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Academic literature on the topic 'Atlantico SubTropicale'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Atlantico SubTropicale"

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van der Schrier, Gerad, Sybren S. Drijfhout, Wilco Hazeleger, and Ludovic Noulin. "Increasing the Atlantic subtropical jet cools the circum-North Atlantic Region." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 16, no. 6 (December 17, 2007): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0252.

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Wall-Palmer, Deborah, Mona Hegmann, Erica Goetze, and Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg. "Resolving species boundaries in the Atlanta brunnea species group (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea)." ZooKeys 899 (December 12, 2019): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.899.38892.

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Atlantid heteropods are a family of holoplanktonic marine gastropods that occur primarily in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Atlantids bear a delicate aragonitic shell (<14 mm) and live in the upper ocean, where ocean acidification and ocean warming have a pronounced effect. Therefore, atlantids are likely to be sensitive to these ocean changes. However, we lack sufficiently detailed information on atlantid taxonomy and biogeography, which is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the consequences of a changing ocean. To date, atlantid taxonomy has mainly relied on morphometrics and shell ornamentation, but recent molecular work has highlighted hidden diversity. This study uses an integrated approach in a global analysis of biogeography, variation in shell morphology and molecular phylogenies based on three genes (CO1, 28S and 18S) to resolve the species boundaries within the Atlanta brunnea group. Results identify a new species, Atlanta vanderspoeli, from the Equatorial and South Pacific Ocean, and suggest that individuals of A. brunnea living in the Atlantic Ocean are an incipient species. Our results provide an important advance in atlantid taxonomy and will enable identification of these species in future studies of living and fossil plankton.
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Silva, Bruna Andrelina, Michelle Simões Reboita, Natália Machado Crespo, Rosmeri Porfírio Da Rocha, and Lívia Márcia Mosso Dutra. "Ciclones Subtropicais Guará e Lexi Parte I: Estrutura Térmica e Características Gerais." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.1.p333-342.

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Enquanto para o Oceano Atlântico Sul (OAS) o número de estudos sobre ciclones subtropicais tem aumentado, no oceano Pacífico Sudeste (OPS) estes ainda são raros. Diante disso, objetiva-se contribuir para o entendimento dos processos físicos associados aos ciclones subtropicais Guará, com gênese subtropical pura e ocorrido em dezembro de 2017 no OAS, e Lexi, com transição subtropical e ocorrido em maio de 2018 no OPS. O estudo encontra-se dividido em Parte I e Parte II. A Parte I apresenta a caracterização da estrutura térmica dos dois ciclones, o Índice do Potencial de Gênese (IPG) bem como as características desses sistemas em termos de pressão, ventos e precipitação ao longo do ciclo de vida. Já a Parte II enfoca os processos físicos associados à gênese do Guará e a transição subtropical do Lexi. Para tanto, são utilizados dados da reanálise ERA5. Entre os principais resultados obtidos no estudo Parte I, têm-se que o diagrama de fase confirmou a gênese subtropical pura do ciclone Guará e a gênese extratropical do Lexi com a posterior transição para a categoria subtropical. O IPG mostrou que, no ambiente de gênese/transição subtropical, havia condições ambientais favoráveis a sistemas com núcleo quente, sendo mais intensas no OPS, região conhecida por apresentar temperatura da superfície do mar fria e, por consequência, inviabilizar a formação de ciclones tropicais e subtropicais. O Guará propiciou chuva de cerca de 40 mm no leste da Bahia causando alagamentos. Já o Lexi propiciou chuva somente no oceano.Palavras-Chave: Ciclones Subtropicais, Oceano Atlântico Sul, Oceano Pacífico Sudeste, estrutura térmica, precipitação, ventos Subtropical Cyclones Guará and Lexi Part I - Thermal Structure and General Characteristics A B S T R A C TWhile for the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) the number of studies focusing on the occurrences of subtropical cyclones has increased, in the Southeast Pacific Ocean (SPO) these studies are rare. Therefore, the objective of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the physical processes associated with pure subtropical cyclogenesis of Guará, which occurred in December 2017 in the SAO, and Lexi, with subtropical transition occurred in May 2018 in PSO. The study is divided into Part I and Part II. Part I presents the characterization of the thermal structure of the two cyclones, the Genesis Potential Index (GPI) as well as the characteristics of these systems in terms of pressure, winds and precipitation over the life cycle. On the other hand, Part II focuses on the physical processes associated with the genesis of Guará and the subtropical transition of Lexi. For this purpose, data from the ERA5 reanalysis are used. Among the main results of the study Part I, we obtained that the phase diagram confirmed the pure subtropical genesis of Guará and the extratropical genesis of Lexi with the subsequent transition to the subtropical category. The GPI showed that, in the subtropical genesis/transition environment, there were favorable environmental conditions for warm core systems, being more intense in the SPO, a region known for presenting cold sea surface temperature and, consequently, making the formation of tropical and subtropical cyclones unfeasible. Guará caused rain of about 40 mm on the eastern sector of Bahia State leading to flooding. Lexi provided rain only in the ocean.Keywords: Subtropical Cyclones, South Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, thermal structure, precipitation, winds
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Mill, Guilherme Nogueira, and Afonso De Moraes Paiva. "SUBDUCTION OF SOUTH ATLANTIC SUBTROPICAL MODE WATERS." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i3.323.

