Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Atmospheric cells of circulation'
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1
Green, Brian Marcus. "Coupling of the intertropical convergence zone and the Hadley cells to the ocean's circulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119988.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Climate Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 169-183).
Patterns of tropical precipitation are sensitive to the atmosphere's energy balance and shift, for example, into the hemisphere heated most strongly by radiation and surface heat fluxes. By redistributing heat around the globe, the ocean circulation plays an important role in the atmosphere's energy balance and is a potentially strong control on the region of intense tropical rainfall known as the intertropical convergence zone, or ITCZ. This thesis explores several aspects of the coupling of the ocean's heat transport to the ITCZ and atmospheric circulation. First, I study connections between Atlantic Ocean heat transport variability and the position of the ITCZ in the 20th Century. Using atmospheric reanalyses and reconstructions of tropical precipitation, I find correlations between sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, the ITCZ position, and tropospheric temperatures that are consistent with Atlantic Ocean-forced ITCZ shifts. The rest of the thesis focuses on aspects of the coupling of the ocean's subtropical cells (STCs) to the ITCZ and the atmosphere's Hadley cells. By forcing an idealized atmosphere-ocean global climate model with an inter-hemispheric heating contrast, I find the STCs act to strongly damp the resulting ITCZ shift through their cross-equatorial heat transport, which partially compensates the imposed heating contrast. Coupled to the Hadley cells and ITCZ by the trade winds, heat transport by the STCs always acts to weaken ITCZ shifts and is a powerful control on the ITCZ position, keeping it "stuck" to latitudes near the equator. Applying the results from the idealized experiments, I estimate the STCs act to damp ITCZ shifts on Earth by a factor of two. In the case of a hemispherically symmetric climate with the ITCZ on the equator, I study the influence of the STCs on the strength of the Hadley cells by performing a range of global warming and cooling experiments on the same idealized model. Compared to the case without any ocean heat transport, the STCs act to strongly weaken the Hadley cells, particularly in cold climates, by reducing the meridional heating contrast across the cells. Using a new energy balance framework to quantify this cross-cell heating contrast, I show that part of the impact of the STCs' poleward heat transport is offset by anomalous equatorward energy transport by atmospheric eddies. My results suggest the STCs act to weaken the Hadley cells further than previously thought.
by Brian Marcus Green.
Ph. D. in Climate Science
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Lin, Nai Shi. "The response of the width of the Hadley cell to global warming-like thermal forcing in a simple general circulation model." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97070.
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The response of the Hadley Cell (HC) width to the global warming is investigated using a set of dry global circulation model (GCM) integrations. In the model, global warming is mimicked by two thermal forcings: a warming in the tropical upper troposphere (THR) and a warming in polar lower atmosphere (PHR). A set of model integrations for the THR case, the PHR case and both of these cases combined (TPH) are performed with both the axisymmetric (2D) and non-axisymmetric (3D) model configurations. It is found that THR results in a clear poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation. By contrast, the PHR case tends to cause the HC in the 3D run to shrink, although its impact is minor. This sensitivity does not exist on the axisymmetric (2D) integration, indicating that baroclinic eddies play a critical role in the widening of the HC. Model integrations with TPH show a stronger HC expansion than their addition of two simulations with only THR and PHR. It suggests that baroclinic eddies, which are responsible for the HC expansion, nonlinearly interact with the THR and PHR. The widening of the HC is also found to be solely attributed to the influence of increased static stability, which is induced by tropical heating. Sensitivity tests further show the HC expansion is highly sensitive to the width of the THR. This occurs only when THR is broad enough to change the baroclinicity in the subtropics.Lèffet du réchauffement global sur la largeur de la cellule de Hadley est examiné en utilisant une série d`intégrations dùn modèle de circulation global sec. Dans le modèle, le réchauffement global est imité par deux forçages thermiques, le réchauffement de la troposphère supérieure tropicale et le réchauffement polaire est la combinaison des deux réchauffements, une série d`intégrations numériques est performée avec deux configurations de modèle : axisymétrique (2D) et non-axisymétrique (3D). Les résultats démontrent que le réchauffement tropical résulte en une expansion évidente de la cellule de Hadley. Au contraire, le réchauffement polaire diminue la largeur de la cellule de Hadley bien que lèffet soit mineur. Cette sensibilité nèxiste pas dans la simulation 2D, indiquant que les ondes baroclines jouent un rôle important dans l`élargissement de la cellule de Hadley. L`intégration combinant les réchauffements tropicaux et polaires d`émontrent une expansion supérieure de la cellule de Hadley que les intégrations de réchauffement tropical et de réchauffement polaire additionnées. Cela suggère que les ondes baroclines qui sont responsables de lèxpansion de la cellule de Hadley interagissent de manière non-linéaire avec le réchauffement tropical et le réchauffement polaire. En plus, lèxpansion de la cellule de Hadley est uniquement attribuée a l`influence dùne stabilité accrue introduite par le réchauffement tropical. Des tests de stabilité d`émontrent que lèxpansion est très sensible à la largeur du réchauffement tropical. Il a lieu seulement lorsque le réchauffement tropical est assez large pour changer la baroclinicité dans les subtropiques.
