Journal articles on the topic 'Atmospheric carbon dioxide on plants'
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Tamás, András. "The effect of rising concentration of atmospheric carbone dioxide on crop production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 67 (February 3, 2016): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/67/1758.
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In the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are rising in gradually increasing pace since the Industrial Revolution. The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to global warming, and the changes affect to both the precipitation and the evaporation quantity. Moreover, the concentration of carbon dioxide directly affects the productivity and physiology of plants. The effect of temperature changes on plants is still controversial, although studies have been widely conducted. The C4-type plants react better in this respect than the C3-type plants. However, the C3-type plants respond more richer for the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change.
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Arens, Nan Crystal, A. Hope Jahren, and Ronald Amundson. "Can C3 plants faithfully record the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide?" Paleobiology 26, no. 1 (2000): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0137:ccpfrt>2.0.co;2.
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Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for the biosphere. Therefore, changes in the carbon isotopic composition of the atmosphere will influence the terrestrial δ13C signals we interpret. However, reconstructing the atmospheric δ13C value in the geologic past has proven challenging. Land plants sample the isotopic composition of CO2 during photosynthesis. We use a model of carbon isotopic fractionation during C3 photosynthesis, in combination with a meta–data set (519 measurements from 176 species), to show that the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 can be reconstructed from the isotopic composition of plant tissue. Over a range of pCO2 (198–1300 ppmv), the δ13C value of plant tissue does not vary systematically with atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. However, environmental factors, such as water stress, can influence the δ13C value of leaf tissue. These factors explained a relatively small portion of variation in the δ13C value of plant tissue in our data set and emerged strongly only when the carbon isotopic composition of the atmosphere was held constant. Members of the Poaceae differed in average δ13C value, but we observed no other differences correlated with plant life form (herbs, trees, shrubs). In contrast, over 90% of the variation the carbon isotopic composition of plant tissue was explained by variation in the δ13C value of the atmosphere under which it was fixed. We use a subset of our data spanning a geologically reasonable range of atmospheric δ13C values (−6.4‰ to −9.6‰) and excluding C3 Poaceae to develop an equation to reconstruct the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 based on plant values. Reconstructing the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 in geologic time will facilitate chemostratigraphic correlation in terrestrial sediments, calibrate pCO2 reconstructions based on soil carbonates offer a window into the physiology of ancient plants.
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Cerling, T. E., J. R. Ehleringer, and J. M. Harris. "Carbon dioxide starvation, the development of C4 ecosystems, and mammalian evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0198.
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The decline of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 65 million years (Ma) resulted in the ‘carbon dioxide–starvation’ of terrestrial ecosystems and led to the widespread distribution of C 4 plants, which are less sensitive to carbon dioxide levels than are C 3 plants. Global expansion of C 4 biomass is recorded in the diets of mammals from Asia, Africa, North America, and South America during the interval from about 8 to 5 Ma. This was accompanied by the most significant Cenozoic faunal turnover on each of these continents, indicating that ecological changes at this time were an important factor in mammalian extinction. Further expansion of tropical C 4 biomass in Africa also occurred during the last glacial interval confirming the link between atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and C 4 biomass response. Changes in fauna and flora at the end of the Miocene, and between the last glacial and interglacial, have previously been attributed to changes in aridity; however, an alternative explanation for a global expansion of C 4 biomass is carbon dioxide starvation of C 3 plants when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below a threshold significant to C 3 plants. Aridity may also have been a factor in the expansion of C 4 ecosystems but one that was secondary to, and perhaps because of, gradually decreasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Mammalian evolution in the late Neogene, then, may be related to the carbon dioxide starvation of C 3 ecosystems.
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McElwain, J. C. "Do fossil plants signal palaeoatmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the geological past?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0193.
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Fossil, subfossil, and herbarium leaves have been shown to provide a morphological signal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide environment in which they developed by means of their stomatal density and index. An inverse relationship between stomatal density/index and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been documented for all the studies to date concerning fossil and subfossil material. Furthermore, this relationship has been demonstrated experimentally by growing plants under elevated and reducedcarbon dioxide concentrations. To date, the mechanism that controls the stomatal density response to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration remains unknown. However, stomatal parameters of fossil plants have been successfully used as a proxy indicator of palaeo–carbon dioxide levels. This paper presents new estimates of palaeo–atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for the Middle Eocene (Lutetian), based on the stomatal ratios of fossil Lauraceae species from Bournemouth in England. Estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations derived from stomatal data from plants of the Early Devonian, Late Carboniferous, Early Permian and Middle Jurassic ages are reviewed in the light of new data. Semi–quantitative palaeo–carbon dioxide estimates based on the stomatal ratio (a ratio of the stomatal index of a fossil plant to that of a selected nearest living equivalent) have in the past relied on the use of a Carboniferous standard. The application of a new standard based on the present–day carbon dioxide level is reported here for comparison. The resultant ranges of palaeo–carbon dioxide estimates made from standardized fossil stomatal ratio data are in good agreement with both carbon isotopic data from terrestrial and marine sources and long–term carbon cycle modelling estimates for all the time periods studied. These data indicate elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Early Devonian, Middle Jurassic and Middle Eocene, and reduced concentrations during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. Such data are important in demonstrating the long–term responses of plants to changing carbon dioxide concentrations and in contributing to the database needed for general circulation model climatic analogues.
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Long, Stephen P., Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Alistair Rogers, and Donald R. Ort. "RISING ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE: Plants FACE the Future." Annual Review of Plant Biology 55, no. 1 (June 2, 2004): 591–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141610.
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Tamás, András, Ágnes Törő, Tamás Rátonyi, and Endre Harsányi. "Responses of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to the rising atmospheric concentration of carbon-dioxide." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 72 (May 16, 2017): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/72/1613.
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The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increases from decade to decade in increasing pace. In 1957, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were around 315 ppm, while in 2012 it amounted to 394.49 ppm concentration. In parallel, the global temperature is rising,which is projected to average 1.5–4.5 °C. The carbon dioxide concentration is a key factor – in interaction with the light – affects the plant's photosynthesis. Among the various factors significant interactions prevail: environmental factors affect - the growth and the development of plants, leaf area size and composition, the function of the photosynthetic apparatus, the duration of growing season.
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Radmilović-Radjenović, Marija, Martin Sabo, and Branislav Radjenović. "Transport Characteristics of the Electrification and Lightning of the Gas Mixture Representing the Atmospheres of the Solar System Planets." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040438.
