Journal articles: 'Atmosphere interactions'

1

Fowler, D., K. Pilegaard, M. A. Sutton, P. Ambus, M. Raivonen, J. Duyzer, D. Simpson, et al. "Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems–Atmosphere interactions." Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 33 (October 2009): 5193–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068.

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2

Ragossnig, Florian, Alexander Stökl, Ernst Dorfi, Colin P. Johnstone, Daniel Steiner, and Manuel Güdel. "Interaction of infalling solid bodies with primordial atmospheres of disk-embedded planets." Astronomy & Astrophysics 618 (October 2018): A19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832681.

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Context. Planets that form early enough to be embedded in the circumstellar gas disk accumulate thick atmospheres of nebular gas. Models of these atmospheres need to specify the surface luminosity (i.e. energy loss rate) of the planet. This luminosity is usually associated with a continuous inflow of solid bodies, where the gravitational energy released from these bodies is the source of energy. However, if these bodies release energy in the atmosphere instead of at the surface, this assumption might not be justified. Aims. Our aim is to explore the interactions of infalling planetesimals with primordial atmospheres at an embedded phase of evolution. We investigate effects of atmospheric interaction on the planetesimals (mass loss) and the atmosphere (heating/cooling). Methods. We used atmospheric parameters from a snapshot of time-dependent evolution simulations for embedded atmospheres and simulated purely radial, infall events of siliceous planetesimals in a 1D, explicit code. We implemented energy transfer between friction, radiation transfer by the atmosphere and the body, and thermal ablation; this gives us the possibility to examine the effects on the planetesimals and the atmosphere. Results. We find that a significant amount of gravitational energy is indeed dissipated into the atmosphere, especially for larger planetary cores, which consequently cannot contribute to the atmospheric planetary luminosity. Furthermore, we examine that planetesimal infall events for cores, MC > 2M⊕, which actually result in a local cooling of the atmosphere; this is totally in contradiction with the classical model.

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3

Lellouch, Emmanuel. "Io’s Atmosphere and Surface-Atmosphere Interactions." Space Science Reviews 116, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-1957-z.

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Costa, Marcos Heil, Michael T. Coe, and David R. Galbraith. "Land-Atmosphere Interactions." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2362398.

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5

Curtis, Peter S. "Biosphere-atmosphere interactions." New Phytologist 162, no. 1 (April 2004): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01044.x.

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6

Potter, Brian E. "Atmospheric interactions with wildland fire behaviour - I. Basic surface interactions, vertical profiles and synoptic structures." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 7 (2012): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11128.

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This paper is the first of two reviewing scientific literature from 100 years of research addressing interactions between the atmosphere and fire behaviour. These papers consider research on the interactions between the fuels burning at any instant and the atmosphere, and the interactions between the atmosphere and those fuels that will eventually burn in a given fire. This first paper reviews the progression from the surface atmospheric properties of temperature, humidity and wind to horizontal and vertical synoptic structures and ends with vertical atmospheric profiles. (The companion paper addresses plume dynamics and vortices.) The review reveals several unanswered questions, as well as findings from previous studies that appear forgotten in current research and concludes with suggestions for areas of future research.

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7

Potter, Brian E. "A dynamics based view of atmosphere - fire interactions." International Journal of Wildland Fire 11, no. 4 (2002): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02008.

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Current research on severe fire interactions with the atmosphere focuses largely on examination of correlations between fire growth and various atmospheric properties, and on the development of indices based on these correlations. The author proposes that progress requires understanding the physics and atmospheric dynamics behind the correlations. A conceptual 3-stage model of fire development, based on atmospheric structure, is presented. Using parcel theory and basic atmospheric dynamics equations, the author proposes possible causal explanations for some of the known correlations. The atmospheric dynamics are discussed in terms of the 3-stage model, but can also be viewed more generally. The overall goal is to reframe fire–atmosphere interactions in a way that will allow better understanding and progress in fire science, prediction, and safety.

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8

Johnstone, Colin P. "The Influences of Stellar Activity on Planetary Atmospheres." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S328 (October 2016): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317003775.

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AbstractOn evolutionary timescales, the atmospheres of planets evolve due to interactions with the planet's surface and with the planet's host star. Stellar X-ray and EUV (=’XUV’) radiation is absorbed high in the atmosphere, driving photochemistry, heating the gas, and causing atmospheric expansion and mass loss. Atmospheres can interact strongly with the stellar winds, leading to additional mass loss. In this review, I summarise some of the ways in which stellar output can influence the atmospheres of planets. I will discuss the importance of simultaneously understanding the evolution of the star's output and the time dependent properties of the planet's atmosphere.

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9

Waite, J. H., R. S. Perryman, M. E. Perry, K. E. Miller, J. Bell, T. E. Cravens, C. R. Glein, et al. "Chemical interactions between Saturn’s atmosphere and its rings." Science 362, no. 6410 (October 4, 2018): eaat2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2382.

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The Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft made close-up measurements of Saturn’s ionosphere and upper atmosphere in the 1970s and 1980s that suggested a chemical interaction between the rings and atmosphere. Exploring this interaction provides information on ring composition and the influence on Saturn’s atmosphere from infalling material. The Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer sampled in situ the region between the D ring and Saturn during the spacecraft’s Grand Finale phase. We used these measurements to characterize the atmospheric structure and material influx from the rings. The atmospheric He/H2 ratio is 10 to 16%. Volatile compounds from the rings (methane; carbon monoxide and/or molecular nitrogen), as well as larger organic-bearing grains, are flowing inward at a rate of 4800 to 45,000 kilograms per second.

