Journal articles on the topic 'Atmosperic carbon dioxide – Economic aspects'
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Kuznetsov, V. G. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Historical-Geological Aspects." Lithology and Mineral Resources 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10987-005-0031-y.
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Balat, Havva, and Cahide Öz. "Technical and Economic Aspects of Carbon Capture an Storage — A Review." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 25, no. 5 (October 2007): 357–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459807783528883.
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This article deals with review of technical and economic aspects of Carbon Capture and Storage. Since the late 1980s a new concept is being developed which enables to make use of fossil fuels with a considerably reduced emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The concept is often called ‘Carbon Capture and Storage’ (CCS). CCS technologies are receiving increasing attention, mainly for their potential contribution to the optimal mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions that is intended to avoid future, dangerous climate change. CCS technologies attract a lot of attention because they could allow “to reduce our carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere whilst continuing to use fossil fuels”. CCS is not a completely new technology, e.g., the United States alone is sequestering about 8.5 MtC for enhanced oil recovery each year. Today, CCS technologies are widely recognised as an important means of progress in industrialized countries.
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Morkovina, Svetlana, Ekaterina Panyavina, I. Shanin, and Irina Avdeeva. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF CARBON FARMS ON FOREST SITE." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2021-9-1-17-25.
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The article considers the possibilities of developing forest entrepreneurship through expanding the range of ecosystem services and organizing sequestration Inustry on forest lands. The new type of forest management is based on the ability to balance carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The economic aspects of creating and using forest carbon farms are considered. To determine the standard costs for creating poplar and pine carbon plantations, the standard method was used. Creating carbon farms on forest land is a costly process, but carbon storage activities can bring numerous economic and environmental effects in addition to maintaining the carbon balance. The cost of creating one hectare of forest carbon farm is from 262 to 304 thousand rubles, while the economic effect of their use can significantly exceed the investment. The first stage in the organization of carbon farms should be the creation of test plantations-carbon polygons. It is proved that the necessary resources and prerequisites are available for the implementation of the actual practice-oriented task of creating carbon polygons in the Voronezh region.
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Chorowski, Maciej, and Wojciech Gizicki. "Technical and economic aspects of oxygen separation for oxy-fuel purposes." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0011.
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Abstract Oxy combustion is the most promising technology for carbon dioxide, originated from thermal power plants, capture and storage. The oxygen in sufficient quantities can be separated from air in cryogenic installations. Even the state-of-art air separation units are characterized by high energy demands decreasing net efficiency of thermal power plant by at least 7%. This efficiency decrease can be mitigated by the use of waste nitrogen, e.g., as the medium for lignite drying. It is also possible to store energy in liquefied gases and recover it by liquid pressurization, warm-up to ambient temperature and expansion. Exergetic efficiency of the proposed energy accumulator may reach 85%.
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Cherednichenko, Oleksandr, Valerii Havrysh, Vyacheslav Shebanin, Antonina Kalinichenko, Grzegorz Mentel, and Joanna Nakonieczny. "Local Green Power Supply Plants Based on Alcohol Regenerative Gas Turbines: Economic and Environmental Aspects." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092156.
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Growing economies need green and renewable energy. Their financial development can reduce energy consumption (through energy-efficient technologies) and replace fossil fuels with renewable ones. Gas turbine engines are widely used in transport and industry. To improve their economic attractiveness and to reduce harmful emissions, including greenhouse gases, alternative fuels and waste heat recovery technologies can be used. A promising direction is the use of alcohol and thermo-chemical recuperation. The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions of an alcohol-fueled regenerative gas turbine engine with thermo-chemical recuperation. The carbon dioxide emissions have been determined using engine efficiency, fuel properties, as well as life cycle analysis. The engine efficiency was maximized by varying the water/alcohol ratio. To evaluate steam fuel reforming for a certain engine, a conversion performance factor has been suggested. At the optimal water/methanol ratio of 3.075 this technology can increase efficiency by 4% and reduce tank-to-wake emission by 80%. In the last 6 months of 2019, methanol prices were promising for power and cogeneration plants in remote locations. The policy recommendation is that local authorities should pay attention to alcohol fuel and advanced turbines to curb the adverse effects of burning petroleum fuel on economic growth and the environment.
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Zueva, Svetlana, Andrey A. Kovalev, Yury V. Litti, Nicolò M. Ippolito, Valentina Innocenzi, and Ida De Michelis. "Environmental and Economic Aspects of Biomethane Production from Organic Waste in Russia." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175244.
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According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), only a tiny fraction of the full potential of energy from biomass is currently exploited in the world. Biogas is a good source of energy and heat, and a clean fuel. Converting it to biomethane creates a product that combines all the benefits of natural gas with zero greenhouse gas emissions. This is important given that the methane contained in biogas is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). The total amount of CO2 emission avoided due to the installation of biogas plants is around 3380 ton/year, as 1 m3 of biogas corresponds to 0.70 kg of CO2 saved. In Russia, despite the huge potential, the development of bioenergy is rather on the periphery, due to the abundance of cheap hydrocarbons and the lack of government support. Based on the data from an agro-industrial plant located in Central Russia, the authors of the article demonstrate that biogas technologies could be successfully used in Russia, provided that the Russian Government adopted Western-type measures of financial incentives.
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Xue, Liang. "The Concrete Application Research of Drop and Pull Transport in Energy Saving and Emission Reduction — with SF's Case." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 1071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.1071.
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Drop and pull Transport is an economic, environmental protection, a high efficient mode of transportation. It has already been widely used in production practice in developed western countries. But the development of it in our country has been limped. The paper analysis from three aspects: Fixed costs, variable costs, the total cost of economic benefit. Also, this paper looks into the Fuel and carbon dioxide emissions from the social benefit. Thereby obtain energy saving and emission reduction. drop and pull Transport has raise transportation economic efficiency and social efficiency advantage.
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Zou, Zuxu, Jiaojiao Huang, and Chenlu Li. "Establishment and research of combined forecasting model of carbon." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123701008.
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This paper analyzes the influencing factors of carbon dioxide emissions from four aspects: Population, economy, industrial structure and energy, then from the carbon emissions, economic development, industrial structure, energy consumption structure to show the status quo of carbon emissions in Hubei Province. Based on the analysis of the influencing factors, the main influencing factors of carbon emission are population, regional gross product and coal consumption The multivariate linear regression model and the polynomial curve model are established and the error analysis is carried out. The combination weight coefficients of two single models are obtained through the linear programming model and the combination forecasting model is established, finally, the corresponding countermeasures to reduce carbon emissions are put forward.
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M. A. Ibrahim, Said, and Mostafa E.M Samy. "Chemical, thermal and economic aspects for the energy balance of coal gasification power plants with and without CO2 recovery." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 5, 2018): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14116.
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This paper presents a methodology for studying the chemical, thermal processes and economics for the gasification systems employed in coal fired power stations through thermodynamic analyses based on thermodynamic laws in order to gain some new aspects of the plant performance. A resourceful computer program is developed and designed to calculate all necessary design and performance data for four selected coal fired power plants for all coal ranks. Detailed manual calculations were performed for the results. Comparison of computer and manual results are in excellent agreement which indicates that the present program is an accurate quick powerful tool for all users. The main findings of this paper are that Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Power Generation Plants with CO2 recovery increase the plant's thermal efficiency and decrease the CO2 emission. The thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, and kinetics of each reaction to the gas combinations were most likely tested by each of the techniques when using a variety of fuels under the condition of "Oxygen gas at 30 bar pressure". The economic analysis is based on analyzing the economics of carbon dioxide capture and storage and the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from power plants. Finally, with new developments, the capture and sequestration of CO2 could lead to.
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DEGTYAREV, Konstantin Yu, Nikolay S. ZOTOV, Svetlana A. MINKINA, and Ekaterina A. CHERNOBROVA. "SELECTION OF LIQUID FUEL TYPE FOR BOILER ROOM." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.03.4.