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Tonin, Hemerson E., and hemer tonin@flinders edu au. "Atmospheric freshwater sources for eastern Pacific surface salinity." Flinders University. Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20061031.080144.
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The remarkable salinity difference between the upper Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is often explained through net export of water vapour across Central America. To investigate this mechanism a study of salinity signals in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean current system was made looking at responses to fresh water input from two sources (local versus remote - Atlantic Ocean) as well as a combination of the two. Statistical analyses (Empirical Orthogonal Functions, Single Value Decomposition and Wavelet analysis) were used to split the main sources of the atmospheric freshwater input into local and remote contributions and to quantify both contributions. The remote source was assumed to have been transported over Central America from the Atlantic Ocean as an atmospheric freshwater flux, whereas the local source originated in the Pacific Ocean itself. The analysis suggests that 74% of the total variance in precipitation over the tropical eastern Pacific is due to water vapour transport from the Atlantic. It also demonstrates strong influence of ENSO events, with maximum correlation at a two months time lag. During La Ni�a periods the precipitation variance is more closely related to water vapour transport across Central America (the remote source), while during El Ni�o periods it is more closely related to the water vapour transport by Southerly winds along the west coast of South America (the local source). The current and temperature fields provided by the Modular Ocean Model (version 2) were used to study the changes in the salinity field when freshwater was added to or removed from the model. ECMWF ERA-40 data taken from the ECMWF data server was used to determine the atmospheric flux of freshwater at the ocean surface, in the form of evaporation minus precipitation (E-P). The Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) computed from temperature and salinity fields determines to what depth the salinity's dilution/concentration takes place for every grid point. Each MLD was calculated from the results of the previous time step, and the water column was considered well mixed from the surface to this depth. The statistical relationships were used to reconstruct the precipitation over the tropical eastern Pacific. A numerical ocean model, which uses currents and temperature from a global ocean model and is forced by precipitation, was used to study the ocean's response to either the remote or the local source acting in isolation. Through time lag correlation analysis of the sea surface salinity anomalies produced by the variation in the reconstructed precipitation fields, it is found that the anomaly signals of salinity propagate westward along the Equator at a rate of approximately 0.25 m.s-1 (6.1 degrees per month).
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Walther, Connie. "Atmospheric Circulation in Antarctica." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-199278.
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Validation of the Regional Climate Model HIRHAM with measurements, especially from radiosondes and GPS-signal-retrieval. Analysis of synoptical structures in Antarctica and comparison of the precipitation in different phases of the Antarctic Oscillation.
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Brandefelt, Jenny. "Atmospheric circulation regimes and climate change." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-530.
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Gillett, Nathan Peter. "Climate change and the atmospheric circulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393444.
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Dugas, Bernard. "Persistent circulation anomalies in observations and in a general circulation model." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74220.
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A comparative diagnostic study of upper-air persistent atmospheric events, as simulated by a general circulation model (GCM) and as observed, is presented. We start with an overview of the several theories that attempt to explain such phenomena. Particular emphasis is put on the model approach of Shutts (1983). We next show that the spatial distributions of persistent events is qualitatively similar in the GCM and observational data. The North-Atlantic events are extracted and a rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis is done on the resulting data sets. The two REOF sets that are thus obtained are shown to greatly resemble one another. Both explain roughly 50% of their original data's variance. The relationships between the modes within a set are presented, so as to understand their probable combined evolution. The fourth chapter contains an evaluation of Shutt's theory. There, the third chapter's results are used to isolate a particular class of events, namely the strong +ATL2 dipoles. The time-tendencies associated to short time-scale synoptic waves are evaluated, using an E-vectors approach, taking care to distinguish between the onset, mature and demise phases of the events. It seems that these synoptic waves have a significant impact of the average life-cycle of this +ATL2 type of events, whether they be simulated by a GCM or obtained from a NMC set of analyses.
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Lewis, Nikole Kae. "Atmospheric Circulation of Eccentric Extrasolar Giant Planets." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242352.
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This dissertation explores the three-dimensional coupling between radiative and dynamical processes in the atmospheres of eccentric extrasolar giant planets GJ436b, HAT-P-2b, and HD80606b. Extrasolar planets on eccentric orbits are subject to time-variable heating and probable non-synchronous rotation, which results in significant variations in global circulation and thermal patterns as a function of orbital phase. Atmospheric simulations for the low eccentricity (e=0.15) Neptune sized planet GJ436b reveal that when Neptune-like atmospheric compositions are assumed day/night temperature contrasts and equatorial jet speeds are significantly increased relative to models that assume a solar-like composition. Comparisons between our theoretical light curves and recent observations support a high metallicity atmosphere with disequilibrium carbon chemistry for GJ436b. The analysis of full-orbit light curve observations at 3.6 and 4.5 microns of the HAT-P-2 system reveal swings in the planet's temperature of more than 900 K during its significantly eccentric (e=0.5) orbit with a four to six hour offset between periapse passage and the peak of the planet's observed flux. Comparisons between our atmospheric model of HAT-P-2b and the observed light curves indicate an increased carbon to oxygen ratio in HAT-P-2b's atmosphere compared to solar values. Atmospheric simulations of the highly eccentric (e=0.9) HD80606b show that flash-heating events completely alter planetary thermal and jet structures and that assumptions about the rotation period of this planet could affect the shape of light curve observations near periapse. Our simulations of HD80606b also show the development an atmospheric shock on the nightside of the planet that is associated with an observable thermal signature in our theoretical light curves. The simulations and observations presented in this dissertation mark an important step in the exploration of atmospheric circulation on the more than 300 exoplanets known to possess significantly non-zero eccentricities.