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Electrification represents a fundamental process in planetary atmospheres, widespread in the Solar System. The atmospheres of the terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) range from thin to thick are rich in heavier gases and gaseous compounds, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, sodium, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) have thick atmospheres mainly composed of hydrogen and helium involving. The electrical discharge processes occur in the planetary atmospheres leading to potential hazards due to arcing on landers and rovers. Lightning does not only affect the atmospheric chemical composition but also has been involved in the origin of life in the terrestrial atmosphere. This paper is dealing with the transport parameters and the breakdown voltage curves of the gas compositions representing atmospheres of the planets of the Solar System. Ionization coefficients, electron energy distribution functions, and the mean energy of the atmospheric gas mixtures have been calculated by BOLSIG+. Transport parameters of the carbon dioxide rich atmospheric compositions are similar but differ from those of the Earth’s atmosphere. Small differences between parameters of the Solar System’s outer planets can be explained by a small abundance of their constituent gases as compared to the abundance of hydrogen. Based on the fit of the reduced effective ionization coefficient, the breakdown voltage curves for atmospheric mixtures have been plotted. It was found that the breakdown voltage curves corresponding to the atmospheres of Solar System planets follow the standard scaling law. Results of calculations satisfactorily agree with the available data from the literature. The minimal and the maximal value of the voltage required to trigger electric breakdown is obtained for the Martian and Jupiter atmospheres, respectively.
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Berner, Robert A. "The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over Phanerozoic time: the role of land plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0192.
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A model (GEOCARB) of the long–term, or multimillion year, carbon cycle has been constructed which includes quantitative treatment of (1) uptake of atmospheric CO 2 by the weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks on the continents, and the deposition of carbonate minerals and organic matter in oceanic sediments; and (2) the release of CO 2 to the atmosphere via the weathering of kerogen in sedimentary rocks and degassing resulting from the volcanic–metamorphic–diagenetic breakdown of carbonates and organic matter at depth. Sensitivity analysis indicates that an important factor affecting CO 2 was the rise of vascular plants in the Palaeozoic. A large Devonian drop in CO 2 was brought about primarily by the acceleration of weathering of silicate rock by the development of deeply rooted plants in well–drained upland soils. The quantitative effect of this accelerated weathering has been crudely estimated by present–day field studies where all factors affecting weathering, other than the presence or absence of vascular plants, have been held relatively constant. An important additional factor, bringing about a further CO 2 drop into the Carboniferous and Permian, was enhanced burial of organic matter in sediments, due probably to the production of microbially resistant plant remains (e.g. lignin). Phanerozoic palaeolevels of atmospheric CO 2 calculated from the GEOCARB model generally agree with independent estimates based on measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of palaeosols and the stomatal index for fossil plants. Correlation of CO 2 levels with estimates of palaeoclimate suggests that the atmospheric greenhouse effect has been a major factor in controlling global climate over the past 600 million years.
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Koriesh, E. "ORNAMENTAL PLANTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: CARBON DIOXIDE AND ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE." Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sjfop.2020.91398.
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Martinez, Carlos Alberto, Eduardo Augusto Dias de Oliveira, Tathyana Rachel Palo Mello, and Ana Lilia Alzate-Marin. "Plants responses to increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 8 (2015): 635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1984-2295.20150020.
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Uprety, Dinesh Chandra, Sangita Sen, and Neeta Dwivedi. "Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide on grain quality in crop plants." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 16, no. 3 (July 2010): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-010-0029-3.
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Johnstone, C. P., M. Güdel, H. Lammer, and K. G. Kislyakova. "Upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets: Carbon dioxide cooling and the Earth’s thermospheric evolution." Astronomy & Astrophysics 617 (September 2018): A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832776.
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Context.The thermal and chemical structures of the upper atmospheres of planets crucially influence losses to space and must be understood to constrain the effects of losses on atmospheric evolution.Aims.We develop a 1D first-principles hydrodynamic atmosphere model that calculates atmospheric thermal and chemical structures for arbitrary planetary parameters, chemical compositions, and stellar inputs. We apply the model to study the reaction of the Earth’s upper atmosphere to large changes in the CO2abundance and to changes in the input solar XUV field due to the Sun’s activity evolution from 3 Gyr in the past to 2.5 Gyr in the future.Methods.For the thermal atmosphere structure, we considered heating from the absorption of stellar X-ray, UV, and IR radiation, heating from exothermic chemical reactions, electron heating from collisions with non-thermal photoelectrons, Joule heating, cooling from IR emission by several species, thermal conduction, and energy exchanges between the neutral, ion, and electron gases. For the chemical structure, we considered ~500 chemical reactions, including 56 photoreactions, eddy and molecular diffusion, and advection. In addition, we calculated the atmospheric structure by solving the hydrodynamic equations. To solve the equations in our model, we developed the Kompot code and have provided detailed descriptions of the numerical methods used in the appendices.Results.We verify our model by calculating the structures of the upper atmospheres of the modern Earth and Venus. By varying the CO2abundances at the lower boundary (65 km) of our Earth model, we show that the atmospheric thermal structure is significantly altered. Increasing the CO2abundances leads to massive reduction in thermospheric temperature, contraction of the atmosphere, and reductions in the ion densities indicating that CO2can significantly influence atmospheric erosion. Our models for the evolution of the Earth’s upper atmosphere indicate that the thermospheric structure has not changed significantly in the last 2 Gyr and is unlikely to change signficantly in the next few Gyr. The largest changes that we see take place between 3 and 2 Gyr ago, with even larger changes expected at even earlier times.
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Abdullah, Abdullah A. "Global Effects of Atmospheric Emissions." NeuroQuantology 19, no. 5 (June 10, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2021.19.5.nq21046.
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The element carbon Carbon dioxide emissions are increasing primarily as a result of people's use of fossil fuels for electricity. Coal and oil are fossil fuels that contain carbon that plants removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis over millions of years; and in just a few hundred years we've returned carbon to the atmosphere. The element carbon Carbon dioxide concentrations rise primarily as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and Freon for electricity. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas produce carbon plants that were photosynthesized from the atmosphere over many years, since in just two centuries, carbon was returned to the atmosphere. Climate alter could be a noteworthy time variety in weather designs happening over periods ranging from decades to millions of a long time. The permanent change in climatic conditions, or in the time period of long-term natural conditions, indicates irregularity in climatic conditions. Discuss toxins are pollutants that have an adverse impact on the ecosystem through interferometry's with the climatic environment, plant physiology, creature organisms, complete biological systems and human property in the form of agricultural or human crops. We list the best climate to represent the fact that global climate change has been identified as one of the major environmental problems facing humanity in the 21st century. In this context, the list of "classic" poisons must be included alongside substances such as oxides of nitrogen or sulfide. Certain environment limiting agents – the most crucial of them being carbon dioxide – which otherwise do not damage life formations. On the other hand, climate research has linked some compounds that have long been known to discuss toxin (occasionally dark CO2) with the warming of the climate.
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Francey, Roger J. "Recent Record Growth in Atmospheric CO2 Levels." Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 1 (2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05013.