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10

Itcovitz, Jonathan P., Auriol S. P. Rae, Robert I. Citron, Sarah T. Stewart, Catriona A. Sinclair, Paul B. Rimmer, and Oliver Shorttle. "Reduced Atmospheres of Post-impact Worlds: The Early Earth." Planetary Science Journal 3, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac67a9.

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Abstract Impacts may have had a significant effect on the atmospheric chemistry of the early Earth. Reduced phases in the impactor (e.g., metallic iron) can reduce the planet’s H2O inventory to produce massive atmospheres rich in H2. While previous studies have focused on the interactions between the impactor and atmosphere in such scenarios, we investigate two further effects: (1) the distribution of the impactor’s iron inventory during impact between the target interior, target atmosphere, and escaping the target; and (2) interactions between the post-impact atmosphere and the impact-generated melt phase. We find that these two effects can potentially counterbalance each other, with the melt–atmosphere interactions acting to restore reducing power to the atmosphere that was initially accreted by the melt phase. For a ∼1022 kg impactor, when the iron accreted by the melt phase is fully available to reduce this melt, we find an equilibrium atmosphere with H2 column density ∼104 moles cm−2 (pH2 ∼ 120 bars, X H2 ∼ 0.77), consistent with previous estimates. However, when the iron is not available to reduce the melt (e.g., sinking out in large diameter blobs), we find significantly less H2 (7 × 102 − 5 × 103 moles cm−2, pH2 ≲ 60 bars, X H2 ≲ 0.41). These lower H2 abundances are sufficiently high that species important to prebiotic chemistry can form (e.g., NH3, HCN), but sufficiently low that the greenhouse heating effects associated with highly reducing atmospheres, which are problematic to such chemistry, are suppressed. The manner in which iron is accreted by the impact-generated melt phase is critical in determining the reducing power of the atmosphere and resolidified melt pool in the aftermath of impact.

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11

Drewry, D. J., V. M. Kotlyakov, A. Ushakov, and A. Glazovsky. "Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions." Geographical Journal 159, no. 3 (November 1993): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3451295.

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12

Anonymous. "Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 74, no. 20 (May 18, 1993): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93eo00281.

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13

Valdes, Paul J. "Glaciers-ocean-atmosphere interactions." Endeavour 17, no. 1 (March 1993): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(93)90041-z.

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14

Fowell, Martin. "Water?land?atmosphere interactions." Weather 59, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/wea.122.04.

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15

van Leeuwen, Anouk, Bert Klandermans, and Jacquelien van Stekelenburg. "A Study of Perceived Protest Atmospheres: How Demonstrators Evaluate Police-Demonstrator Interactions and Why." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.20.1.x042hj37w2778ql4.

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Using a multilevel dataset of seventy-five European street demonstrations (2009-13), we assess how demonstrators evaluate the interactions between the police and other demonstrators. In doing so, we study demonstrators' perceptions of the protest atmosphere. Understanding these atmosphere assessments is relevant, as demonstrators and other protest actors (e.g., police and the media) widely refer to the atmosphere (i.e., mood or climate) of protest events. To the best of our knowledge, scholars have not yet studied this aspect of protest participation. We start our study with a conceptualization and operationalization of protest atmosphere. Subsequently, we assess how demonstrators perceive atmosphere. Our analyses reveal that four types of protest atmospheres can be distinguished: harmonious, volatile, tense, and chaotic. We describe examples of these atmospheres and study why they are perceived. We find that the perception of atmosphere by demonstrators is influenced by individual characteristics (e.g., age) and demonstration characteristics (e.g., police repression).

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16

Avissar, Roni. "Scaling of land-atmosphere interactions: An atmospheric modelling perspective." Hydrological Processes 9, no. 5-6 (June 1995): 679–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090514.

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17

Potter, Brian E. "Atmospheric interactions with wildland fire behaviour - II. Plume and vortex dynamics." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 7 (2012): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11129.

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This paper is the second of two reviewing scientific literature from 100 years of research addressing interactions between the atmosphere and fire behaviour. These papers consider research on the interactions between the fuels burning at any instant and the atmosphere, and the interactions between the atmosphere and those fuels that will eventually burn in a given fire. The first paper reviews the progression from the surface atmospheric properties of temperature, humidity and wind to horizontal and vertical synoptic structures and ends with vertical atmospheric profiles. This second paper addresses plume dynamics and vortices. The review presents several questions and concludes with suggestions for areas of future research.

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18

Ramirez, Enver, Pedro L. da Silva Dias, and Carlos F. M. Raupp. "Multiscale Atmosphere–Ocean Interactions and the Low-Frequency Variability in the Equatorial Region." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 8 (July 21, 2017): 2503–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0325.1.