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Garfin, Gregg Marc 1957. "Sierra Nevada tree-rings and atmospheric circulation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288925.
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The primary objective of this research is to investigate relationships between extremes in central Sierra Nevada tree growth, temperature and precipitation and winter and summer atmospheric circulation. Using existing Sierra Nevada chronologies, I developed two mean chronologies for the period of overlap between instrumental and tree-ring records (1900-1987), one for giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and one for treeline pines (Pinus balfouriana, Pinus albicaulis) and selected the highest and lowest quintiles of tree growth as extreme years. For these years, I constructed and analyzed maps of composite anomalies for the following climatic data: tropospheric pressure (SLP, 700 mb, 500 mb), storm track (positive vorticity advection [PVA], a variable not previously used in dendroclimatology), temperature, precipitation, and snow (a variable often assumed have the same effects on growth as winter precipitation). Results suggest that extreme growth in these trees is associated with distinct patterns of winter atmospheric circulation and snow depth that are consistent with instrumental studies for the Western U.S. The storm track and snow analyses, seldom used in dendroclimatology, added substance to inferences based on analyses of tropospheric and surface climate parameters. This study shows the strong potential for reconstruction of these variables using Sierra Nevada trees. Synthesis of these results suggests that sequoia exhibit low growth during years with meridional winter and summer circulation, winter storms primarily occluded in the Gulf of Alaska, and low snow depth; sequoia exhibit high growth during years with low winter pressure in the north Pacific, long duration storms, a SW-NE oriented storm track entering North America at the California-Oregon border, high snow depth and zonal summer flow. Treeline pines exhibit low growth during years with enhanced ridging over the eastern Pacific, cool, short duration winter storms along a northern track, low snow depth and high east Pacific summer SLP; these pines exhibit high growth during years with warm, long duration winter storms following a southern track, a quasi-PNA atmospheric circulation pattern, average snow depth and a northeastward displaced summer subtropical high. Evidence presented herein suggests that variation in extreme treeline pine growth tracks low frequency changes in north Pacific atmospheric circulation.
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Thompson, David W. J. "Annular modes in the atmospheric general circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10057.
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Su, Lin 1966. "A diagnostic study of the summer southern hemisphere circulation of the CCC general circulation model /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60493.
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The medium scale planetary wave regime, consisting largely of zonal wavenumbers 5-7, frequently dominate the summer Southern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation. We perform a diagnostic study of this circulation as simulated by the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) general circulation model (GCM). The analysis of Hovmoller diagrams, space-time and zonal wavenumber spectra shows that the CCC GCM is able to simulate the observed medium scale wave regime.The zonally averaged meridional eddy heat and momentum transports and the associated baroclinic and barotropic energy conversions are also examined. The distributions of the transports on the vertical plane agree well with observations. When compared to the observed summer 1979 distributions, some quantitative differences remain: the vertical structure of the heat transport is too baroclinic, while the momentum transport tends to be too weak. The baroclinic and barotropic conversions all show a medium scale wave signal. The time evolution of the Richardson number of the mean flow suggests that the medium scale wave is due to a finite amplitude baroclinic instability.
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Görgen, Klaus. "Sensitivitätsstudien und Analyse von Atmosphäre-Meereis-Wechselwirkungen mit dem regionalen Atmosphärenmodell HIRHAM4 auf Basis eines neu entwickelten beobachtungsgestützten unteren Modellantriebs während ausgewählter Sommer über der Arktis, Laptewsee = Sensitivity studies and analysis of atmosphere-sea-ice-interactions with the regional atmospheric model HIRHAM4 using a newly developed observational lower boundary forcing dataset during selected summers over the Arctic/Laptev Sea /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/517265761.pdf.
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Kataria, Tiffany. "Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters and Super Earths." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338971.
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This dissertation explores the atmospheric circulation of extrasolar planets ranging from hot Jupiters to super Earths. For each of these studies, I utilize a three-dimensional circulation model coupled to a state-of-the-art, plane-parallel, two-stream, non-grey radiative transfer model dubbed the SPARC/MITgcm. First, I present models of the atmospheric circulation of eccentric hot Jupiters, a population which undergoes large variations in flux throughout their orbits. I demonstrate that the eccentric hot Jupiter regime is qualitatively similar to that of planets on circular orbits. For a select number of model integrations, I generate full-orbit lightcurves and find that the timing of transit and secondary eclipse viewed from Earth with respect to periapse and apoapse can greatly affect what is seen in infrared (IR) lightcurves. Next, I present circulation models of WASP-43b, a transiting hot Jupiter that is joining the ranks of HD 189733b and HD 209458b as a 'benchmark' hot Jupiter, with a wide array of observational constraints from the ground and space. Here I utilize the robust dataset of spectrophotometric observations taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to interpret my model results. I find that an atmospheric composition of 5x solar provides the best match to the data, particularly in emission. Lastly, I present atmospheric simulations of the super Earth GJ 1214b, exploring the planet's circulation as a function of atmospheric metallicity and composition. I find that atmospheres with a low mean-molecular weight have strong day-night temperature variations at pressures above the infrared photosphere that lead to equatorial superrotation. For these atmospheres, the enhancement of atmospheric opacities with increasing metallicity leads to shallower atmospheric heating, larger day-night temperature variations and hence stronger superrotation. In comparison, atmospheres with a high mean-molecular weight have larger day-night and equator-to-pole temperature variations than low mean-molecular weight atmospheres, but differences in opacity structure and energy budget lead to differences in jet structure. By comparing emergent flux spectra and lightcurves for 50x solar and water-dominated compositions, I show that observations in emission can break the degeneracy in determining the atmospheric composition of GJ 1214b. In sum, these three studies explore exoplanet atmospheric circulation as a function of mass, radius, gravity, rotation rate, eccentricity and orbital distance.