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Environmental Context.Excessive levels of carbon dioxide are accumulating in the atmosphere, principally from burning fossil fuels. The gas is linked to the enhanced greenhouse effect and climate change, and is thus monitored carefully, along with other trace gases that reflect human activity.The rate of growth of carbon dioxide has increased gradually over the past century, and more rapidly in the last decade. Teasing out fossil emissions from changes due to wildfires and to natural exchange with plants and oceans guide global attempts in reducing emissions.
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Vladykin, Ivan R., Maksim A. Ivanov, Dmitriy I. Vladykin, and Ekaterina I. Vladykina. "Control of Electric Nozzles for Feeding Plants with Carbon Dioxide in Protected Ground." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 48, no. 4 (December 2021): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-4-137-142.
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The task of supplying plants in vegetable farms of the Russian Federation is relevant today. There is an urgent question about the implementation of carbon dioxide fertilization of plants in protected soil structures. The low concentration of carbon dioxide in the cultivation of plants serves as a factor limiting the yield. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to develop an algorithm for the microprocessor for supplying carbon dioxide to protected ground structures using electric nozzles. (Materials and methods) Since the content of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air is only 0.03 percent, it is necessary to create an installation capable of dosing carbon dioxide. With insufficient air exchange, the CO2 content in greenhouses as a result of its intensive absorption by plants can fall below 0.01 percent and photosynthesis practically stops. The article presents the calculation to reduce the cost of protected crops using a carbon dioxide generation plant. The domestic and foreign literature have been analyzed. The article compares the characteristics of the injectors. There were described the method of calculating the number of injectors and the method of supplying carbon dioxide to the plants of the protected ground. (Results and discussion) The article presents the electrical equipment used in the installation. The electrical principle scheme of the installation includes the Mitsubishi FX2N microcontroller. The microcontroller is controlled by an algorithm for the supply of carbon dioxide. (Conclusions) It is possible to solve the problem of lack of carbon dioxide when growing plants by supplying gas with electric nozzles to the construction of a protected ground with direct control by a microcontroller. The use of electromagnetic nozzles makes it possible to dose the supplying of plants with CO2.
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Sashna, N. C., Aparna Sreekumar, and C. C. Harilal. "Responses of Grass Species to Elevated CO2 – A Review of Three Decades of Research and Future Direction." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 5(Suppl) (December 29, 2022): 2089–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i05.006.
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Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide accelerates growth and modifies physiological responses in plants. Over the last 40 years, the global scientific community had taken up initiatives to make out the role of plants in capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide. This review consolidates the research of the past three decades on the responses of grass species to elevated levels of CO2. An enhancement in intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, photosynthesis, total non-structural carbohydrates, and total biomass was noticed in grass species under controlled growth systems supplied with varying levels of CO2. Each of these responses reflects the potency of grasses to survive and store ample carbon in CO2-enriched environments. Reduction in stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and total nitrogen concentration was in effect positive responses, in connection with the acclimatization of plants at CO2-enriched environments. This review ascertains that in experimental microclimatic environments with varying CO2 regimes or varying treatment duration, grasses show positive growth responses. Thus it illustrates the efficient atmospheric carbon sequestration of grasses irrespective of their photosynthetic pathway (whether C3/C4).
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Ehret, David L., and Peter A. Jolliffe. "Photosynthetic carbon dioxide exchange of bean plants grown at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-283.
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Leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pure Gold Wax) grown in atmospheres enriched in CO2 (1400 μL L−1) showed a decrease in CO2 exchange capacity when compared with unenriched plants (340 μL L−1) measured at the same CO2 concentration. The decrease was not associated with changes in chlorophyll concentration or photorespiratory activity. The decrease was less evident in older leaves, in leaves maintained at low light intensity, and in those with reduced chlorophyll contents. Respiration rates in leaves of CO2-enriched plants increased only under conditions that caused a concurrent decrease in photosynthetic capacity. Enriched leaves had higher starch contents than unenriched leaves. The results were consistent with the idea that CO2 enrichment decreases photosynthetic capacity when photoassimilate supply exceeds sink demand.
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Khandaker, Tasmina, Muhammad Sarwar Hossain, Palash Kumar Dhar, Md Saifur Rahman, Md Ashraf Hossain, and Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. "Efficacies of Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Processes 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060654.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.
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Franks, Peter J., Rob P. Freckleton, Jeremy M. Beaulieu, Ilia J. Leitch, and David J. Beerling. "Megacycles of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration correlate with fossil plant genome size." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1588 (February 19, 2012): 556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0269.
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Tectonic processes drive megacycles of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration, c a , that force large fluctuations in global climate. With a period of several hundred million years, these megacycles have been linked to the evolution of vascular plants, but adaptation at the subcellular scale has been difficult to determine because fossils typically do not preserve this information. Here we show, after accounting for evolutionary relatedness using phylogenetic comparative methods, that plant nuclear genome size (measured as the haploid DNA amount) and the size of stomatal guard cells are correlated across a broad taxonomic range of extant species. This phylogenetic regression was used to estimate the mean genome size of fossil plants from the size of fossil stomata. For the last 400 Myr, spanning almost the full evolutionary history of vascular plants, we found a significant correlation between fossil plant genome size and c a , modelled independently using geochemical data. The correlation is consistent with selection for stomatal size and genome size by c a as plants adapted towards optimal leaf gas exchange under a changing CO 2 regime. Our findings point to the possibility that major episodes of change in c a throughout Earth history might have selected for changes in genome size, influencing plant diversification.
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Crane, A., and E. R. Lemon. "Co 2 and Plants-The Response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide." Journal of Applied Ecology 22, no. 1 (April 1985): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403347.
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Bunce, James A. "Are Annual Plants Adapted to the Current Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide?" International Journal of Plant Sciences 162, no. 6 (November 2001): 1261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/323475.
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Streck, Nereu Augusto. "Climate change and agroecosystems: the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on crop growth, development, and yield." Ciência Rural 35, no. 3 (June 2005): 730–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782005000300041.
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The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) of the Earth´s atmosphere is increasing, which has the potential of increasing greenhouse effect and air temperature in the future. Plants respond to environment CO2 and temperature. Therefore, climate change may affect agriculture. The purpose of this paper was to review the literature about the impact of a possible increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on crop growth, development, and yield. Increasing CO2 concentration increases crop yield once the substrate for photosynthesis and the gradient of CO2 concentration between atmosphere and leaf increase. C3 plants will benefit more than C4 plants at elevated CO2. However, if global warming will take place, an increase in temperature may offset the benefits of increasing CO2 on crop yield.
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Brandani, Stefano. "Carbon Dioxide Capture from Air: A Simple Analysis." Energy & Environment 23, no. 2-3 (May 2012): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.23.2-3.319.