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The article presents a comparative analysis of the main types of reserve fuel for boilers, including fuel oil, diesel fuel and liquefi ed petroleum gases. The main technological aspects and features of construction of fuel farms are analyzed. The economic aspects of the use of diff erent types of reserve fuel are considered. The thermal and cost costs of fuel storage and combustion are estimated. The calculation of emissions into the atmosphere of harmful substances, including nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, benzapyrene, sulfur dioxide, soot. The masses of emitt ed substances, their concentration in fractions of MPC, distances at which the maximum concentration of emissions is observed are determined. The prospects of using liquefi ed hydrocarbon gases and «Propane-Air» technology are substantiated.
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Ganushevych, Kostiantyn, and Kateryna Sai. "Technological aspects of the development of gas hydrate deposits with the use of carbon dioxide injection." E3S Web of Conferences 201 (2020): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020101023.
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The article is dedicated to the technological peculiarities of natural gas hydrate deposits extraction with using perspective method which consists of introduction of carbon dioxide into the gas hydrate layer removing methane and creating CO2 hydrate. Specific attention is paid to the insufficient efficiency of presently used methods in terms of the economic effect and safety of gas extraction. The complex methodological approach has been used to experimentally determine the optimal pressure of the two gases swap based on the minimal time of the process duration. The rate of the two gases exchange in the reactor has been defined and a new technological solution as to the gas hydrate deposits recovery has been proposed. It is defined that at the pressure being equal to Р = 9 MPa and the temperature Т = +7…+8 ºC, the whole exchange of the guest molecules СН4 for СО2 molecules can be reached in 2 hours. It is established that the gas hydrate crystallisation centres nucleate in about 30 – 35 minutes, after that the crystals continue growing removing methane from the preliminary created hydrate up to the point when about 70 – 80% of the hydrate is filled with СО2 hydrate. The lowest rate of the exchange process took place under the pressure Р = 5 MPa and temperature Т = +7…+8 ºC and resulted in 10 hours. The penetration length of the carbon dioxide jet is established depending on the process duration under the optimal injection pressure of СО2. A new technological scheme is introduced for methane recovery from gas hydrate deposits of the Black Sea with the help of carbon dioxide injection into the hydrate seam.
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Tîrtea, Raluca-Nicoleta, and Cosmin Mărculescu. "Aspects of using biomass as energy source for power generation." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0019.
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AbstractBiomass represents an important source of renewable energy in Romania with about 64% of the whole available green energy. Being a priority for the energy sector worldwide, in our country the development stage is poor compared to solar and wind energy. Biomass power plants offer great horizontal economy development, local and regional economic growth with benefic effects on life standard. The paper presents an analysis on biomass to power conversion solutions compared to fossil fuels using two main processes: combustion and gasification. Beside the heating value, which can be considerably higher for fossil fuels compared to biomass, a big difference between fossil fuels and biomass can be observed in the sulphur content. While the biomass sulphur content is between 0 and approximately 1%, the sulphur content of coal can reach 4%. Using coal in power plants requires important investments in installations of flue gas desulfurization. If limestone is used to reduce SO2emissions, then additional carbon dioxide moles will be released during the production of CaO from CaCO3. Therefore, fossil fuels not only release a high amount of carbon dioxide through burning, but also through the caption of sulphur dioxide, while biomass is considered CO2neutral. Biomass is in most of the cases represented by residues, so it is a free fuel compared to fossil fuels. The same power plant can be used even if biomass or fossil fuels is used as a feedstock with small differences. The biomass plant could need a drying system due to high moisture content of the biomass, while the coal plant will need a desulfurization installation of flue gas and additional money will be spent with fuel purchasing.
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Rezazadeh, Hamidreza, Zahra Salahshoor, Ferial Ahmadi, and Farshad Nasrollahi. "Reduction of carbon dioxide by bio-façades for sustainable development of the environment." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 200583–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.583.
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Nowadays, air pollution and consequently global warming are the major problems that the earth is faced with. These issues can influence climate change and human health. Building façades can play a significant role in the air quality of the urban environment. Therefore, this study draws upon the ability of nature in controlling carbon dioxide to compare three types of bio-façades (i.e. Water façade, Green façade, and Microalgae façade) and to identify an appropriate one. For this purpose, we analyzed documents and scientific literature qualitatively. Then, we identified the aforementioned types of biological façades and selected the most optimal one through the comparison. Additionally, for this comparison, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed that resulted in achieving the higher scores by the microalgae façade among other bio-façades mentioned above. The major criteria considered for the AHP analysis included climatic, economic, architectural, environmental, and structural aspects of using the noted bio-façades in buildings. It should be emphasized that the environmental aspect was obtained as the most influential criterion among others. Finally, some technical tips and design requirements for bioreactors are depicted and discussed along with their upcoming challenges and future research direction.
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Kharitonova, N. A., E. N. Kharitonova, and V. N. Pulyaeva. "Carbon footprint of Russia: realities and prospects of economic development." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 14, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2021-1-50-62.
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The article deals with the key aspects of the problem of determining the “carbon footprint” of industrial production. Rapidly increasing greenhouse gas emission within the past two centuries can cause irreversible changes in the Earth’s climate. Various manufacturing industries including “production and consumption of energy” create more than half of the “Earth’s carbon footprint”. The authors present a brief analytical overview of the “carbon footprint” problem in the context of solving a significant issue of global warming. They suggest references to current research and publications of Italian, Chinese and Spanish scientists. For example, Italian researchers proved that social innovations as well as transition to low-carbon technologies can be of good effect in reducing the “carbon footprint”. Chinese researchers (by analyzing 45-year-long data on the quantity of developed natural resources, energy consumption and population growth, “carbon footprint” and carbon dioxide emissions in the USA) proved that in the long-term perspective consumption of natural resources and renewable energy sources can improve the quality of the environment while population growth and consumption of non-renewable energy sources can contribute to its deterioration. Spanish researchers explored the connection between the “carbon footprint” and national peculiarities of people’s life. They listed the basic features of current energy transformation of the global economy (towards increasing the volume of renewable energy sources). The authors considered basic methods of regulating the “carbon footprint” of industrial production: by means of legal prohibition or improvement of pricing mechanism. They introduce the “Strategy of long-term development of Russia with low level of greenhouse gases till 2050”. The article contains information on reporting of greenhouse gas emissions in Russia.
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Hisatomi, Takashi, and Kazunari Domen. "Introductory lecture: sunlight-driven water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction by heterogeneous semiconductor systems as key processes in artificial photosynthesis." Faraday Discussions 198 (2017): 11–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00221h.
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Both solar water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction using semiconductor systems have been studied as important components of artificial photosynthesis. This paper describes the various photovoltaic-powered electrochemical, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic processes. An overview of the state-of-the-art is presented along with a summary of recent research approaches. A concept developed by our own research group in which fixed particulate photocatalysts are applied to scalable solar water splitting is discussed. Finally, a description of a possible artificial photosynthesis plant is presented, along with a discussion of the economic aspects of operating such a plant and potential reactor designs.
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Fathey Fayek Tadros, Amgad. "Environmental aspects of petroleum storage in above ground tank." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016601006.
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Oil pollution is a severing global environmental problem causing a number of adverse negative impacts on human health air ecosystem and eventually the natural income that is why soil, water, air pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons have become the focus of increasing public and research concern petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the air environment are caused by human activities when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into Earth’s atmosphere. Sources of air pollution include gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, the aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) fractions of petroleum are readily evolved to air during refinery and choosing the wrong storage tanks also leak to the soil change the chemical composition of spilled toxicity and biological impacts of the oil and add great difficulties to the identification of the residual spilled oil in the impacted environment and economic cost of air pollution in illness, health care costs, lost productivity so coordination between humans to conserves natural resources for future generation.
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Wang, Wensheng, Han Yu, Qing Gao, and Muhan Hu. "Energy conversion path and optimization model in COVID-19 under low carbon constraints based on statistical learning theory." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 6 (December 4, 2020): 9053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189304.