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Tansley, Claire. "Interactions between sea ice and the atmospheric circulation." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307799.
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Bayr, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Tropical atmospheric circulation changes under global warming / Tobias Bayr." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045194751/34.
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Sepp, Mait. "Influence of atmospheric circulation on environmental variables in Estonia /." Tartu, Estonia : Tartu University Press, 2005. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/1080/5/sepp.pdf.
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Slonosky, Victoria C. "Arctic sea ice and atmospheric circulation anomalies since 1954." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ37305.pdf.
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Van, Niekerk Annelize. "The role of orographic drag in modelled atmospheric circulation." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74795/.
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Recent studies have demonstrated that the representation of orography in models is highly uncertain. Motivated by the large spread in the climatological circulation and the circulation response to climate change seen among models, the primary aim of this work is to quantify the uncertainty introduced by their representation of orography. This is done through a number of experiments using different comprehensive atmospheric models across horizontal resolutions and timescales. First, it is shown that two of the models considered are unable to maintain an equivalent total (resolved plus parameterized) orographic drag across resolutions over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid-latitudes, leading to systematic biases at lower climate model resolutions. The suitability of substituting one drag parameterization scheme for another is also investigated. It emerges that there is a strong regional dependence of the model error on the drag parameterization scheme employed. High-resolution global and limited area models analysed over the Himalayan Plateau are used as a proxy for the truth. The non-robustness to resolution over this region is attributed to particular components of the orographic drag parameterization scheme and its formulation. It is shown that most of the reduction in short-range forecast error that occurs with increasing resolution is due to a reduction in the parameterized orographic drag, as opposed to the addition of resolved orographic drag. Finally, the impact of the uncertainty in the parameterized orographic drag scheme on the circulation and its response to climate change is investigated. The low-level parameterized orographic drag is found to be beneficial for the modelled stationary wave field over the NH and for the jet latitude in both hemispheres. Over the NH, the amplitude of the stationary wave response to climate change across the experiments is shown to scale with the magnitude of low-level parameterized orographic drag through its influence on the present-day climatological stationary wave amplitudes.
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Lucarini, Valerio. "Thermohaline circulation stability : a box model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30128.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-97).
A thorough analysis of the stability of uncoupled and coupled versions of an inter-hemispheric 3-box model of Thermohaline Circulation (THC) is presented. The model consists of a northern high latitudes box, a tropical box, and a southern high latitudes box, which respectively can be thought as corresponding to the northern, tropical and southern Atlantic ocean. We study how the strength of THC changes when the system undergoes forcings that are analogous to those of global warming conditions. In each class of experiments, we determine, using suitably defined metrics, the boundary dividing the set of forcing scenarios that lead the system to equilibria characterized by a THC pattern similar to the present one, from those that drive the system to equilibria where the THC is reversed. In the case of the uncoupled model, we apply to the equilibrium state perturbations to the moisture and heat fluxes into the three boxes. High rates of increase in the moisture flux into the northern high-latitude box lead to a THC breakdown at smaller total final increases in the moisture flux than low rates, while the presence of moisture flux increases into the southern high-latitude box strongly inhibit the breakdown and can prevent it, in the case of slow rates in the Northern Hemisphere. Similarly, a fast heat flux increases in the North Hemisphere destabilize the system more effectively than slow ones, and again the enhancement of the heat fluxes in the Southern Hemisphere tend to drive the system towards stability. In all cases analyzed slow forcings, if sufficiently weak in the Southern Hemisphere, lead to the reversal of the THC.
(cont.) In the coupled model a direct representation of the radiative forcing is possible, since the main atmospheric physical processes responsible for freshwater and heat fluxes are formulated separately. Although only weakly asymmetric or symmetric radiative forcings are representative of physically reasonable conditions, we consider general asymmetric forcings, in order to get a more complete picture of the mathematical properties of the system. We also consider different choices for the atmospheric transport parametrizations and for the ratio between the high latitude to tropical radiative forcing, and analyze the sensitivity of our results to changes in these parameters. We generally find that fast forcings are more effective than slow forcings in disrupting the present THC patterns, forcings that are stronger in the northern box are also more effective in destabilizing the system, and that very slow forcings do not destabilize the system whatever their asymmetry, unless the radiative forcings are very asymmetric and the atmospheric transport is a relatively weak function of the meridional temperature gradient. The changes in the strength of the THC are primarily forced by changes in the latent heat transports, because of their sensitivity to temperature that arises from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation.
by Valerio Lucarini.