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ABSTRACT. The formation of the Subtropical Mode Waters (STMW) in the South Atlantic, part of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), by the subduction process, transferring mixed layer fluid into the permanent thermocline, is investigated using results of numerical simulations with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Subduction rates were estimated by the kinematic method, adding the lateral induction of fluid through the sloping base of winter mixed layer with the vertical velocities at the base of winter mixed layer. Subduction rates above 100 m/year were found over the South Atlantic Subtropical Front, with maximum rates larger than 200 m/year in three distinct regions. The subduction pattern is dominated by the contribution of lateral induction, specially over the Subtropical Front, with rates significantly larger than the maximum rate of Ekman pumping. Different STMW were identified, associated with maximum layers thickness in isopycnals representative of upper and middle portion of SACW. The regions of maximum subduction rates were associated with the formation of the STMW.Keywords: mixed layer, ventilation, SACW, permanent thermocline, lateral induction. RESUMO. A formação de Águas Modais Subtropicais (AMS) no Atlântico Sul, que fazem parte da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS), transferindo fluido da camada de mistura para a termoclina permantente pelo processo de subducção, foi estudada a partir dos resultados de simulações numéricas com um modelo oceânico de coordenadas híbridas (HYCOM – Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model). A subducção foi calculada pelo método cinemático, somando as contribuições da indução lateral de fluido através da base da camada de mistura e as velocidades verticais na base da camada de mistura de inverno. Foram encontradas taxas de subducção superiores a 100 m/ano ao longo da Frente Subtropical do Atlântico Sul, com três núcleos distintos de máxima subducção atingindo mais de 200 m/ano. A indução lateral mostrou-se o processo dominante na subducção, especialmente ao longo da frente, com taxas significativamente superiores ao bombeamento de Ekman. Foram identificadas diferentes AMS associadas às máximas espessuras de camadas representativas das porções média e superior da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS). As regiões de máximas taxas de subducção estão associadas à formação das AMS.Palavras-chave: camada de mistura, ventilação, ACAS, termoclina permanente, indução lateral.
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He, Chao, Bo Wu, Liwei Zou, and Tianjun Zhou. "Responses of the Summertime Subtropical Anticyclones to Global Warming." Journal of Climate 30, no. 16 (August 2017): 6465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0529.1.

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Subtropical anticyclones dominate the subtropical ocean basins in summer. Using the multimodel output from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the future changes of the subtropical anticyclones as a response to global warming are investigated, based on the changes in subsidence, low-level divergence, and rotational wind. The subtropical anticyclones over the North Pacific, South Atlantic, and south Indian Ocean are projected to become weaker, whereas the North Atlantic subtropical anticyclone (NASA) intensifies, and the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone (SPSA) shows uncertainty but is likely to intensify. Diagnostic analyses and idealized simulations suggest that the projected changes in the subtropical anticyclones are well explained by the combined effect of increased tropospheric static stability and changes in diabatic heating. Increased static stability acts to reduce the intensity of all the subtropical anticyclones, through the positive mean advection of stratification change (MASC) over the subsidence regions of the subtropical anticyclones. The pattern of change in diabatic heating is dominated by latent heating associated with changes in precipitation, which is enhanced over the western North Pacific under the “richest get richer” mechanism but is reduced over subtropical North Atlantic and South Pacific due to a local minimum of SST warming amplitude. The change in the diabatic heating pattern substantially enhances the subtropical anticyclones over the North Atlantic and South Pacific but weakens the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone.
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Zhang, Dongxiao, Michael J. McPhaden, and William E. Johns. "Observational Evidence for Flow between the Subtropical and Tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic Subtropical Cells*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1783–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2408.1.

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Abstract This study determines the mean pathways and volume transports in the pycnocline and surface layer for water flowing between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean, using potential vorticity, salinity, geostrophic flow maps on isopycnal surfaces, and surface drifter velocities. In both hemispheres, subducted salinity maximum waters flow into the Tropics in the pycnocline along both interior and western boundary pathways. The North Atlantic ventilating trajectories are confined to densities between about 23.2 and 26.0 σθ, and only about 2 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s–1) of water reaches the Tropics through the interior pathway, whereas the western boundary contributes about 3 Sv to the equatorward thermocline flow. Flow on shallower surfaces of this density range originates from the central Atlantic near 40°W between 12° and 16°N whereas flow on the deeper surfaces originates from near 20°W just off the coast of Africa at higher latitudes. The pathways skirt around the potential vorticity barrier located under the intertropical convergence zone and reach their westernmost location at about 10°N. In the South Atlantic, about 10 Sv of thermocline water reaches the equator through the combination of interior (4 Sv) and western boundary (6 Sv) routes in a slightly higher density range than in the North Atlantic. Similar to the North Atlantic, the shallower layers originate in the central part of the basin (along 10°–30°W at 10°–15°S) and the deeper layers originate at higher latitudes from the eastern part of the basin. However, the ventilation pathways are spread over a much wider interior window in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere that at 6°S extends from 10°W to the western boundary. The equatorward convergent flows in the thermocline upwell into the surface layer and return to the subtropics through surface poleward divergence. As much as 70% of the tropical Atlantic upwelling into the surface layer is associated with these subtropical circulation cells, with the remainder contributed by the warm return flow of the large-scale thermohaline overturning circulation.
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MOLINARI, R. L., G. A. MAUL, F. CHEW, W. D. WILSON, M. BUSHEELL, D. MAYER, K. LEAMAN, et al. "Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies: Introduction." Science 227, no. 4684 (January 18, 1985): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4684.292.