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Abstract In the present study a simplified multiscale atmosphere–ocean coupled model for the tropical interactions among synoptic, intraseasonal, and interannual scales is developed. Two nonlinear equatorial β-plane shallow-water equations are considered: one for the ocean and the other for the atmosphere. The nonlinear terms are the intrinsic advective nonlinearity and the air–sea coupling fluxes. To mimic the main differences between the fast atmosphere and the slow ocean, suitable anisotropic multispace/multitime scalings are applied, yielding a balanced synoptic–intraseasonal–interannual–El Niño (SInEN) regime. In this distinguished balanced regime, the synoptic scale is the fastest atmospheric time scale, the intraseasonal scale is the intermediate air–sea coupling time scale (common to both fluid flows), and El Niño refers to the slowest interannual ocean time scale. The asymptotic SInEN equations reveal that the slow wave amplitude evolution depends on both types of nonlinearities. Analytic solutions of the reduced SInEN equations for a single atmosphere–ocean resonant triad illustrate the potential of the model to understand slow-frequency variability in the tropics. The resonant nonlinear wind stress allows a mechanism for the synoptic-scale atmospheric waves to force intraseasonal variability in the ocean. The intraseasonal ocean temperature anomaly coupled with the atmosphere through evaporation forces synoptic and intraseasonal atmospheric variability. The wave–convection coupling provides another source for higher-order atmospheric variability. Nonlinear interactions of intraseasonal ocean perturbations may also force interannual oceanic variability. The constrains that determine the establishment of the atmosphere–ocean resonant coupling can be viewed as selection rules for the excitation of intraseasonal variability (MJO) or even slower interannual variability (El Niño).

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19

Barceló, Gabriel. "Dynamic Interactions in the Atmosphere." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 04, no. 05 (2014): 828–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.45073.

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20

Merchant, C. J. "Book Review: Ocean-atmosphere interactions." Holocene 14, no. 6 (September 2004): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968360401400619.

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21

Buckley, Fiona S. E., and Stephen M. Mudge. "Dimethylsulphide and ocean–atmosphere interactions." Chemistry and Ecology 20, no. 2 (April 2004): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540410001670209.

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22

Crane, Robert G. "Polar Sea Ice ? Atmosphere Interactions." GeoJournal 18, no. 1 (January 1989): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00722380.

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23

Deguillaume, L., M. Leriche, P. Amato, P. A. Ariya, A. M. Delort, U. Pöschl, N. Chaumerliac, H. Bauer, A. I. Flossmann, and C. E. Morris. "Microbiology and atmospheric processes: chemical interactions of Primary Biological Aerosols." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2008): 841–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-841-2008.

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Abstract. This paper discusses the influence of bioaerosols on atmospheric chemistry and vice versa through microbiological and chemical properties and processes. Several studies have shown that biological matter represents a significant fraction of air particulate matter and hence affects the microstructure and water uptake of aerosol particles. Moreover, airborne micro-organisms can transform chemical constituents of the atmosphere by metabolic activity. Recent studies have emphasized the viability of bacteria and metabolic degradation of organic substances in cloud water. On the other hand, the viability and metabolic activity of airborne micro-organisms depend strongly on physical and chemical atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, radiation, pH value and nutrient concentrations. In spite of recent advances, however, our knowledge of the microbiological and chemical interactions of primary biological particles in the atmosphere is rather limited. Further targeted investigations combining laboratory experiments, field measurements, and modelling studies will be required to characterize the chemical feedbacks, microbiological activities at the air/snow/water interface supplied to the atmosphere.

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24

Friend, Andrew D., and Peter M. Cox. "Modelling the effects of atmospheric C02 on vegetation-atmosphere interactions." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 73, no. 3-4 (March 1995): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)05079-l.

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25

Deguillaume, L., M. Leriche, P. Amato, P. A. Ariya, A. M. Delort, U. Pöschl, N. Chaumerliac, H. Bauer, A. I. Flossmann, and C. E. Morris. "Microbiology and atmospheric processes: chemical interactions of primary biological aerosols." Biogeosciences 5, no. 4 (July 30, 2008): 1073–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1073-2008.

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Abstract. This paper discusses the influence of primary biological aerosols (PBA) on atmospheric chemistry and vice versa through microbiological and chemical properties and processes. Several studies have shown that PBA represent a significant fraction of air particulate matter and hence affect the microstructure and water uptake of aerosol particles. Moreover, airborne micro-organisms, namely fungal spores and bacteria, can transform chemical constituents of the atmosphere by metabolic activity. Recent studies have emphasized the viability of bacteria and metabolic degradation of organic substances in cloud water. On the other hand, the viability and metabolic activity of airborne micro-organisms depend strongly on physical and chemical atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, radiation, pH value and nutrient concentrations. In spite of recent advances, however, our knowledge of the microbiological and chemical interactions of PBA in the atmosphere is rather limited. Further targeted investigations combining laboratory experiments, field measurements, and modelling studies will be required to characterize the chemical feedbacks, microbiological activities at the air/snow/water interface supplied to the atmosphere.

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26

Winton, Michael. "Simple Optical Models for Diagnosing Surface–Atmosphere Shortwave Interactions." Journal of Climate 18, no. 18 (September 15, 2005): 3796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3502.1.

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Abstract A technique is developed for diagnosing effective surface and atmospheric optical properties from climate model shortwave flux diagnostics. These properties can be used to distinguish the contributions of surface and atmospheric optical property changes to shortwave flux changes at the surface and top of the atmosphere. In addition to the four standard shortwave flux diagnostics (upward, downward, surface, and top of atmosphere), the technique makes use of surface-down and top-up fluxes over a zero-albedo surface obtained from an auxiliary online shortwave calculation. The simple model optical properties, when constructed from the time-mean fluxes, are effective optical properties, useful for predicting the time-mean response to optical property changes. The technique is tested against auxiliary online shortwave calculations at four validation albedos and shown to predict the monthly mean surface absorption with an rms error of less than 2% over the globe. The reasons for the accuracy of the technique are explored. Less accurate techniques that make use of existing shortwave diagnostics are presented and compared.

