield in northern South America. The interplay of environmental factors has given rise to a panoply of vegetation types, from coastal mangroves to interior swamplands, savannas, and other grasslands, deserts, shrublands, and a wide array of dry to moist and lowland to highland forest types. The narrower southern half of South America is also complex vegetationally because of the compression of more vegetation types into a smaller area and the diverse climatic regimes associated with subtropical and temperate middle latitudes. Alexander von Humboldt began to outline the major features of the physical geography of South America in his extensive writings that followed his travels in the early nineteenth century (von Humboldt, 1815–1832). For example, he first documented the profound influences of contemporary and historical geologic processes such as earthquakes and volcanoes, how vegetation in mountainous areas changes as elevation influences the distributions of plant species, and the effect of sea surface temperatures on atmospheric circulation and uplift and their impacts on precipitation and air temperatures (Botting, 1973; Faak and Biermann, 1986). His initial insights, in combination with modern observations (Hueck and Seibert, 1972; Cabrera and Willink, 1973; Davis et al., 1997; Lentz, 2000), still serve to frame our synthesis of the major vegetation formations of South America. In this chapter, we relate vegetation formations to spatial gradients of soil moisture and elevation in the context of broad climatic and topographic patterns.
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Harding, Andrew, and Jean Palutikof. "The Climate System." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0013.
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The Mediterranean region has a highly distinctive climate due to its position between 30 and 45°N to the west of the Euro-Asian landmass. With respect to the global atmospheric system, it lies between subtropical high pressure systems to the south, and westerly wind belts to the north. In winter, as these systems move equatorward, the Mediterranean basin lies under the influence of, and is exposed to, the westerly wind belt, and the weather is wet and mild. In the summer, as shown in Figure 3.1, the Mediterranean lies under subtropical high pressure systems, and conditions are hot and dry, with an absolute drought that may persist for more than two or three months in drier regions. Climates such as this are relatively rare, and the Mediterranean shares its winter wet/summer dry conditions with locations as distant as central Chile, the southern tip of Cape Province in South Africa, southwest Australia in the Southern Hemisphere, and central California in the Northern Hemisphere. All have in common their mid-latitude position, between subtropical high pressure systems and westerly wind belts. They all lie on the westerly side of continents so that, in winter, when the westerly wind belts dominate over their locations, they are exposed to rain-bearing winds. In the Köppen classification (Köppen 1936), these climates are known as Mediterranean (Type Cs, which is subdivided in turn into maritime Csb and continental Csa). The influence of the Mediterranean Sea means that the Mediterranean-type climate of the region extends much further into the continental landmass than elsewhere, and is not restricted to a narrow ocean-facing strip. Nevertheless, within the Mediterranean region climate is modified by position and topographic influences can be important. The proximity of the western Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean gives its climate a maritime flavour, with higher rainfall and milder temperatures throughout the year. The eastern Mediterranean lies closer to the truly continental influences of central Europe and Asia. Its climate is drier, and temperatures are hotter in summer and colder in winter than in the west. Annual rainfall is typically around 750 mm in Rome, but only around 400 mm in Athens.
Conference papers on the topic "Atmospheric circulation Australia, Northern"
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Kozlov, Fedor, Alexander Chernokulsky, Mirseid Akperov, Vyacheslav Khon, Igor I. Mokhov, Alexander Osipov, Vladimir A. Semenov, and Alexander Timazhev. "Influence of atmospheric circulation on characteristics of convective and large-scale precipitation in Northern Eurasia." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540724.
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Popova, Valeria V., and Dariya D. Bokuchava. "Changes of the atmospheric circulation patterns over Northern Hemisphere extratropical zone since the mid of XX century." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540953.
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Bokuchava, Daria D., Vladimir Semenov, and Valeria Popova. "Features of the winter atmospheric circulation structure in the Northern Hemisphere from observations and 20th century reanalyses data." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540947.
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Popova, Valeria V. "Structure of the atmospheric circulation variability over Northern Hemisphere extratropical zone according to the observation and modelling data." In 26th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2575610.
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Shukurov, Karim A., and Vladimir A. Semenov. "Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns favoring sea ice concentration extremes in the Northern Sea Route straits in June-November of 1979-2017." In 27th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2601742.
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Guedes, Pedro. "Healing Modern Architecture’s Break with the Past: Musings around Brazilian Fenestration." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3990prwvx.
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This paper focuses on the role of Brazilian architects in emancipating Modern Architecture from overly limiting orthodoxies. In particular, this study follows direct, if weak influences across the Pacific to Australia and stronger ones across the South Atlantic to Southern Africa, where Brazilian ideas found fertile ground without being filtered through Northern Hemisphere mediations. Official delegations of architects from Australia and South Africa went to Brazil seeking inspiration and transferable ideas achieved mixed success. Central to the theme of this essay is a recently discovered and unpublished manuscript. It is the work of Barrie Biermann who, upon graduation from the University of Cape Town sailed across to Brazil in 1946 to gain first-hand knowledge of the architecture that had achieved worldwide renown through the 1943 Brazil Builds exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA). Biermann’s close observations and discussions with several of Brazil’s leading architects helped him develop a fresh narrative that placed recent developments in a continuum linked to Portuguese colonial architecture that had taken lessons from the ‘East’. Published in a very abridged form in a professional journal in 1950, it lost much of the charm of the original, which, in addition to imaginative theoretical speculation, is enriched by evocative, atmospheric sketches, water colours and photographs. This study shows that South-South connections were quite independent and predated the influence of ‘scientific’ manuals of ‘how-to build in the tropics’ that proliferated from metropolitan centres in the mid-1950s, preparing for decolonization but perhaps also motivated by ambitions of engendering other forms of dependence. Brazilian ideas and examples of built work played an important role in bringing vitality to some of the architectures of Africa. They also engaged with crucial issues of identity and the production of buildings celebrating values beyond the utilitarian.