S.M.
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Nitsche, Gregor. "Some aspects of planetary-scale atmospheric variability in a low-resolution general circulation model /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10014.
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Olson, Elise Marie Black. "A coupled atmosphere-ocean model of thermohaline circulation, including wind-driven gyre circulation with an analytical solution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114324.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2006.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "February 2006."
Includes bibliographical references (page 35).
A parameter representing circulation due to wind forcing is added to the thermohaline circulation model of Marotzke (1996). The model consists of four boxes and is governed by a system of two differential equations governing the temperature and salinity differences between high latitude ocean and low latitude ocean boxes. The modified model is solved numerically for equilibrium solutions, and then solved analytically by the method of Krasovskiy and Stone (1998). At the maximum strength of wind-forced circulation studied, v = 5 x 10-¹¹ s-¹, a stable thermal mode equilibrium temperature difference of 25 K is calculated. Once v reaches a critical value, which is within the range of physically reasonable values, the stable haline mode equlibrium and unstable thermal mode equilibrium are no longer observed. It is concluded that strong wind-forced circulation suppresses the thermal mode equilibrium, but that more research is necessary to determine the degree to which this effect is present in the real world.
by Elise M. Olson.
S.B.
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Torres-Bello, Omar. "A simple zonal average energy budget model of the earth-atmosphere system." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28033.
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Thomas, Margot Ross. "Fetal cells in the maternal circulation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363337.
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Mendonca, Joao M. "Studies of Venus using a comprehensive general circulation model." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eab33b95-b66a-4d10-8696-548e1d211c9f.
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The profusion of observational data made available by the Venus Express and previous space missions, increases our need to develop numerical tools to interpret the data and improve our understanding of the Venus meteorology. The main objective of this work is to develop an improved Venus general circulation model and to study the most likely mechanisms driving the atmosphere to the current observed circulation. Our new model is an extension of a simplified version and includes a new radiative transfer scheme and convection and an adapted boundary layer scheme and dynamical core that take into account the dependence of the heat capacity with temperature, at constant atmospheric pressure. The new radiative transfer formulation implemented is more suitable for Venus climate studies than previous works due to its easy adaptability to different atmospheric conditions. This flexibility of the model was very important in this work to explore the uncertainties on the lower atmospheric conditions such as the gas absorption and the possible presence of aerosols near the surface. The new general circulation model obtains, after long periods of integration, a super-rotation phenomenon in the cloud region quantitatively similar to the one observed. However, this phenomenon is sensitive to some radiative parameters such as the amount of the solar radiative energy absorbed by the surface and the amount of clouds. The super-rotation in the model is formed due to the combined influence of the zonal mean circulation, thermal tides and transient waves, and the main mechanisms involved are identified and studied. In this process the momentum transported by the semidiurnal tide excited in the upper clouds has a key contribution. These migrating waves transport prograde momentum mainly from the upper atmosphere to the cloud region. In this work we also explored the model parameters to gain a better understanding of the effect of topography, the diurnal cycle and convective momentum mixing. In general the results showed that: the topography seemed capable of sustaining stronger global super-rotation; without diurnal cycle the strong winds in the cloud region are not produced; the convective momentum mixing experiment did not lead to significant changes. A simple experiment done advecting the UV absorber in the atmosphere, qualitatively showed several atmospheric phenomena that are important for the distribution of clouds. Among them is the presence of a region of low permeability isolating the polar vortex. This last experiment also showed that when increasing the amount of UV absorption in the upper cloud region the winds get stronger. Following the interpretation of observational data using numerical models, we also used a simplified version of the general circulation model to assess the accuracy of zonal wind retrievals from measured temperatures using the cyclostrophic thermal wind equation in the Venus mesosphere. From this analysis we suggest a method which better estimates the lower boundary condition, and improves the consistency of the results at high latitudes when compared with cloud tracking measurements.
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Nelken, Haim. "A numerical model for the thermohaline circulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54948.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, 1985.Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.
Bibliography: leaves 80-81.
by Haim Nelken.
M.S.
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Wang, Xiaoli Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Global thermohaline circulation and ocean-atmosphere coupling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58357.
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Shongwe, Mxolisi Excellent. "Performance of recalibration systems of general circulation model forecasts over southern Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07032007-102650.
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Peters, Matthew E. "Moist convection and the large scale tropical circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6773.
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Saito, Ryu. "Influence of the surface on the atmospheric circulation of Mars : study with a general circulation model /." Katlenburg-Lindau : Copernicus, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/535034385.pdf.
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Robinson, Dennis P. "Diagnostic studies of extratropical intraseasonal variability in the northern hemisphere." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04102006-125331/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.Dickinson, Robert, Committee Member ; Black, Robert, Committee Chair ; Cunnold, Derek, Committee Member ; Fu, Rong, Committee Member ; Knox, John, Committee Member.
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Nelken, Haim. "Thermally driven circulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58495.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1987.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-186).