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27

Dirmeyer, Paul A., Yan Jin, Bohar Singh, and Xiaoqin Yan. "Trends in Land–Atmosphere Interactions from CMIP5 Simulations." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 829–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-0107.1.

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Abstract Data from 15 models of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) for preindustrial, historical, and future climate change experiments are examined for consensus changes in land surface variables, fluxes, and metrics relevant to land–atmosphere interactions. Consensus changes in soil moisture and latent heat fluxes for past-to-present and present-to-future periods are consistent with CMIP3 simulations, showing a general drying trend over land (less soil moisture, less evaporation) over most of the globe, with the notable exception of high northern latitudes during winter. Sensible heat flux and net radiation declined from preindustrial times to current conditions according to the multimodel consensus, mainly due to increasing aerosols, but that trend reverses abruptly in the future projection. No broad trends are found in soil moisture memory except for reductions during boreal winter associated with high-latitude warming and diminution of frozen soils. Land–atmosphere coupling is projected to increase in the future across most of the globe, meaning a greater control by soil moisture variations on surface fluxes and the lower troposphere. There is also a strong consensus for a deepening atmospheric boundary layer and diminished gradients across the entrainment zone at the top of the boundary layer, indicating that the land surface feedback on the atmosphere should become stronger both in absolute terms and relative to the influence of the conditions of the free atmosphere. Coupled with the trend toward greater hydrologic extremes such as severe droughts, the land surface seems likely to play a greater role in amplifying both extremes and trends in climate on subseasonal and longer time scales.

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28

Schneider, Tapio, and Christopher C. Walker. "Self-Organization of Atmospheric Macroturbulence into Critical States of Weak Nonlinear Eddy–Eddy Interactions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3699.1.

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Abstract It is generally held that atmospheric macroturbulence can be strongly nonlinear. Yet weakly nonlinear models successfully account for scales and structures of baroclinic eddies in Earth's atmosphere. Here a theory and simulations with an idealized GCM are presented that suggest weakly nonlinear models are so successful because atmospheric macroturbulence organizes itself into critical states of weak nonlinear eddy–eddy interactions. By modifying the thermal structure of the extratropical atmosphere such that its supercriticality remains limited, macroturbulence inhibits nonlinear eddy–eddy interactions and the concomitant inverse energy cascade from the length scales of baroclinic instability to larger scales. For small meridional surface temperature gradients, the extratropical thermal stratification and tropopause height are set by radiation and convection, and the supercriticality is less than one; for sufficiently large meridional surface temperature gradients, the extratropical thermal stratification and tropopause height are modified by baroclinic eddies such that the supercriticality does not significantly exceed one. In either case, the scale of the energy-containing eddies is similar to the scale of the linearly most unstable baroclinic waves, and eddy kinetic and available potential energies are equipartitioned. The theory and simulations point to fundamental constraints on the thermal structures and global circulations of the atmospheres of Earth and other planets, for example, by providing limits on the tropopause height and estimates for eddy scales, eddy energies, and jet separation scales.

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29

Renault, L., S. Masson, V. Oerder, S. Jullien, and F. Colas. "Disentangling the Mesoscale Ocean‐Atmosphere Interactions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124, no. 3 (March 2019): 2164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014628.

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30

McPhaden, Michael J., Gregory R. Foltz, Tony Lee, V. S. N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Jerome Vialard, Jerry D. Wiggert, and Lisan Yu. "Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions During Cyclone Nargis." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 90, no. 7 (February 17, 2009): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009eo070001.

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31

Santanello, Joseph A., Paul A. Dirmeyer, Craig R. Ferguson, Kirsten L. Findell, Ahmed B. Tawfik, Alexis Berg, Michael Ek, et al. "Land–Atmosphere Interactions: The LoCo Perspective." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 6 (June 2018): 1253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0001.1.

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AbstractLand–atmosphere (L-A) interactions are a main driver of Earth’s surface water and energy budgets; as such, they modulate near-surface climate, including clouds and precipitation, and can influence the persistence of extremes such as drought. Despite their importance, the representation of L-A interactions in weather and climate models remains poorly constrained, as they involve a complex set of processes that are difficult to observe in nature. In addition, a complete understanding of L-A processes requires interdisciplinary expertise and approaches that transcend traditional research paradigms and communities. To address these issues, the international Global Energy and Water Exchanges project (GEWEX) Global Land–Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) panel has supported “L-A coupling” as one of its core themes for well over a decade. Under this initiative, several successful land surface and global climate modeling projects have identified hot spots of L-A coupling and helped quantify the role of land surface states in weather and climate predictability. GLASS formed the Local Land–Atmosphere Coupling (LoCo) project and working group to examine L-A interactions at the process level, focusing on understanding and quantifying these processes in nature and evaluating them in models. LoCo has produced an array of L-A coupling metrics for different applications and scales and has motivated a growing number of young scientists from around the world. This article provides an overview of the LoCo effort, including metric and model applications, along with scientific and programmatic developments and challenges.

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32

Ropelewski, Chester F. "Monitoring large-scale cryosphere/atmosphere interactions." Advances in Space Research 9, no. 7 (January 1989): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(89)90166-x.