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Davis, Robert E., Bruce P. Hayden, David A. Gay, William L. Phillips, and Gregory V. Jones. "The North Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone." Journal of Climate 10, no. 4 (April 1997): 728–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0728:tnasa>2.0.co;2.

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Silva, Bruna Andrelina, Michelle Simões Reboita, Lívia Márcia Mosso Dutra, Natália Machado Crespo, and Rosmeri Porfírio Da Rocha. "Ciclones Subtropicais Guará e Lexi Parte II: Processos Físicos Responsáveis pelas Características Subtropicais." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.1.p359-372.

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Nesse estudo, os processos físicos responsáveis pela ciclogênese subtropical pura do ciclone Guará e da transição subtropical do Lexi são investigados. O ciclone Guará teve gênese no oceano Atlântico Sul em dezembro de 2017 e o ciclone Lexi teve gênese no oceano Pacífico Sudeste em maio de 2018. Como no estudo Parte I, aqui também se utiliza a reanálise ERA5. Para cada ciclone é realizada a análise sinótica e dos balanços de calor e vorticidade. Entre os principais resultados desse estudo têm-se que a transição subtropical do ciclone Lexi foi influenciada pela interação com uma cutoff low, que favoreceu um ambiente com fraco cisalhamento vertical do vento horizontal, à medida que estava se acoplando com o ciclone extratropical em superfície. O ciclone subtropical Guará se formou associado tanto a processos dinâmicos (presença de um cavado de onda curta de pequena amplitude em 500 hPa), cisalhamento horizontal do vento induzindo vorticidade ciclônica em baixos níveis da atmosfera e o fraco cisalhamento vertical do vento horizontal, quanto à processos termodinâmicos, como a influência da transferência turbulenta de calor e umidade na interface mar-ar. Os balanços de calor e vorticidade nas imediações de cada um dos ciclones contribuíram para confirmar a ocorrência dos processos descritos, assim como evidenciam o papel relevante da liberação de calor latente associada à convecção na fase de formação do Guará e de transição subtropical do Lexi. Palavras-chave: Ciclones Subtropicais, Oceano Atlântico Sul, Oceano Pacífico Sudeste, balanços de calor e vorticidade Subtropical cyclones Guará and LexiPart II: physical processes responsible for the subtropical characteristics A B S T R A C TIn this study, the physical processes responsible for the pure subtropical cyclogenesis of Guará and the subtropical transition of Lexi are investigated. Cyclone Guará had its genesis in the South Atlantic Ocean in December 2017 and cyclone Lexi had its genesis in the Southeast Pacific Ocean in May 2018. As in the study Part I, ERA5 reanalysis is also used here. Synoptic analysis and heat and vorticity balances are performed for each cyclone. Among the main results of this study we obtained that the Lexi's subtropical transition was influenced by the interaction with a cutoff low, which favored an environment with weak vertical shear of horizontal wind, as it was coupling with the extratropical cyclone at surface. The subtropical cyclone Guará was formed associated with dynamic processes (presence of a short wave trough with small amplitude at 500 hPa), horizontal wind shear inducing cyclonic vorticity at low-levels of the atmosphere and weak vertical shear of horizontal wind, and thermodynamic processes, as the influence of turbulent transfer of heat and moisture at the sea-air interface. The heat and vorticity budgets equations of each cyclone contributed to confirm the occurrence of the described processes, as well highlight the relevant role of the release of the latent heat associated with the convection in the Guará formation and Lexi subtropical transition.Keywords: Subtropical Cyclones, South Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, Cutoff Low, heat and vorticity budgets
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Mulitza, Stefan, and Carsten Rühlemann. "African Monsoonal Precipitation Modulated by Interhemispheric Temperature Gradients." Quaternary Research 53, no. 2 (March 2000): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2110.

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AbstractThe deglacial pattern of a high-resolution alkenone-derived temperature record from the southeastern tropical Atlantic was compared with one from the northeastern subtropical Atlantic. During Termination 1b, surface waters in the eastern tropical Atlantic (6°S) reached modern temperatures, whereas those in the subtropical northeastern Atlantic (21°N) were still considerably colder than today. This asymmetrical warming may reflect meltwater-induced reductions in the northward heat transport and helps to explain rapid changes in monsoonal precipitation over Africa during the early Holocene.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Atlantico SubTropicale"

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Braga, Martim Mas e. "Frontal system changes in the Southeastern Atlantic Ocean." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21135/tde-09042018-112125/.