Several problems connected by the theme of thermal forcing are addressed herein. The main topic is the stratification and flow field resulting from imposing a specified heat flux on a fluid that is otherwise confined to a rigid insulating basin. In addition to the traditional eddy viscosity and diffusivity, turbulent processes are also included by a convective overturning adjustment at locations where the local density field is unstable. Two classes of problems are treated. The first is the large scale meridional pattern of a fluid in an annulus. The detailed treatment is carried out in two steps. In the beginning (chapter 2) it is assumed that the fluid is very diffusive, hence, to first approximation no flow field is present. It is found that the convective overturning adjustment changes the character of the stratification in all the regions that are cooled from the top, resulting in a temperature field that is nearly depth independent in the northernmost latitudes. The response to a seasonal cycle in the forcing, and the differences between averaging the results from the end of each season compared to driving the fluid by a mean forcing are analyzed. In particular, the resulting sea surface temperature is warmer in the former procedure. This observation is important in models where the heat flux is sensitive to the gradient of air to sea surface temperatures. The analysis of the problem continues in chapter 5 where the contribution of the flow field is included in the same configuration. The dimensionless parameter controlling the circulation is now the Rayleigh number, which is a measure of the relative importance of gravitational and viscous forces. The effects of the convective overturning adjustment is investigated at different Rayleigh numbers. It is shown that not only is the stratification now always stable, but also that the vigorous vertical mixing reduces the effective Rayleigh number; thereby the flow field is more moderate, the thermocline deepens, and the horizontal surface temperature gradients are weaker. The interior of the fluid is colder compared to cases without convective overturning, and, because the amount of heat in the system is assumed to be fixed, the surface temperature is warmer. The fluid is not only forced by a mean heat flux, or a seasonally varying one, but its behavior under permanent winter and summer conditions is also investigated. A steady state for the experiments where the net heat flux does not vanish is defined as that state where the flow field and temperature structure are not changing with time except for an almost uniform temperature decrease or increase everywhere. It is found that when winter conditions prevail the circulation is very strong, while it is rather weak for continuous summer forcing. In contrast to those results, if a yearly cycle is imposed, the circulation tends to reach a minimum in the winter time and a maximum in the summer. This suggests that, depending on the Rayleigh number, there is a phase leg of several months between the response of the ocean and the imposed forcing. Differences between the two averaging procedures mentioned before are also observed when the flow field is present, especially for large Rayleigh numbers. The circulation is found to be weaker and the sea surface temperature colder in the mean of the seasonal realizations compared to the steady state derived by the mean forcing. As an extension to the numerical results, an analytic model is presented in chapter 4 for a similar annular configuration.
by Haim Nelken.
Ph.D.
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Yetter, Joseph A. "The nature of the propagation of sea breeze fronts in Central California." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA238635.
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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Shaw, William J. Second Reader: Durkee, Philip A. "September 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on December 15, 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): Fronts (Meteorology), Atmosphere Models, Wave Propagation, LASBEX (Land Sea Breeze Experiment), Meteorological Data, Circulation, Directional, Atmospheric Motion. Author(s) subject terms: LASBEX, Lidar, Sodar. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-65). Also available in print.
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Jakob, Christian. "The representation of cloud cover in atmospheric general circulation models." Diss., lmu, 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-3281.
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Vettoretti, Guido. "Paleoclimate tests of a model of the atmospheric general circulation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63759.pdf.
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Russell, Andrew. "Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation impacts on eastern Antarctic Peninsular precipitation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419512.
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Lai, I. C. "The relationship between tropospheric ozone and atmospheric circulation in Taiwan." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/10584/.
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The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between variability in tropospheric ozone in Taiwan and the regional atmospheric circulation, paying particular attention to the influence of long-range transport on ozone pollution levels. The study period is 1994 to 2004. The data used in this study include air pollution data from the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The spatial and temporal variations in weather types have been characterised using an objective circulation classification scheme and relationships with episodes of high ozone levels over Taiwan have been determined. The signature of the large-scale atmospheric circulation associated with high ozone pollution and the connection with long-range transport of ozone precursors and ozone have been identified using spatial composites and back-trajectory analysis. Trajectories were calculated using the Hybrid Single-Particle Integrated Trajectory model. The air pollution data analysis shows that Taiwan experiences a seasonal cycle in ozone levels, with maxima in spring and autumn and a minimum in summer. The spatial composite and back trajectory analyses indicate that long-range transport does play a role in increasing high ozone episodes in Taiwan. A link with the seasonal variation of the monsoon circulations at different times is shown, with a weaker summer monsoon and a stronger winter monsoon circulation associated with enchanced ozone levels over Taiwan. The characteristics of atmospheric circulation for ozone pollution episodes include enhanced north and northeasterly flows, originating from nearby polluted areas and suggest that mainland China, Korea and Japan are source regions of ozone and its precursors for Taiwan. Moreover, the transport pathways at the high level of 2000m show that the southern China is also prominent source region, which is a previously unidentified distant source of ozone pollution in Taiwan. It is suggested that the increase of ozone pollution in summer found in this study is caused by a weaker summer monsoon circulation in recent years. While it is emphasised that variability in long-range transport is the only factor affecting ozone pollution levels over Taiwan, the influence of global warming on the Asian monsoon circulation and, hence, long-range transport of ozone and its precursors warrants serious consideration.