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A simplified analysis is presented in order to compare direct capture of carbon dioxide from air, i.e. air capture, and capture from fossil fuelled power plants. For air capture the literature shows conflicting data on the estimates of the costs of the technology, which range from 30 US$/t CO2 to $1000 US$/t CO2. This clearly creates uncertainty especially for those who have to implement long term policies to mitigate climate change. The aim of this contribution is not to assign a fixed cost to air capture, but to show that it is possible to make a common sense estimate of the ratios of cost and energy requirement of air capture compared to carbon capture from power plants. These ratios are at least 10 times for the cost and 3 to 4 times for the energy needed to produce a high purity carbon dioxide stream at atmospheric pressure.
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Liu, Fei, Bryan N. Duncan, Nickolay A. Krotkov, Lok N. Lamsal, Steffen Beirle, Debora Griffin, Chris A. McLinden, Daniel L. Goldberg, and Zifeng Lu. "A methodology to constrain carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants using satellite observations of co-emitted nitrogen dioxide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-99-2020.
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Abstract. We present a method to infer CO2 emissions from individual power plants based on satellite observations of co-emitted nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which could serve as complementary verification of bottom-up inventories or be used to supplement these inventories. We demonstrate its utility on eight large and isolated US power plants, where accurate stack emission estimates of both gases are available for comparison. In the first step of our methodology, we infer nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from US power plants using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities (VCDs) averaged over the ozone season (May–September) and a “top-down” approach that we previously developed. Second, we determine the relationship between NOx and CO2 emissions based on the direct stack emissions measurements reported by continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) programs, accounting for coal quality, boiler firing technology, NOx emission control device type, and any change in operating conditions. Third, we estimate CO2 emissions for power plants using the OMI-estimated NOx emissions and the CEMS NOx∕CO2 emission ratio. We find that the CO2 emissions estimated by our satellite-based method during 2005–2017 are in reasonable agreement with the US CEMS measurements, with a relative difference of 8 %±41 % (mean ± standard deviation). The broader implication of our methodology is that it has the potential to provide an additional constraint on CO2 emissions from power plants in regions of the world without reliable emissions accounting. We explore the feasibility by comparing the derived NOx∕CO2 emission ratios for the US with those from a bottom-up emission inventory for other countries and applying our methodology to a power plant in South Africa, where the satellite-based emission estimates show reasonable consistency with other independent estimates. Though our analysis is limited to a few power plants, we expect to be able to apply our method to more US (and world) power plants when multi-year data records become available from new OMI-like sensors with improved capabilities, such as the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), and upcoming geostationary satellites, such as the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring Pollution (TEMPO) instrument.
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Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Shannon K. Sokolow, and Louise E. Jackson. "Mycorrhizal effects on growth and nutrition of tomato under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 8 (2007): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06340.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizas are predicted to be important in defining plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutant with reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor (76R MYC+) were grown under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) in a controlled environment chamber-based pot study. Plant growth, nutrient contents and mycorrhizal colonisation were measured four times over a 72-day period. The 76R MYC+ plants generally had higher concentrations of P, N and Zn than their rmc counterparts. Consistent with earlier studies, mycorrhizal colonisation was not affected by eCO2. Growth of the two genotypes was very similar under ambient CO2 conditions. Under eCO2 the mycorrhizal plants initially had higher biomass, but after 72 days, biomass was lower than for rmc plants, suggesting that in this pot study the costs of maintaining carbon inputs to the fungal symbiont outweighed the benefits with time.
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D'Alessandro, Deanna M., and Thomas McDonald. "Toward carbon dioxide capture using nanoporous materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 1 (November 19, 2010): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-09-18.
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The development of more efficient processes for CO2 capture from the flue streams of power plants is considered a key to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions implicated in global warming. Indeed, several U.S. and international climate change initiatives have identified the urgent need for improved materials and methods for CO2 capture. Conventional CO2 capture processes employed in power plants world-wide are typically postcombustion “wet scrubbing” methods involving the absorption of CO2 by amine-containing solvents such as methanolamine (MEA). These present several disadvantages, including the considerable heat required in regeneration of the solvent and the necessary use of inhibitors for corrosion control, which lead to reduced efficiencies and increased costs for electricity production. This perspective article seeks to highlight the most recent advances in new materials for CO2 capture from power plant flue streams, with particular emphasis on the rapidly expanding field of metal–organic frameworks. Ultimately, the development of new classes of efficient, cost-effective, and industrially viable capture materials for application in carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems offers an immense opportunity to reduce atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases on a national and international scale.
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Glidden, Ana, Sara Seager, Jingcheng Huang, Janusz J. Petkowski, and Sukrit Ranjan. "Can Carbon Fractionation Provide Evidence for Aerial Biospheres in the Atmospheres of Temperate Sub-Neptunes?" Astrophysical Journal 930, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac625f.
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Abstract The search for signs of life on other worlds has largely focused on terrestrial planets. Recent work, however, argues that life could exist in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptunes. Here we evaluate the usefulness of carbon dioxide isotopologues as evidence of aerial life. Carbon isotopes are of particular interest, as metabolic processes preferentially use the lighter 12C over 13C. In principle, the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to spectrally resolve the 12C and 13C isotopologues of CO2, but not CO and CH4. We simulated observations of CO2 isotopologues in the H2-dominated atmospheres of our nearest (<40 pc), temperate (equilibrium temperature of 250–350 K) sub-Neptunes with M-dwarf host stars. We find 13CO2 and 12CO2 distinguishable if the atmosphere is H2 dominated with a few percentage points of CO2 for the most idealized target with an Earth-like composition of the two most abundant isotopologues, 12CO2 and 13CO2. With a Neptune-like metallicity of 100× solar and a C/O of 0.55, we are unable to distinguish between 13CO2 and 12CO2 in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptunes. If atmospheric composition largely follows metallicity scaling, the concentration of CO2 in a H2-dominated atmosphere will be too low to distinguish CO2 isotopologues with JWST. In contrast, at higher metallicities, there will be more CO2, but the smaller atmospheric scale height makes the measurement impossible. Carbon dioxide isotopologues are unlikely to be useful biosignature gases for the JWST era. Instead, isotopologue measurements should be used to evaluate formation mechanisms of planets and exosystems.
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Artem'eva, Elena, V. Valdayskih, Tat'yana Radchenko, and Mihail Karpuhin. "The prospects of growing large-herb plants as carbon-depositing crops." Agrarian Bulletin of the 227, no. 12 (January 10, 2023): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-227-12-2-10.