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The transition between the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean is marked by a frontal system that includes both the South Atlantic Current and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). In the eastern part of the basin the latitudinal position of the fronts that compose this system is thought to control the input of warm waters into the Atlantic basin through the Agulhas Leakage. Changes in the Subtropical and Polar regimes associated with the system that marks the boundary between the Subtropical Gyre and the ACC are investigated using the simulation results of the ocean component of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model (CESM), POP2. Sea surface height gradients and specific contours are used to identify and track the ocean fronts position. We compare the Subtropical Front position at the eastern edge of the South Atlantic to changes in temperature and salinity, as well as Agulhas Current transports and the overlying wind field, in order to determine what could be driving frontal variability at this region and its consequences to volume transport from the Indian into the Atlantic. Results suggest that the Subtropical Front is not the southern boundary of the subtropical gyre, but it responds to changes in the \"Supergyre\", especially the Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre expansion.
A transição entre os oceanos Atlântico Sul e Austral é marcada por um sistema frontal que inclui tanto a Corrente do Atlântico Sul quanto a Corrente Circumpolar Antártica (CCA). Na porção oeste da bacia, acredita-se que a posição meridional das frentes que compõem este sistema controla o aporte de águas quentes para o Atlântico pelo Vazamento das Agulhas. Mudanças nos regimes subtropical e polar associadas ao sistema que marca o limite entre o giro subtropical e a CCA são investigadas através dos resultados da componente oceânica do modelo do National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), o Community Earth System Model (CESM). O gradiente meridional, bem como valores específicos de altura da superfície do mar são usados para identificar e acompanhar a posição destas frentes oceânicas. A comparação da posição da Frente Subtropical no limite leste do Atlântico Sul com as mudanças na temperatura e salinidade, assim como no transporte da Corrente das Agulhas e do campo de ventos sobrejacente, é feita para determinar quais as forçantes da variabilidade frontal nesta região e suas consequências no transporte de volume entre o Índico e o Atlântico. Resultados sugerem que a Frente Subtropical não é o limite sul do giro subtropical, mas responde às mudanças no \"Supergiro\", especialmente à expansão do Giro Subtropical do Oceano Índico.
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Lisboa, Leonardo Kleba. "Dinâmica da vegetação ripária em riachos de Mata Atlântica subtropical." Florianópolis, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/101006.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal
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O aporte de detritos vegetais alóctones é de suma importância para a dinâmica energética de riachos florestados de cabeceira, influenciando na estruturação das comunidades aquáticas. Padrões de aporte e composição desse material estão diretamente relacionados com o tipo e a integridade da vegetação ripária, e são influenciados pelo clima e geomorfologia local. Poucos estudos sobre o tema têm sido feitos em riachos de Mata Atlântica, e são ainda mais raros em ambiente subtropical. O objetivo da presente dissertação foi avaliar padrões temporais de aporte e composição da matéria orgânica (MO) vegetal alóctone em um riacho de Floresta Ombrófila Densa preservada (capítulo 1), e determinar a influência da composição e biomassa dos detritos foliares do estoque bêntico na estruturação espaço-temporal das comunidades de invertebrados aquáticos associados em riachos com diferentes graus de integridade da vegetação ripária (capítulo 2). Foram realizados experimentos entre agosto de 2010 a agosto de 2011 no riacho Cachoeira Grande (preservado), e até junho de 2011 no riacho Ribeirão Grande (impactado), ambos localizados na mesma bacia, coberta por Floresta Ombrófila Densa subtropical. O experimento de dinâmica da vegetação ripária evidenciou uma participação muito maior do aporte lateral, em detrimento ao vertical, na incorporação direta de MO ao riacho, superando também os valores do aporte terrestre e estoque bêntico. Houve grande variação temporal na quantidade e na composição do detrito vegetal ao longo do ano, influenciada principalmente pela precipitação e padrões fenológicos. As principais espécies na dinâmica da MO do riacho foram Schizolobium parahyba, Ficus eximia, Virola bicuhyba, Ficus adhatodifolia, Cupania vernalis e Tetrorchidium rubrivenium. Para comunidade de invertebrados aquáticos, a riqueza de espécies do detrito, assim como temperatura da água, biomassa de galhos e condutividade foram responsáveis pela variação espacial entre os riachos. A variação temporal na distribuição da comunidade em ambos ocorreu em função da temperatura da água e precipitação, mas apenas para o preservado a quantidade de folhas foi importante. A variação no riacho impactado foi mais pronunciada. Os resultados descrevem um padrão de aporte diferente dos encontrados na literatura, e demonstram a importância da integridade da vegetação ripária no fornecimento de subsídios e estabilidade da comunidade de invertebrados aquáticos em riachos de cabeceira. Assim, se evidencia a importância da integridade das zonas ripárias para os sistemas aquáticos, enfatizando a necessidade de conservação e recuperação dessas áreas.
Input of allochthonous leaf litter is extremely important for energetic dynamics of forested headwater streams, influencing the aquatic communities' structures. Patterns of input and composition of this material are directly related to riparian vegetation type and integrity, and respond to local climate and geomorphology. Little attention to this issue has been paid for Atlantic Forest streams, and studies are even rarer in subtropical environments. The objectives of the present dissertation were to evaluate temporal patterns of input and composition of vegetable allochthonous organic matter (OM) in a preserved Atlantic Rain Forest stream (chapter 1), and determine the influence of benthic leaf litter biomass and composition on aquatic invertebrate communities' temporal-space structure in streams with different riparian vegetation integrity states (chapter 2). Experiments were undertaken between August/2010 and August/2011 for Cachoeira Grande (preserved) stream, and until June/2011 in Ribeirão Grande (impacted) stream, both situated in the same watershed covered by subtropical Atlantic Rain Forest vegetation. Riparian vegetation dynamics experiment showed a higher contribution of lateral input, when compared with vertical input, in direct OM entry into the stream, exceeding values of terrestrial input and benthic stocks. There was a temporal variation in quantity and composition of vegetable litter during the year, controlled mainly by precipitation and phenological factors. The main species of OM dynamics were Schizolobium parahyba, Ficus eximia, Virola bicuhyba, Ficus adhatodifolia, Cupania vernalis e Tetrorchidium rubrivenium. For aquatic invertebrate community, leaf litter species richness, as well as water temperature, branch biomass and conductivity were responsible for spatial variations between the streams. Temporal variation in the distributions of communities of both streams occurred in function of water temperature and precipitation, but just for the preserved one leaf biomass was important. Variation in the impacted stream was more pronounced. The results describe an input pattern distinct from those found in literature, and demonstrate the importance of riparian vegetation integrity on providing subsidies and stability of aquatic invertebrate community in headwater streams. Thus, the importance of riparian zone integrity is shown for aquatic systems, which highlights the necessity for conservation and restoration of these areas.
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Bouman, Heather Alison. "Photosynthetic and optical properties of subtropical North Atlantic phytoplankton." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ36401.pdf.