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33

Coyne, Mark. "Stable Isotopes and Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions." Journal of Environmental Quality 35, no. 2 (March 2006): 689–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0022br.

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34

Schuepp, P. H. "Basic processes of plant atmosphere interactions." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 48, no. 5 (1993): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.48.591.

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35

Bullough, K. "Interactions of antimatter with the atmosphere." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 57, no. 13 (November 1995): 1533–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)00135-b.

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36

Lehning, Michael. "Snow–atmosphere interactions and hydrological consequences." Advances in Water Resources 55 (May 2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.02.001.

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37

Wang, Chuan-Yang, Shang-Ping Xie, and Yu Kosaka. "ENSO-Unrelated Variability in Indo–Northwest Pacific Climate: Regional Coupled Ocean–Atmospheric Feedback." Journal of Climate 33, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 4095–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0426.1.

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AbstractRegional ocean–atmospheric interactions in the summer tropical Indo–northwest Pacific region are investigated using a tropical Pacific Ocean–global atmosphere pacemaker experiment with a coupled ocean–atmospheric model (cPOGA) and a parallel atmosphere model simulation (aPOGA) forced with sea surface temperature (SST) variations from cPOGA. Whereas the ensemble mean features pronounced influences of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the ensemble spread represents internal variability unrelated to ENSO. By comparing the aPOGA and cPOGA, this study examines the effect of the ocean–atmosphere coupling on the ENSO-unrelated variability. In boreal summer, ocean–atmosphere coupling induces local positive feedback to enhance the variance and persistence of the sea level pressure and rainfall variability over the northwest Pacific and likewise induces local negative feedback to suppress the variance and persistence of the sea level pressure and rainfall variability over the north Indian Ocean. Anomalous surface heat fluxes induced by internal atmosphere variability cause SST to change, and SST anomalies feed back onto the atmosphere through atmospheric convection. The local feedback is sensitive to the background winds: positive under the mean easterlies and negative under the mean westerlies. In addition, north Indian Ocean SST anomalies reinforce the low-level anomalous circulation over the northwest Pacific through atmospheric Kelvin waves. This interbasin interaction, along with the local feedback, strengthens both the variance and persistence of atmospheric variability over the northwest Pacific. The response of the regional Indo–northwest Pacific mode to ENSO and influences on the Asian summer monsoon are discussed.

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38

Johnstone, C. P., E. Pilat-Lohinger, T. Lüftinger, M. Güdel, and A. Stökl. "Stellar activity and planetary atmosphere evolution in tight binary star systems." Astronomy & Astrophysics 626 (June 2019): A22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832805.

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Context. In tight binary star systems, tidal interactions can significantly influence the rotational and orbital evolution of both stars, and therefore their activity evolution. This can have strong effects on the atmospheric evolution of planets that are orbiting the two stars. Aims. In this paper, we aim to study the evolution of stellar rotation and of X-ray and ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in tight binary systems consisting of two solar mass stars and use our results to study planetary atmosphere evolution in the habitable zones of these systems. Methods. We have applied a rotation model developed for single stars to binary systems, taking into account the effects of tidal interactions on the rotational and orbital evolution of both stars. We used empirical rotation-activity relations to predict XUV evolution tracks for the stars, which we used to model hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen dominated atmospheres. Results. When significant, tidal interactions increase the total amount of XUV energy emitted, and in the most extreme cases by up to factor of ~50. We find that in the systems that we study, habitable zone planets with masses of 1 M⊕ can lose huge hydrogen atmospheres due to the extended high levels of XUV emission, and the time that is needed to lose these atmospheres depends on the binary orbital separation. For some orbital separations, and when the stars are born as rapid rotators, it is also possible for tidal interactions to protect atmospheres from erosion by quickly spinning down the stars. For very small orbital separations, the loss of orbital angular momentum by stellar winds causes the two stars to merge. We suggest that the merging of the two stars could cause previously frozen planets to become habitable due to the habitable zone boundaries moving outwards.

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39

Seo, Eunkyo, and Paul A. Dirmeyer. "Understanding the diurnal cycle of land–atmosphere interactions from flux site observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 20 (October 28, 2022): 5411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5411-2022.

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Abstract. Land–atmosphere interactions have been investigated at daily or longer timescales due to limited data availability and large errors for measuring high-frequency variations. Yet coupling at the subdaily timescale is characterized by the diurnal cycle of incoming solar radiation and surface fluxes. Based on flux tower observations, this study investigates the climatology of observed land–atmosphere interactions on subdaily timescales during the warm season. Process-based multivariate metrics are employed to quantitatively measure segmented coupling processes, and mixing diagrams are adopted to demonstrate the integrative moist and thermal energy budget evolution in the atmospheric mixed layer. The land, atmosphere, and combined couplings for the entire daily mean, midday, and midnight periods show different situations to which surface latent and sensible heat fluxes are relevant, and they also reveal the climate sensitivity to soil moisture and surface air temperature. The 24 h coevolution of the moist and thermal energy within the boundary layer traces a particular path on mixing diagrams, exhibiting different degrees of asymmetry (time shifts) in water- and energy-limited locations. Water- and energy-limited processes also show opposing long tails of low humidity during the daytime and nighttime, related to the impact on land and atmospheric couplings of latent heat flux and other diabatic processes like radiative cooling. This study illustrates the necessity of considering the entire diurnal cycle to understand land–atmosphere coupling processes comprehensively in observations and models.