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This paper uses statistical learning theory and big data analysis to study the energy consumption structure of China from qualitative and quantitative aspects during COVID-19. According to the domestic and foreign scholars’ research on the optimization of energy consumption structure, the carbon emission factor is considered in the optimization of energy consumption structure. Taking the minimum energy consumption cost and carbon dioxide emission as the objective function, the carbon dioxide emission is taken as the objective function, and the total energy consumption and various energy consumption proportions as the constraint conditions, the multi-objective planning method is used to evaluate the energy consumption structure of China. The optimization model of source consumption structure is analyzed, and the medium and long-term energy transformation path and optimization model under low-carbon constraints are studied. Combined with the experimental algorithms related to big data, it is concluded that China’s economic development mainly depends on a large amount of energy consumption during the COVID-19 period. On this basis, some suggestions are put forward to realize the sustainable development of China’s economy and energy.
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Dhaundiyal, Alok, and Pramod Chandra Tewari. "Performance Evaluation of Throatless Gasifier Using Pine Needles as a Feedstock for Power Generation." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ata-2016-0003.
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This paper deals with the performance evaluation of a throatless gasifier TG-SI-10E. Evaluation of the throatless gasifier was done in three streams, which were the thermal, design and economic aspects. It was tested with pine needles, derived from the Himalayan chir pine (Pinus roxburghii). A non-isokinetic sampling technique was used for measuring the tar and dust contents. The carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emission at the exhaust of engine was in the range of 12.8% and 0.1-0.5% respectively. The maximum temperature of producer gas measured at the outlet of the gasifier was 505 °C. The specific biomass consumption rate of pine needles was calculated to be 1.595 kg/kWh (electrical). Specific gasification rate for the given design was found to be 107 kg/m2h. Economic evaluation was based on direct tax incidence.
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Nguyen, Hoa Thi, Kathleen B. Aviso, Dien Quang Le, and Akihiro Tokai. "Main Drivers of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Vietnam Trajectory 2000-2011: An Input-Output Structural Decomposition Analysis." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 4 (July 29, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n4p129.
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Vietnam’s rapid economic growth has resulted in serious environmental concerns both at local and global scales. In-depth understanding of the key factors behind the rapid growth of CO2 emissions is of great significance in the development of local and global climate policies. Furthermore, this provides insight into how emerging economies can develop a low emission future. Recent works have demonstrated the effectiveness of the input–output model and structural decomposition analysis in analyzing how changes in different socio-economic factors affect energy-based CO2 emissions in the sectoral level using production and consumption-based perspectives. In the context of Vietnam’s economy, such aspects have not been fully explored in previous literature. This study thus analyzes the driving forces responsible for the increase in CO2 emissions in Vietnam from both production and consumption perspective during periods 2000 – 2007 and 2007 - 2011. The results using the production perspective indicate that during 2000 - 2011 the incremental change in CO2 emissions in Vietnam is driven mainly by the consumption structure (100.5%) and consumption volume (219.4%) which are offset by the decline in technology (-132.7%) and production structure (-22.5%). Population (24.1%) had a small effect on total CO2 emissions. Results using the consumption perspective show that even with large variations between the two periods, household, export and investment are the main drivers responsible for the sharp increase in CO2 emissions. This is offset by the decrease in import factor. Policy implications indicate that improving technology, adjusting production and consumption structure, and optimizing international trade are important factors for alleviating CO2 emissions in Vietnam.
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Sukardi, L., Ismail Ismail, and M. Husni Idris. "Estimated Carbon Absorption and Economic Benefits in Various Scenarios of Community Forest (HKm) Land Management Through The Scheme of Plan Vivo in The Upstream Watersheds (DAS) of Renggung River, Central Lombok Regency, Indonesia." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 1, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v1i1.37.
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This study aims to (1) estimate carbon absorption and the economic benefits of HKM land management through Plan Vivo scheme and (2) determine the composition of plants to be prioritised. This research was conducted in the upstream watershed of Renggung River in Central Lombok. The calculation of the estimated carbon absorption was obtained using allometric equations, while the estimated economic benefits were calculated from the production of commodities that are grown and the potential of carbon trading. To determine the prioritised scenarios, Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP) was conducted. The time range of analysis is conducted within a period of 15 years with three scenarios of composition of plants : (1) scenario-1: 70% MPTs and 30% timber trees (2) scenario-2: 30% MPTs and 70% timber trees; and (3) scenario-3: 50% MPTs and 50% timber trees. The results of the study are as follows: (1) the increased absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) for scenario-1 amounted to 87.54 tonnes/ha/yr, scenario-2 amounted to 138.93 tons/ha/yr, and scenario-3 for 113.88 ton/ha/yr; (2) The economic benefits for the scenario 1 is of IDR 37,882,304,- /hectare/year, the scenario-2 of IDR 22,875,951,- per hectare / year, and scenario-3 of IDR 31,685,853,- per hectare/year. Furthermore, based on the consideration of carbon absorption, economic benefits, and sociocultural aspects, the priorities to be developed is the scenario-2.
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Aldy, Joseph E., and Robert N. Stavins. "Using the Market to Address Climate Change: Insights from Theory & Experience." Daedalus 141, no. 2 (April 2012): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00145.
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Emissions of greenhouse gases linked with global climate change are affected by diverse aspects of economic activity, including individual consumption, business investment, and government spending. An effective climate policy will have to modify the decision calculus for these activities in the direction of more efficient generation and use of energy, lower carbon-intensity of energy, and a more carbon-lean economy. The only technically feasible and cost-effective approach to achieving this goal on a meaningful scale is carbon pricing: that is, market-based climate policies that place a shadow-price on carbon dioxide emissions. We examine alternative designs of three such instruments: carbon taxes, cap and trade, and clean energy standards. We note that the U.S. political response to possible market-based approaches to climate policy has been, and will continue to be, largely a function of issues and structural factors that transcend the scope of environmental and climate policy.
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Tenreiro Machado, J. A., and António M. Lopes. "Dynamical Analysis of the Global Warming." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/971641.
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Global warming is a major concern nowadays. Weather conditions are changing, and it seems that human activity is one of the main causes. In fact, since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has increased the nonnatural emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that absorbs the infrared radiation produced by the reflection of the sunlight on the Earth’s surface, trapping the heat in the atmosphere. Global warming and the associated climate changes are being the subject of intensive research due to their major impact on social, economic, and health aspects of human life. This paper studies the global warming trend in the perspective of dynamical systems and fractional calculus, which is a new standpoint in this context. Worldwide distributed meteorological stations and temperature records for the last 100 years are analysed. It is shown that the application of Fourier transforms and power law trend lines leads to an assertive representation of the global warming dynamics and a simpler analysis of its characteristics.
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Variny, Miroslav, Dominika Jediná, Ján Kizek, Peter Illés, Ladislav Lukáč, Ján Janošovský, and Marián Lesný. "An Investigation of the Techno-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Process Heat Source Change in a Refinery." Processes 7, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7110776.
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This study of process heat source change in industrial conditions has been developed to aid engineers and energy managers with working towards sustainable production. It allows for an objective assessment from energetic, environmental, and economic points of view, thereby filling the gap in the systematic approach to this problem. This novel site-wide approach substantially broadens the traditional approach, which is based mostly on “cheaper” and “cleaner” process heat sources’ application and only takes into account local changes, while neglecting the synergic effect on the whole facility’s operations. The mathematical model employed assesses the performance change of all the affected refinery parts. The four proposed aromatic splitting process layouts, serving as a case study, indicate feasible heat and condensate conservation possibilities. Although the estimated investment needed for the most viable layout is over €4.5 million, its implementation could generate benefits of €0.5–1.5 million/year, depending on the fuel and energy prices as well as on the carbon dioxide emissions cost. Its economics is most sensitive to the steam to refinery fuel gas cost ratio, as a 10% change alters the resulting benefit by more than €0.5 million. The pollutant emissions generated in the external power production process contribute significantly to the total emissions balance.