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Painter, S. C. "New production in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41336/.

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Subtropical gyres represent the single largest oceanic biome and may be very important for carbon cycling on account of their areal extent, yet our understanding of how these regions operate biologically is lacking. To address this issue measurements of NO3-, NH4+ and urea uptake were made using the 15N technique on 2 Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises between 50oS and 50oN in May-June 2003 (AMT12) and April-June 2004 (AMT14). Distinct vertical profiles in the uptake of each nutrient were evident with urea uptake primarily confined to tropical and subtropical surface waters, NH4+ uptake to surface and intermediate waters and NO3- uptake peaking at depth leading to the observation of deep maxima in NO3- uptake within the subtropical gyres often coincident with the nutricline and with the deep chlorophyll maximum. Comparisons between the two cruises reveal interannual changes including an increase in the uptake rates of all three nutrients during AMT14, particularly NO3- which is driven by an increase in ambient NO3- concentrations. Several other parameters (e.g. chlorophyll, 14C carbon fixation, other nutrients) were also higher during AMT14 compared to AMT12 suggesting gyre scale variation. Estimates of NO3- based new production, obtained via a stoichiometric (Redfield) ratio, for the two cruises reveal relatively consistent rates within the tropics and subtropics within each cruise but higher rates of new production during AMT14. A greater proportion of new production was observed to occur in the lower 15% of the euphotic zone than in the surface layer reflecting the position and influence of the nutricline. A northward increase in new production in the lower regions of the euphotic zone was also observed which is hypothesized to represent a seasonal signal implying a degree of seasonality in the behaviour of the deep chlorophyll maximum and of deep NO3- uptake. The historical AMT database (AMT cruises 1-14) has been used to further examine the deep chlorophyll maximum. The observations of high NO3- uptake at depth, in excess of 14C based productivity nitrogen requirements and new production estimates exceeding total production rates suggests that nitrogen and carbon uptake may be decoupled at depth or that the measured NO3- uptake may not in fact represent new production. Integrated rates of new production were also occasionally found to locally exceed integrated community gross production and community respiration. Comparisons between new production and 234Th export production during AMT14 reveal that the two measurements are not equal, most likely on account of the different time scales of the two techniques, but comparisons with other parameters (carbon fixation, gross and net production and respiration) reveal that none of the parameters produce exact answers although similar patterns and magnitudes of carbon flux can be obtained. This would suggest that local decoupling of all rate processes is likely.
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Brearley, James Alexander. "Upper ocean transport variability in the subtropical North Atlantic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/191959/.