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Qomsiya, Mohanad, and Robert W. Fletcher. "Wind Harvesting on Mars: Study and Approach (II)." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71157.
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Abstract In previously presented work the authors provided a systematic approach for implementing sustainable energy harvesting projects on Mars. The proposed methodology serves to lay the infrastructure for future In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) on the Martian planet. In this new and updated work the authors thoroughly investigate and report the results of selected site locations for possible future crewed missions. Moreover, it also sheds the light on the multiple wind turbine airfoil designs that would be appropriate for the Martian atmospheric parameters, including the outcomes of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) studies. In order to assure survival rate for a successful future habitation on Mars, multiple sites were studied and analyzed through the utilization of a General Circulation Model (GCM) simulation, Java Mission-planning and Analysis for Remote Sensing (JMARS) database, and other resources. One of the important factors that was considered during the evaluating of potential site locations is the availability of water resources, as it is crucial for the thriving of any possible human inhabitancy. The geographical location focus of this research work (including the two proposed site locations) is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere. The two locations are in the Deuteronilus Mensae and Phlegra Montes.
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Babanin, Alexander V. "Wave-Induced Turbulence, Linking Metocean and Large Scales." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18373.
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Abstract Until recently, large-scale models did not explicitly take account of ocean surface waves which are a process of much smaller scales. However, it is rapidly becoming clear that many large-scale geophysical processes are essentially coupled with the surface waves, and those include ocean circulation, weather, Tropical Cyclones and polar sea ice in both Hemispheres, climate and other phenomena in the atmosphere, at air/sea, sea/ice and sea/land interface, and many issues of the upper-ocean mixing below the surface. Besides, the wind-wave climate itself experiences large-scale trends and fluctuations, and can serve as an indicator for changes in the weather climate. In the presentation, we will discuss wave influences at scales from turbulence to climate, on the atmospheric and oceanic sides. At the atmospheric side of the interface, the air-sea coupling is usually described by means of the drag coefficient Cd, which is parameterised in terms of the wind speed, but the scatter of experimental data with respect to such dependences is very significant and has not improved noticeably over some 40 years. It is argued that the scatter is due to multiple mechanisms which contribute into the sea drag, many of them are due to surface waves and cannot be accounted for unless the waves are explicitly known. The Cd concept invokes the assumption of constant-flux layer, which is also employed for vertical profiling of the wind measured at some elevation near the ocean surface. The surface waves, however, modify the balance of turbulent stresses very near the surface, and therefore such extrapolations can introduce significant biases. This is particularly essential for buoy measurements in extreme conditions, when the anemometer mast is within the Wave Boundary Layer (WBL) or even below the wave crests. In this presentation, field data and a WBL model are used to investigate such biases. It is shown that near the surface the turbulent fluxes are less than those obtained by extrapolation using the logarithmic-layer assumption, and the mean wind speeds very near the surface, based on Lake George field observations, are up to 5% larger. The dynamics is then simulated by means of a WBL model coupled with nonlinear waves, which revealed further details of complex behaviours at wind-wave boundary layer. Furthermore, we analyse the structure of WBL for strong winds (U10 > 20 m/s) based on field observations. We used vertical distribution of wind speed and momentum flux measured in Topical Cyclone Olwyn (April 2015) in the North-West shelf of Australia. A well-established layer of constant stress is observed. The values obtained for u⁎ from the logarithmic profile law against u⁎ from turbulence measurements (eddy correlation method) differ significantly as wind speed increases. Among wave-induced influences at the ocean side, the ocean mixing is most important. Until recently, turbulence produced by the orbital motion of surface waves was not accounted for, and this fact limits performance of the models for the upper-ocean circulation and ultimately large-scale air-sea interactions. While the role of breaking waves in producing turbulence is well appreciated, such turbulence is only injected under the interface at the vertical scale of wave height. The wave-orbital turbulence is depth-distributed at the scale of wavelength (∼10 times the wave height) and thus can mix through the ocean thermocline in the spring-summer seasons. Such mixing then produces feedback to the large-scale processes, from weather to climate. In order to account for the wave-turbulence effects, large-scale air-sea interaction models need to be coupled with wave models. Theory and practical applications for the wave-induced turbulence will be reviewed in the presentation. These include viscous and instability theories of wave turbulence, direct numerical simulations and laboratory experiments, field and remote sensing observations and validations, and finally implementations in ocean, Tropical Cyclone, ocean and ice models. As a specific example of a wave-coupled environment, the wave climate in the Arctic as observed by altimeters will be presented. This is an important topic for the Arctic Seas, which are opening from ice in summer time. Challenges, however, are many as their Metocean environment is more complicated and, in addition to winds and waves, requires knowledge and understanding of ice material properties and its trends. On one hand, no traditional statistical approach is possible since in the past for most of the Arctic Ocean there was limited wave activity. Extrapolations of the current trends into the future are not feasible, because ice cover and wind patterns in the Arctic are changing. On the other hand, information on the mean and extreme wave properties is of great importance for oceanographic, meteorological, climate, naval and maritime applications in the Arctic Seas.