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Dadashpour, Iman, and Ahmadreza Rostami. "Identifying and Ranking of Alternative Fuels by Using AHP and PROMETHEE II Methods to Find Best Fuel for Bus Rapid Transit System." International Journal of Business Analytics 5, no. 4 (October 2018): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijban.2018100105.
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Nowadays, one of the most significant concerns is regarding to air pollution. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Industrialized countries have worked to reduce levels of sulfur dioxide, smog, and smoke in order to improve people's health. The problem of air pollution in the metropolises of Iran has been increased. The identification and development of clean fuels and also alternative fuels can play an important role in solving pollution problem. In this article, to find best fuel in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects which are part of sustainability. So, the multi-criteria decision-making techniques like fuzzy hierarchy analysis method and PROMETHEE used to rank and determine the preferred option for alternative fuels used in high-speed buses in Tehran. The results show that the biodiesel was selected as the best fuel to prevent the air pollution emission among the available options.
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Jin, Li, Sun, Zhang, and Zheng. "Factors Controlling Urban and Rural Indirect Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Household Consumption: A Case Study in Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 6563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236563.
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Residential carbon dioxide emissions can be divided into a direct component caused by consumers via direct energy usage and an indirect component caused by consumers buying and using products to meet their needs, with a higher proportion caused by the latter. Based on Beijing panel data for 1993–2012, an economic boom period in China, indirect carbon dioxide emissions were separately calculated for urban and rural households using the consumer lifestyle approach (CLA) model. Then, an extended stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model was used to analyze the influence from two aspects, social economy, and land use, with high precision. Results indicate that indirect CO2 emissions in Beijing households display a rising trend in urban areas but a slight decrease in rural areas. Technology influences and forest land are, respectively, the most important aspects of the social economy and land use. Higher population and urbanization resulted in enhanced emissions in both urban and rural areas. The Engel coefficient presented a negative correlation with indirect CO2 emissions for both rural and urban areas. Compared with urban areas, the per capita net income of rural areas restrained consumption. The consumption structure of urban residents was more biased toward the tertiary industry than that of rural residents. Although technical progress has proceeded, it cannot offset urban residents’ indirect CO2 emissions caused by the large amount and rapid growth of consumption. Regarding land use, urban construction land net primary productivity (NPP) was high and not an important factor contributing to indirect CO2 emissions. Forest and lawn primarily served a recreational function and exhibited a positive impact. Water and cultivated land offered insufficient production and thus had a negative influence. For rural residents, lawn and cultivated land production is self-sufficient. Forests offer a carbon sequence effect, and construction land expansion increased the proportion of developed area, offering a scale effect that resulted in reduced carbon emissions. Based on the results, alternative carbon emission reduction policies have been proposed for each tested influence aspect to reduce emissions, including policies for optimizing industrialization quality, constructing a medium-density city, increasing space efficiency, encouraging sustainable consumption behavior, and increasing the efficiency of energy utilization.
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Lembang, Ronald K., Stenly Huliselan, and Fifin Adji. "PENDUGAAN BIOMASSA DAN KARBON TERSIMPAN MANGROVE Rhizopora apiculata DAN Sonneratia alba DI DESA SIMAU." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2019.3.1.68.
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Global warming is now a global issue marked by the increase of carbon dioxide content in the Earth's atmosphere, so that the impact of climate change can affect the ecological, social and economic aspects. The existence of forests is very important as a reducer of CO2
gas through photosynthesis process and can store carbon in the form of biomass, one of mangrove forest. This study aims to determine the total amount of biomass on surface and carbon stored in Rhizoporan apiculata mangrove and Sonneratia alba. The method used is a pathway method by creating a path along 100 meters and then dividing it in 10 x 10 meters randomly determined plots. Biomass estimation uses previously developed allometric equations in both types. The results showed that the biomass on
surface contained in the Rhizopora apiculata type was 7.80 tons/ha and the total carbon deposit was 3.67 tons/ha, while in the Sonneratia alba type, the amount of surface biomass was 3.33 tons/ha and the total carbon storage of 1.5 tons / ha.
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Yang, Bowen, Liping Liu, and Yanhui Yin. "Will China’s low-carbon policy balance emission reduction and economic development? Evidence from two provinces." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-08-2020-0093.
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Purpose Legislation plays a vital role in solving carbon emissions reduction and climate change issues. China began to implement a low-carbon economic policy in 2010, but the effect of the policy needs to be evaluated. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss China’s low-carbon policy through exploring the following two questions, namely, whether the policy effect reaches the expected goal and whether the policy effects will balance economic development and emission reduction. Then, the paper puts forward suggestions for the improvement of China’s low-carbon policy. Design/methodology/approach This paper is organized around three distinct aspects of policy effect evaluation. This paper uses the synthetic control method to construct a policy effect evaluation model and conducts a quasi-natural experiment. The paper selects annual panel data from 2003 to 2015, which is selected from 33 provinces. A comparative analysis of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic development between Hubei Province and Liaoning Province. Findings The results reveal that the implementation of the low-carbon pilot province policy in 2010 has a significant impact on the emission reduction effect of Liaoning Province, but the impact on the emission reduction effect of Hubei Province is not significant. The carbon emission trading system implemented in 2012 has reduced the emission reductions in Hubei Province and Liaoning Province has achieved better emission reduction effects after the implementation of this policy. After the implementation of the policy, the economic development of Hubei Province has been improved, but it has not brought help to the economic development of Liaoning Province. These findings provide new insights into the use of an emissions trading system for improving economic development and ultimately facilitate the attainment of the broader goal of sustainability. Originality/value This paper proposes an innovative policy effect evaluation method by considering the status of unit gross domestic product, fixed asset investment in the energy industry, energy consumption, emission reduction technology innovation and other evaluation indicators. This paper contributes to broadening current methods of policy effect evaluation in China.
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Ogutu, K. B. Z., F. D'Andrea, M. Ghil, C. Nyandwi, M. M. Manene, and J. N. Muthama. "Coupled Climate–Economy–Biosphere (CoCEB) model – Part 2: Deforestation control and investment in carbon capture and storage technologies." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 865–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-6-865-2015.
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Abstract. This study uses the global climate–economy–biosphere (CoCEB) model developed in Part 1 to investigate economic aspects of deforestation control and carbon sequestration in forests, as well as the efficiency of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as policy measures for climate change mitigation. We assume – as in Part 1 – that replacement of one technology with another occurs in terms of a logistic law, so that the same law also governs the dynamics of reduction in carbon dioxide emission using CCS technologies. In order to take into account the effect of deforestation control, a slightly more complex description of the carbon cycle than in Part 1 is needed. Consequently, we add a biomass equation into the CoCEB model and analyze the ensuing feedbacks and their effects on per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Integrating biomass into the CoCEB and applying deforestation control as well as CCS technologies has the following results: (i) low investment in CCS contributes to reducing industrial carbon emissions and to increasing GDP, but further investment leads to a smaller reduction in emissions, as well as in the incremental GDP growth; and (ii) enhanced deforestation control contributes to a reduction in both deforestation emissions and in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, thus reducing the impacts of climate change and contributing to a slight appreciation of GDP growth. This effect is however very small compared to that of low-carbon technologies or CCS. We also find that the result in (i) is very sensitive to the formulation of CCS costs, while to the contrary, the results for deforestation control are less sensitive.
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Al Hakim, Cepi, Akhmad Fauzi, and Meti Ekayani. "PEMILIHAN ALTERNATIF KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA ENERGI PANAS BUMI DI KAMOJANG, JAWA BARAT DENGAN ANALISIS MULTI CRITERIA DECESION MAKING (MCDM)." Journal of Agriculture, Resource and Environmental Economics 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jaree.v1i2.11774.