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Many general circulation models predict a reduction in overturning strength in the 21st century as a response to anthropogenic forcing, meaning that novel methods of monitoring individual components of the subtropical North Atlantic circulation are required. This observational study outlines efforts to monitor upper ocean transports near the 36°N latitude line and to identify possible forcing mechanisms. Specifically, an optimal interpolation scheme is employed to synthesise annual and seasonal sections of the Atlantic using T/S data from Argo floats and the Line W array from 2002 to 2007. Combining these data with an estimate of the barotropic velocity yields accurate values of the interior geostrophic transport above 1000 dbar. Close to the western boundary, where errors incurred by the scheme are larger, altimetric SSH differences are used to quantify the Gulf Stream transport above 2000 dbar at 10-day resolution. Finally, a detailed analysis of wind stress and wind stress curl fields of the subtropical North Atlantic is used to estimate both the Ekman and Sverdrup transports and to isolate the dominant time and space scales of variability. The mean zonally integrated interior transport above 1000 dbar between the eastern boundary and the Gulf Stream was -48.0 ± 3.3 Sv, where the error represents the standard error of the seasonal baroclinic transport estimates. The size of the variability between seasons was similar to the interannual variability (standard deviations of 6.6 Sv and 7.7 Sv). Most variability at interannual timescales arises from changes in the density structure of the main thermocline west of 40°W. Neither interannual nor seasonal variability in the interior transport correlate with changes in the Sverdrup transport, though the Sverdrup relation does account for the mean upper ocean transport in the eastern basin. Gulf Stream transport across Line W in the period 2002 to 2008 was estimated to be 87.6 (± 0.8 Sv standard error) in the upper 1000 dbar, with a peak transport in late summer. In line with earlier studies, the seasonal cycle of the transport appears to be correlated with local wind stress curl forcing but determining the precise mechanism requires further theoretical and modelling work.
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Funke, Michael. "On the subtropical front in the South Atlantic Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6473.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-72).
The region surrounding the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago has received little attention to date due to its remote location. An extensive revision of previous literature covers the majority of oceanographic research undertaken in the region of interest. New satellite derived oceanographic data sets and the SODA Reanalysed model are used to overcome the sparse extent of in-situ data in this region. Using latitudinal temperature gradients to track the surface expression of the Subtropical Front from AMSR and OISST satellite derived sea surface temperature data reveals consistencies with previous literature.
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Walker, Carolyn Faye, and n/a. "Nutrient dynamics during winter convection in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre." University of Otago. Department of Chemistry, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090825.142702.

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Storm-induced open-ocean convective mixing is one of the primary processes controlling the supply of nitrate to the sunlit layer of the oligotrophic North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NASG). Yet, the magnitude and timing of nitrate fluxes during winter convection is poorly understood due to an absence of targeted process studies. In the northwest NASG, multiple quasi-Lagrangian studies were conducted during the boreal winters of 2004 and 2005 in an effort to sample strong winter convection. During each of the time-series studies, inventories of vertically fluxed nitrate were quantified approximately every twelve hours using the distribution of helium isotopes ([delta]�He) and nitrate in the water column. This method is known as the Helium Flux Gauge Technique (HFGT). Large variability in surface forcing and density structure of the upper ocean was observed between the two years; however, only winter 2005 experienced convective mixing to depths greater than 150 m. In winter 2004, mild atmospheric conditions coincided with a positive phase in the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), consistent with the dominant regime experienced during the previous decade. On average 36 � 9 mmol m[-2] of fluxed nitrate was inferred by excess �He in the mixed layer of the ocean during the winter 2004 study period. This inventory of physically transported nitrate is attributed to the sampling of waters laterally advected from nearby eddy features. The sampling of multiple water masses is likely due to the inability of the drogue to persistently follow water masses efficiently. Although physical evidence indicates spatial variability within the time-series data, the length scales of convective mixing appear to be greater than those associated with spatial aliasing as a result of drogue performance. This observation provides us with increased confidence that the objectives for the present study are not compromised by spatial variability in the data. In contrast, winter 2005 experienced a negative NAO, strong physical forcing and convective mixing to depths > 250 m. Two convectively modified water masses, most likely resulting from a single storm event, were sampled at different stages of development. These two water masses exhibit large variability in the magnitude of nitrate entrained in the convective layer from the thermocline. An average inventory of 247 � 56 mmol NO₃[-]m[-2] was entrained in the rapidly expanding convective layer of the first water mass in the first few days following the storm approach. In contrast, ongoing entrainment of nitrate was absent from the second water mass, sampled two weeks later when the depth of the surface mixed layer was consistently ~ 300 m. These results indicate that surrounding fluid is entrained into the convective layer when it is actively expanding in the vertical. On the other hand, significant fluid entrainment does not occur at the base of the plume once sinking waters have reached a level of neutral buoyancy. The persistence of elevated nitrate stocks (~ 100 mmol m[-2]) in the convective layer two to three weeks after the inferred injection event, suggests sub-optimal nitrate uptake by resident phytoplankton. Phytoplankton growth was most likely resource limited by light or a micronutrient such as iron. Despite the implied biolimitation, changes in chlorophyll-a, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, indicate net production within the convective layer. On average, the convective layer was observed to support an inventory of 62 � 6mg chlorophyll-a m[-2], increasing at an average rate of 3.4mg m[-2] d[-1]. This inventory indicates a slow build-up of phytoplankton biomass to near bloom levels, ahead of the main spring bloom that typically follows formation of the seasonal thermocline near Bermuda. Net production in the convective layer was likely due to transient periods of increased (weak) surface stability that were observed to support high phytoplankton biomass, following the cessation of thermocline fluid entrainment. When nitrate and excess �He in samples collected from the thermocline were regressed for the purpose of quantifying nitrate fluxes, the results showed that between 1.6 - 2.0 [mu]mol kg[-1] of dissolved nitrate was present during formation of the water mass. This suggests the source of this excess (above Redfield ratios) nitrate in the thermocline of the NASG is not local, and has ramifications for local nitrogen fixation budgets determined using geochemical approaches. Thesis supervisors: William J. Jenkins, Senior Scientist, WHOI (United States of America); Philip W. Boyd, Senior Scientist, NIWA (New Zealand); Michael W. Lomas, Senior Scientist, BIOS (Bermuda)
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Brown, Peter Jonathan. "Natural and anthropogenic carbon dioxide fluxes in the subtropical North Atlantic." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501750.