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Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study of yield some annual and perennial plant species which were grown in the botanical garden of the Ural Federal University. Plant species with high productivity, resistant to local soil and climatic conditions and promising for carbon sequestration have been identified. Methods. The article presents data of fresh and dry yield, carbon content of five species Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Polygonum weyrichii F. Schmidt, Echinops sphaerocephalus L. The yield of these crops was measured in the conditions of the Middle Urals. Results. The plants P. weyrichii had the highest yield. The yield of three amaranth species was due to the C4 photosynthesis. Amaranths, being drought-resistant plants, are highly productive even in years with a hydrothermal coefficient value of less than 1.0. The plants E. sphaerocephalus is a poorly studied species that requires further study. They can be also used to deposit atmospheric carbon and grow on potential carbon farms in the changing climate of the region. In not very favorable climatic conditions in 2022, a potential carbon farm based on the monoculture of the plants P. weyrichii can bind up to 9.54 t/ha of carbon, in terms of carbon dioxide – 34.98 CO2/year per 1 ha. It is significantly higher than the level of sequestration of carbon dioxide of most trees. These values can increase by 1.5–2 times in the best climatic conditions or with additional watering. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that these plants can be used not only for fodder purposes, but also for atmospheric carbon deposition in the changing climate of region.
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Rajkishore, S. K., P. Doraisamy, M. Maheswari, K. S. Subramanian, R. Prabhu, and G. Vanitha. "Modulations in carbon and nitrogen assimilation patterns in rice plants exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 4(SI) (July 1, 2021): 1114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/4(si)/mrn-1532a.
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Aim: To study the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the carbon and nitrogen assimilation patterns in rice plants. Methodology: Rice (Oryza sativa) plants were placed in Open Top Chambers (OTCs) and exposed to elevated levels of CO2. The treatments consisted of three levels of CO2 (398, 550 and 750 µmol mol-1) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and replicated five times in completely randomized design. Results: Leaf nitrogen was significantly reduced by 10.6 % and 6.5 % during later stages in rice plants exposed to CO2 @ 750 µmol mol-1 and 550 µmol mol-1, respectively over the ambient CO2. Rice plants under elevated CO2 did not exhibit any variations in Nitrate Reductase activity in leaves in comparison to ambient CO2 at tillering stage. Interestingly, NRase activity in leaves decreased at flowering stage whereas NRase activity in roots increased at same stage. The highest mean nitrogen values (0.58, 0.89 and 1.35 %) were observed in Camb (ambient CO2 concentration) and the lowest values (0.51, 0.80 and 1.27 %) in C750 in roots, straw and grains, respectively. Elevated CO2 @ 750 µmol mol-1 significantly increased the above ground biomass (straw and grain) by 15.6 and 40.1 %, respectively, over the ambient CO2 of 398 µmol mol-1. Interpretation: Elevated CO2 enhanced the grain productivity but affected the quality of rice grains. Thus, excessive nitrogen fertilization above the current recommendation is necessary for future high CO2 environments.
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Ollier, Clifford. "The hoax of ocean acidification." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0029.
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Abstract A widespread alarm is sweeping the world at present about the ill effects of man-made increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) production. One aspect is that it may cause the ocean to become acid, and dissolve the carbonate skeletons of many living things including shellfish and corals. However, the oceans are not acid, never have been in geological history, and cannot become acid in the future. Changes in atmospheric CO2 cannot produce an acid ocean. Marine life depends on CO2, and some plants and animals fix it as limestone. Over geological time enormous amounts of CO2 have been sequestered by living things, and today there is far more CO2 in limestones than in the atmosphere or ocean. Carbon dioxide in seawater does not dissolve coral reefs, but is essential to their survival.
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Curtis, Peter S., and James A. Teeri. "Seasonal responses of leaf gas exchange to elevated carbon dioxide in Populusgrandidentata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-175.
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Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may have important consequences for forest ecosystems. We studied above- and below-ground growth and leaf gas exchange responses of Populusgrandidentata Michx. to elevated CO2 under natural forest conditions over the course of a growing season. Recently emerged P. grandidentata seedlings were grown in native, nutrient-poor soils at ambient and twice ambient (707 μbar (1 bar = 100 kPa)) CO2 partial pressure for 70 days in open-top chambers in northern lower Michigan. Total leaf area and shoot and root dry weight all increased in high CO2 grown plants. Photosynthetic light and CO2 response characteristics were measured 28, 45, and 68 days after exposure to elevated CO2. In ambient grown plants, light saturated assimilation rates increased from day 28 to day 45 and then declined at day 68 (15 September). This late-season decline, typical of senescing Populus leaves, was due both to a decrease in the initial slope of the net CO2 assimilation versus intercellular CO2 partial pressure relationship and to decreased CO2 saturated assimilation rates. Specific leaf nitrogen (mg N•(cm2 leaf area)−1) did not change during this period, although leaf carbon content and leaf weight (mg•cm−2) both increased. In ambient grown plants stomatal conductance also declined at day 68. In contrast, plants grown at elevated CO2 showed no late-season decline in photosynthetic capacity or changes in leaf weight, suggesting a delay in senescence with long-term exposure to high CO2. High CO2 grown plants also maintained photosynthetic sensitivity to increasing Ci throughout the exposure period, while ambient CO2 grown plants were insensitive to Ci above 400 μbar on day 68. These results indicate the potential for direct CO2 fertilization of P. grandidentata in the field and provide evidence for a new mechanism by which elevated atmospheric CO2 could influence seasonal carbon gain.
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Breeze, Paul. "Coping with carbon: a near-term strategy to limit carbon dioxide emissions from power stations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1882 (August 29, 2008): 3891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0113.
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Burning coal to generate electricity is one of the key sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions; so, targeting coal-fired power plants offers one of the easiest ways of reducing global carbon emissions. Given that the world's largest economies all rely heavily on coal for electricity production, eliminating coal combustion is not an option. Indeed, coal consumption is likely to increase over the next 20–30 years. However, the introduction of more efficient steam cycles will improve the emission performance of these plants over the short term. To achieve a reduction in carbon emissions from coal-fired plant, however, it will be necessary to develop and introduce carbon capture and sequestration technologies. Given adequate investment, these technologies should be capable of commercial development by ca 2020.
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Beerling, D. J., F. I. Woodward, M. R. Lomas, M. A. Wills, W. P. Quick, and P. J. Valdes. "The influence of Carboniferous palaeoatmospheres on plant function: an experimental and modelling assessment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0196.