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Indonesia has geothermal potential equal to 29.038 MWe. As a clean renewable source of energy, geothermal is an alternative to the non-renewable fossil fuel which brings environmental impact such as carbon dioxide, one of the greenhouse gasses. Geothermal management in Kamojang is located in forest area; consists of 48,86 ha of conservation forest under the West Java Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) management, and 46,50 ha of protection forest under the Perum Perhutani (state-owned forestry enterprise) management. The laws that directly regulate geothermal management in Kamojang are Law Number 5/1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and its Ecosystem, Law Number 41/1999 on Forestry, Law Number 21/2014 on Geothermal, and West Java Regional Regulation Number 6/2006 on Geothermal Management. Determining alternatives for policy on geothermal management considers four aspects; economic, environmental, social and institutional/regulation. The analysis conducted were direct economic value analysis of geothermal, depletion value of geothermal and forest, conflict analysis, and stakeholder analysis. Determining alternatives for policy was done through Multi Criteria Decision making Analysis (MCDM).
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Azarkamand, Sahar, Chris Wooldridge, and R. M. Darbra. "Review of Initiatives and Methodologies to Reduce CO2 Emissions and Climate Change Effects in Ports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 3858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113858.
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Ports are important infrastructures for economic growth and development. Among the most significant environmental aspects of ports that contribute to the issue of climate change are those due to carbon dioxide emissions generated by port activities. Given the importance of this topic, this paper gathers initiatives and methodologies that have been undertaken to calculate and reduce CO2 emissions and climate change effects in ports. After studying these methodologies, their strengths and opportunities for further enhancement have been analyzed. The results show that, in recent years, several ports have started to calculate their carbon footprint and report it. However, in some of the cases, not all the sources of GHG gases that are occurring actually in ports are taken into account, such as emissions from waste treatment operations and employees’ commuting. On other occasions, scopes are not defined following standard guidelines. Furthermore, each authority or operator uses its own method to calculate CO2 emissions, which makes the comparison of results difficult. For these reasons, this paper suggests the need for creating a standardized tool to calculate carbon footprint in ports, which will make it possible to establish a benchmark and a potential comparison of results among ports.
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Gribach, J. S., O. O. Egorychev, and E. V. Kurguzova. "Wind is an alternative source of energy." Power and Autonomous equipment 2, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32464/2618-8716-2019-2-1-40-49.
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Introduction: today, one of the most important problems of the world economy is a limited amount of traditional fuels, due to the consumption of which the needs of humanity for energy are being met. The chapter “Introduction” contains the definition of the term “alternative energy”, which is a set of ways to generate energy when using renewable energy sources. This chapter presents the need to search for renewable energy sources that will increase the ecological potential of the territories, as well as the energy and economic component. The prospects for the use of renewable energy sources have been highlighted, among which one of the most common alternative energy sources is wind. Methods: the chapter “Methods” describes the principles of operation of wind turbines. This chapter describes in detail the process of converting wind energy into mechanical energy. Also in the chapter “Methods” is a classification of existing installations along the axis of rotation with a description of the operation of each of them and highlighted four main ways to transfer wind power to the consumer. Results and discussions: the chapter “Results and Discussions” contains information on the economic benefits of using wind turbines in Russia, as well as a list of favorable regions for the creation of wind power stations. The structure of this chapter includes information on the environmental feasibility of the use of wind power plants, since wind generators compensate for carbon dioxide emissions. Conclusion: in the “Conclusion” presents conclusions that allow you to determine the positive aspects of the use of wind turbines, which include environmental friendliness, efficiency and affordability. It should be emphasized that the wind generator compensates for carbon dioxide emissions associated with its production, so that the use of this type of installation will create the most clean environment.
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Mehmood, Khalid, Yaser Iftikhar, Shouming Chen, Shaheera Amin, Alia Manzoor, and Jinlong Pan. "Analysis of Inter-Temporal Change in the Energy and CO2 Emissions Efficiency of Economies: A Two Divisional Network DEA Approach." Energies 13, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133300.
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Measuring changes in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of various large economies is fundamental for analyzing the impact and effectiveness of various policies in this direction. This study analyzes intertemporal changes in energy and CO2 emissions efficiency of economies by applying a network data envelopment analysis approach that takes into consideration the internal structure of the analysis units. We have applied two divisional network data envelopment analysis models for analysis of the economic and distributive efficiency of economies from 2001 to 2011. The results are very useful in analyzing the situation; we found that none of the economies was efficient in both aspects in the sample period, implying that none of the countries in the analysis was efficient in the production and distribution of economic outputs simultaneously. Brazil, Canada, China and Germany showed improvement in economic efficiency but the distribution efficiency of the most of the economies is low because of the increase in population and high-income class. Most of the countries had an increase in the high-income class but China performed better in the second division because it has managed to improve its middle-income class in the recent past by moving more people from low-income class to middle income class. It is suggested that countries should emphasize on economic restructuring and expansion of the middle-income class to improve their performance in the production and distribution of economic outputs.
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Schirmer, Waldir Nagel, and Maria Isabel Coltro Crovador. "ENERGY GENERATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND THE CURRENT SCENARIO OF BIOGAS RECOVERY IN BRAZIL." Revista CIATEC-UPF 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/ciatec.v1i8.5259.
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The landfill is a method of treatment and final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) widely employed all over the world, mainly in developing countries. The biogas released from landfills raises environmental concerns, as it contributes to the greenhouse effect, due to its high content of methane and carbon dioxide, and in relation to the potential damage to health caused to the surrounding populations of these areas. However, biogas has a great energy potential, representing economic and environmental advantages, making the waste disposal in landfills more sustainable in relation to these economic and environmental aspects. In Brazil, few landfills are technically prepared in recovering energy from biogas, which may be encouraged by the new Solid Waste National Policy, which aims to fit the landfills to the technical criteria of engineering, as well as to provide appropriate instructions on the waste management throughout its life cycle. The present review deals with the process of biogas generation based on municipal solid waste and some techniques that provide quantitative data on the biogas emission, and also the current scenario in Brazil related to the energy recovery from such source of bioenergy and its future potentialities.
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DAVARAZAR, Mahsa, Behrouz NEMATI, Malihe GORGICH, Sara MAHERONNAGHSH, Seyed Asghar BAYAT GHIASI, Sara ZANDI, and Mehdi MOHAMMADI. "A Sustainable Approach for the Site Selection of CO2 Underground Storage. Application of Fuzzy-Delphi Methodology." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning SI, no. 6 (October 16, 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jsspsi.2020.6.11.
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In recent decades, the pace of industrialization has caused an number of environmental problems. A considerable increase in the global energy demand is one of the most important problems in today’s world. In fact, fossil fuels are the main source of energy triggering the release of huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Many efforts have been made by researchers to come up with different strategies to mitigate the global consequences of greenhouse gas emissions such as global warming. One of these strategies is to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emited into the atmosphere. This study aims to select the appropriate sites for carbon dioxide underground storage facilities. The selection of the best sites for CO2 underground storage is very important from various perspectives of sustainable development to accelerate the commercialization of such facilities. In this regard, fuzzy-Delphi methodology was used to prioritize the most important criteria in the CO2 storage process. Nineteen sub-criteria were selected in the technical, health, safety and environmental (HSE), economic and social categories. Specialist questionnaires were prepared, considering all relevant scientific and technical aspects, and experts in the field were invited to participate in the survey. The results were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. According to results, Geology and Lithology, Caprock Permeability, Social Acceptance, Depth, Reservoir Permeability, and Porosity were determined as the highest priorities. Based on the results achieved, it can be concluded that technical criteria are of the highest importance in the site selection of underground carbon dioxide site selection facilities.
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Dong, Jun, Shilin Nie, Hui Huang, Peiwen Yang, Anyuan Fu, and Jin Lin. "Research on Economic Operation Strategy of CHP Microgrid Considering Renewable Energy Sources and Integrated Energy Demand Response." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184825.