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Current models suggest that the North Atlantic is a region of high, and increasing, uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Canth). However, recent studies of carbon transports and related budgets have suggested that, although the region north of 24.5°N is a net sink of CO2, its magnitude has not changed since the onset of the industrial era, implying no uptake of Canth. The accumulation of Canth within the region is instead thought to be due to CO2 uptake south of 24.5°N before advection into the North Atlantic basin in the upper limb of the meridional overturning circulation.
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Lavín, Montero Alicia María. "Climatic changes in temperature and salinity in the subtropical North Atlantic." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54362.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-126).
by Alica María Lavín Montero.
M.S.
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Cortezi, Matheus Vasconcellos. "Observations of the South Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water using PIES data." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21135/tde-23032018-141954/.

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Subtropical mode water is a voluminous body of water in the ocean whose main feature is the homogeneity in both vertical structure and horizontal extension. The subtropical mode water (STMW) of the southwest Atlantic is formed between the months of July and October near the Brazil-Malvinas confluence and along the Brazil Current recirculation gyre. The formation region extends on the order of 3000 km zonally, from 20°W to 50°W, and 1000 km meridionally, from 30°S to 40°S, and it is typically about 170 m thick. In situ data from pressure-equipped inverted echo sounders (PIES) installed in the western portion of the basin, along 34.5°S, are available from 2009 to the present. These data after processed and calibrated can provide an unprecedented description of the STMW involving processes since its formation at the surface until the final stage of its residence in the interior of the ocean. Temperature and salinity data estimated by the PIES are based on empirical look-up tables that relate the acoustic travel time with the baroclinic structure of the ocean. This technique is known as the Gravest Empirical Mode (GEM), and here it is used to detect profiles containing homogeneous segments of temperature and salinity that characterize the mode water. The GEM method was seasonally corrected to reconstruct surface variability necessary for STMW formation. The interannual covariance between STMW layer thickness and the Brazil Current was calculated, but no significant correlation at that time scale was observed. The mode water layer detected was about 220 m ± 55 m thick on all sites, agreeing with previous studies.
A água modal subtropical é um grande volume de água no oceano cuja característica principal é a homogeneidade nas estruturas vertical e horizontal. A água modal subtropical do sudoeste do Atlântico é formada entre os meses de julho e outubro perto da confluência Brasil-Malvinas e ao longo da recirculação da Corrente do Brasil. A região de formação se estende na ordem de 3000 km zonalmente, de 20°W a 50°W e 1000 km meridionalmente, de 30°S a 40°S, e tipicamente tem cerca de 170 m de espessura. Dados in situ de ecossondas invertidas com sensor de pressão (PIES) instaladas na porção ocidental da bacia, ao longo de 34,5°S, estão disponíveis a partir de 2009 até o presente. Estes dados após o processamento e calibração podem fornecer uma descrição sem precedentes da Água Modal Subtropical do Atlântico Sul envolvendo processos desde sua formação na superfície até o estágio final de sua permanência no interior do oceano. Os dados de temperatura e salinidade estimados pelos PIES são baseados em tabelas de referência (look-up tables) que relacionam o tempo de retorno do sinal acústico com a estrutura baroclínica do oceano. Esta técnica é conhecida como o Gravest Empirical Mode (GEM),e aqui é usado para detectar perfis contendo segmentos homogêneos de temperatura e salinidade que caracterizam a água modal. Foi aplicada uma correção sazonal ao método GEM para reconstruir a variabilidade da superfície necessária para a formação STMW. A covariância interanual entre a espessura da camada STMW e a corrente do Brasil foi calculada, mas não foi observada correlação significativa naquela escala de tempo. A camada de água em modo detectada foi de cerca de 220 m ± 55 m de espessura em todos os sites, concordando com estudos prévios.
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Books on the topic "Atlantico SubTropicale"

1

1944-, Seeliger U., Odebrecht C. 1952-, and Castello Jorge Pablo, eds. Subtropical convergence environments: The coast and sea in the southwestern Atlantic. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1989. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1989. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1987. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1988.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1987. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1988.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1988. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1989.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1989. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1987. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1988.