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Titov, Mikhail. "Investigation of winter aerosol dispersion using the MM5/WRF-CAMx4 numerical modelling system : application to the aerosol abatement strategy for the city of Christchurch : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science at the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1581.
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Air circulation and air pollution dispersion models are used by a range of stakeholders involved in managing air quality in New Zealand following the recent establishment and implementation of the National Environmental (Air Quality) Standards by the Ministry for the Environment. MM5-CAMx4 and WRF-CAMx4 numerical modelling systems were utilized to air circulation over the complex terrain of the Christchurch area for investigation applied to winter aerosol pollution, following the recent establishment and implementation of the National Environmental Standards. A new method using several different chemical scenarios is developed to calculate optimal chemical composition of the input gridded aerosol emissions. This method improves the accuracy of predicted PM concentrations. The MM5-CAMx4.2 numerical system is evaluated to predict aerosol concentrations over a 48-72 hour time period for Christchurch for winter 2005. The aerosol concentrations are obtained for four different chemical compositions of the input aerosol emissions. The fine-total PM regression error between observed and modelled aerosol is used to find the minimum difference between modelled and ambient aerosol. Combination of the chemical scenarios with the minimum error between modelled and ambient data is employed to create a new complex chemical scenario. A reduction of the systematic error in the scenario method is achieved by applying the MM5/WRF - CAMx4.2 numerical system and observations for winter 2006, aerosol data from 2 observation sites. Assessment of the efficiency of PM abatement strategies for the period 2005- 2013 is undertaken using winter 2005 meteorology and application of a linear reduction in emissions according to Environment Canterbury proposed plan for aerosol reduction. A new numerical approach to selection of PM monitoring sites optimal localisation is also developed and could be applied to any air pollutant to find the optimal positions for installing new observation sites.
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Ma, Liang 1962. "On the parameterization of slantwise convection in general circulation models." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37769.
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This study is concerned with the effect of slantwise convection in general circulation models (GCMs). The approach is through the development of a slantwise convective parameterization scheme (SCPS) and its implementation into version 11 of the third generation GCM of the Canadian Climate Centre for modelling and analysis (CCCma gcm11).We first study the characteristics of conditional symmetric instability (CSI) in an environment which is also unstable for conditional upright instability (CUI). The results indicate features common to both upright and slantwise convection. This so called slantwise buoyant instability (SBI) possesses two relevant time scales and its horizontal scale can ranges from tens of km up to over one thousand km.
We then analyze the 15-year ECMWF re-analysis (ERA) data to compute the global distributions of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and slantwise convective available energy (SCAPE). We show that the potential for CSI and CUI indeed co-exists over most areas around the globe. Based on the results of the theoretical study and the data analysis, a parameterization for slantwise convection was developed and implemented into gcm11. It was found that the scheme impacts significantly the simulated general circulation by the development of a direct meridional secondary circulation. The results of the 5-year simulations show that the scheme reduces SCAPE and SCAPE residual rs over the mid-latitudes, leading to a weakening of the thermal wind and the strength of the upper-level jets. The largest improvement in the simulated climate however lies in the reduced meridional transient eddy transports of heat and zonal momentum. With the inclusion of the scheme, the eddy transports agree much more favorably with the observational analysis.
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Boos, William R. (William Ronald) 1975. "Diapycnal mixing transience and the meridional overturning circulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53161.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-28).
Diapycnal mixing of ocean waters is crucial to the dynamics and associated heat transport of the meridional overturning circulation, yet uncertainty exists regarding the distribution and physical mechanisms of this mixing. This study uses a highly-idealized, single-hemisphere model of buoyancy-forced flow to examine the examine the effects of the transience of diapycnal mixing on the MOC. The strength of the MOC was found to be insensitive to mixing transience when mixing occurred uniformly on basin boundaries. For mixing that was highly localized in space, a ten-fold increase in transience, as compared with the time-invariant control, resulted in a decrease by about 20% of MOC mass and heat transport. The degree of sensitivity in the highly localized case is likely to be a strong function of the surface restoring timescale for temperature. The circulation dynamics associated with transient mixing displayed large-scale, complex oscillations that increased in amplitude with the transience of mixing. Attempts to quantify the relationship between mixing transience, MOC strength, and the power expended in mixing were inconclusive and merit further investigation.
by William R. Boos.
S.M.
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Koh, Tieh-Yong 1972. "Isentropic diagnostics of mid-latitude circulation and transport." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59649.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-287).
This thesis examines the mid-latitude circulation and tracer transport using zonal average isentropic diagnostics. The Underworld (i.e. the region roughly below the 300K-isentrope) is targeted by our research. Currently, there is a lack of rigorous and consistent theoretical formalism to deal with isentropes that intersect the Earth's surface. In this thesis, we develop such a formalism and use it to address three main questions: (1) How is the mean circulation forced by the eddies in the region - dubbed "surface zone" - where isentropes intersect the surface in the longitude-height plane? (2) What are the pathways of global chemical transport due to mean circulation and eddies? (3) How are eddy chemical and PV transports related? A primitive-equation model on a sphere, equipped with simple physical parametrizations and on-line tracer transport, is used to investigate these questions. We tackle question (1) by looking for explanations in terms of angular momentum balance and surface heat transport. Our results show that equatorward PV flux forces a poleward mean flow in the warmer region of the surface zone. In the colder region, an equatorward mean flow is forced by eastward surface form drag, which is attributed to poleward eddy heat, flux at the surface.