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Geochemical models of atmospheric evolution predict that during the late Carboniferous, ca . 300 Ma, atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were 35% and 0.03%, respectively. Both gases compete with each other for ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase–the primary C–fixing enzyme in C 3 land plants: and the absolute concentrations and the ratio of the two in the atmosphere have the potential to strongly influence land–plant function. The Carboniferous therefore represents an era of potentially strong feedback between atmospheric composition and plant function. We assessed some implications of this ratio of atmospheric gases on plant function using experimental and modelling approaches. After six weeks growth at 35% O 2 and 0.03% carbon dioxide, no photosynthetic acclimation was observed in the woody species Betula pubescens and Hedera helix relative to those plants grown at 21% O 2 . Leaf photosynthetic rates were 29% lower in the high O 2 environment compared to the controls. A global–scale analysis of the impact of the late Carboniferous climate and atmospheric composition on vegetation function was determined by driving a process–based vegetation–biogeochemistry model with a Carboniferous global palaeoclimate simulated by the Universities Global Atmospheric Modelling Programme General Circulation Model. Global patterns of net primary productivity, leaf area index and soil carbon concentration for the equilibrium model solutions showed generally low values everywhere, compared with the present day, except for a central band in the northern land mass extension of Gondwana, where high values were predicted. The areas of high soil carbon accumulation closely match the known distribution of late Carboniferous coals. Sensitivity analysis with the model indicated that the increase in O 2 concentration from 21% to 35% reduced global net primary productivity by 18.7% or by 6.3 GtC yr –1 . Further work is required to collate and map at the global scale the distribution of vegetation types, and evidence for wildfires, for the late Carboniferous to test our predictions.
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Pan, Qiyuan, and Bruno Quebedeaux. "119 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION OF APPLE PLANTS AT DIFFERENT CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 445d—445. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.445d.
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Low CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) frequently occur in dense crop canopy. To determine plant performance under sub-atmospheric [CO2], young `Gala' apple plants were phytotron-grown at 928 mmole m-2s-1 light intensity. Whole-plant photosynthesis and respiration under [CO2] between 0 and the ambient level (382 to 460 ml 1-1) were measured by monitoring [CO2] of the air entering and coming out of a 38-1 clear plexiglass gas exchange chamber at either 3.4 or 6.2 1 min-1. The chamber seals two plants of up to 77 cm height for long-term experiments. There was a linear relationship between [CO2] and net photosynthesis (Pn), with the R2 being as high as 0.99. The increase of Pn with increased [CO2] was 51% greater for the high air flow than for the low air flow. At the ambient CO2 level Pn at the high flow rate was 49% higher than that at the low flow rate. CO2 compensation points were 57.6 and 58.5 ml 1-1 at the high and low flow rates, respectively. The relationship between [CO2] and dark respiration was linear. Dark respiration decreased by 20% on average as the [CO2] increased from 0 to the ambient level, and it was 11% higher at the high flow rate than at the low flow rate. These results suggest that wind may act to reduce Pn depression in dense crop canopy by both reducing leaf resistance and atmospheric [CO2] gradient outside the boundary layer.
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Wu, Yanyou, and Yansheng Wu. "The Increase in the Karstification–Photosynthesis Coupled Carbon Sink and Its Implication for Carbon Neutrality." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 2147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092147.
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Two of the most important CO2 sequestration processes on Earth are plant photosynthesis and rock chemical dissolution. Photosynthesis is undoubtedly the most important biochemical reaction and carbon sink processes on Earth. Karst geological action does not produce net carbon sinks. Photosynthesis and karstification in nature are coupled. Karstification–photosynthesis coupling can stabilize and increase the capacity of karstic and photosynthetic carbon sinks. Bidirectional isotope tracer culture technology can quantify the utilization of different inorganic carbon sources by plants. Bicarbonate utilization by plants is a driver of karstification–photosynthesis coupling, which depends on plant species and the environment. Carbonic anhydrase, as a pivot of karstification–photosynthesis coupling, can promote inorganic carbon assimilation in plants and the dissolution of carbonate rocks. Karst-adaptable plants can efficiently promote root-derived bicarbonate and atmospheric carbon dioxide use by plants, finally achieving the conjugate promotion of karstic carbon sinks and photosynthetic carbon sinks. Strengthening karstification–photosynthesis coupling and developing karst-adaptable plants will greatly improve the capacity of carbon sinks in karst ecosystems and better serve the “Carbon peak and Carbon neutralization” goals of China.
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Heimann, M. "Comment on "Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation" by Becker et al. (2013)." Earth System Dynamics 5, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-41-2014.
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Abstract. Becker et al. (2013) argue that an afforestation of 0.73 × 109 ha with Jatropha curcas plants would generate an additional terrestrial carbon sink of 4.3 PgC yr−1, enough to stabilise the atmospheric mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) at current levels. However, this is not consistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. Using a well-established global carbon cycle model, the effect of adding such a hypothetical sink leads to a reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels in the year 2030 by 25 ppm compared to a reference scenario. However, the stabilisation of the atmospheric CO2 concentration requires a much larger additional sink or corresponding reduction of anthropogenic emissions.
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Heimann, M. "Comment on "Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation" by Becker et al. (2013)." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 4, no. 2 (August 21, 2013): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-4-869-2013.
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Abstract. Becker et al. (2013) argue that an afforestation of 0.73 109 ha with Jatropha curcas plants would generate an additional terrestrial carbon sink of 4.3 PgC yr−1, enough to stabilise the atmospheric mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) at current levels. However, this is not consistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. Using a well established global carbon cycle model, the effect of adding such a hypothetical sink leads to a reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels in the year 2030 by 25 ppm compared to a reference scenario. However, the stabilisation of the atmospheric CO2 concentration requires a much larger additional sink or corresponding reduction of anthropogenic emissions.
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Tiwari, Supriya, and N. K. Dubey. "Carbon Di Oxide Fertilization: Effects on Plant Productivity." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 02 (July 31, 2017): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v3i02.10440.
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Increasing Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important component of global climate change that has drawn the attention of environmentalists worldwide in the last few decades. Besides acting as an important greenhouse gas, it also produces a stimulatory effect, its instantaneous impact being a significant increase in the plant productivity. Atmospheric CO2 levels have linearly increased from approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) during pre-industrial times to the current level of more than 390 ppm. In past few years, anthropogenic activities led to a rapid increase in global CO2 concentration. Current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection indicates that atmospheric CO2 concentration will increase over this century, reaching 730-1020 ppm by 2100. An increase in global temperature, ranging from 1.1 to 6.4oC depending on global emission scenarios, will accompany the rise in atmospheric CO2. As CO2 acts as a limiting factor in photosynthesis, the immediate effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 is improved plant productivity, a feature commonly termed as “CO2 fertilization”. Variability in crop responses to the elevated CO2 made the agricultural productivity and food security vulnerable to the climate change. Several studies have shown significant CO2 fertilization effect on crop growth and yield. An increase of 30 % in plant growth and yield has been reported when CO2 concentration has been doubled from 330 to 660 ppm. However, the fertilization effect of elevated CO2 is not very much effective in case of C4 plants which already contain a CO2 concentration mechanism, owing to their specific leaf 2 anatomy called kranz anatomy. As a result, yield increments observed in C4plants are comparatively lower than the C3 plants under similar elevated CO2 concentrations. This review discusses the trends and the causes of increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, its effects on the crop productivity and the discrepancies in the response of C3 and C4 plants to increasing CO2 concentrations.