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Renewable energy resources (RESs) play an important role in the upgrading and transformation of the global energy structure. However, the question of how to improve the utilization efficiency of RESs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions is still a challenge. Combined heating and power (CHP) is one effective solution and has experienced rapid development. Nevertheless, with the large scale of RESs penetrating into the power system, CHP microgrid economic operation faces great challenges. This paper proposes a CHP microgrid system that contains renewable energy with considering economy, the environment, and system flexibility, and the ultimate goal is to minimize system operation cost and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) cost. Due to the volatility of renewable energy output, the fuzzy C-means (FCM) and clustering comprehensive quality (CCQ) models were first introduced to generate clustering scenarios of the renewable energy output and evaluate the clustering results. In addition, for the sake of improving the flexibility and reliability of the CHP microgrid, this paper considers the battery and integrated energy demand response (IEDR). Moreover, the strategy choices of microgrid operators under the condition of grid-connected and islanded based on environment and interest aspects are also developed, which have rarely been involved in previous studies. Finally, this stochastic optimization problem is transformed into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP), which simplifies the calculation process, and the results show that the operation mode under different conditions will have a great impact on microgrid economic and environmental benefits.
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Porowska, Dorota. "Review of Research Methods for Assessing the Activity of a Municipal Landfill Based on the Landfill Gas Analysis." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.16476.
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Accurate projection of gas generation from landfills poses numerous difficulties. One needs to select and use an appropriate method from among several available options, and consider local and individual conditions of a landfill. These aspects are crucial for the economic management of the landfill gas in new landfills, and for assessing the impact of the gas on soil-water environment in old landfills. This paper is aimed at reviewing the research methods that can be used to assess the activity of new municipal waste landfills currently in operation, and of old, closed landfills after reclamation. Landfill activity can be assessed using different models and analysis of the produced gas. The actual data on the investigated municipal landfill showed that the landfill activity can be accurately assessed based on the quantitative determination of biogas formation using the LandGEM method, and the analysis of gas phase variability in the landfill accounting for oxygen, methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide share/presence. Each landfill is different and calls for an individual approach or methodological modifications.
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Vargas, J. V. C. "EDITORIAL." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 02. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v6i1.61808.
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Fossil fuels are currently recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and the contribution of these fuels to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. Therefore, renewable, carbon neutral, alternative fuels are necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. Several countries have been considering the use of alternative fuels derived from agriculture. In that context, ethanol derived from sugar-cane and/or corn crops, and biodiesel derived from oil crops are potential renewable and carbon neutral alternatives to fossil fuels. Unfortunately, fuel from crops, waste and animal fat cannot realistically satisfy even a small fraction of the existing global demand for fuels. In Brazil, the government has been subsiding ethanol from sugar-cane crops for more than 30 years, and together with research investment on oil off-shore exploration, the initiative made possible for the country, at least for the moment, to become energy self sufficient, but due to oil supplies depletion, that scenery will change in the near future. Another limiting factor is cost. For example, the economic aspect of biodiesel production limits its development and large-scale use. Biodiesel usually costs almost twice the price per liter of conventional diesel fuel, currently in the US.Apart from economic aspects, it is clear that biofuel production technology needs to be improved to meet global fuel demand rate. One possible direction is the use of microalgae, that appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the diesel fuel global demand. Like plants, microalgae use sunlight to produce oils but they do so more efficiently than crop plants. Oil productivity of many microalgae greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best producing oil crops.Approaches for making microalgal biodiesel economically competitive therefore need to be developed.The mission of Engenharia Térmica is to document the scientific progress in areas related to energy, particularly oil and renewables. We are confident we will continue to receive articles’ submissions that help enable sustainable energy solutions in the near future.
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Sutthichaimethee, Pruethsan, and Boonton Dockthaisong. "A Relationship of Causal Factors in the Economic, Social, and Environmental Aspects Affecting the Implementation of Sustainability Policy in Thailand: Enriching the Path Analysis Based on a GMM Model." Resources 7, no. 4 (December 18, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources7040087.
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This research aimed to analyze the influence of the direct and indirect relationships of economic, social, and environmental factors as well as predict their future effects by applying a path analysis of a generalized method of moments model (path analysis–GMM model). The model is believed to be the most effective in relationship analysis, as it is capable of accurate prediction compared to the original models. Most importantly, the model can be applied to different contexts, benefiting the development areas of those contexts. Furthermore, the model has also been found to be the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE), which is suitable for long-term forecasting. However, the study’s results reflect that the three latent variables of economic, social, and environmental factors have direct and indirect effects. In addition, both economic and social factors were found to have causal relationships. The availability of the path analysis–GMM model enables us to forecast the social and economic changes over the next 20 years (2019–2038), and predict the change in energy-related CO2 emissions for the next 20 years (2019–2038). Thus, the study was able to discern the economic and social growth of Thailand. Studies have shown that the economic and social growth of Thailand has increased by 7.85%, based on various indicators. The economic indicators include per capita gross domestic product ( G D P ) , urbanization rate ( U R E ) , industrial structure ( I S E ) , net exports ( X − E ) , and indirect foreign investment ( I F I ) , while the social indicators include employment ( E M S ) , health and illness ( H I S ) , social security ( SSS ) , and consumer protection ( CPS ) . However, the environment has continuously deteriorated, as understood via environmental indicators such as energy consumption ( E C E ) , energy intensity ( E I E ) , and carbon dioxide emissions ( C O 2 ) . This is due to the increment of CO2 emissions in energy consumption of 39.37% (2038/2019) or 103.37 Mt CO2 eq. by 2038. However, by using the path analysis–GMM model to test for performance, it produced the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.01% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.25%. A comparison of the above results with other models, including the multiple regression model, grey model, artificial neural natural model (ANN model), back propagation neural network (BP model), and the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA model) provided evidence that the path analysis–GMM model was the most suitable in forecasting and contextual application to support the formulation of the national strategy in the future.
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Moresová, Mária, Mariana Sedliačiková, Jarmila Schmidtová, and Iveta Hajdúchová. "Green Development in the Construction of Family Houses in Urban and Rural Settlements in Slovakia." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114432.
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Measures that have been implemented to promote green development and environmental protection are increasingly affecting the construction of family houses and hence the economic and social growth. The representatives of the Europe Regional Network of World Green Building Council claim that the building emissions in Europe create up to 36% of the total carbon dioxide production. Therefore, the application of ecological building materials can be one of the possible ways to reach equilibrium between the social-economic growth and green development. The main objective of this paper was to find out the approach of people in urban and rural settlements in Slovakia towards the question of green development in terms of selection of building material for the construction of a family house and their economic-social situation. The issue was mapped in Slovakia using the empirical survey in the form of a questionnaire. The research was evaluated using statistical hypothesis testing methods, descriptive statistics methods, and data visualization. The main economic and social coordinates were identified that influence the choice of building materials for the construction of houses. The results led to conclusions that extend the current knowledge in the field of green development and sustainability in connection with the construction of family houses and the economic–social question in Slovakia. Results indicated that ecological materials are underestimated at nearly 71%. The identified reason for the research is, besides the economic and social issue, mainly the low level of information and promotion of ecological materials that can be used for the construction of family houses, as well as the low level of support by the state of those who are interested in the construction of ecological houses. The following research perspectives in this area should focus even more deeply on the synchronization of ecological, economic, and social aspects of sustainability, not only in the construction of family houses from ecological materials in Slovakia, but also in the construction of public and other buildings in urban and rural settlements.
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Aleksandrova-Zlatanska, Svetlana, and Desislava Zheleva Kalcheva. "Alternatives for Financing of Municipal Investments - Green Bonds." Review of Economic and Business Studies 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2019-0082.
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AbstractThe perspective of global climate change emerges as a significant political, economic, financial and social issue. Scientific researches show that the accumulated carbon dioxide (CO2), released by the industry and agriculture, together with the contribution of man-made greenhouse gases leads to a rise in the temperature of the earth's surface. Traditional sources of financing capital expenditure, such as own revenues and bank financing have proved to be extremely insufficient. At the same time, not only traditional municipal needs, such as costs for street, road, bridge, school construction etc., but also the need of investments related to climate change have been on the rise. The purpose of this article is to examine and analyze alternatives for financing climate change-related municipal investments. The subject of the research is green bonds and the so-called Subnational Pooled Financing Mechanisms, which have already gained popularity in Western Europe but are not yet well known in Eastern Europe. The positive aspects and opportunities that the green bond market reveals as well as the barriers to this type of financing are assessed and an analysis of the practice of bond financing in Europe is made.