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Laffond, M., P. Foster, R. Massot, and R. Perraud. "Etude d'une atmosphere de travail interactions chlore-ethene en atmosphere simulee." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, no. 8 (January 1985): 1277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90258-6.

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Huang, Bohua, and J. Shukla. "Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Climate 18, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 1652–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3368.1.

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Abstract A 110-yr simulation is conducted using a specially designed coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model that only allows air–sea interaction over the Atlantic Ocean within 30°S–60°N. Since the influence from the Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over the Atlantic is removed in this run, it provides a better view of the extratropical influences on the tropical air–sea interaction within the Atlantic sector. The model results are compared with the observations that also have their ENSO components subtracted. The model reproduces the two major anomalous patterns of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the southern subtropical Atlantic (SSA) and the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) Ocean. The SSA pattern is phase locked to the annual cycle. Its enhancement in austral summer is associated with atmospheric disturbances from the South Atlantic during late austral spring. The extratropical atmospheric disturbances induce anomalous trade winds and surface heat fluxes in its northern flank, which generate SST anomalies in the subtropics during austral summer. The forced SST anomalies then change the local sea level pressure and winds, which in turn affect the northward shift of the atmospheric disturbance and cause further SST changes in the deep Tropics during austral fall. The NTA pattern is significant throughout a year. Like the SSA pattern, the NTA pattern in boreal winter–spring is usually associated with the heat flux change caused by extratropical atmospheric disturbances, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation. The SST anomalies then feed back with the tropical atmosphere and expand equatorward. From summer to fall, however, the NTA SST anomalies are likely to persist within the subtropics for more than one season after it is generated. Our model results suggest that this feature is associated with a local feedback between the NTA SST anomalies and the atmospheric subtropical anticyclone from late boreal summer to early winter. The significance of this potential feedback in reality needs to be further examined with more observational evidence.

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Schroeter, Serena, Will Hobbs, and Nathaniel L. Bindoff. "Interactions between Antarctic sea ice and large-scale atmospheric modes in CMIP5 models." Cryosphere 11, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-789-2017.

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Abstract. The response of Antarctic sea ice to large-scale patterns of atmospheric variability varies according to sea ice sector and season. In this study, interannual atmosphere–sea ice interactions were explored using observations and reanalysis data, and compared with simulated interactions by models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Simulated relationships between atmospheric variability and sea ice variability generally reproduced the observed relationships, though more closely during the season of sea ice advance than the season of sea ice retreat. Atmospheric influence on sea ice is known to be strongest during advance, and it appears that models are able to capture the dominance of the atmosphere during advance. Simulations of ocean–atmosphere–sea ice interactions during retreat, however, require further investigation. A large proportion of model ensemble members overestimated the relative importance of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) compared with other modes of high southern latitude climate, while the influence of tropical forcing was underestimated. This result emerged particularly strongly during the season of sea ice retreat. The zonal patterns of the SAM in many models and its exaggerated influence on sea ice overwhelm the comparatively underestimated meridional influence, suggesting that simulated sea ice variability would become more zonally symmetric as a result. Across the seasons of sea ice advance and retreat, three of the five sectors did not reveal a strong relationship with a pattern of large-scale atmospheric variability in one or both seasons, indicating that sea ice in these sectors may be influenced more strongly by atmospheric variability unexplained by the major atmospheric modes, or by heat exchange in the ocean.

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Santanello, Joseph A., Mark A. Friedl, and Michael B. Ek. "Convective Planetary Boundary Layer Interactions with the Land Surface at Diurnal Time Scales: Diagnostics and Feedbacks." Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 1082–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm614.1.

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Abstract The convective planetary boundary layer (PBL) integrates surface fluxes and conditions over regional and diurnal scales. As a result, the structure and evolution of the PBL contains information directly related to land surface states. To examine the nature and magnitude of land–atmosphere coupling and the interactions and feedbacks controlling PBL development, the authors used a large sample of radiosonde observations collected at the southern Atmospheric Research Measurement Program–Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed (ARM-CART) site in association with simulations of mixed-layer growth from a single-column PBL/land surface model. The model accurately predicts PBL evolution and realistically simulates thermodynamics associated with two key controls on PBL growth: atmospheric stability and soil moisture. The information content of these variables and their influence on PBL height and screen-level temperature can be characterized using statistical methods to describe PBL–land surface coupling over a wide range of conditions. Results also show that the first-order effects of land–atmosphere coupling are manifested in the control of soil moisture and stability on atmospheric demand for evapotranspiration and on the surface energy balance. Two principal land–atmosphere feedback regimes observed during soil moisture drydown periods are identified that complicate direct relationships between PBL and land surface properties, and, as a result, limit the accuracy of uncoupled land surface and traditional PBL growth models. In particular, treatments for entrainment and the role of the residual mixed layer are critical to quantifying diurnal land–atmosphere interactions.

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Nobre, Paulo, Roberto A. De Almeida, Marta Malagutti, and Emanuel Giarolla. "Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Variations over the South Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Climate 25, no. 18 (April 18, 2012): 6349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00444.1.