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Rakowski, Andrzej. "Radiocarbon method in monitoring of fossil fuel emission." Geochronometria 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13386-011-0044-3.
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AbstractThe traditional radiocarbon method widely used in archaeology and geology for chronological purposes can also be used in environmental studies. Combustion of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, petroleum, etc., in industrial and/or heavily urbanized areas, has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The addition of fossil carbon caused changes of carbon isotopic composition, in particular, a definite decrease of 14C concentration in atmospheric CO2 and other carbon reservoirs (ocean and terrestrial biosphere), known as the Suess effect. Tree rings, leaves, as well as other annual growing plants reflected the changes of radiocarbon concentration in the atmosphere due to processes of photosynthesis and assimilation of carbon from the air. By measuring radiocarbon concentration directly in atmospheric CO2 samples and/or biospheric material growing in industrial and/or highly urbanized areas where high emission of dead carbon is expected, it is possible to estimate the total emission of dead CO2. Based on equations of mass balance for CO2 concentration, stable isotopic composition of carbon and radiocarbon concentration it is possible to calculate CO2 con-centration associated with fossil fuel emission into the atmosphere. The procedure use differences between the radiocarbon concentration and stable isotope composition of carbon observed in clean areas and industrial or/and highly urbanized areas.
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Fabian, Belinda, Brian J. Atwell, and Lesley Hughes. "Response of extrafloral nectar production to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 7 (2018): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18012.
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Extrafloral nectar attracts ants, whose presence provides protection for the plant against herbivores. Extrafloral nectar is thus a critical component of many plant–insect mutualisms worldwide, so environmental perturbations that alter extrafloral nectar production or composition could be disruptive. The carbon–nutrient balance hypothesis predicts that under elevated CO2 the total volume of extrafloral nectar will increase but the proportion of the foliar carbohydrate pool secreted as extrafloral nectar will decrease, without any change in the sugar composition of the extrafloral nectar. We investigated the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on extrafloral nectar in an Australian wild cotton species, Gossypium sturtianum J.H.Willis. Under elevated CO2 there was an increase in the proportion of leaves actively producing nectar and a decrease in the nectar volume per active leaf. Elevated CO2 did not affect the total volume or composition of extrafloral nectar, but there was a change in how the nectar was distributed within the leaf canopy, as well as evidence of increased turnover of leaves and earlier onset of flowering. By the end of the study, there was no difference in the total resources allocated to extrafloral nectar under elevated CO2, which contrasts with the predictions of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis. Developmental changes, however, could affect the timing of extrafloral nectar production which could, in turn, alter the foraging patterns of ants and their defence of plants.
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Novita, Elida, Miftahul Nur Huda, and Hendra Andiananta Pradana. "ANALISIS POTENSI SIMPANAN KARBON AGROFORESTRI PERKEBUNAN KOPI ROBUSTA (COFFEA CANEPHORA) DI PEGUNUNGAN ARGOPURO, KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 15, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2021.v15.i02.p02.
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Coffee plantation areas have the potential to absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Especially if coffee plantations are developed with forest plants in agroforestry area within forest management patterns. On the other hand, some coffee agroforestry now, are planted with horticultural crops that can reduce carbon sequestration ability to reduce climate change impact. The objectives of the study are to identify the parameters of the abiotic environment and the potential for carbon storage in robusta coffee agroforestry at Argopuro mountains, Bondowoso Regency. Through the calculation of plant biomass and carbon stock, it is potential to approach the amount of carbon uptake in plants to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Coffee plantation is one area that can increase carbon sequestration in the atmosphere. The results showed that microclimate parameters at robusta coffeeagroforestry at Argopuro mountains in Bondowoso regency i.e. temperature, air humidity, light intensity has average values of 29.2 oC; 54%; and 2166 lux respectively, then an average of soil pH is 6.00. There were some commonly plants founds in robusta coffee plantation i.e mango trees, avocado trees, dadap trees, pine trees, and more banana plants. Total biomass estimation in robusta coffee plantation area is 144,834 tonnes/ha. The identification of carbon stock show that the robusta coffee agroforestry area with ??2000 m2 can contribute to reduce atmospheric carbon emissions by 72.417 tonnes/ha in Argopuro mountains, Maesan District, Bondowoso Regency.
Keywords: Argopuro Mountains; Bondowoso; Carbon stock; Coffee agroforestry; Climate Change.
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Pakchotanon, Pet, Amornvadee Veawab, Adisorn Aroonwilas, and Teerawat Sema. "Atmospheric Dispersion of Gaseous Amine Emitted from Absorption-Based Carbon Capture Plants in Saskatchewan, Canada." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031221.
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key strategy to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial point sources. Gas absorption into aqueous amine solutions is an immediate technology for carbon capture that has been tested in many demonstration plants. One concern of using the amine-based carbon capture process is the environmental impacts and health risk caused by emissions of gaseous amines from the process to the atmosphere. This work applied the knowledge of air dispersion modelling to map out the atmospheric dispersion and resulting ground surface level concentration of gaseous amine, namely Monoethanolamine (MEA), from a coal-fired power plant (with a carbon capture unit) and in surrounding areas, in case of an accidental leaking of amine from the CCS system to the atmosphere. The chosen study area was centered on a coal-fired power plant in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The Environmental Protection (EPA) approved air pollution model (CALPUFF), together with meteorological and geophysical data were used for gaseous amine dispersion simulation. The results were presented, and the ground amine concentrations were found to vary with wind patterns (wind direction and wind speed). The maximum ground surface amine concentrations standard is 15.2 µg/m3. However, the results showed that when using the water wash unit, the MEA concentrations were well below the standard level, compared to those without the water wash unit. It is essential for CO2 capture plants located in highly populated areas to be equipped with water wash units.
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Kumar Soni, Rajenda, Santosh Kumar Sar, and Shweta Singh. "APPLICATION OF BIOADSORBENT IN CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i1.54.
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A material that has the ability to extract certain substances from gases, liquids, or solids by causing them to adhere to its surface without changing the physical properties of the adsorbent. Rapid urbanization, population growth, industrial expansion and waste generation from domestic and industrial sources have rendered waste which are hazardous to man and other living resources. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and supply us with oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. At the same time, they reduce pollutants in water and soil. They also remove significant amounts of gaseous pollutants and particles from the air. The microscopic plants in soil also reduce air pollutants and degrade many toxic chemicals that enter the soil.
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McElwain, J. "Stomatal Density and Index of Fossil Plants Track Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Palaeozoic." Annals of Botany 76, no. 4 (October 1995): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1995.1112.
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Knyazev, A. V., A. I. Sekushina, and L. Yu Garin. "Problems of legal regulation of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere." MediAl, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21145/2225-0026-2019-2-6-9.