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Christensen, Niels Peter, and Michael Larsen. "Assessing the European potential for geological storage of CO2: the GESTCO project." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 4 (July 20, 2004): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v4.4770.
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GESTCO is an acronym for European potential for the Geological Storage of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion. The project formed part of the ENERGIE Programme of the European Union 5th Framework and was concluded in 2003. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) led the project, with the national geological surveys of Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and UK as research partners (Fig. 1). The primary goal of the GESTCO project was to determine whether the geological storage of carbon dioxide captured at large industrial plants is a viable method of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Europe (Christensen 2000; Gale et al.2001; Christensen & Holloway 2003). This was evaluated by a series of case studies that assessed the CO2 storage potential of saline aquifers, geothermal reservoirs, coal seams and oil and gas reservoirs. The case study approach was used so that currently available, largely theoretical, generic information could be applied to real geological situations. In addition aspects of safety and environment, conflicts of using underground space and public and stakeholder perception were evaluated. Secondary goals of the GESTCOproject were to establish an inventory of major CO2 point sources in Europe and a Decision Support System (DSS) to serve as an economic analysis tool for CO2 storage in Europe.
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Gao, Yi, Gaosheng Yang, and Qiuhao Xie. "Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Driving Factors of Green Building Development in China." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072773.
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With the development of the world economy and the rapid increase in population, the carbon dioxide produced by large energy consumption has made environmental issues increasingly prominent, which has brought severe challenges to the survival and development of human society. The construction industry, as a major energy consumer and emitter, must change. Green buildings are an important way to promote the concept of sustainable development in the construction industry. In order to deepen the understanding of the spatial-temporal distribution and evolution characteristics of China’s green building development, this study collected statistical data of China’s green building label projects from 2008 to 2018, and studied the development status of China’s green buildings in three aspects: equilibrium, spatial distribution characteristics and spatial correlation. In addition, the driving factors of green buildings development were analyzed by using geological detectors. The results show that: (1) China’s green building development level has a high spatial imbalance and obvious agglomeration situation, but there is a large diffusion effect; (2) the spatial distribution characteristics, such as the distribution center, distribution range, distribution direction, and distribution shape of green buildings are constantly changing, and the changes have regularity; (3) in the early stage of green building development, there was a significant positive correlation, but most provinces were in low–low clusters; (4) economic level, technical level, and education level are the main factors influencing the development of green buildings.
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Piwowar, Arkadiusz, and Joanna Harasym. "The Importance and Prospects of the Use of Algae in Agribusiness." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145669.
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Agribusiness could be the most promising sector for algae biomass exploitation and popularization. In this paper we summarize the scope of interests in agribusiness which can be fulfilled with algae exploitation. A high growth rate, a high ability to bind carbon dioxide and the potential to accumulate biogenic elements and light metals mean that algae can be used as a raw material for production of biofertilizers, biopesticides, feeds and feed additives. The use of the means of agricultural production based on algae can take place both in organic and conventional agriculture. The development of innovative and low-cost technologies of algae production, including the possibilities of their use in rural areas, provide a basis for changes, improvements and modifications to the existing solutions in the scope of production and use of industrial means of agricultural production. We also show that although there are quite diverse methods of production, and various micro and macro species diversified in chemical content, the economic viability of algae-based agribusiness is still in its infancy. The wide utilization of algae for food product manufacturing opens alternative ways for food acquisition, protecting both the food supply and the planet’s resources. The sustainability aspects of mass algae production implementation seem to be indisputable regarding possible benefits resulting from such technology. The versatility of algae application in food products, along with the very high nutritive and bioactive profile of this ingredient, make this resource of high importance in a low-emission economy.
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Piechota, Grzegorz, and Bartłomiej Igliński. "Biomethane in Poland—Current Status, Potential, Perspective and Development." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061517.
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Every year the interest in biofuels, including biomethane, grows in Poland. Biomethane, obtained from biogas, is widely used in the Polish economy; the most important two applications are as gas injected into the gas grid and as automotive fuel. The aim of this work is to determine the potential for the development of the biomethane sector in Poland. The following article presents the technological stages of biomethane extraction and purification. The investment process for biogas/biomethane installation is presented in the form of a Gannt chart; this process is extremely long in Poland, with a duration of three years. In the coming months, the Polish Oil Mining and Gas Extraction will begin to invest in biomethane, which will be connected to the gas grid, while the Polish oil refiner and petrol retailer, Orlen, will invest in biomethane to be used as automotive fuel. This article includes a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) analysis of the biogas/biomethane sector in Poland. The main barriers to the development of the biogas/biomethane sector in Poland are high investment costs, long lead times and a strong conventional energy lobby. The most important advantages of biogas/biomethane technology in Poland include environmental aspects, high biomethane potential and well-developed agriculture. The development of biogas/biomethane technology in Poland will slowly reduce environmental pollution, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and allow for partial independence from the importing of natural gas.
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Bragaglio, Andrea, Ada Braghieri, Corrado Pacelli, and Fabio Napolitano. "Environmental Impacts of Beef as Corrected for the Provision of Ecosystem Services." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093828.
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We aimed to assess whether the environmental impacts in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and land occupation (LO) of beef can be decreased when ecosystem and cultural/provisioning services are included in the evaluation. We used four Italian production systems: Fat, with beef imported calves kept in confinement; CoCaI, with beef cows and calves kept in confinement; SpEx, with beef cows and calves kept on pasture and finishing conducted in confinement; and Pod, with Podolian cows and calves kept on pasture and finishing conducted in confinement. After the economic allocation, the GWP of system Pod decreased considerably and showed values lower than those computed for systems CoCaI and SpEx (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). System Pod showed the lowest AP and EP as compared with all the other systems (P < 0.01). Systems Fat and CoCaI showed the smallest LO, with values lower than systems Pod (P < 0.05) and SpEx (P < 0.001). We conclude that the environmental impacts of extensive and local beef production systems in terms of GWP, AP, and EP was markedly reduced when the provision of accessory services was included in the calculation. Conversely, LO did not markedly change due to the high absolute values needed to allow pasture-based feeding. The estimation of additional positive aspects linked to the use of natural pastures, such as removal of carbon dioxide, increased biodiversity, and exploitation of feeds nonedible by humans, may allow a further reduction of LO.
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Olufemi Folagbade, Samuel, and Moray David Newlands. "Suitability of cement combinations for carbonation resistance of structural concrete." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 12, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-08-2012-0033.
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Purpose – This paper aims to assess the suitability of cement combination containing CEM I, fly ash, silica fume and metakaolin for durability design against carbonation-induced corrosion in concrete. Design/methodology/approach – Cube compressive strengths at 28 days and accelerated carbonation depths at 28 days and at various exposure ages were determined at the water/cement ratios of 0.35, 0.50 and 0.65. To assess their suitability for carbonation-induced corrosion, the material costs and embodied carbon dioxide (eCO2) contents of the concretes at equivalent performance were compared. Findings – Cement combination concretes achieved equal carbonation resistance with CEM I at higher compressive strengths, lower water/cement ratios and higher cement contents. The comparison of the concretes, at equivalent performance, based on the carbonation-induced corrosion exposure classes XC3 and XC4 (Table A.4 of BS 8500-1), shows that ternary and more binary cement concretes have lower costs and eCO2 contents than those recommended in Table A.6 of BS 8500-1. Research limitations/implications – This analysis is limited to a working life of 50 years. Further research is needed to verify the suitability of the cement combinations for a working life of 100 years and for the other aspects of durability design covered in BS 8500. Practical implications – Cement combination concretes have lower eCO2 content. Hence, when they are cheaper than CEM I concrete at equivalent performance, they would make concrete construction more economic and environmentally compatible. Originality/value – This research suggests the inclusion of metakaolin and ternary cement combination concretes in BS 8500 for durability design against carbonation-induced corrosion.