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Abstract The impact of ocean–atmosphere interactions on summer rainfall over the South Atlantic Ocean is explored through the use of coupled ocean–atmosphere models. The Brazilian Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies (CPTEC) coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) and its atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) are used to gauge the role of coupled modes of variability of the climate system over the South Atlantic at seasonal time scales. Twenty-six years of summer [December–February (DJF)] simulations were done with the CGCM in ensemble mode and the AGCM forced with both observed sea surface temperature (SST) and SST generated by the CGCM forecasts to investigate the dynamics/thermodynamics of the two major convergence zones in the tropical Atlantic: the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ). The results present both numerical model and observational evidence supporting the hypothesis that the ITCZ is a thermally direct, SST-driven atmospheric circulation, while the SACZ is a thermally indirect atmospheric circulation controlling SST variability underneath—a consequence of ocean–atmosphere interactions not captured by the atmospheric model forced by prescribed ocean temperatures. Six CGCM model results of the Ensemble-based Predictions of Climate Changes and their Impacts (ENSEMBLES) project, NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, and oceanic and atmospheric data from buoys of the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) Project over the tropical Atlantic are used to validate CPTEC’s coupled and uncoupled model simulations.

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Baker, Jessica C. A., Dayana Castilho de Souza, Paulo Y. Kubota, Wolfgang Buermann, Caio A. S. Coelho, Martin B. Andrews, Manuel Gloor, Luis Garcia-Carreras, Silvio N. Figueroa, and Dominick V. Spracklen. "An Assessment of Land–Atmosphere Interactions over South America Using Satellites, Reanalysis, and Two Global Climate Models." Journal of Hydrometeorology 22, no. 4 (April 2021): 905–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0132.1.

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AbstractIn South America, land–atmosphere interactions have an important impact on climate, particularly the regional hydrological cycle, but detailed evaluation of these processes in global climate models has been limited. Focusing on the satellite-era period of 2003–14, we assess land–atmosphere interactions on annual to seasonal time scales over South America in satellite products, a novel reanalysis (ERA5-Land), and two global climate models: the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model version 1.2 (BAM-1.2) and the U.K. Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3). We identify key features of South American land–atmosphere interactions represented in satellite and model datasets, including seasonal variation in coupling strength, large-scale spatial variation in the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to surface moisture, and a dipole in evaporative regime across the continent. Differences between products are also identified, with ERA5-Land, HadGEM3, and BAM-1.2 showing opposite interactions to satellites over parts of the Amazon and the Cerrado and stronger land–atmosphere coupling along the North Atlantic coast. Where models and satellites disagree on the strength and direction of land–atmosphere interactions, precipitation biases and misrepresentation of processes controlling surface soil moisture are implicated as likely drivers. These results show where improvement of model processes could reduce uncertainty in the modeled climate response to land-use change, and highlight where model biases could unrealistically amplify drying or wetting trends in future climate projections. Finally, HadGEM3 and BAM-1.2 are consistent with the median response of an ensemble of nine CMIP6 models, showing they are broadly representative of the latest generation of climate models.

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Fang, Jia-Bei, and Xiu-Qun Yang. "The Relative Roles of Different Physical Processes in Unstable Midlatitude Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions." Journal of Climate 24, no. 5 (March 1, 2011): 1542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3618.1.

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Abstract Following Goodman and Marshall (hereinafter GM), an improved intermediate midlatitude coupled ocean–atmosphere model linearized around a basic state is developed. The model assumes a two-layer quasigeostrophic atmosphere overlying a quasigeostrophic upper ocean that consists of a constant-depth mixed layer, a thin entrainment layer, and a thermocline layer. The SST evolution is determined within the mixed layer by advection, entrainment, and air–sea flux. The atmospheric heating is specified at midlevel, which is parameterized in terms of both the SST and atmospheric temperature anomalies. With this coupled model, the dynamical features of unstable ocean–atmosphere interactions in the midlatitudes are investigated. The coupled model exhibits two types of coupled modes: the coupled oceanic Rossby wave mode and the SST-only mode. The SST-only mode decays over the entire range of wavelengths, whereas the coupled oceanic Rossby wave mode destabilizes over a certain range of wavelengths (∼10 500 km) when the atmospheric response to the heating is equivalent barotropic. The relative roles of different physical processes in destabilizing the coupled oceanic Rossby wave are examined. The main processes emphasized are the influence of entrainment and advection for determining SST evolution, and the atmospheric heating profile. Although either entrainment or advection can lead to unstable growth of the coupled oceanic Rossby wave with similar wavelength dependence for each case, the advection process is found to play the more important role, which differs from GM’s results in which the entrainment process is dominant. The structure of the unstable coupled mode is sensitive to the atmospheric heating profile. The inclusion of surface heating largely reduces the growth rate and stabilizes the coupled oceanic Rossby wave. In comparison with observations, it is demonstrated that the structure of the growing coupled mode derived from the authors’ model is closer to reality than that from the previous model.

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Bladé, Ileana. "The Influence of Midlatitude Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling on the Low-Frequency Variability of a GCM. Part II: Interannual Variability Induced by Tropical SST Forcing*." Journal of Climate 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.21.