(cont.) We also evaluate and modify the kinematic explanation put forth by Held and Schneider (1999). As regards question (2), we found that idealized chemical tracers released into the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are transported equatorward in the surface zone by the mean circulation and the eddies. Some are recirculated polewards by the eddies, both along the surface and along isentropes (in the absence of latent heat release). Mid-tropospheric tracers are adiabatically transported by eddies into the mid-latitude PBL. Question (3) is addressed using a diffusive formulation for isentropic eddy transport. The eddy-diffusion coefficients for several idealized chemicals of lifetime 20 days agree rather well, demonstrating the usefulness of the parametrization. But the eddy-diffusion coefficient for PV, while showing the same enhancement at steering levels, is sufficiently different from chemical eddy-diffusion coefficients to imply that diabatic heating is significant in a baroclinic wave.
by Tieh-Yong Koh.
Ph.D.
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Gnanadesikan, Anand 1967. "Dynamics of Langmuir circulation in oceanic surface layers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52995.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1994.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 344-349).
by Anand Gnanadesikan.
Ph.D.
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Tziperman, Eli. "Mixing and general circulation dynamics : theory and observations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57726.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1987.Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.
Bibliography: leaves 159-161.
by Eli Tziperman.
Ph.D.
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Buckley, Martha Weaver. "Decadal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68891.
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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-149).
In the mean, the Atlantic Ocean transports 1 to 1.5 PW of heat northward, and estimates suggest that 60% of this heat transport is associated with a circulation that reaches the cold waters of the abyss. Due to the role of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in ocean heat transport, numerous studies have suggested that AMOC variability plays a role in climate variability on a wide range of timescales. My focus is AMOC and ocean buoyancy variability on decadal timescales. Decadal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) has been observed in the instrumental record and climate proxy data and is thought to be linked to variability in the AMOC. On the other hand, according to the thermal wind relation, buoyancy anomalies on the boundaries lead to anomalies in the AMOC, a fact that has been utilized in order to reconstruct the MOC at 26.5'N using data collected by the RAPID array. Here, I study decadal AMOC and buoyancy variability in a coupled and oceanonly GCMs run in idealized geometries. I focus on understanding the mechanisms of decadal variability of the AMOC, both the role of the AMOC in creating decadal buoyancy anomalies and the response of the AMOC to buoyancy anomalies. I find that decadal AMOC variability is driven by buoyancy anomalies near the western boundary of the subpolar gyre. When a buoyancy anomaly hits the western boundary, it is advected southward by the deep western boundary current. Via the thermal wind relation, buoyancy anomalies on the boundaries result in anomalies in the shear of the zonally integrated meridional velocity. Buoyancy anomalies on the eastern boundary are observed to be negligible, except in the subpolar gyre, indicating that negative (positive) buoyancy anomalies on the western boundary lead to a spin up (down) of the AMOC. The AMOC is observed to respond passively to buoyancy anomalies on the western boundary: although variability of the AMOC does lead to variability in the meridional transport of heat and salt, these transports are not responsible for creating the buoyancy anomalies on the western boundary that drive the AMOC variability. While the structure of the buoyancy anomalies is found to change with model bathymetry, in all the models studied the buoyancy variability is due to an oceanonly mode. In some cases, the mlode is weakly damped (large Q-factor), resulting in regular, predictable oscillations. In other cases, the ocean-only imode is highly damped (small Q-factor) and must be excited by stochastic atmospheric variability, resulting in irregular, less predictable variability. In nature, buoyancy anomalies along the western boundary might be created ill a number ways, including local baroclinic instability, baroclinic Rossby waves impinging on the western boundary, advection of anomalies from tropics, and advection/ propagation of convectively created anomalies from polar regions. In our models the dominant sources of buoyancy anomalies on the western boundary are local baroclinic instability and the propagation of baroclinic Rossby waves originating near the eastern boundary. However, we expect the response of the AMOC to decadal buoyancy anomalies on the western boundary to be similar regardless of the origin of these buoyancy anomalies.
by .
Sc.D.
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Speer, Kevin G. "Property distributions and circulation in the Angola Basin." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57628.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1986.Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science
Vita.
Bibliography: leaves 87-93.
by Kevin G. Speer.
M.S.
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Villarin, Jose Tizon. "The dynamical influence of the stratospheric polar vortex on the atmospheric global circulation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25748.
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Joshi, Manoj. "Orographic influences in the atmosphere of Mars." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239332.
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Mullendore, Gretchen Louise. "Cross-tropopause tracer transport in midlatitude convection /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10061.
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Yu, Jin-Yi. "The roles of wave-zonal flow interaction and orographic forcing on the generation of low-frequency variability in a newly developed GCM /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10046.
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Hang, Jian. "Wind conditions and urban ventilation in idealized city models." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42841471.
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Dodd, James Paul. "Diagnostics and models of the global atmospheric water." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260662.
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