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Sari, Alperen, Egemen Sulukan, and Dogus Özkan. "Analysis and Modeling the Energy System of a Chemical Tanker by LEAP." Journal of Ship Production and Design 37, no. 01 (February 17, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.07190034.
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Maritime transportation has been a cost-effective option among other transport modes. Meanwhile, this demand has been increasing day by day because of the expanding global economy. The ships are one of the most important transport and trade vehicles in the world; 90% of the world trade is carried out by maritime transport, and this sector plays a crucial role in climate change and global warming because it is one of the key sectors leading to emissions of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas (GHG). In other sectors that lead to CO2 emissions, i.e., energy production, manufacturing industry, and heating in residences, energy efficiency has been improved and emissions have been reduced significantly. However, there has been no net reduction in the transport sector; total CO2 emissions have also increased because of the continuous increase in freight and passenger traffic, although efficiency has increased. Increasing the energy efficiency of a ship allows for fuel consumption reduction and GHG emissions. In this study, the energy system of a chemical tanker ship was analyzed and then modeled by using the long-range energy alternatives planning system, a widely used platform for energy policy analysis and climate change mitigation assessment, including a comprehensive energy flow diagram, namely, reference energy system. A base scenario was developed, and the ship’s energy system was convenient to be analyzed and evaluated in terms of technical, economic, and environmental aspects, including low-emission development strategies, to comply with marine engine regulations of the International Maritime Organization.
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Lim, Natasya, Vincent Felixius, and Timotius Weslie. "Achieving Sustainable Energy Security in Indonesia Through Substitution of Liquefied Petroleum Gas with Dimethyl Ether as Household Fuel." Indonesian Journal of Energy 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/ije.v4i2.100.
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Indonesia has been facing an energy security issue regarding Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) consumption. The rapid increase of LPG consumption and huge import have driven the Indonesian government to develop the alternative for LPG in the household sector. Dimethyl ether (DME) is the well-fit candidate to substitute LPG because of its properties similarities. However, discrepancies in the properties, such as combustion enthalpy and corrosivity, lead to adjustments in the application. Coal is a potential raw material to produce DME, especially in Indonesia, known as the fourth-largest coal producer globally. However, the gasification of coal into DME brings a problem in its sustainability. To compensate for the emission, co-processing of DME with biomass, especially from agricultural residue, has been discovered. Recently, carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from the gasification process has also been developed as the raw material to produce DME. The utilization of CO2 recycling into DME consists of two approaches, methanol synthesis and dehydration reactions (indirect synthesis) and direct hydrogenation of CO2 to DME (direct synthesis). The reactions are supported by the catalytic activity that strongly depends on the metal dispersion, use of dopants and the support choice. Direct synthesis can increase the efficiency of catalysts used for both methanol synthesis and dehydration. This paper intended to summarize the recent advancements in sustainable DME processing. Moreover, an analysis of DME's impact and feasibility in Indonesia was conducted based on the resources, processes, environmental and economic aspects.
Keywords: coal gasification, DME, energy security, LPG, sustainable
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Hassan, Osama A. B., and Christopher Johansson. "Glued laminated timber and steel beams." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 398–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-12-2017-0130.
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Purpose This paper aims to compare glued laminated timber and steel beams with respect to structural design, manufacturing and assembly costs and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents structural design requirements in conformance with EN 1993: Eurocode 5 and Eurocode 3. With the help of these standards, expressions are derived to evaluate the design criteria of the beams. Based on the results of life-cycle analysis, the economic properties and environmental impact of the two types of beam are investigated. In this paper, the effect of beam span on the design values, costs and carbon dioxide emissions is analysed when investigating aspects of the structural design, economy and environmental impact. Different cross-sections are chosen for this purpose. Findings The study shows that the glued laminated (abbreviated as “glulam”) beams have a smaller tendency to lateral torsional buckling than the steel beams, and that they can be cheaper. From an environmental point of view, glulam beams are the more environmentally friendly option of the two beam materials. Furthermore, glulam beams may have a direct positive effect on the environment, considering the carbon storage capacity of the wood. The disadvantage of glued wood is that larger dimensions are sometimes required. Research limitations/implications Wind load and the effect of second-order effects have not been considered when analysing the static design. Only straight beams have been studied. Furthermore, the dynamic design of the beams has not been investigated, and the bearing pressure capacity of the supports has not been analyzed. We have investigated timber beams with a rectangular cross-section, and steel beams of rolled I-sections, known as “HEA profiles”. The cost analysis is based mainly on the manufacturing and assembly costs prevalent on the Swedish market. The only environmental impact investigated has been the emission of greenhouse gases. The design calculations are based on the European standards Eurocode 5 and Eurocode 3. Practical implications To achieve sustainability in construction engineering, it is important to study the environmental and economic consequences of the building elements. By combining these two effects with the technical design of buildings made of steel and/or timber, the concept of sustainable development can be achieved in the long run. Social implications The study concerns sustainability of building structures, which is an important of the sustainable development of the society. Originality/value The paper contains new information and will be useful to researchers and civil engineers.
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Šerkinić, Vlatka, Marijana Majić Renjo, and Viktor Ucović. "CO2 footprint for distribution oil immersed transformers according to ISO 14067:2018." Journal of Energy - Energija 69, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/202069342.
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In the last few decades, climate change and the global warming have emerged as important environmental issues. The cause of global warming is the increase of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). There are several greenhouse gases responsible for global warming: water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxides, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and others. They are mostly the result of the fossil fuels' combustion in cars, buildings, factories, and power plants. The gas responsible for the most of the global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). This increase in the greenhouse gas emissions leads to a greater interest of the consumers, board management and stakeholders in the environmental impact of their activities, products and services.The verification of the Carbon Footprint of distribution oil immersed transformer, presented in this paper, was recognized as an opportunity for the company to understand its own environmental impact and to identify inefficiencies and opportunities within its business.Carbon Footprint of a Product (CFP) is a rather new term closely related to the greenhouse gas emissions. The CFP is considered as a total of the greenhouse emissions generated during the life cycle of a product – that is, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to a final disposal. It is described within the standard ISO 14067:2018 Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and guidelines for quantification [1]. This standard belongs to the environmental series ISO 14000 and enables the organization to demonstrate its environmental responsibility.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as well as the Carbon Footprint of products together with environmental impact of the product, are shown in this paper in accordance with standard ISO 14067:2018. The LCA is a method for the quantification of the environmental impacts of individual products. It takes into account a complete life cycle, starting from a raw material production, until the product’s final disposal or materials’ recycling in accordance with ISO 14040 [2] and ISO 14044 [3]. Greenhouse gases are expressed in mass-based CO2 equivalents (CO2e), which is the unit of measurement in the ISO 14067:2018 standard. The functional unit in ISO 14067:2018 can be either a product or a service. In this paper, the functional unit was the product – oil immersed distribution transformer, in four product variations. The LCA scope used in the preparation of this study was "cradle to gate" – it covers the CFP from the acquisition of the raw materials ("cradle") up to dispatch from the factory ("gate").The objectives of product life cycle considerations in Končar D&ST Inc. are to reduce the use of natural resources and emissions to the environment, as well as to improve social performance at different stages of the product life cycle.By linking the economic and ecological dimension of the production, different aspects during realization of product in all phases of the life cycle come together. In this way company achieves cleaner products and processes, competitive advantage in the market and improved platform that will meet the needs of the changing business climate.Lifecycle thinking is based on the principles of reducing environmental impacts at the beginning of product creation, giving a wider picture of material and energy flow and ultimately environmental pollution prevention. These principles are organized in Končar D&ST Inc. internally by planning and introducing cleaner manufacturing processes, environmental protection management and eco-design.Incorporating ISO 14067:2018 into company business is recognized as an opportunity for transparent communication to interested parties, incorporating CO2 emissions into annual reports and as a baseline information for a first step towards managing carbon emissions.