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Marie, Wilburn Anne, and Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, eds. Hydrographic observations in the western tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean: Atlantic Climate Change Program (ACCP) and Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment (WESTRAX) during 1990. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 1993.

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Reuer, Matthew K. Centennial-scale elemental and isotopic variability in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Atlantico SubTropicale"

1

Pelegrí, J. L., P. Sangrà, and A. Hernández-Guerra. "Heat Gain in the Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre." In The Mathematics of Models for Climatology and Environment, 419–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60603-8_14.

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Odebrecht, Clarisse, Maria C. Villac, Paulo C. Abreu, Lumi Haraguchi, Piter D. F. Gomes, and Denise Rivera Tenenbaum. "Flagellates Versus Diatoms: Phytoplankton Trends in Tropical and Subtropical Estuarine-Coastal Ecosystems." In Plankton Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic, 249–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77869-3_12.

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Rörig, Leonardo R., Marcio da Silva Tamanaha, Graziela da Rosa Persich, Carlos A. França Schettini, and Eliane C. Truccolo Schettini. "Phytoplankton Patterns and Processes in a Tropical-Subtropical Transition Region: Santa Catarina Coast, Southern Brazil." In Plankton Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic, 269–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77869-3_13.

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Thorhaug, A., and J. H. Marcus. "Effects of Seven Dispersants on Growth of Three Subtropical/Tropical Atlantic Seagrasses." In Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems, 201–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3573-0_17.

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Barton, E. D. "The Poleward Undercurrent on the Eastern Boundary of the Subtropical North Atlantic." In Poleward Flows Along Eastern Ocean Boundaries, 82–95. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8963-7_8.

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Barton, E. D. "The Poleward undercurrent on the eastern boundary of the subtropical North Atlantic." In Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 82–95. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce034p0082.

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Brandini, Frederico P. "Phytoplankton Assemblages of the Subtropical South West Atlantic: Composition and Dynamics in Relation to Physical and Chemical Processes." In Plankton Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic, 129–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77869-3_7.

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Da Silva, Meyre P., and Ping Chang. "Seasonal Variation of the Subtropical/Tropical Pathways in the Atlantic Ocean from an Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment." In Earth's Climate, 305–18. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/147gm16.

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Montoto-Martínez, Tania, J. Joaquín Hernández-Brito, and María Dolores Gelado-Caballero. "First Observations and Monitoring of Microplastics on Oceanic and Coastal Waters off the Canary Islands (Subtropical NE Atlantic)." In Springer Water, 294–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45909-3_47.

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Misra, Vasubandhu. "The North Atlantic Subtropical High." In Regionalizing Global Climate Variations, 47–70. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821826-6.00003-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Atlantico SubTropicale"

1

Bellino, Lucia, Maria Makarova, Kenneth G. Miller, Yair Rosenthal, Xiaoli Zhou, James V. Browning, and James D. Wright. "NORTH ATLANTIC SUBTROPICAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES DURING THE MIOCENE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-340022.

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Paula Méndez, Jaina María, Maibys Sierra Lorenzo, and Pedro Manuel González Jardines. "Analysis of SisPI Performance to Represent the North Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone." In ECAS 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecas2022-12804.

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Carroll, Robert J., Alexander B. Modys, and Anton E. Oleinik. "ASSESSING SR/CA PALEOTEMPERATURE CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES FOR SUBTROPICAL WESTERN ATLANTIC CORALS USING PSEUDODIPLORIA STRIGOSA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306739.

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Parker, Wesley G., Yurena Yanes, Donna Surge, and Eduardo Mesa-Hernández. "HIGH-RESOLUTION PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION OVER THE LAST TWO MILLENNIA IN THE EASTERN SUBTROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-319468.

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Roy, Priyadarsi D., Jesús David Quiroz-Jimenez, José Luis Sánchez-Zavala, Gowrappan Muthusankar, Rufino Lozano-Santacruz, and Nayeli Lopez-Balbiaux. "HYDROCLIMATE OF SUBTROPICAL MEXICO SINCE THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM AND EVALUATION OF SOME PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC FORCINGS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-279079.

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Bojariu, Roxana, and Roland Cotariu. "Short term climate fluctuations related to air-sea interaction in tropical and subtropical regions of the North Atlantic." In Satellite Remote Sensing II, edited by Donald W. Deering and Preben Gudmandsen. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.228621.

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Reports on the topic "Atlantico SubTropicale"

1

McManus, Ashley P., Tamara L. Townsend, and E. J. Metzger. Creation and Modification of 1/8 degree and 1/16 degree Subtropical Gyre Atlantic Topographies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458630.

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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.

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We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.
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