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This article is devoted to the problems of legislative regulation of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The main sources of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere today are the production, transportation, processing and consumption of fossil fuels (86%), the reduction of tropical forests and other biomass combustion (12%), and other sources. With the advent in the world of the industrial revolution in the mid-nineteenth century, there was a progressive increase in anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that led to the disruption of the carbon cycle and growth CO2 concentration. Currently, about 57% of the carbon dioxide produced by mankind is removed from the atmosphere by plants and oceans. Carbon dioxide does not belong to toxic gas, however at inhalation of its raised concentrations in air on influence on the air-breathing live organisms carbon dioxide carry to suffocating gases. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air today is one of the important factors affecting human life and health. Excess of this substance leads to a decrease in productivity, poor health or even death. In addition, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which is the cause of gradual warming, which is known to have a negative impact on people's lives. Such consequences forced humanity to take measures to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and control the volume of carbon dioxide emissions.
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Adam, Suaad E. H., Jun Shigeto, Atsushi Sakamoto, Misa Takahashi, and Hiromichi Morikawa. "Atmospheric nitrogen dioxide at ambient levels stimulates growth and development of horticultural plants." Botany 86, no. 2 (February 2008): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-129.
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We recently discovered that atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at ambient levels acts as a signal to Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani, causing these plants to double both their biomass and all of the cell contents. Herein, we addressed whether this effect of NO2 is also observed in various horticultural plants. Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.), and pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Lam.) were grown with 50, 200, 100, and 200 µL·L–1, respectively, of air supplemented with stable isotope-labelled (15N) NO2, for 5−6 weeks. Control plants were grown without NO2 (<5 µL·L–1). All plants were irrigated with nonlabelled nitrate. The presence of NO2 doubled both the aboveground and belowground biomass in sunflowers compared with their growth in the absence of NO2, whereas lettuce, cucumber, and pumpkin doubled in aboveground biomass only. Contents per shoot of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were almost doubled during the “NO2-enhanced” growth in lettuce, but not in other plants. Mass spectrometry analysis of 15N/14N indicated that only a minor proportion (0.2%–14%) of total plant N was derived from NO2, implying that exogenous NO2 acts as a signal rather than a significant nutrient source in horticultural plants.
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Кулешова, Т. Э., Е. С. Павлова, and Н. Р. Галль. "Фракционирование изотопов углерода -=SUP=-13-=/SUP=-С/-=SUP=-12-=/SUP=-С из углекислого газа атмосферы в продукты фотосинтеза в листьях растений в зависимости от спектральных характеристик световой среды." Письма в журнал технической физики 46, no. 16 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2020.16.49848.18333.
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We have studied influence of the light with various spectral characteristics, coming to plants during its growth, on the distribution of carbon isotopes between atmospheric carbon dioxide and the primary products of photosynthesis in plant leaves, using the developed set of methods and laboratory setups. The difference between the carbon isotopic composition in the air near the plants and in their leaves varies from 7 to 19 ‰, increase in the red component of the spectrum resulting in leave enrichment with light carbon isotope 12C. This difference reflects the degree of isotope fractionation during the plant life, characterizes the rate of carbon assimilation due to photosynthetic reactions, and can be used as a phytomonitoring parameter.
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Dubrovsky, V. I., V. V. Schwartau, and L. M. Mykhalska. "Photosynthesis and crop: problems, achievements, research prospects." Horticulture: Interdepartment Subject Scientific Collection, no. 75 (2020): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35205/0558-1125-2020-75-251-256.
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The problems of the agricultural the crops productivity increasing have been considered including woody ones, and of improving the photosynthetic apparatus characteristics. On the basis of literature data and results of own experiments regularities of formation of agrocenoses with the increased photosynthetic productivity are analyzed. The key photosyn-thetic apparatus characteristics are considered that determine the photosynthesis productivity and efficiency. The changes in the intensity of photosynthesis of plants caused by the changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentra-tion and temperature, are shown as well as the dependence of the photosynthesis intensity on its concentration. The re-view of the explorations results as regards increasing the agricultural crops photosynthetic apparatus productivity shows that the increase of the carbon dioxide amount in the atmosphere to 1.5 % brings about the directly proportional rise of the photosynthesis intensity. An example is given of growing sugar beets, which form an average yield per hectare of its crops, absorbing about 300-400 kg of carbon dioxide per day. The nature of the daytime photosynthesis in the woody species has common sings, although there is a photosynthesis depression in these plants at noon, due to the in-creased respiration during this period at elevated temperatures or the maximum radiation, which is stressful for the plant. The conclusion has been made that one of the ways to increase the photosynthesis productivity is to increase the carbon dioxide concentration in the air. The further efforts of breeders in the creation of new cultivars should be aimed at in-creasing the plant photosynthetic apparatus activity. These are just new directions in science.
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Krings, Thomas, Bruno Neininger, Konstantin Gerilowski, Sven Krautwurst, Michael Buchwitz, John P. Burrows, Carsten Lindemann, Thomas Ruhtz, Dirk Schüttemeyer, and Heinrich Bovensmann. "Airborne remote sensing and in situ measurements of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to quantify point source emissions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-721-2018.
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Abstract. Reliable techniques to infer greenhouse gas emission rates from localised sources require accurate measurement and inversion approaches. In this study airborne remote sensing observations of CO2 by the MAMAP instrument and airborne in situ measurements are used to infer emission estimates of carbon dioxide released from a cluster of coal-fired power plants. The study area is complex due to sources being located in close proximity and overlapping associated carbon dioxide plumes. For the analysis of in situ data, a mass balance approach is described and applied, whereas for the remote sensing observations an inverse Gaussian plume model is used in addition to a mass balance technique. A comparison between methods shows that results for all methods agree within 10 % or better with uncertainties of 10 to 30 % for cases in which in situ measurements were made for the complete vertical plume extent. The computed emissions for individual power plants are in agreement with results derived from emission factors and energy production data for the time of the overflight.
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Tremblay, Nicolas, and André Gosselin. "Effect of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment and Light." HortTechnology 8, no. 4 (October 1998): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.4.524.
Full textAbstract:
Since they grow nearly exponentially, plants in their juvenile phase can benefit more than mature ones of optimal growing conditions. Transplant production in greenhouses offers the opportunity to optimize growing factors in order to reduce production time and improve transplant quality. Carbon dioxide and light are the two driving forces of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide concentration can be enriched in the greenhouse atmosphere, leading to heavier transplants with thicker leaves and reduced transpiration rates. Supplementary lighting is often considered as more effective than CO2 enrichment for transplant production. It can be used not only to speed up growth and produce higher quality plants, but also to help in production planning. However, residual effects on transplant field yield of CO2 enrichment or supplementary lighting are absent or, at the best, inconsistent.