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Abstract This study extends the investigation of the impact of midlatitude ocean–atmosphere interactions on the atmospheric circulation to the interannual timescale by incorporating SST variability in the tropical Pacific representative of observed conditions. Two perpetual January GCM simulations are performed to examine the changes in the low-frequency atmospheric variability brought about by the inclusion of an interactive slab mixed layer in midlatitudes, in particular the changes in the extratropical response to ENSO-like tropical 90-day mean SST anomalies. It is found that midlatitude coupling alters the spatial organization of the low-frequency variability in qualitatively the same manner (but not to the same extent) as tropical SST variability—namely, by selectively enhancing (in terms of amplitude, persistence, and/or frequency of occurrence) certain of the preexisting (natural) dominant modes without significantly modifying them or generating new ones. While tropical SST forcing results in a notable amplification of the Pacific–North American (PNA) mode of the model, midlatitude SST anomalies appear to favor the regional zonal index circulations in the eastern and western Pacific (through decreased thermal damping at the surface). As a result, the PNA response to ENSO-like tropical SST forcing is not reinforced but slightly weakened by the presence of interactions with the underlying mixed layer. On the other hand, coupling increases the persistence of the overall extratropical signal and causes it to acquire distinct Western Pacific–like features, thus improving its resemblance to the observed ENSO teleconnection pattern. The leading mode of covariability between the hemispheric atmospheric circulation and North Pacific SST qualitatively reproduces its observational counterpart, with the atmosphere leading by about one month and surface atmospheric variations consistent with the notion that the atmosphere is driving the ocean. This agreement suggests that, even on interannual timescales, two-way air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics do not play an essential role in establishing the large-scale spatial structure of this observed dominant mode of ocean–atmosphere interaction. In addition, the simulated patterns of covariability in this sector possess the same kind of interannual–intraseasonal duality exhibited by the observations. In the North Atlantic the model essentially recovers the results from Part I of this study.

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Souza, Ronald, Luciano Pezzi, Sebastiaan Swart, Fabrício Oliveira, and Marcelo Santini. "Air-Sea Interactions over Eddies in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071335.

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The Brazil–Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is one of the most dynamical regions of the global ocean. Its variability is dominated by the mesoscale, mainly expressed by the presence of meanders and eddies, which are understood to be local regulators of air-sea interaction processes. The objective of this work is to study the local modulation of air-sea interaction variables by the presence of either a warm (ED1) and a cold core (ED2) eddy, present in the BMC, during September to November 2013. The translation and lifespans of both eddies were determined using satellite-derived sea level anomaly (SLA) data. Time series of satellite-derived surface wind data, as well as these and other meteorological variables, retrieved from ERA5 reanalysis at the eddies’ successive positions in time, allowed us to investigate the temporal modulation of the lower atmosphere by the eddies’ presence along their translation and lifespan. The reanalysis data indicate a mean increase of 78% in sensible and 55% in latent heat fluxes along the warm eddy trajectory in comparison to the surrounding ocean of the study region. Over the cold core eddy, on the other hand, we noticed a mean reduction of 49% and 25% in sensible and latent heat fluxes, respectively, compared to the adjacent ocean. Additionally, a field campaign observed both eddies and the lower atmosphere from ship-borne observations before, during and after crossing both eddies in the study region during October 2013. The presence of the eddies was imprinted on several surface meteorological variables depending on the sea surface temperature (SST) in the eddy cores. In situ oceanographic and meteorological data, together with high frequency micrometeorological data, were also used here to demonstrate that the local, rather than the large scale forcing of the eddies on the atmosphere above, is, as expected, the principal driver of air-sea interaction when transient atmospheric systems are stable (not actively varying) in the study region. We also make use of the in situ data to show the differences (biases) between bulk heat flux estimates (used on atmospheric reanalysis products) and eddy covariance measurements (taken as “sea truth”) of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The findings demonstrate the importance of short-term changes (minutes to hours) in both the atmosphere and the ocean in contributing to these biases. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of the mesoscale oceanographic structures in the BMC on impacting local air-sea heat fluxes and the marine atmospheric boundary layer stability, especially under large scale, high-pressure atmospheric conditions.

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Dirmeyer, Paul A., Yan Jin, Bohar Singh, and Xiaoqin Yan. "Evolving Land–Atmosphere Interactions over North America from CMIP5 Simulations." Journal of Climate 26, no. 19 (September 24, 2013): 7313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00454.1.

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Abstract Long-term changes in land–atmosphere interactions during spring and summer are examined over North America. A suite of models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulating preindustrial, historical, and severe future climate change scenarios are examined for changes in soil moisture, surface fluxes, atmospheric boundary layer characteristics, and metrics of land–atmosphere coupling. Simulations of changes from preindustrial to modern conditions show warming brings stronger surface fluxes at high latitudes, while subtropical regions of North America respond with drier conditions. There is a clear anthropogenic aerosol response in midlatitudes that reduces surface radiation and heat fluxes, leading to shallower boundary layers and lower cloud base. Over the Great Plains, the signal does not reflect a purely radiatively forced response, showing evidence that the expansion of agriculture may have offset the aerosol impacts on the surface energy and water cycle. Future changes show soils are projected to dry across North America, even though precipitation increases north of a line that retreats poleward from spring to summer. Latent heat flux also has a north–south dipole of change, increasing north and decreasing south of a line that also moves northward with the changing season. Metrics of land–atmosphere feedback increase over most of the continent but are strongest where latent heat flux increases in the same location and season where precipitation decreases. Combined with broadly elevated cloud bases and deeper boundary layers, land–atmosphere interactions are projected to become more important in the future with possible consequences for seasonal climate prediction.

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Tyrnov, O. F., and A. M. Gokov. "Atmospheric Electricity of Megapolises and Some Aspects of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Electrical Interactions." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 61, no. 7-12 (2004): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v61.i11.20.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Atmosphere interactions'

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